Pulses Tur

Tur [071390]
Trend in Exports
There has been a volatile trend in the exports of 071390 with a CAGR of -26% over the period
2003-08. It can be seen that the growth has been really high 2004-05 region as the export figures
zoomed from US$49.15 to US$66.81 mn which is a growth of 36%. However on an overall basis
there has been a decreasing trend with 2008 posting as the worst year amongst all.
RCA
The decreasing trend is not just in the absolute values of the exports in this product category. The
RCA values also reveal the decreasing comparative advantage of Indian exports vis-à-vis World
exports in 071390. Over the period of 5 years the RCA for India has dropped from 23.65 to 4.39.
391

Major Export Destinations for 071390
The top five destinations for product 071390 are as follows:
• United Arab Emirates
• United States
• Sri Lanka
• United Kingdom
These are the top 4 destinations according to the export figures of 2008 with exports to UAE
leading the pack with US$1.29 mn followed by exports to US at US$1.11 mn. It must be noted
that over five years the CAGR of all the countries are in negatives. The largest fall being seen in
United States and United Kingdom while the Sri Lanka having a smaller decrease comparatively.
It must be noted that the exports of 071390 have dipped drastically after 2006 as we see that the
total export values to these four major destinations dropped by more than seven times and hence
the negative CAGR for all the destinations.
392

Market Fluctuations of Major Export Markets
The following table displays how over the years the major export destinations have switched
places.
• Over the last three years, UAE and U.S have remained as the more preferred nations for
exports of 071390 only to switch places in 2005.
• It is also seen that Saudi Arabia has gradually become an important market for exports of
071390 from India.
• Such is also the case with Sri Lanka and United Kingdom which have seen more stable
growth in exports from India as in comparison to Pakistan and Kuwait in these product
category.
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
United States
United Arab
Emirates
Nepal
United States
United Arab
Emirates Nepal Nepal
United States
United Arab
Emirates
United Arab
Emirates
United Arab
Emirates
United Arab
Emirates United States Saudi Arabia United States
United
Kingdom Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
United
Saudi Arabia Kingdom Pakistan
United
United
Kingdom Sri Lanka Kingdom
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Kuwait United States Kuwait
Trade Intensity Index for 071390 with respect to Major Export Markets
United Arab Emirates
The trade intensity index with United Arab Emirates has been fairly volatile stable over the years
meeting an average of 3.49. Year 2008 saw the TII being 3.64, up from the low of 1.55 that was
attained in the year 2007.
393

Sri Lanka
The trade intensity index with Sri Lanka has been on a decreasing trend from the all time high of
2.66 in 2003 to 0.76 in 2008. And hence coupled with the decreasing trade to this nation which
has seen a CAGR of -3% over the period of five years from 2003-08.
United States of America
The trade intensity index with US has been decreasing over the years touching a high of 196 in
the year 2005 and reaching as low as 0.97 in 2007. As can be seen from the figure below the trend
has been fairly decreasing over the last few years.
394

United Kingdom
The trade intensity index with UK has been decreasing over the past 4 years with 2008 having a
higher TII of 54.38 vis-à-vis 2007 which is the lowest TII value that India has in this product
category with any UK as the destination. As can be seen from the figure below the trend has
been fairly decreasing over the last four years.
Competitor Analysis
The following table lists down the five major competitors considered for each of the markets. The
competitors have been chosen according to their vicinity to the Indian export figures to these
markets as we consider these countries more intense rivals to the position of India.
United Arab Emirates Sri lanka United States United Kingdom
Ethiopia(excludes
Eritrea)
Australia
United Arab
Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Australia Thailand Malaysia Malawi
Madagascar Thailand China
United States Canada Turkey
Egypt, Arab Rep. China Thailand
We further saw as to what is the current market share of Indian exports in each of these
destinations (as can be seen from the table below). It can be seen that Indian exports command
highest market share in the UAE market at 67% approximately followed by 35% in UK. It is
395

however in the Sri Lanka
markets that it commands a small market share showing an
substantial potential that lies in these Sri Lankan markets which Indian exports can tap.
United Arab
Emirates Sri lanka United States
United
Kingdom
67.15% 19.80% 22.26% 34.56%
Trade Intensity Index of Competitors
United Arab Emirates
Madagascar exports to UAE in the 071390 category occur are one third of the 07 category and
hence this results in Madagascar having a very high TII of 83. However the value of these
exports (US$ 0.05mn) is very small when compared to what India exports (US$1.29 mn)
Sri Lanka
The two major competitors on the Sri Lankan turf are Australia and Thailand. Australia exports
are approximately 4 times the value that India exports to Sri Lanka. However, this is not the case
with Thailand which exports ($US 0.04 mn) much lesser that what India exports ($US 1.04 mn).
396

United States
UAE’s value of exports to US exceeds what India exports to US under this product category.
UAE’s substantial exports in the 07 category to US go through 071390 and hence a very high
value of TII that UAE holds vis-à-vis the US. Thailand also holds a high TII of 14.53 in this case.
United Kingdom
Malawi and UAE have substantially high values of TII. On the other hand India’s TII value
exceeds that of China, Turkey and Thailand.
397

Relative Competitive Advantage for 071390 vis-à-vis other Suppliers in Major Markets in 2008
United Arab Emirates
India lags behind Madagascar in the RCE value of 2.35 when compared to 53.62 that Madagascar
holds. All the other competing nations have an RCE value lesser than that of India. And hence
the only major threat in this market that India faces is that from Madagascar which too does not
have substantial value when compared to the value of exports that goes from India to UAE.
Sri Lanka
India has an RCE value of 0.44 and stands third in the overall ranking behind Australia and
Thailand. It is here that Australia can be seen as the major competitor both in terms of the RCE
value as well as the value of exports in this 071390 category.
398

United States
India falls third in this category having a high RCE value of 17.01 which however is not as high
as the competing nations UAE and Malaysia hold as 233.48 and 63.42 respectively.
United Kingdom
India has a very low RCE value as compared to the other competitors in the case of UK being the
export destination. The highest RCE value being that of Malawi (32.58) followed by UAE (12.22).
Tariff and Non Tariff barriers for 071390 in Identified Markets
Amongst the four destination markets namely, UAE, Sri Lanka, US and UK it was seen that the
only country which have import tariffs applicable was Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka has a 25% customs
duty. However it does not have any non tariff mechanism. On the other hand, US has a 100%
non tariff barrier under the category of “Authorization to protect plant health”
and “Testing inspection or quarantine requirement”.
FTA/PTA
Amongst the four destination markets namely Pakistan UAE, Sri Lanka, US and UK, India does
hold a Free Trade Agreement with Sri Lanka.
Country FTA/PTA Rate
United Arab
Emirates None -
Sri lanka ASEAN 2003 -
United States None -
United Kingdom None -
Tariff Rate Quota Structure in major export destinations
Tariff Rate Quota Structure of 071390 in major export destinations
Markets
TRQ Quantity (METRIC TONS)
In quota -
Duty
Out Quota -
Duty
United Arab
Emirates No No No
Sri lanka No No No
United States No No No
United Kingdom No No No
No tariff quotas are applied in any of the export destinations for product 071390.
399

Presence of Special Safeguard Duty
No Special safeguard duty is present in any of the export destinations for tur.
Presence of Special Safeguard Duty
Country
Volume
Trigger
Price
Trigger
United Arab
Emirates NO NO
Sri lanka NO NO
United States NO NO
United Kingdom NO NO
Subsidy Structure
While none of the markets have product specific subsidies applicable. It must be noted that US
and UK have Non Product Specific subsidies existing. In the case of UK the NPS subsidies have
been taken as applicable to the notifications sent by the EEC.
Markets
Non
Product
Specific
Green Box Special and Differential Treatment –
“Development Programmes”
Currency
UAE 0 3400000 9.000,000 (Dh)
Sri lanka 4132.71 1525.86
Million SL
Rupees
Million
United States 6828.154 50672 NA
Dollars
UK 728.4 22130.3 21520.8 Mio ECU
Green Box subsidies are applicable in all the four destinations under study.
400

Appendix
Table 1
Trend in Exports for 071390 (US$ mn)
Code 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 CAGR
071390 30.00 49.15 66.81 50.36 7.77 6.87 -26%
Table 2
Comparative Advantage of 071390
Yea
r
India’s
exports India’s total exports World’s exports World’s total exports RCA
23.6
2003 30.00 324.57 104.21 26665.51
5
2004 49.15 360.68 117.78 30182.20
34.9
2
2005 66.81 570.05 173.25 32319.23
21.8
6
2006 50.36 622.35 110.95 37185.49
27.1
2
2007 7.77 632.88 92.46 42938.02 5.70
2007 6.87 683.74 91.32 39926.02 4.39
Table 3
Major Export Destinations for Tur
Partner Name 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
United Arab
Emirates 3.67 7.13 8.33 13.69 2.16 1.29
United States 5.85 6.42 10.98 11.50 0.53 1.11
Sri Lanka 1.26 5.61 4.13 2.04 1.00 1.04
UK 2.80 3.22 4.39 4.30 0.66 0.51
Table 4
Trade Intensity Index for Tur with respect to Major Export Markets
India's export
World Export
Year 071390 07 071390 07 TII
2003 3.67 33.01 5.41 178.11 3.66
2004 7.13 37.20 8.43 176.16 4.01
2005 8.33 44.74 10.44 260.58 4.65
2006 13.69 97.45 15.51 378.46 3.43
United Arab 2007 2.16 91.31 6.52 426.33 1.55
Emirates 2008 1.29 84.93 1.92 460.41 3.64
401

India's export
World Export
Year 071390 07 071390 07 TII
2003 1.26 22.18 1.41 66.40 2.66
2004 5.61 34.77 6.17 74.91 1.96
2005 4.13 55.27 4.65 101.87 1.63
2006 2.04 46.35 2.51 123.05 2.16
2007 1.00 46.33 2.34 159.54 1.47
Sri Lanka 2008 1.04 51.38 5.27 198.29 0.76
India's export
World Export
Year 071390 07 071390 07 TII
2003 5.85 20.89 6.58 4012.19 170.76
2004 6.42 20.30 7.46 4594.66 195.04
2005 10.98 33.20 12.82 4876.73 125.80
2006 11.50 35.34 13.43 5462.46 132.30
2007 0.53 20.08 3.26 5811.50 47.10
United States 2008 1.11 23.57 4.98 6400.18 60.47
India's export
World Export
Year 071390 07 071390 07 TII
2003 2.80 10.79 3.71 2481.69 173.94
2004 3.22 13.84 4.48 2811.19 145.86
2005 4.39 14.17 6.06 3076.26 157.10
2006 4.30 26.90 4.91 3468.52 112.80
TII United 2007 0.66 23.47 2.27 3885.75 47.79
Kingdom 2008 0.51 18.94 1.47 2979.97 54.38
Table 5
United
Arab
Emirates
Competitor 's
export of 071390
Competitor’s
Total Export of
07
World 's export of
071390
Total imp of
07 into UAE
Ethiopia 0.27 23.44 1.92 457.70 2.76
Australia 0.22 29.56 1.92 457.70 1.81
Madagascar 0.05 0.15 1.92 457.70 82.68
United 0.03 15.93 1.92 457.70 0.45
States
Egypt, 0.02 23.85 1.92 457.70 0.23
Arab Rep.
Sri lanka
TII
Australia 4.18 60.58 5.27 198.29 2.60
Thailand 0.04 1.67 5.27 198.29 1.00
TII
402

United
States
Competitor 's
export of 071390
Competitor’s
Total Export of
07
World 's export of
071390
Total imp of
07 into USA
United 2.12 3.28 4.98 6400.18 829.85
Arab
Emirates
Malaysia 0.71 4.06 4.98 6400.18 225.42
Thailand 0.25 22.20 4.98 6400.18 14.57
Canada 0.22 1259.22 4.98 6400.18 0.23
China 0.17 344.73 4.98 6400.18 0.63
United Kingdom
TII
United 0.39 2.93 1.47 2979.97 267.45
Arab
Emirates
Malawi 0.19 0.54 1.47 2979.97 713.27
China 0.13 45.76 1.47 2979.97 5.53
Turkey 0.06 30.03 1.47 2979.97 3.89
Thailand 0.05 23.84 1.47 2979.97 4.19
Relative Competitive Advantage for 071390 vis-à-vis other Suppliers in Major Markets in 2008
TII
UAE
Competitor 's
export of
071390
Competitor’s
Total Export of
07
All Competitor 's
Export of 071390
All Competitor
's Export of 07
India 1.29 84.93 0.60 92.93 2.35
Ethiopia(excludes 0.27 23.44 0.60 92.93 1.79
Eritrea)
Australia 0.22 29.56 0.60 92.93 1.17
Madagascar 0.05 0.15 0.60 92.93 53.62
United States 0.03 15.93 0.60 92.93 0.29
Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.02 23.85 0.60 92.93 0.15
Sri lanka
Australia 4.18 60.58 5.26 113.63 1.49
India 1.04 51.38 5.26 113.63 0.44
Thailand 0.04 1.67 5.26 113.63 0.57
United States
United Arab 2.12 3.28 4.58 1657.06 233.48
Emirates
India 1.11 23.57 4.58 1657.06 17.01
Malaysia 0.71 4.06 4.58 1657.06 63.42
Thailand 0.25 22.20 4.58 1657.06 4.10
Canada 0.22 1259.22 4.58 1657.06 0.06
China 0.17 344.73 4.58 1657.06 0.18
RCE
RCE
RCE
403

United Kingdom
RCE
India 0.51 18.94 1.32 122.04 2.48
UAE 0.39 2.93 1.32 122.04 12.22
Malawi 0.19 0.54 1.32 122.04 32.58
China 0.13 45.76 1.32 122.04 0.25
Turkey 0.06 30.03 1.32 122.04 0.18
Thailand 0.05 23.84 1.32 122.04 0.19
Table 7
Tariff and Non Tariff barriers for 071390 in Identified Markets
Major Markets Import Other Tariff where ever NTM NTM
tariff applicable
%
Tariff
description
Tariff
rate
United Arab
NA NA NA NA
Emirates
Sri lanka Custom Duty 25.0% NA NA
United States MFN Rates 0% 100% Authorization to protect plant
health
Testing inspection or quarantine
req
United Kingdom NA NA NA NA
404