History-Evolution-of-Foot-and-Lower-Extremity-Biomechanics-and-Foot-Orthoses_Kevin-Kirby

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3/26/2015 Giovanni Borelli Isaac Newton Giovanni Borelli (1608-1679), Italian physicist, physiologist and mathematician, wrote first book on biomechanics, De Motu Animalium, in 1685 First to fully describe geometrical principles of levers of musculoskeletal system and that muscles produce much larger forces than resisting external forces Borelli found forces required for equilibrium in various joints of human body before Newton Borelli is often called: “Father of Biomechanics” Giovanni Borelli (1608-1679) Isaac Newton (1642-1727), British mathematician and physicist, is considered by many to be greatest scientist of all time Invented calculus at age 24 Published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1686 which contained his now famous Three Laws of Motion Credited with creating the laws of inertia, acceleration, action and reaction forces and of gravity Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Nicolas Andry Petrus Camper Nicolas Andry (1658-1742), a French physician, first coined the term “orthopedics” meaning “straight child” Published book, Orthopaedia: The Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children in1740 “If the feet incline too much to one side, you must give the child shoes that are higher on that side, both in the sole and heel, which will make him incline to the opposite side.“ Nicolas Andry (1658-1742) Petrus Camper (1722-1789) was a Dutch physician and pioneer in pediatrics Published one of first books on foot deformities, “On the Best Form of Shoe” in 1781, which was reprinted into 14 editions Camper’s book stimulated interest in placing archsupporting orthoses into shoes for children’s flatfoot Petrus Camper (1722-1789) “It is surprising that while mankind in all ages have bestowed the greatest attention upon the feet of horses, mules, oxen, and other animals of burthen of draught, they have entirely neglected those of their own species, abandoning them to the ignorance of workmen, who, in general, can only make a shoe upon routine principles, and according to the absurdities of fashion, or the depraved taste of the day. Thus, from our earliest infancy, shoes, as at present worn, serve but to deform the toes and cover the feet with corns, which not only render walking painful, but, in some cases, absolutely impossible.” P. Camper, 1781 Petrus Camper Shoe Fashions from 1760 Lewis Durlacher Lewis Durlacher (1792-1864), a British chiropodist, was royal chiropodist appointed to Queen Victoria In 1845, he developed leather foot orthosis to correct for “plantar pressure lesions” and “foot imbalances” Durlacher first described intermetatarsal neuroma, over 30 years before T.G. Morton 2
3/26/2015 Hugh Owen Thomas Newton Melman Shaffer Hugh Owen Thomas (1834-1891) was a British orthopedic surgeon with interest in treating feet In 1874, Thomas suggested using a “few pennies worth of leather” for lifts, bars, and wedges on shoes to treat foot problems Invented, in 1876, “crooking” of shoe heel, to extend the heel under the antero-medial aspect of shoe sole for treating pronated feet (now called “Thomas heel”) Hugh Owen Thomas (1834-1891) Newton M. Shaffer (1846- 1928), a New York City orthopedist, first described high arched foot with multiple clawtoes Became widely known as “Shaffer’s Foot” Also designed a highmedial arched orthosis with a heel cup which became known as a “Shaffer Plate” Newton M. Shaffer (1846-1928) Royal Whitman Whitman’s “Weak Foot” Royal Whitman (1857- 1946) was a 1882 Harvard Medical School graduate and New York City orthopedic surgeon that had special interest in foot function Wrote numerous textbooks on orthopedic surgery and taught orthopedics for 40 years Royal Whitman (1857-1946) Whitman’s description of “weak foot” very closely matches our current description of the pronated, flat-arched foot with an internally rotated tibia Whitman’s Three Grades of “Weak Foot” 1 st Degree: The normal foot improperly used, as shown by the method of standing and walking 2 nd Degree: The foot in which the range of voluntary motion is restricted, showing disuse of function, and in which the elements of deformity are apparent when weight is borne 3 rd Degree: That in which the passive range of motion is restricted, or in which there are evident weakness and deformity. This limitation of motion depends, as a rule, on accommodative changes in structure to the habitual postures or to the deformity Whitman R: A study of the weak foot, with reference to its causes, its diagnosis, and its cure; with an analysis of a thousand cases of so-called flat-foot. JBJS, 8:42-77, 1896. Whitman’s Foot Brace Developed in 1885 Made from plaster cast taken with foot in supinated position 18-20 gauge sheet steel was formed into a high medial arch brace Goal was to raise medial arch so foot would be less pronated 3
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History-Evolution-of-Foot-and-Lower-Extremity-Biomechanics-and-Foot-Orthoses_Kevin-Kirby

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