and the Construction of Vulnerability - Child Trafficking

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Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. REASONS FOR LEAVING HOME:THE GLOBAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1 Demography and Global Economic Restructuring and Development . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 Democracy, Political Instability and Human Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3 Culture, Communications, Curiosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.4 Migration as Exceptional and Unequal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3. CONCEPTUAL, POLITICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES . . . . . 19 3.1 Methodological Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4. CHILDREN’S MOTIVES FOR MIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.1 Independent Labour Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2 Independent Education Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.3 Other Motives for Independent Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5. CHILDREN IN TRANSIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.1 Legal Channels of Migration for Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.2 Moving Through Irregular Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6. MIGRANT CHILDREN IN THE COUNTRY OF DESTINATION . . . . . . . . 29 6.1 Vulnerability to Labour Exploitation and Abusive Employment Practices . . . . . . 30 6.1.2 Vulnerability in the Informal Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.1.3 Migration, Debt and Dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 6.1.4 Child Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6.1.5 Education, Migration and Labour Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6.1.6 Vulnerability Arising from Economic Disadvantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 6.2 Racist, Ethnic and Xenophobic Discrimination, Harassment and Violence . . . . . 39 6.3 Immigration Controls and Violations of Children’s Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 6.3.1 Detention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.3.2 Deportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 6.3.3 The Consequences of Forced Return? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.3.4 Child Asylum Seekers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.3.5 Other Consequences of Immigration Controls for Children . . . . . . . . . . . 49 7. CHILDREN WHO REMAIN AT HOME WHEN OTHERS MIGRATE . . . . 51 8. FUTURE RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS . . . . . 55 8.1 Policy Implications for Child Rights Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Child Migration and the Construction of Vulnerability 5
6 Child Migration and the Construction of Vulnerability
Page 1 and 2: Child Migration and the Constructio
Page 3: Save the Children fights for childr
Page 7 and 8: 8 Child Migration and the Construct
Page 9 and 10: These restrictive approaches to mig
Page 11 and 12: 12 Child Migration and the Construc
Page 13 and 14: In affluent, economically developed
Page 15 and 16: esent the most significant menace t
Page 17 and 18: 18 Child Migration and the Construc
Page 19 and 20: A further set of conceptual problem
Page 21 and 22: tant to gather data on the problems
Page 23 and 24: dren, seeing it as opening opportun
Page 25 and 26: cially when children have lost pare
Page 27 and 28: Very often, adults and children fle
Page 29 and 30: groups facing the greatest risks of
Page 31 and 32: Africa, this very often means worki
Page 33 and 34: Though migrant women and children a
Page 35 and 36: paigns, and measures to rescue and
Page 37 and 38: members of the Korean migrant commu
Page 39 and 40: cent. Domestic violence data from C
Page 41 and 42: future. Some child migrants were ho
Page 43 and 44: dren being evicted on their eightee
Page 45 and 46: Rights Watch report describes Moroc
Page 47 and 48: children. One of the problems with
Page 49 and 50: separation from the children, who a
Page 51 and 52: stated that both parents had migrat
Page 53 and 54: ather than endorse, assumptions tha
Page 55 and 56:
● ● ties open to migrant childr
Page 57 and 58:
References Aggleton, P. (ed) (1999)
Page 59 and 60:
Chant, S., and McIlwaine, C. (1995)
Page 61 and 62:
Hashim, I. (2005) “Exploring the
Page 63 and 64:
Miller, A. (2004) ‘Sexuality, vio
Page 65 and 66:
Race, Gender and Migration. New Yor
Page 67 and 68:
i To give an indication of the sign
Page 69:
Save the Children fights for childr
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