Informal settlements data - Mpumalanga - Housing Development ...

Informal Settlements -
Mpumalanga
June 2011
Copyright © 2010 Eighty20
This presentation is incomplete without the accompanying oral commentary

2
Agenda
Data Sources
Number and Size of Informal Settlements
Profiling Informal Settlements

3
Data sources
Census 2001
Household data
Community Survey: Survey of
246,618 households
General Household Survey (Persons
database): Survey of 94,263 people
General Household Survey
(Households database): Survey of
25,303 households
Income and Expenditure Survey
2005/6: Survey of 21,144 households
Settlement data: National
Dwelling Frame data: Stats SA
Informal Settlements Atlas: NDHS
LaPsis: HDA
Eskom Spot Building Count
Settlement data: Provincial and
Municipal
KZN
North West
City of Cape Town
City of Johannesburg
Ekurhuleni
eThekwini

4
Household data is generated by the Census and by surveys
Definition of an
informal
settlement
• An unplanned settlement on land which has not been surveyed or proclaimed as
residential, consisting mainly of informal dwellings (shacks)
• Informal dwelling: A makeshift structure not erected according to approved architectural
plans
Data coverage
• Data spans all of South Africa
• Census 2001, and surveys (Community Survey 2007, IES 2005/6, 2002-2009 GHS)
• Data available: Demographics, services, income, expenditure, assets, dwelling, tenure,
etc.
Methodology
• Census 2001
‣ Country divided up into Enumeration Areas consisting of a number of dwellings. EAs
are classified as (inter alia) urban informal and urban formal
• GHS
‣ The sample frame is based on Census 2001 EA level data
‣ This has been augmented throughout the past decade through additional listings,
including work done for the Community Survey in 2007
‣ There are continuous changes across Primary Sampling Units (PSUs)
‣ Three different sample designs were used over the years: 2002-2004, 2005-2007,
2008-present
‣ Sample may contain a bias toward older, more established settlements if the sample
design does not explicitly incorporate newer informal settlements

Issue 1: Finding a proxy indicator in surveys
Census data contains two candidate indicators to identify
households who live in informal settlements. Later surveys
do not provide EA level characterisations. A proxy indicator
based on the dwelling type is therefore used
5
Definition of
informal
settlement:
“An unplanned
settlement on land
which has not
been surveyed or
proclaimed as
residential,
consisting mainly
of informal
dwellings (shacks)
EA: Informal
Settlement
60 541
(8% of MP
households)
Main dwelling:
Informal
dwelling/ shack
not in backyard
92 496
(12% of MP
households)
Definition of
informal dwelling:
“A makeshift
structure not
erected according to
approved
architectural plans”
Source: Census 2001

Issue 1: Finding a proxy indicator in surveys
Census data contains two candidate indicators to identify
households who live in informal settlements. Later surveys
do not provide EA level characterisations. A proxy indicator
based on the dwelling type is therefore used
6
Total households who live in an informal
settlement OR in a shack not in a backyard:
115 713
Definition of informal
settlement:
“An unplanned settlement
on land which has not been
surveyed or proclaimed as
residential, consisting mainly
of informal dwellings
(shacks)
EA: Informal
Settlement
60 541
(8% of MP
households)
37 323
(5% of MP
households)
Main dwelling:
Informal
dwelling/ shack
not in backyard
92 496
(12% of MP
households)
Definition of informal
dwelling:
“A makeshift structure
not erected according to
approved architectural
plans”
62% of households who live in EAs classified as
Informal Settlements, live in shacks not in
backyards
40% of households who live in shacks not in
backyards, live in EAs classified as Informal
Settlements
Source: Census 2001

Source: Census 2001
Note: Formal dwelling includes flat in a block of flats, dwelling on a separate stand, backyard dwelling, room/flatlet, and town/cluster/semidetached
house
Issue 1: Finding a proxy indicator in surveys
40% of households in Mpumalanga who live in shacks not in
backyards, live in EAs classified as Informal Settlements.
62% of households in Mpumalanga who live in Informal
Settlement EAs, live in shacks not in backyards
7
EA breakdown for shacks not in
backyards
(Mpumalanga)
Housing type breakdown for Informal
Settlement EAs
(Mpumalanga)
Informal
Settlement,
40%
Urban
Settlement,
28%
Tribal
Settlement,
19%
Farm, 7%
Shack not in
backyard,
62%
Formal
dwelling,
18%
Traditional
dwelling,
13%
Other areas,
6%
Other, 2%
Shack in
backyard,
5%

Issue 2: Sample sizes
Sample sizes across data sources differ. In some cases these
limit the extent to which data can be interrogated. While
there is updated GHS data from 2009, the Community Survey
is the ‘preferred’ data source given its sample size
8
Census 2001 Community Survey 2007
Income and Expenditure
Survey 2005/6
General Household Survey
2009
Total number
of households
Total number
of households
living in shacks
not in a
backyard
Households
living in
informal
settlement EAs
Total survey
sample size
Sample size for
households
living in shacks
not in a
backyard
Total survey
sample size
Sample size for
households
living in shacks
not in a
backyard
Total survey
sample size
Sample size for
households
living in shacks
not in a
backyard
Mpumalanga 783 517 92 496 60 541 16 896 1 652 1 687 203 2 430 155
Source: Census 2001 (10% sample), Community Survey 2007, IES 2005/6, GHS 2009; Household databases

9
Other issues to look out for when using survey data
Sampling bias
• Survey samples are drawn from a master table based on Census 2001 which was updated
for the 2007 Community Survey
• If Stats SA does not know about a settlement (or if the sampling frame has not been
updated) the settlement will not be surveyed
Response bias
• There may be some incentive for households to respond in certain ways to certain
questions. For instance, this may happen if the household believes there is a „right‟
answer or if they think the data will be used for a particular purpose
Interpretation of
responses
• The surveys are not designed with informal settlements in mind. This makes some data
difficult to interpret

10
Dwelling Frame Count for Census 2011: Stats SA
Dwelling frame
overview
• The Dwelling Frame is a register of the spatial location of dwelling units and other
structures. It is used to demarcate Enumeration Areas (EAs) for the 2011 Census
• An EA is the smallest piece of land into which the country is divided for enumeration, of a
size suitable for one fieldworker in an allocated period of time
• EAs typically contain between 100 and 250 households. The acceptable range in dwelling
unit count per Informal Residential EA is 151-185 (Ideal: 168) with no geographic size
constraint
• The Dwelling Frame has been collated since 2005 and is around 70% complete
Data coverage
• There are 71 sub-places in Mpumalanga with at least one EA classified as “Informal
Residential”, totalling 277 EAs and covering a total area of 81.21 square kilometres
• There are Dwelling Frame estimates for 42 (59%) of these “Informal Residential” EAs,
totalling 13,840 Dwelling Frames
Comments
• A dwelling frame is not the same as a dwelling or a household
• The dataset contains coordinates for all sub-places where there is at least one informal
residential EA

11
2009/2010 Informal Settlements Atlas: NDHS
Definition of
informal
settlement
• The 2009 National Housing Code‟s Informal Settlement Upgrading Programme identifies
informal settlements on the basis of the following characteristics:
‣ Illegality and informality;
‣ Inappropriate locations;
‣ Restricted public and private sector investment;
‣ Poverty and vulnerability; and
‣ Social stress
Data coverage
• 227 informal settlement polygons in Mpumalanga
Methodology
• Combination of aerial photography, satellite imagery and discussions with municipalities
to identify informal settlement polygons
• Images are from different years up to 2006
• Data gathering methods vary depending on area (complete data from municipality,
and/or identification from imagery and manual verification)
• Assisted by AfriGIS
Comments
• Given that some of the imagery is a number of years old, the status of informal
settlements may not be accurately reflected
• A critical requirement of the Atlas project is that settlement level data is regularly
maintained and updated

12
LaPsis: HDA
Definition of
informal
settlement
• The 2009 National Housing Code‟s Informal Settlement Upgrading Programme identifies
informal settlements on the basis of the following characteristics:
‣ Illegality and informality;
‣ Inappropriate locations;
‣ Restricted public and private sector investment;
‣ Poverty and vulnerability; and
‣ Social stress
Data coverage
• 246 informal settlements in Mpumalanga
• System includes cadastre, ownership, title documents and deeds, administrative
boundaries, access to services (toilets, water, electricity) and points of interest (schools,
transport)
• None of the informal settlements have a household/shack count
Methodology
• Data supplied by the provinces
• The data was collected in 2009
• LaPsis will be updated after further work on the informal settlements layer by the HDA in
2011

13
Spot Building Count: Eskom
Definition of
informal
settlement
• Where settlements are too dense to determine the number of structures given the
resolution of the satellite imagery the area is categorised as a „Dense Informal‟ area.
These areas are often informal settlements although Eskom does not have a specific
definition in that regard
• Areas are demarcated as a polygon
Data coverage
• 75 Dense Informal polygons in Mpumalanga, covering a total area of 7.8 square
kilometres
• No dwelling count is provided
Methodology
• Based on satellite imagery

14
Community-based enumeration: CORC
Overview of
CORC
• CORC is an NGO that operates in all provinces across the country
• It aims to provide support to “networks of communities to mobilise themselves around
their own resources and capacities”
• It profiles settlements in order to provide a fact base to enable communities to develop a
strategy and negotiate with the State with regard to service provision and upgrading
Methodology
• Surveys have been conducted in areas across the country by community members in
these settlements
• Community members are trained by CORC and are provided with a basic stipend to
enable them to do their work
• Improvements are made to questionnaires using community consultation and
professional verification

15
Agenda
Data Sources
Number and Size of Informal Settlements
Profiling Informal Settlements

16
Census data at a municipal level is summarised below for
municipalities with households in informal settlement EAs
Households living in Informal Settlement EAs: Mpumalanga
Municipality
Number of HH in Informal Settlement EA
% of HH in municipality/province that
live in Informal Settlement EAs
Bohlabela (now eliminated) 0 0%
Ehlanzeni 9 317 3.9%
Gert Sibande (formerly Govan Mbeki) 31 924 14.4%
Nkangala 18 874 7.3%
OTHER* 425 -
Mpumalanga 60 541 7.7%
Source: Census 2001
Note: NUSP estimate reported by the KZN Department of Human Settlements
Note: The 12 th amendment to the Constitution in December 2005 reduced the number of districts from 53 to 52 (Bohlabela was eliminated),
and also eliminated cross-border districts (each district is now completely contained within a province). With regards to Mpumalanga,
Sekhukune Cross Boundary was in 2001 also in Limpopo province, and Metsweding was also in Gauteng province; now neither is in
Mpumalanga. The households in these two districts are included in „OTHER‟ above.

Number of households (000s)
17
Estimates of the number of households who live in shacks
not in backyards vary, sometimes quite significantly
1 000 300
900
250
800
783
940
3%
1 000 300
900
250
800
768
Households by dwelling type
(Mpumalanga)
795
769
808
877
909
943
978
4%
1 000 300
900
250
800
880
200
200
200
150
150
150
100
100
100
50 93 50
50
86
89
100
-1%
75
72
56
60
70 64 -5%
0
12% 9%
0
12% 9% 7% 12% 7% 8% 7% 7%
0
12%
Census CS 2007
GHS GHS GHS GHS GHS GHS GHS GHS
IES 2005/6
2001
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2001: Number of
households in Informal
Settlement EAs:
60 541 (8%)
HH lives in shack not in backyard
Total households
Source: Census 2001 (full database), Community Survey 2007, IES 2005/6, GHS 2002 – 2009 (reweighted)
Note: Dashed line indicates new sample designs for GHS (2002-2004, 2005-2007, 2008-2009)

Number of households (000s)
Number of households (000s)
Thousands
18
Nkangala has the largest proportion of households that live
in a shack not in a backyard compared to other district
municipalities in Mpumalanga
Number of households that live in shacks
(Mpumalanga)
Shack not in backyard
Shack in backyard
60
18%
10
9
5%
50
51
17%
16%
14%
9
8
4%
8
4%
4%
40
30
20
10%
25
12%
10%
8%
6%
% of households
7
6
5
4
3
3%
6
2%
3%
3%
2%
2%
% of households
10
10
3%
4%
2%
2
1
1%
1%
0
Nkangala Gert Sibande Ehlanzeni
0%
0
Gert Sibande Nkangala Ehlanzeni
0%
Source: Community Survey 2007 HH

19
The number of households in a shack not in a backyard in
Nkangala had the highest CAGR (6%)
Compound annual growth (2001 - 2007)
(Household lives in a shack not in a backyard, household lives in a shack in a backyard, Mpumalanga)
Nkangala
8 124
0%
Ehlanzeni
10 447
-7%
Gert Sibande
25 133
-6%
Ehlanzeni
5 989
0%
Gert Sibande
9 444
2%
Nkangala
50 681
6%
-8%
-6%
-4%
Source: Census 2001 (10% sample) and Community Survey 2007
Note: 2005 provincial borders have been used
* Sample size is less than 40
-2% 0%
2%
HH lives in shack not in backyard
4% 6%
HH lives in backyard shack

Number of households (000s)
20
The proportion of households in Mpumalanga that live in
shacks not in backyards has slightly decreased from 12% to
9%
Type of main dwelling
(Mpumalanga, Thousands)
CAGR
1 000
940
3.1%
900
800
700
783
95 (12%)
13 (2%)
66 (7%)
51 (5%)
86 (9%)
13 (1%)
13 (1%)
24 (3%)
-5.8%
0.1%
Traditional dwelling
Flat in a block of flats
600
60 (8%)
17 (2%)
24 (3%)
-4.0%
House/flat/room, in backyard
500
93 (12%)
-2.7%
Other
400
300
687 (73%)
-0.6%
Informal dwelling/shack, in
backyard
200
100
0
480 (61%)
Census 2001 Community Survey 2007
-1.2%
6.1%
Informal dwelling/shack, NOT
in backyard, e.g. in an
informal/squatter settlement
House on a separate stand or
town/cluster/semi-detached
house
Source: Census 2001 (full database), Community Survey 2007; Household databases
Note: Other includes room/flatlet on a shared property, caravan/tent, private ship/boat, collective living quarters, other

21
Estimating the number of informal settlements and the
number of households living in informal settlements
Bohlabela (now
eliminated)
LaPsis:
Informal
settlements
Number of informal settlements
Atlas:
Informal
settlement
polygons
StatsSA: Sub
Places with
at least one
EA classified
as “Informal
Residential”
Eskom:
Polygons
classified
as “Dense
Informal”
Number of households in
informal settlements
Census
CS 2007:
Census
2001: HH in
HH in
2001: HH in
informal
shacks not
shacks not
settlement
in
in backyards
EA
backyards
- - 0 0
Ehlanzeni 82 75 9 317 15 963 10 447
Gert Sibande
(formerly Govan
Mbeki)
109 105 31 924 37 389 25 133
Nkangala 55 47 18 874 35 297 50 681
OTHER - - 425 3 846
Mpumalanga 246 227 71 75 60 541 92 496 86 261
* Households in informal settlements to be upgraded between 2010/11 and
2013/14 (Outcome 8): 26 480 in Mpumalanga

22
Agenda
Data Sources
Number and Size of Informal Settlements
Profiling Informal Settlements

23
Agenda
Basic living conditions and access to services
Profile of households and families
Income, expenditure and well-being
Age of dwellings and permanence
Housing waiting lists
Health and vulnerability
Education

The percentage of households in shacks not in backyards with
no toilet facilities decreased in 2007 from 2001, and the
percentage of households receiving piped water in their
dwelling increased
24
Toilet facility
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard,
Mpumalanga)
Source of drinking water
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard,
Mpumalanga)
100%
80%
20%
3%
12%
6%
3%
100%
80%
4%
16%
14%
8%
60%
12%
19%
23%
60%
30%
42%
40%
40%
20%
46%
56%
20%
51%
35%
0%
Census 2001
Community Survey
2007
Pit latrine Flush Bucket latrine Other* None
0%
Census 2001
Piped water on community stand
Other**
Source: Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007 HH
* Other toilet- includes Chemical toilet and Dry toilet facility
** Other water source- incudes Borehole, Flowing water, Stagnant water, Well, Spring and Other
Community Survey
2007
Piped water in yard
Piped water in dwelling

25
Access to electricity used for lighting increased from 2001 to
2007, weekly refuse removal by a local authority or private
company decreased slightly
Energy used for lighting
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard,
Mpumalanga)
100%
80%
60%
1% 1%
8% 9%
36%
45%
Refuse collection
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard,
Mpumalanga)
100%
80%
60%
1% 1%
4% 2%
8%
12%
38%
37%
40%
40%
20%
55%
45%
20%
45% 53%
0%
Census 2001
Community Survey
2007
Candles Electricity Paraffin Other*
Source: Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007 HH
* Other includes Gas, Solar and Other
** In the Community Survey these include refuse removed by private company
0%
Census 2001 Community Survey
2007
Removed by local authority less often
Communal refuse dump
No rubbish disposal
Removed by local authority at least once a week
Own refuse dump

26
73% of households living in shacks not in backyards in
Mpumalanga receive at least one service
Access to services
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard, Mpumalanga)
Piped water in dwelling or yard
57%
Use electricity for lighting
44%
Refuse collected by municipality
37%
Have a flush toilet
23%
Have at least one of the above
73%
Have all of the above
15%
Source: CS 2007HH

27
73% of households living in shacks not in backyards in
Mpumalanga receive at least one service
Access to services: Mpumalanga
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard)
Refuse collected by
municipality
Piped/tap water in
dwelling or yard
Use electricity for
lighting
Flush toilet
South Africa 51% 38% 42% 22%
Mpumalanga 37% 57% 45% 23%
Source: Community Survey 2007
Note: Green: 50%+, Yellow: 25%-49%, Red:

28
According to the 2007 Community Survey, 40% of
households in shacks not in backyards in Mpumalanga have a
television. 73% have at least one cell phone in the household
Assets in household
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard; Mpumalanga)
Landline telephone
1% *
Computer
2% *
Refrigerator
33%
Television
40%
Radio
70%
Cell phone
73%
Source: Community Survey 2007 HH
Note*: Small sample sizes, less than 40 observations

29
Agenda
Basic living conditions and access to services
Profile of households and families
Income, expenditure and well-being
Age of dwellings and permanence
Housing waiting lists
Health and vulnerability
Education

30
Household heads in shacks not in backyards are younger
than those in formal dwellings
Demographics of household head
(Lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard versus those living in a formal dwelling, Mpumalanga)
Gender
Age group
100%
80%
48%
52%
100%
80%
3%
8%
14%
2%
5%
5%
8%
12%
60%
60%
20% 15%
40%
40%
20%
52%
48%
20%
51% 55%
0%
Shack not in backyard
Formal dwelling
0%
Shack not in backyard
Formal dwelling
Source: CS 2007
Male
Female

Source: CS 2007 Persons database
31
114 000 people (39%) living in a shack not in a backyard in
Mpumalanga aged 17 or below
Children aged 17 or below living in shacks not in backyards
(Live in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard, Mpumalanga)
31 182
27%
44 558
39%
21 398
19%
16 435
15%
Total children aged 17 or below: 113 573

In 2007, 25% of households living in shacks not in backyards
in Mpumalanga were single person households; this is up
from 22% in 2001. In 2007, 13% of households that live in a
shack not in a backyard in Mpumalanga live in crowded
conditions
32
Size of household and over crowding
(HH lives in informal dwelling / shack not in backyard, Mpumalanga)
Total number of rooms Household size Over crowding*
54%
36%
23%
25%
87% 13%
23%
38%
1 2-3 4+
1 2-3 4+
Average HH size
HH lives in shack not in backyard: 3.2
HH lives in formal dwelling: 4.1
All Mpumalanga HH: 3.9
Source: CS 2007 Households
* A household is considered over-crowded if there are more than two people per room
Note: 22% of South African households living in shacks not in backyards live in over-crowded conditions
No
Yes

33
Average household size
Average household size
Shack not in backyard
Formal dwelling
2001 2007 2001 2007
South Africa 3.2 3.2 3.8 3.8
Mpumalanga 3.5 3.2 4.1 4.1
Source: Census 2001, Community Survey 2007

34
Agenda
Basic living conditions and access to services
Profile of households and families
Income, expenditure and well-being
Age of dwellings and permanence
Housing waiting lists
Health and vulnerability
Education

According to the IES, 79% of households in shacks not in
backyards in Mpumalanga earned less than R3,500 in 2006
(2006 Rands). Inflating the numbers to 2010 Rands (and
assuming no real shift in income) 74% of households earn
less than R3,500 per month
Household monthly income
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard; Mpumalanga)
35
Income in 2006 Rands
Income in 2010 Rands
The proportion
that have R3 500+
is higher than the
whole country
20%
30%
26%
20% *
22%
29%
21%
32%
< R850 R850 - R1 499 R1 500 - R3 499 R3 500 +
Source: IES 2005/6
Note: House or semi-detached house includes dwelling/brick structure located on a separate stand/yard/farm, and town/cluster/semidetached
houses. Backyard dwelling includes dwelling/flat/room in backyard. Other includes room/flatlet or larger dwelling/servants‟
quarters/granny flat, unit in retirement village, workers‟ hostel, family unit, caravan/tent, other and unspecified
Note*: Small sample sizes, less than 40 observations

Percentage of households
36
Around 12% of households in Mpumalanga earning less than
R3,500 (in 2006 Rands) live in shacks not in backyards
Percentage of households that live in shacks not in backyards
(By monthly household income; Mpumalanga)
20%
15%
14%
11% 11%
10%
9%
5%
0%
< R850 R850 - R1 499 R1 500 - R3 499 R3 500 +
Source: IES 2005/6
Note: Income is nominal, weighted to April 2006 Rands

Percentage of households
37
In 2007, the labour force participation rate for adults in
Mpumalanga living in shacks not in backyards was 61%,
higher than the provincial average of 52%
100%
Labour force participation rates
(Adults 15+)
80%
60%
40%
64%
42%
54% 55%
67%
66%
54%
47%
61% 61%
35%
52%
64%
54%
51%
49%
71%
63%
63%
53%
20%
0%
Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-
Natal
Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern
Cape
Western
Cape
South Africa
Adult lives in shack not in backyard
All adults (incl. shack not in backyard)
Source: General Household Survey Workers 2007 (adults 15+)

Percentage of households
38
In 2007, the unemployment rate for Mpumalanga adults
living in shacks not in backyards was 22%, below the
provincial unemployment rate of 29%
50%
Unemployment rates
(Adults 15+)
43%
44%
40%
37%
30%
29%
27%
28%
22%
23%
28%
30%
28%
22%
29%
34%
25%
28%
26%
32%
25%
20%
19%
10%
0%
Eastern
Cape
Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-
Natal
Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern
Cape
Western
Cape
South Africa
Adult lives in shack not in backyard
All adults (incl. shack not in backyard)
Source: General Household Survey Workers 2007 (adults 15+)

39
Most employed individuals in shacks not in backyards in
Mpumalanga use taxis or buses and take less than half an
hour to get to work
Note: 53,288 in shacks not in
backyards in Mpumalanga are
employed (28%)
Usual mode of transport to work
(Live in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard, Employed, Mpumalanga)
22 615
43%
8 721
16%
14 820
28%
7 132
13%
In formal dwellings the
most common form of
transport to work in
Mpumalanga are private
vehicles at 34%
Taxi/Bus Walking/Bicycle/Motorcycle Private Vehicle* Office is at home*
Time taken to Work
31 min
+*, 44%
0 - 30
min, 56%
Source: GHS 2009 Persons
Note: Travel time refers to travelling in one direction using their normal type of transport
Note: If more than one type of transport was used, then the type of transport that covers the most distance is classified as the normal mode
of transport
Note*: small sample size, less than 40 observations
Percentage of Commuting workers

40
Main income sources differ from other dwelling types
Main source of income
(Mpumalanga)
Informal dwellings/shack
not in backyard (e.g.
informal settlement)
56%
11%*
11%*
21%*
House or semi-detached
house
54%
10%
13%
23%
Traditional dwelling
54%
6%*
10%*
30%
All MP households
56%
10%
12%
22%
Salaries/wages/commission Pensions and grants Other Remittances No income *
Source: GHS 2009 HH
Note: All households also includes backyard dwelling, room/flatlet on a property or a larger servants quarters/dwelling, caravan/tent,
flat/apartment, informal dwelling/shack in backyard, other
* Sample size small (

41
The proportion of households that transfer maintenance or
remittances for shacks not in backyards is around the same
as the average for Mpumalanga households as a whole
Maintenance of / remittance to family members and dependants living elsewhere
(In cash or in kind, Mpumalanga)
Informal dwelling/shack in backyard
68% *
Informal dwelling/shack not in backyard
38%
Formal dwelling
36%
Traditional dwelling
19% *
All Mpumalanga households
36%
Source: IES 2005/6
Note: Formal housing includes dwelling or brick structure on a separate stand/yard/farm, flat/apartment in a block of flats, room/flatlet or a
larger dwelling/servants quarters/granny flat, town/cluster/semi-detached house, workers‟ hostel or family unit, and unit in retirement village
Note: All households also includes backyard dwelling, caravan/tent, other and unspecified
Note: * Small sample size, less than 40 observations (not below 20)

42
Various measures of deprivation indicate very high levels of
poverty
Measures of deprivation
(Mpumalanga)
50%
40%
42% *
40% *
30%
31% 30% *
20%
23%
21%
23%
14%
10%
0%
Limited number of foods to
feed children past year
Insufficient food for children
in past year
Run out of food in past year
Children ever go to bed
hungry in past year
Informal dwelling/shack not in backyard
All Mpumalanga households
Source: GHS 2009 HH
Note: Those questions referring to children exclude those households with no children
*Note: Small sample sizes, less than 40 observations (not below 20)

43
Agenda
Basic living conditions and access to services
Profile of households and families
Income, expenditure and well-being
Age of dwellings and permanence
Housing waiting lists
Health and vulnerability
Education

44
The majority of people currently living in a shack not in a
backyard in Mpumalanga have been living there since before
2001
Year person moved into this dwelling
(Lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard,
Mpumalanga)
Province lived in before moving to this dwelling*
(Lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard, moved in
after 2001, Mpumalanga)
Outside RSA: 3%
2%
10%
65%
7%
1%
3%
MP
76%
5%
3%
2%
KZN
2%
6%
0%
13%
3%
2007 2006
2005 2004
2001-2003 Born after October 2001
Have not moved since October 2001
Source: Community Survey 2007 Persons
Note*: Sample sizes for some provinces less than 40
0%

Source: GHS 2009 HH
Note: The survey states that if the year is not known, the best estimate should be given. Although it is not shown here, this accounts for the
very few “unspecified” responses
* Sample size small (< 40)
45
Majority of shacks not in backyards were originally built
between 2000 and 2004
Year current dwelling was originally built
(Mpumalanga)
Shack not
in backyard
32%
34%
28%
6% *
1940 1990 2000
2005
2009
House/dwelling
on separate
stand
28% 28%
28%
16%
1940 1990 2000
2005
2009

Proportion of households
According to the Census 45% of both households living in a shack
not in a backyard and those in backyard shacks in Mpumalanga,
claim to own their dwelling. Community Survey estimates these
proportions as 59% and 45% respectively
Dwelling tenure across different surveys
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard,
Mpumalanga)
Total number
of households 92,496
86,261
100%
80%
16%
*
10%
30%
100%
80%
Dwelling tenure across different surveys
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack in backyard,
Mpumalanga)
24,398 23,556
28%
34%
46
60%
40%
60%
27%
20%
40%
40%
20%
45%
59%
20%
45% 45%
0%
Census 2001 CS 2007
0%
Census 2001 CS 2007
*
Owned Occupied rent-free Rented
Source: Census 2001 (10% sample), Community Survey 2007; Household databases
Note: The breakdown of ownership does not include “Other” due to small sample sizes

47
Agenda
Basic living conditions and access to services
Profile of households and families
Income, expenditure and well-being
Age of dwellings and permanence
Housing waiting lists
Health and vulnerability
Education

Proportion of households
48
According to GHS, 40% of households living in a shack not in
a backyard in Mpumalanga have at least one member on the
RDP waiting list
Member of a household on the RDP (or state
subsidised house) waiting list/demand database
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard;
Mpumalanga)
No, 60%
Yes, 40%
Number of households living in a shack
not in a backyard in Mpumalanga:
63,655
Number of households
who claim to be on the
RDP waiting list/demand
database
(Informal dwelling/shack not in
backyard; Mpumalanga):
25,609
Number of households
that qualify for the
waiting list/demand
database
(Informal dwelling/shack not in
backyard; Mpumalanga):
27,198
In which year the first person joined the
waiting list/demand database
(Any member on the waiting list; HH lives in an informal
dwelling / shack not in backyard; Mpumalanga)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
73%
27%*
Person A
Source: GHS 2009 HH
Note: To qualify for the waiting list, the household must have a household income of less than R3,500; a size of more than 1; not own another
dwelling; and have no housing subsidy. Due to rounding, the percentages may not sum to 100%.
* Sample size less than 40
2005 - 2009
1990 - 2004

67% of households living in a shack not in a backyard in
Mpumalanga have a total household income of less than
R3,500. 97% have not received any housing subsidy on their
current or past dwellings
49
Household monthly income
(HH lives in an informal dwelling /
shack not in backyard; Mpumalanga)
Household size
(HH lives in an informal dwelling /
shack not in backyard; Mpumalanga)
Housing subsidy on current or
past dwelling
(HH lives in an informal dwelling / shack not
in backyard; Mpumalanga)
11%*
3%*
22%*
33%
30%
67%
37%
97%
< R3 500 R3 500 + Unspecified
1 2 - 3 4+
Yes
No
Source: GHS 2009 HH
Note: Of the 63,655 households whose main dwelling is an informal dwelling/shack not in a backyard, 90% do not have another dwelling.
The income figures are slightly different to the IES adjusted numbers. This may be due to a number of factors, such as shifts in income or a
misrepresentation of the true monthly household income. Due to rounding, the percentages may not sum to 100%
* Sample size is less than 40

50
Agenda
Basic living conditions and access to services
Profile of households and families
Income, expenditure and well-being
Age of dwellings and permanence
Housing waiting lists
Health and vulnerability
Education

51
Access to key points of service has been mapped for some
informal settlements using a 5km radius
Informal settlements: Access to key facilities
(Mpumalanga)
Education Facilities
97%
Security Facilities (SAPS)
40%
Medical Facilities
37%
Transport
20%
Place of Worship Facilities
20%
Recreational Facilities
11%
Commercial Facilities
6%
Government Service Points
0%
Source: Department of Human Settlements (provided by HDA)
Note: Data for all provinces is based on a total of 1,448 verified locations of Human Settlements, and facilities within 5km radius

Percentage of people
Source: GHS 2009 Persons; Note: These questions are asked of everyone, regardless of whether they have been recently ill
Note: Due to small sample sizes, not all options given in the survey are shown here * Sample size is less than 40
Approximately 18% of people living a shack in a shack not in a
backyard in Mpumalanga have suffered from an illness or injury
in the past month. There is no significant difference when this is
compared to people living in formal dwellings
Population
totals in
segment
100%
80%
Primary source of medical help
(Mpumalanga)
188,657 3,069,079
2%*
18%
100%
80%
Usual means of transport to
health facility
(Mpumalanga)
Time taken to travel to health facility
using usual means of transport
(Mpumalanga)
188,657 3,069,079 188,657 3,069,079
31%
2%*
17%
100%
80%
11%
20%
52
60%
70%
60%
29%
60%
44%
38%
40%
20%
26%
71%
40%
20%
66%
52%
40%
20%
30%
47%
0%
Shack not in
backyard
8%
Formal dwelling
0%
Shack not in
backyard
Formal dwelling
0%
Shack not in
backyard
Formal dwelling
Private doctor/specialist
Clinic (Public)
Walking Taxi Own transport
< 15 minutes 15 - 29 mins 30 mins +
Hospital (Public)

Percentage of Households
53
22% of households in shacks not in backyards in Mpumalanga
have a member who was a victim of crime in the last year
30%
Households who have had at least one member as a victim of crime in the last year
(Mpumalanga)
22%
23%
20%
20%
19%
10%
0%
All Households Shacks not in Backyard Shacks in Backyard* Formal Housing
Source: GHS 2008 HH
Note: Formal Housing includes Dwelling/House or brick structure, Flat/Apartments, Town/Cluster/Semi-detached house, Unit in a retirement
village, Dwelling/House/Flat/Room in backyard and Room/Flatlet
Note: All Households include Shacks in Backyard, Shacks not in Backyard, Formal Housing, Traditional dwellings, Caravans/Tents and other
Note*: Small sample sizes, less than 40 observations
Note: Crime includes Murder, Molestation, Beaten/Hurt by someone, Harassed/Threatened or Theft

54
Agenda
Basic living conditions and access to services
Profile of households and families
Income, expenditure and well-being
Age of dwellings and permanence
Housing waiting lists
Health and vulnerability
Education

Number of adults (000s)
55
86% of adults in shacks not in backyards in Mpumalanga
have less than a matric
Highest level of education achieved
(Live in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard, Adults 18+, Mpumalanga)
70
60
59
50
40
30
29
20
10
13
17
?
0
Proportion of
adults in shacks
not in backyards
No Schooling Primary School Some High School Matric Other/Don't
Know/Unspecified*
11% + 25% + 50% + 14% + 0% = 100%
Source: GHS 2009 Persons
Note: Other includes certificate with less than matric, diploma with less than matric and other
Note: For all South African adults 18+ the highest level of education achieved is as follows: No schooling (7%), Primary school (17%),
Some high school (38%), Matric (25%), Technikon/University/other post Matric (11%), Other/DK/Unspecified (2%)
Note*: Small sample size, less than 40 observations
0

Number of children (

57
Most children in shacks not in backyards attending
educational facilities in Mpumalanga walk to get there and
have these institutions within 30 minutes travel
Usual mode of transport to educational facility by children
(Live in an informal dwelling / shack not in backyard,
Children aged 5-17, Mpumalanga)
Time taken to educational
facilities: walking
31-60 min
5%*
3 628
8%
Walking
42 874
92%
Other forms of transport
15-30 min
54%