9261 HEPATITIS C REPORT GALLEY - North West Public Health ...

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Use of any particular drug is likely to be related to use of the other drugs. Therefore, a backwards stepwise logistic regression was carried out to identify which drugs were independently related to hepatitis C infection. Compared to not having used the drug at all, having injected methadone (OR = 3.62, CI 1.38 - 9.48), DF 118 (dihydrocodeine tartrate) (OR = 3.92, CI 1.12 - 13.75), Diconal (dipipanone hydrochloride) (OR = 3.09, CI 1.42 - 6.69) and morphine (OR = 3.48, CI 1.71 - 7.08) all resulted in higher risk of hepatitis C infection. Compared to not using the drug, those who used (but not injected) amphetamines and those who had used or injected Temgesic were at lower risk of infection (using amphetamine: OR = 0.33, CI 0.14 - 0.78; using Temgesic OR = 0.32, CI 0.14 - 0.75, injecting Temgesic OR = 0.32 CI 0.13-0.75). For hepatitis B, having used or injected Diconal tripled the risk (compared to not using: OR = 3.76, CI 1.32-10.71 and OR = 3.34, CI 1.74-6.42 respectively) while those using (but not injecting) amphetamines were about a third as likely to be infected (OR = 0.3, CI 0.1-0.82). These patterns of drug use, as measures of chaotic behaviour, are examined further in the discussion. Table 4: Percentage of individuals sharing injecting equipment (ever and in the previous four weeks) by current serostatus and test history Hepititis C Needle Syringe Spoon Filter Paraphernalia 1 Any n ever last 4 ever last 4 ever last 4 ever last 4 ever last 4 ever last 4 weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks Current +ve 181 61.3** 5.5 59.7* 6.1 81.8 32.6 74.0 29.3 82.9 35.4 86.2 37.6 Serostatus -ve 160 45.0 9.4 46.6 8.8 82.5 36.9 68.8 25.6 83.1 37.6 83.8 38.1 Previously yes 99 64.6* 5.1 61.6* 5.1 87.9 28.3 81.8* 28.3 84.6 32.3 90.9 33.3 Tested no 225 49.3 8.4 46.7 7.1 80.4 38.7 68.9 29.8 82.1 40.4 82.7 41.3 Previous +ve 36 69.4 5.6 58.3 2.8 86.1 33.3 83.3 36.1 88.9 38.9 94.4 41.7 Test Result -ve 45 55.6 6.7 60.0 8.9 88.9 28.9 77.8 22.2 88.9 28.9 88.9 28.9 Hepititis B Current +ve 89 64.0* 4.5 61.8* 5.6 87.6 33.7 77.5 27.0 87.6 34.8 91.0 36.0 Serostatus -ve 245 49.4 8.6 48.2 7.8 79.2 35.1 69.0 28.2 80.8 37.6 82.9 39.2 Previously yes 149 58.4 6.0 55.0 5.4 86.6 30.9 77.9 26.8 87.9* 33.6 88.6 34.2 Tested no 179 47.5 7.8 46.9 7.3 78.8 38.5 68.2 30.7 79.3 40.8 81.6 41.3 Previous +ve 29 58.6 3.4 51.7 3.4 89.7 34.5 79.3 24.1 89.7 34.5 89.7 34.5 Test Result -ve 96 56.3 6.3 55.2 5.2 86.5 31.3 79.2 30.2 87.5 35.4 88.5 35.4 1 Injecting equipment other than needles or syringes. *p
Table 5: Percentage (number) of subjects using 1 and injecting each type of drug Hepatitis C Hepatitis B + ve (n=181) -ve (n=160) P 2 +ve (n=89) -ve (n=245) P 2 Heroin NS 3 Used 4.4% (8) 5.0% (8) 5.6% (5) 4.5% (11) Injected 93.9% (170) 92.5% (148) 94.4% (84) 92.7% (227) Methadone **** ** Used 43.1% (78) 58.1% (93) 42.7% (38) 53.9% (132) Injected 52.5% (95) 28.1% (45) 51.7% (46) 35.9% (88) Cocaine **** NS Used 13.8% (25) 23.1% (37) 11.2% (10) 21.2% (52) Injected 74.6% (135) 57.5% (92) 73.0% (65) 63.3% (155) Amphetamine **** ** Used 9.9% (18) 25.6% (41) 9.0% (8) 22.4% (55) Injected 72.4% (131) 56.3% (90) 73.0% (65) 59.6% (146) Temgesic NS NS Used 12.7% (23) 15.6% (25) 13.5% (12) 13.9% (34) Injected 18.2% (33) 11.9% (19) 20.2% (18) 12.2% (30) Temazepam **** **** Used 26.0% (47) 40.0% (64) 19.1% (17) 38.0% (93) Injected 52.5% (95) 29.4% (47) 56.2% (50) 34.7% (85) DF118 **** *** Used 51.4% (93) 51.3% (82) 47.2% (42) 51.8% (127) Injected 13.8% (25) 3.1% (5) 15.7% (14) 4.9% (12) Dicanol **** **** Used 4.4% (8) 8.8% (14) 9.0% (8) 5.3% (13) Injected 34.3% (62) 9.4% (15) 37.1% (33) 15.1% (37) Cyclizine **** *** Used 2.8% (5) 6.3% (10) 5.6% (5) 3.7% (9) Injected 25.4% (46) 6.3% (10) 24.7% (22) 10.2% (25) Diazepam *** * Used 55.8% (101) 61.3% (98) 50.6% (45) 60.4% (148) Injected 22.1% (40) 8.8% (14) 22.5% (20) 12.2% (30) Morphine **** **** Used 9.4% (17) 14.4% (23) 7.9% (7) 12.7% (31) Injected 42.5% (77) 13.8% (22) 42.7% (38) 22.4% (55) Crack NS NS Used 32.0% (58) 41.9% (67) 33.7% (30) 37.6% (92) Injected 31.5% (57) 23.8% (38) 23.6% (21) 29.8% (73) Dalmane *** NS Used 8.3% (15) 6.3% (10) 6.7% (6) 6.1% (15) Injected 5.5% (10) 0.0% (0) 3.4% (3) 1.6% (4) Steroids 4 4 Used 1.7% (3) 3.1% (5) 1.1% (1) 2.9% (7) Injected 2.8% (5) 2.5% (4) 0.0% (0) 2.9% (7) 1 Used refers to taking but not injecting. 2 Numbers using (but not injecting), numbers injecting and numbers not using each drug (percentages of those not using are not shown) are compared by infection status (chi-square analysis). NS is non significant, * P
Page 1 and 2: Hepatitis C in injecting drug users
Page 3 and 4: S UMMARY Viruses such as HIV, hepat
Page 5 and 6: • Those who are infected with hep
Page 7 and 8: C ONTENTS Summary 2 Aims 2 Key Find
Page 9 and 10: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Viru
Page 11 and 12: where sexual partners do get infect
Page 13 and 14: ehaviour at some stage in their dru
Page 15 and 16: likely to use a condom and less lik
Page 17 and 18: 2. AIMS AND O BJECTIVES Reviewing c
Page 19 and 20: 3.3 Testing Subjects gave blood and
Page 21 and 22: Table 1b: Basic results: behaviours
Page 23 and 24: Table 2: Hepatitis C and B status a
Page 25 and 26: Table 3: Effects of risk factors on
Page 27: Figure 3: Percentage of injecting d
Page 31 and 32: 4.5 Predicting sharing behaviour Pe
Page 33 and 34: 4.6 Blood donation Of those who had
Page 35 and 36: 5.2 Co-infection between hepatitis
Page 37 and 38: sharers were significantly more lik
Page 39 and 40: 5.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 41 and 42: R EFERENCES Allory Y, Charlotte F,
Page 43 and 44: Hepatitis Information Network (2000
Page 45 and 46: Tagger A, Donato F, Ribero ML, Chie

9261 HEPATITIS C REPORT GALLEY - North West Public Health ...

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