Notes 1 For a fuller discussion of the Conde de Quinto and the Spanish paintings at The Bowes Museum see Eric Young, Catalogue of Spanish Paintings in the Bowes Museum, second edition, 1988, introduction by Elizabeth Conran, pp.1 - 6. This catalogue also transcribes in full, letters from Benjamin Gogué to John Bowes, pp. 7 -29. See also, Enriqueta Harris, Spanish Pictures from the Bowes Museum in Burlington Magazine, Vol 95, No 598 (Jan, 1953), pp22-25. 2 Catalogue d’une Riche Collection de Tableaux de l’Ecole Espagnole et des Ecoles d’Italie et de Flandres, Paris, 1862. An original copy of the catalogue is in the archive of The Bowes Museum. 3 Letter from Benjamin Gogué to John Bowes, July 1862, archive of The Bowes Museum, quoted in Young and Conran, 1988, p.4. 4 Interior of a <strong>Prison</strong> has been dated to later in Goya’s career by some art historians although examination of the structure of the painting has confirmed that it was part of the cabinet series of 1793-4. For a fuller discussion see Young, 1988, pp.80-81, and Goya – Truth and Fantasy, the Small Paintings (exhibition catalogue), Madrid, London, Chicago, Yale University Press, 1994 (Juliet Wilson-Bareau, Manuela B. Mena Marqués) pp. 200-201. 5 Yard with Lunatics is listed immediately below Interior of a <strong>Prison</strong> in the Conde de Quinto sale catalogue, No 49 Intérieur d’une maison de fous. 6 Goya’s address to the Royal Academy of San Fernando, Madrid, regarding the Method of Teaching the Visual Arts, 1792, quoted in Janis Tomlinson, Francisco Goya y Lucientes, 1746-1828, London, 1994, pp.306-307. 7 Valentin de Sambricio, Tapices de Goya, Madrid, 1946, doc. no. 159. Quoted in Tomlinson, 1994, p.93. 8 Francisco de Goya, MS letters to Martin Zapater 1774-99. Collection of the Prado, Madrid. Published as Cartes a Martin Zapater, Ed. Xavier de Salas and Mercedes Agueda, Madrid, 1982, p.211. Quoted in Robert Hughes, Goya, London, 2003, p.127. 9 Quoted from Truth and Fantasy, 1994, p.189. 10 The concept of ‘cabinet’ pictures originated from the Dutch and Flemish tradition of the study of small pictures in modest sized rooms or ‘cabinets’. 30 11 Letter from Goya to Iriate, 4th January 1794, British Library, quoted from Truth and Fantasy, 1994, pp.189-90. 12 Goya’s statement “…it is a scene I once saw in Saragossa…”, probably relates to the large asylum in his native city. There is evidence that two of Goya’s relatives, an aunt and uncle, Francisca and Francisco Lucientes, were inmates of the Saragossa asylum in 1762 and 1764. It is possible that Goya visited them. See Peter K. Klein, ‘Insanity and Sublime: Aesthestics and Theories of Mental Illness in Goya’s Yard with Lunatics and Related Works’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 61, 1998, pp.198-252. 13 Letter from Goya to Iriate, 7th January 1794, British Library, quoted from Truth and Fantasy, 1994, p.200. 14 See Hughes, 2003, p.36, who cites Jeannine Baticle, L’activisté de Goya entre 1796 et 1806 vue á travers le Diario de Moratin, in Revue d’Art, 13, 1971, p.47. 15 For a full discussion, see J. E. Kromm, Goya and the Asylum at Saragossa, The Society for the Social History of Medicine, 1988, pp.79-89. Kromm compares Hogarth’s asylum and prison scenes with Goya’s Yard with Lunatics. 16 For a full discussion of the popularity of English satirical prints in Spain see, Reva Wolf, Goya and the Satirical Print in England and on the Continent, 1730 – 1850, Boston, 1991. For specific reference to Hogarth in the collection of Sebastian Martinez see p.5. Wolf, p.9, also makes reference to Goya’s friend, the playwright Leandro Fernández de Moratin, who spent a year in England during 1792 and 1793 and in his travel notes commented on the number of shops in London selling prints and caricatures. It is therefore probable that Moratin was another source from which Goya could have had access to the English print masters of his day around the time he produced the cabinet pictures. 17 Salas and Agueda, 1982, pp.211, 218. Quoted in Tomlinson, 1994, p.94. 18 Manuel José Quintana, Obras completas, Madrid, 1852, p.120, Biblioteca de autores espanoles, v.19. Cited in Elizabeth du Gué Trapier, Goya: A Study of his Portraits 1797-99, The Hispanic Society of America, New York, 1955, p.11. Goya’s <strong>Prison</strong> – the Year of Despair
Acknowledgements The idea to look closely at Goya’s Interior of a <strong>Prison</strong> has been encouraged by the most intense period of building redevelopment since the Museum opened in 1892. This period of work which began in August 2008 will be completed by the early summer of 2010. In this time we will have fully restored the complicated and previously leaking roof, and created a number of new facilities and galleries on each floor of the building. During this period we have kept the Museum open, juggling the needs of the collections, with those of the visitors, contractors and staff, which have all occupied the site at the same time. Before the work began we recognised that this was not going to be a time where we could implement large, multi-loan exhibitions, since scaffolding, cement and dust don’t mix well with objects from other institutions. Understandably, lenders are anxious about lending precious objects to a building site. As a consequence, we have taken the opportunity to study more closely important artists in the collection, on this occasion, Goya. In studying Interior of a <strong>Prison</strong> I have got to know Goya a little better than I did before, and have been assisted in this by some of my colleagues who have been extremely generous with their time. Howard Coutts, Sheila Dixon, Emma House and Viv Vallack all read and commented on the draft, while Laura Layfield carried out some additional research for the main text and the catalogue entries. I would also like to thank Elizabeth Conran, formerly curator of The Bowes Museum, who made some suggestions which have also improved the story that this publication seeks to tell. Finally, I would like to acknowledge each and every member of staff at The Bowes Museum. Throughout all the building redevelopment they have maintained their spirit and enthusiasm, in spite of the upheaval it has necessitated: the outcome of which is a magnificent 19th century building with facilities appropriate to the 21st century. 31 Adrian Jenkins Director, October 2009 29 Portrait of a Man Formerly attributed to Francisco de Goya Oil on canvas 43.5 x 38.1cm The Bowes Museum This picture sold at the sale of the Conde de Quinto in 1862 was believed at the time to be a portrait by Goya of his brother. Goya’s <strong>Prison</strong> – the Year of Despair