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Cyromazine Induced Effects on Larvae and Adults of ... - Iresa

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Emergence rate (%)<br />

100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

a<br />

a<br />

b<br />

b<br />

0<br />

0 0,05 0,1<br />

Dose (mg/l)<br />

0,2<br />

Fig. 4. Emergence rate <strong>of</strong> C. capitata adults exposed to different cyromazine doses<br />

DISCUSSION<br />

In Tunisia, C. capitata has been a<br />

serious pest <strong>of</strong> several fruit crops mainly<br />

citrus <strong>and</strong> is found all around the year. It<br />

may complete seven or eight generati<strong>on</strong>s<br />

per year, five <strong>of</strong> them are during the<br />

summer (16, 19).<br />

Results reported in this work clearly<br />

dem<strong>on</strong>strate that cyromazine ingested by<br />

larvae <strong>and</strong> adults <strong>of</strong> C. capitata induced a<br />

pois<strong>on</strong>ing syndrome that include<br />

significant mortality <strong>of</strong> all developmental<br />

stages, reducti<strong>on</strong> in female fertility,<br />

increase <strong>of</strong> percentage <strong>of</strong> body<br />

deformities <strong>and</strong> decrease <strong>of</strong> adult<br />

emergence rate.<br />

Many studies have been reported <strong>on</strong><br />

the insecticidal activity <strong>of</strong> cyromazine<br />

against C. capitata. Indeed, Viňuela et al.<br />

(36) reported that C. capitata larvae<br />

reared <strong>on</strong> an artificial diet supplemented<br />

with cyromazine undergo severe<br />

developmental disrupti<strong>on</strong> depending <strong>on</strong><br />

their age <strong>and</strong> exposure durati<strong>on</strong>.<br />

Moreover, Viňuela <strong>and</strong> Budia (35)<br />

indicated that Medfly larvae treated with<br />

cyromazine (20 mg/Kg <strong>of</strong> diet) were<br />

smaller, more el<strong>on</strong>gate <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>siderably<br />

Tunisian Journal <strong>of</strong> Plant Protecti<strong>on</strong> 214<br />

less elastic than c<strong>on</strong>trol. On the c<strong>on</strong>trary,<br />

when sub-lethal c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s were<br />

added to the larval rearing medium, no<br />

body alterati<strong>on</strong>s were recorded.<br />

Furthermore, at the c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> 20<br />

mg/Kg <strong>of</strong> diet, larvae <strong>of</strong> C. capitata<br />

develop severe symptoms, less than 20%<br />

<strong>of</strong> them are able to pupate <strong>and</strong> n<strong>on</strong>e<br />

emerge adults (36). In additi<strong>on</strong>,<br />

cyromazine is known to affect dipteran<br />

puparia with lethal outcome (8). These<br />

authors reported that cyromazine has an<br />

effect <strong>on</strong> pupae cuticle <strong>of</strong> Musca<br />

domestica. Besides, Kayser <strong>and</strong> Palivan<br />

(22) reported that, when larvae <strong>of</strong><br />

dipteran species (M. domestica, Lucilia<br />

sericata, Calliphora vicina <strong>and</strong><br />

Protophormia terraenovae) were feed<br />

with diet added with cyromazine (0.25<br />

mg/l), there is an important insecticidal<br />

effect. In another c<strong>on</strong>text, Reynolds <strong>and</strong><br />

Blakey (29) have shown that an early<br />

acti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> cyromazine is to cause the<br />

cuticle to become less extensible when<br />

subjected to simple c<strong>on</strong>stant load<br />

extensi<strong>on</strong> tests. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, the effect <strong>of</strong><br />

cyromazine <strong>on</strong> cuticle mechanical<br />

properties occurred rapidly after exposure<br />

Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010

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