History Alive! The United States

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The Cold War 435 Play a game of tag to learn how the world’s two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, competed for influence over other countries. Find out why the United States emerged victorious in this contest. Page xiii Chapter 31 The Civil Rights Movement 451 Join Civil Rights protesters as they demand the equal treatment African Americans have been denied for so long. Discover the courage and dignity people showed in the face of hatred and discrimination. Chapter 32 Contemporary American Society 467 Inspect artifacts found in a time capsule in order to interpret key historical events from the decades following World War II. Understand the roots of today’s culture. The Declaration of Independence 480 The Constitution of the United States 484 The Bill of Rights and Later Amendments 492 Presidents of the United States 499 The Pledge of Allegiance 500 “The Star-Spangled Banner” 501 Maps The World: Political 502 The World: Physical 504 The United States: Political 506 The United States: Physical 508 Glossary 510 Index 517 Acknowledgments 529 Page xiv (caption) What materials were used to make these houses? (caption) What materials were used to make these people’s clothes? (caption) What are these people trading? Page 1 Chapter 1 The Native Americans 1.1 Introduction As a cold winter wind howls outside, the children huddle under thick fur blankets. They listen to their grandmother’s soothing voice. “In the beginning there was the Great Spirit,” Grandmother begins, “who ruled over a world of sky and water.” Then the Great Spirit, says Grandmother, created land, plants, and animals. Finally, from living wood, the Great Spirit carved people for the new world.
These Abenaki children of New England are learning how their people began. Most groups have beliefs about where they came from. You may have heard stories about how your own relatives first arrived in America. But do you know where your ancestors were living 10,000 years ago? Only if you are Native American did you have relatives in America that long ago. Europeans and other groups did not start arriving until a little more than 500 years ago. For thousands of years, these First People had the American continents to themselves. In this chapter, you will learn about these resourceful people and the creative ways they developed to live in tune with the natural world. Even today, scientists are trying to find out more about the first Americans. These early people left few written records to tell us what their lives were like, so researchers study other items they left behind. What has survived? Not much. A few animal and human bones, some stone and metal tools, bits of pottery. Like detectives, scientists sift through these clues, trying to imagine how these people lived and how their lives changed over time. When scientists find a new object, they try to figure out whether it supports their current ideas or suggests new ones. In your lifetime, scientists will probably learn much more about the first Americans and may revise many of their conclusions. This chapter tells these people’s stories as we know them today. Graphic Organizer: Map of Cultural Regions You will use this map to learn about the adaptations made by Native Americans living in eight cultural regions. Page 2 1.2 Migration Routes of the First Americans The first Americans probably migrated on foot from Siberia, in Asia, to present-day Alaska. Today, Alaska and Asia are separated by a strip of ocean called the Bering Strait. But there was a time when a land bridge connected them. Across a Land Bridge About 30,000 years ago, the most recent Ice Age began. As temperatures fell, much of the earth was covered by glaciers, sheets of ice up to a mile thick. With water locked up in the glaciers, the level of the oceans dropped 200 feet. This exposed a wide bridge of land between Asia and North America that scientists call Beringia. In the summer, Beringia’s grasslands attracted large Asian mammals, such as mammoths, long-haired cousins of the elephant. Over thousands of years, the animals slowly spread eastward. Generations of Siberian hunter families followed. Armed with only stone-tipped spears, they killed these huge, powerful animals for food. Eventually, perhaps between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago, some of them reached America. Other migrants may have traveled along the coast of Beringia by boat to catch fish, seals, and other marine mammals. Migrating East and South Once in America, hunters followed the animals south, where spring brought fresh grasses. Then, about 10,000 years ago, the earth warmed up again. As the glaciers melted and the oceans rose, the land bridge disappeared. Mammoths and other traditional prey began to die off, perhaps from disease, overhunting, or the change in the climate. Native Americans now had to find new sources of food and new materials for clothing and shelter. So they became hunter-gatherers, catching smaller animals, fishing more, and collecting edible plants and seeds. Over thousands of years, they spread across the two American continents, from the Pacific to the Atlantic, and from Alaska all the way to the tip of South America. (vocabulary) migrate: To move from one place and establish a home in a new place. A move of a large number of people is called a migration, and the people who move are called migrants. Some animals also migrate, usually with the seasons. (caption)
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Page 3 and 4: environment affected these original
Page 5: issues that divided the nation. Cha
Page 9 and 10: Page 4 Native American Cultural Reg
Page 11 and 12: The California cultural region cont
Page 13 and 14: perfect grazing for millions of buf
Page 15 and 16: Scientists study these ways of life
Page 17 and 18: (caption) At first, Spanish settler
Page 19 and 20: The Coronado expedition continued n
Page 21 and 22: “I marched some 20 paces ahead of
Page 23 and 24: emained a prisoner—but a willing
Page 25 and 26: The English based their claim to No
Page 27 and 28: Government in the Colonies All the
Page 29 and 30: Even in Massachusetts, not all Puri
Page 31 and 32: Despite the Calverts’ efforts, Pr
Page 33 and 34: In 1723, a tired teenager stepped o
Page 35 and 36: which took place without bloodshed,
Page 37 and 38: There, these goods were traded for
Page 39 and 40: Men outnumbered women throughout th
Page 41 and 42: Religion was very important to the
Page 43 and 44: was greeted as a hero. The French a
Page 45 and 46: look at, and he was a failure at bu
Page 47 and 48: Tea Ships Arrive When the British E
Page 49 and 50: The First Blow at Lexington In Apri
Page 51 and 52: Graphic Organizer: Visual Metaphor
Page 53 and 54: (caption) Thomas Paine’s pamphlet
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could be won by conquering a city o
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(caption) With morale low and his s
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Late that night, the British slippe
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French? Explain. Page 100 7.8 The W
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Page 104 8.2 Early Quarrels and Acc
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Most of the delegates brought exten
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Hugh Williamson Richard Dobbs Spaig
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Page 111 8.7 Issue: How Should Slav
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Page 114 8.10 Resolution: The Elect
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shall or shall not be continued. Th
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(vocabulary) popular sovereignty: t
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y Congress. Removing the President
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provide a lasting and stable framew
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What does it symbolize? Page 131 Ch
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medical treatment or vaccinations b
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person who is tried for a crime and
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excessive federal power. It says th
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other countries. A Department of Wa
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View of Human Nature Hamilton’s v
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Jefferson had great faith in the go
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(caption) John Adams, a Federalist,
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(caption) Here, Republican women he
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George Washington (caption) George
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Page 165 12.6 What Happened: Jeffer
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that nothing remained of the presid
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president following Washington face
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North Carolina, they harvested thic
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also put many skilled craftspeople
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featured tall columns and fancy gar
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The presidential campaign of 1828 w
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But he did not have enough electora
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the right to nullify, or reject, fe
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Page 198 Geography Challenge The In
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American goods, farmers would have
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etween the two groups began to rise
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Lewis thought that many more Americ
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A month later, American forces led
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In the early 1800s, a number of exp
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The California Missions In 1769, a
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16.5 The Missionaries Ever since Le
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Page 226 And women did set things g
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fortune-making is over,” wrote a
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17.1 Introduction When the United S
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Cowboy Clothes and Gear From head t
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Their tables were frugally [simply]
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17.10 Mexicano Entertainments The C
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in frenzies. Like the First Great A
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But America still did not offer edu
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The Struggle Begins The organized m
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(caption) In 1998, Hilary Rodham Cl
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characteristic (vocabulary) segrega
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Slaves wore clothing made of coarse
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planter had a calm night’s rest,
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come. A black preacher wrote that:
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Graphic Organizer: Visual Metaphor
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question on which it ought to break
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produce such a war as I will not de
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invaders left Lawrence, one of them
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20.8 From Compromise to Crisis Duri
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addition, the compromise ended the
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Abraham Lincoln. Through even the d
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willing to do unpleasant work. Her
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Union and Confederate troops met on
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Mississippi to capture Baton Rouge
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manufacturing center. His army set
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22.1 Introduction By the end of the
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Fourteenth Amendment. This amendmen
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fulfillment of our pledge to the Ne
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Alabama, became a major iron-making
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visual metaphor to understand Afric
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the blood of white men upon the han
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their contents.” For the Plains I
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During the long drive, cowboys work
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Indian agents sold it to settlers i
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By the 1860s, many of the factors n
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often treated them like family. Gro
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top floors. Rents were cheaper high
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Sundays. To keep workers from claim
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flames.” Escaping workers rushed
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immigrants arrived at port cities,
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(caption) Italian immigrants often
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wrote, “Why do I have to sit in j
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Page 368 25.7 Closing the Immigrati
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Page 372 26.2 Andrew Carnegie and J
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(vocabulary) regulation: the enforc
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founded the Sierra Club, an organiz
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Page 381 26.10 Chapter Summary In t
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United States announced that Americ
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Page 388 27.4 The Philippines After
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Page 391 Geography Challenge U.S. E
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Wilson protested, Germany said that
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eparations was later set at $33 bil
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Graphic Organizer: Sensory Figures
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Congress limited immigration to the
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moving again. “Prosperity is just
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Agricultural Recovery Other recover
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The New Deal changed American attit
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weaker. In November 1942, more than
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which means “divine wind,” was
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public. (caption) American factorie
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Overcoming Injustice Despite the in
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Many Jewish Americans protested the
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from a backward rural nation into a
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Ratification of the NATO treaty was
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America. The Korean War The first m
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Page 445 Johnson used reports of a
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States and the free world had won t
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decision, the South segregated its
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Page 457 Crisis in Little Rock In 1
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There was chaos in the streets. Bus
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I just see things on a broader scal
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Good Times For many businesses and
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citizens. Page 471 account of event
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(caption) President Richard Nixon t
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elied much more on computer-guided
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In Congress, July 4, 1776 The unani
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For suspending our own Legislatures
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We the People of the United States,
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three days, nor to any other Place
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To make all Laws which shall be nec
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The President shall, at stated Time
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Section 3. New States may be admitt
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Amendment 5 Rights in criminal case
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The states and the people keep any
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ecomes valid as part of the Constit
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which this Article becomes operativ
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Page 499 Presidents of the United S
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Page 504 The World: Physical Page 5
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States of America conquistadors: Sp
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homesteader: a farmer who is given
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P Parliament: the lawmaking body of
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sit-in: a form of peaceful protest
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Algonquian, 13 alien, 153 Alien Act
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Black Hawk's War, 196 Black Muslims
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violence during, 459, 460 civil ser
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converts, 209 Coolidge, Calvin, 403
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election, presidential of 1800, 155
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G Gadsden Purchase, 212 Gage, Thoma
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iglu, 3 "I Have a Dream" (speech),
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L La Follette, Robert, 375 Land Ord
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Menéndez, Pedro, 23 Mennonites, 33
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Northwest Coast cultural region, 1m
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Penn, William, 43 Pennsylvania colo
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Reaganomics, 474 reaper, 179 recall
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Siberia, 2 silver mining, 234, 330
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Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 280, 281 st
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urbanization, 347 Utah, 279 V Valle
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Yeltsin, Boris, 448 Yorktown, Battl
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Granger Collection, New York; 152,
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Chapter 24 340, UNITE Archives, Khe
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