MODERN THERMAL POWER PLANTS

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ρ [kg/(m 3 )] Density φ [-] Flange efficiency Χ [-] Parson number Subscript 0 Stagnation c Cold d Droplet des Design gen Generation h Hot i Inner in Inlet o Outer out Outlet ref Reference s Static w Wall θ In rotational direction Superscript ̅ Abbreviations CCPP COT EGT FN HRSG ISO ISO TIT LHV SCOC-CC SOT VIGV Mean value Combined cycle power plant Combustor outlet temperature Exhaust gas temperature Flow number Heat recovery steam generator International Organization for Standardization ISO Turbine inlet temperature Lower heating value Semi-Closed-Oxy-Combusted-Combined-Cycle Stator outlet temperature Variable inlet guide vanes 2
1 Introduction 1.1 Background Observations of warming of the climate system with increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level has caused a considerable concern in society. Much research has focused on finding the cause of this temperature increase. Several theories describing the causes of this observation have been developed, the most generally accepted is that the increase in the Earth’s temperature is caused by the emission of carbon dioxide, CO 2 , and other so-called greenhouse gases into the Earth’s atmosphere. In response to these theories, the European Union (EU) has announced very clear objectives aimed at reducing the emission of greenhouse gases in the hope that this will prevent or mitigate climate change. Other global organisations have similar objectives, but these have not been expressed as clearly. According to the EU, “Climate change could reach catastrophic levels this century unless we quickly and sharply reduce emissions of greenhouse gases” [3]. Furthermore, “The EU needs more secure energy sources, i.e. less dependence on imports of foreign oil and gas.” [3]. The following objectives have been defined by the EU to solve these issues [3] (note that they are unformatted quotations): • Cutting greenhouse gases by at least 20% of 1990 levels (30% if other developed countries commit to comparable cuts) • Increasing use of renewables (wind, solar, biomass, etc) to 20% of total energy production (currently ± 8.5%) • Cutting energy consumption by 20% of projected 2020 levels - by improving energy efficiency The greenhouse effect is a natural increase in the temperature of Earth as energy from sunlight is trapped by the so-called greenhouse gases. The greenhouse gases absorb thermal radiation from Earth’s surface and re-radiate it in all directions. Part of this re-radiation is directed back towards the surface resulting in that energy is encapsulated in the lower part of the atmosphere. As a result, the temperature there 3
Page 1 and 2: MODERN THERMAL POWER PLANTS Aspects
Page 3: To Louise
Page 6 and 7: Key words: Combined cycle, CO 2 , c
Page 8 and 9: Metoderna för att minska koldioxid
Page 10 and 11: Paper VI K. Jonshagen, M. Genrup Im
Page 12 and 13: 4.6.1 Dry efficiency ..............
Page 16 and 17: is higher than it would be if direc
Page 18 and 19: 1.5 Outline of this thesis This the
Page 20 and 21: of two thermodynamic cycles and inc
Page 22 and 23: temperatures of 1400-1500 °C and s
Page 24 and 25: additional evaporators working at l
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3 shows the layout of a trip
Page 31: very low pressure will be beneficia
Page 34 and 35: T-Q diagram in Figure 9. The cycle
Page 36: components should be linked togethe
Page 49: condensational shock does not take
Page 57 and 58: extracted fluid. A more accurate pa
Page 61 and 62: 5 Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Th
Page 63 and 64: Equation (37), this results in a sm
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egenerator or stripper. The CO 2 is
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for instance, for enhancing oil rec
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In an attempt to reduce the amount
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If condensing steam, which is extra
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MEA carbon capture unit is a dual-p
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educed the pressure ratio will fall
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7 Low Calorific Fuels in CCPPs Reso
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7.1 Summary of the results on low c
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9 Summary of papers Paper I K. Jons
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References [1] Le Treut, H., R. Som
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[39] Mimura, T., Shimojo, S., Suda,
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Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2011
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[20] and uses fully dimensionless p
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The dual-pressure chilled ammonia C
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[3] Woollatt, G., and Franco, F., 2
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Table 1 Reduction in isentropic exp
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Fig. 1 Schematic figure of the refe
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deaeration is performed in the LP-d
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III
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Fig. 1 Schematic figure of the refe
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Table 3 Settings for the CO 2 compr
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Fig. 4 Schematic figure of the sing
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Acknowledgment The authors wish to
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SCOC-CC Semi-closed oxy-fuel combus
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a given stage loading parameter ψ.
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[11] Wennerstrom A. J., 2000, “De
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Mass flow m [kg/s] Pressure p [Pa]
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The inlet pressure drop is simply m
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cannot run on 100% air blown gasifi
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and firing temperature, increase th
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[2] Eriksson, P., Genrup, M., Jonsh
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K. Jonshagen, M. Genrup / Energy 35
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VII
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Proceedings of ECOS 2009 Copyright
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Proceedings of ECOS 2009 Copyright
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