and the Construction of Vulnerability - Child Trafficking

Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. REASONS FOR LEAVING HOME:THE GLOBAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Demography and Global Economic Restructuring and Development . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Democracy, Political Instability and Human Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Culture, Communications, Curiosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Migration as Exceptional and Unequal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. CONCEPTUAL, POLITICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES . . . . . 19
3.1 Methodological Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4. CHILDREN’S MOTIVES FOR MIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 Independent Labour Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Independent Education Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 Other Motives for Independent Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5. CHILDREN IN TRANSIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1 Legal Channels of Migration for Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2 Moving Through Irregular Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6. MIGRANT CHILDREN IN THE COUNTRY OF DESTINATION . . . . . . . . 29
6.1 Vulnerability to Labour Exploitation and Abusive Employment Practices . . . . . . 30
6.1.2 Vulnerability in the Informal Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.1.3 Migration, Debt and Dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.1.4 Child Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.1.5 Education, Migration and Labour Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.1.6 Vulnerability Arising from Economic Disadvantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.2 Racist, Ethnic and Xenophobic Discrimination, Harassment and Violence . . . . . 39
6.3 Immigration Controls and Violations of Children’s Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.3.1 Detention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.3.2 Deportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.3.3 The Consequences of Forced Return? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.3.4 Child Asylum Seekers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.3.5 Other Consequences of Immigration Controls for Children . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7. CHILDREN WHO REMAIN AT HOME WHEN OTHERS MIGRATE . . . . 51
8. FUTURE RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS . . . . . 55
8.1 Policy Implications for Child Rights Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Child Migration and the Construction of Vulnerability
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