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Constants, Variables, Expressions, and Program Units 211 The evaluation of string expressions can lead to the following runtime errors: Exceptions: 1051 String too long. 1106 String too long in assignment. Exception 1051 can occur only on computers whose operating systems limit the length of strings. Exception 1106 will occur if you attempt to assign a string that is too long for the string variable or array element that has been given a maximum length. Other exceptions may arise from misuse of string functions. (See Chapter 18 and Appendix C.) Logical Expressions A logical expression, denoted logex, consists of a combination of relational expressions and special logical clauses, together with the logical operators AND, OR, NOT, and parentheses. A logical expression is one that takes on the value “true” or “false.” (Logical constants and variables do not exist in True BASIC.) The formal definition of logex is: logex:: log-term … OR log-term In other words, a logical expression consists of one or more log-terms joined by OR. The log-terms are examined from left to right. As soon as a “true” log-term is found, no further log-term is evaluated and the logex as a whole is “true”; otherwise (if none of the log-terms is true), the logex as a whole is “false.” A logex with one or more ORs is sometimes called a disjunction. A log-term is defined as: log-term:: log-factor … AND log-factor A log-term consists of one or more log-factors joined by AND. The log-factors are examined from left to right. As soon as a “false” log-factor is found, no further log-factor is evaluated and the log-term as a whole is “false;” otherwise (if every log-factor is true), the log-term as a whole is “true.” A log-term with one or more ANDs is sometimes called a conjunction. The process whereby disjunctions and conjunctions are evaluated from left to right but only far enough to determine truth or falseness is known as short-circuiting. The log-factor from which a log-term is built is defined as: log-factor:: log-primary NOT log-primary A log-factor is either a log-primary or a log-primary preceded by NOT. This rule precludes more than one NOT in front of a log-primary. A log-factor without NOT is “true” if and only if the log-primary is true. A log-factor with NOT is “true” if and only if the log-primary is “false.” A log-factor with NOT is sometimes called a negation. log-primary:: relational-expr special-clause (logex) A log-primary consists of a relational expression, or a special logical clause, or a logex contained within parentheses. A log-primary is true if and only if the relational-expr, the special-clause, or the logex within parentheses is “true.” The order of evaluation for logical expressions implied by the above rules is as follows: • expressions inside parentheses are evaluated first, • then relational expressions and special logical clauses, • then negations (NOT), • then conjunctions (AND), • and finally disjunctions (OR).
212 True BASIC Language System Relational expressions are formally defined as: relational-expr:: numex relop numex strex relop strex Where the allowed relational operators are: relop:: < = or => > or >< A numeric relational expression numex relop numex is “true” if and only if the order relation specified by the relop between the two numexs is “true.” The usual real number ordering relation is used. A string relational expression strex relop strex is “true” if and only if the order relation specified by the relop between the two strexs is “true.” The ordering relation for strings is determined by the numeric values of the ASCII code. (For those characters not in the ASCII code, the numeric values are determined by the operating system; see Appendix A.) When two strings are compared, the first character of each is examined. If the first character in the first string occurs earlier in the numeric code sequence than the first character in the second string, then the first string as a whole is considered less than () the second string. If the first characters are the same, then the second characters are examined in a like manner. If the strings have the same number of characters and the characters are the same, position by position, the two strings are considered equal (=). If the first string is shorter than the second string, but the characters match up through the number of characters in the first string, then the first string is considered less than (
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True BASIC Language System Gold Edi
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True BASIC Language System 18. Stat
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ii Save on close The default settin
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iv LOADING LIBRARIES Loading librar
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When you use the UNDO feature the i
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directly to the computer. If you cl
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You are free to use upper or lower
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PREFERENCES Under the SETTINGS menu
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xii The reset button restores the t
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LINE NUMBERS Legacy code often uses
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xiv The True BASIC Editor menus Nor
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• CUT - will copy any highlighted
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xviii Remember that the default dir
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xx • COLORTEXT - this feature use
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angle brackets, e.g. and this will
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1 A Word on Style CHAPTER 1 Before
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A Word on Style 3 —————
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A Word on Style 5 ment. You may als
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7 CHAPTER 2 Constants, Variables, a
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Constants, Variables, and Expressio
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Constants, Variables, and Expressio
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13 Output Statements CHAPTER 3 Gene
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Output Statements 15 Printing Blank
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Output Statements 17 3 9 27 4 16 64
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Output Statements 19 This section i
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Output Statements 21 Examples of Fl
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Output Statements 23 Here are some
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Output Statements 25 Printing to a
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27 Input Statements CHAPTER 4 Most
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Input Statements 29 INPUT PROMPT
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Input Statements 31 Special keys su
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Input Statements 33 Turning the Tex
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35 Decision Structures CHAPTER 5 Tr
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Decision Structures 37 not(x-2 = z)
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Decision Structures 39 Nested IF St
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Loop Structures 41 Loop Structures
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Loop Structures 43 Although infinit
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Loop Structures 45 change the limit
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47 Data as Part of the Program CHAP
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Data as Part of the Program 49 Beca
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51 Built-in Functions CHAPTER 8 Tru
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Built-in Functions 53 Mathematical
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Built-in Functions 55 SEC(x) Secant
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Built-in Functions 57 LOOP END As i
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Built-in Functions 59 spaces are no
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Built-in Functions 61 Arrays and Ma
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Arrays and Matrices 63 LOOP END The
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Arrays and Matrices 65 will print t
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Arrays and Matrices 67 DIM name$(1)
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Arrays and Matrices 69 MAT INPUT so
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Arrays and Matrices 71 in each dime
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Arrays and Matrices 73 Scalar Multi
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Arrays and Matrices 75 MAT READ a D
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Arrays and Matrices 77 The SortS su
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Arrays and Matrices 79 ————
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Arrays and Matrices 81 CPSortN(a(),
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Arrays and Matrices 83 The first tw
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85 User-defined Functions and Subro
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User-defined Functions and Subrouti
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99 Libraries and Modules CHAPTER 11
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Libraries and Modules 101 must upda
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Libraries and Modules 103 Module In
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Libraries and Modules 105 SUB Deal(
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Libraries and Modules 107 SELECT CA
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109 Files for Data Input and Output
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Files for Data Input and Output 111
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131 Graphics CHAPTER 13 One of the
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Graphics 133 True BASIC Screen Coor
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Graphics 135 Pixel Coordinates Each
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Graphics 137 SET WINDOW 0, 2*Pi, -1
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Graphics 139 ments (plus their asso
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Graphics 141 The value of a string
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Graphics 143 True BASIC selects a c
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Graphics 145 OPEN #8: name “arrow
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Graphics 147 FOR n = 3 to 9 step 2
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Graphics 149 When this transformati
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151 Interface Elements CHAPTER 14 G
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Interface Elements 153 CALL TC_Sbar
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Interface Elements 155 an event up
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Interface Elements 157 ————
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Interface Elements 159 A shown wind
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Statements, Built-in Functions and
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307 Object Subroutine CHAPTER 19 Th
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Object Subroutine 309 OBJM_PAGESETU
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Object Subroutine 311 will generate
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Object Subroutine 313 nates of the
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Object Subroutine 315 CALL Object (
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Object Subroutine 317 The TXE VScro
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Object Subroutine ICONIZABLE FOCUS
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Object Subroutine 321 PLOT TEXT OPA
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Object Subroutine PAGE VERTICAL SIN
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Object Subroutine LEFT RELATIVE RIG
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Object Subroutine 327 LET values(2)
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Object Subroutine RIGHT RELATIVE BO
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Object Subroutine 331 Scroll Bar Au
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Object Subroutine WRAP MARGIN READO
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Object Subroutine TRAP CHAR KEY EVE
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337 Sys_Event Subroutine CHAPTER 20
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Sys_Event Subroutine 339 REFRESH SE
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Sys_Event Subroutine 341 Events for
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Sys_Event Subroutine 343 The follow
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345 TBD or TBDX Subroutines CHAPTER
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TBD or TBDX Subroutine 347 The valu
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TBD or TBDX Subroutine 349 Parm1$ i
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351 Interface Library Routines CHAP
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Interface Library Routines 353 Wind
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Interface Library Routines 355 abso
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Interface Library Routines 357 TC_S
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Interface Library Routines 359 Exce
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Interface Library Routines 363 The
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Interface Library Routines 365 TC_W
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Interface Library Routines 367 much
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Interface Library Routines 369 Chec
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Interface Library Routines 371 To u
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Interface Library Routines 373 TC_G
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Interface Library Routines 375 TC_G
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Interface Library Routines 377 Grou
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Interface Library Routines 379 List
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Interface Library Routines 381 TC_R
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Interface Library Routines 383 Stat
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Interface Library Routines 385 TC_T
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Interface Library Routines 387 the
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Interface Library Routines 389 LET
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Interface Library Routines 391 CALL
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Interface Library Routines 393 The
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Interface Library Routines 395 do l
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Interface Library Routines 397 Summ
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Interface Library Routines 399 SXOF
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Interface Library Routines 401 Com_
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A Note About Speed The communicatio
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Additional Library Routines 405 ERR
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407 Additional Library Procedures C
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Math Libraries 409 ACOT Function Li
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Math Libraries 411 AND Function Lib
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Math Libraries 413 Note: The ASINH
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Math Libraries 415 produces the fol
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Math Libraries 417 Exceptions: See
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Math Libraries Example: in the valu
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String Handling Libraries 421 Detai
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String Handling Libraries 423 CHARI
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String Handling Libraries 425 Examp
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String Handling Libraries 427 Excep
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String Handling Libraries 431 produ
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String Handling Libraries 437 DO WH
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String Handling Libraries 441 NEXTW
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String Handling Libraries 445 Detai
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String Handling Libraries 455 Usage
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Sorting and Searching Libraries 457
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Graphics Libraries 471 Example: The
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Graphics Libraries 473 DATA 17543,9
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Graphics Libraries 477 ASKBARTYPE S
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Graphics Libraries 479 Example: Exc
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Graphics Libraries 481 See also: SE
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Graphics Libraries 485 See also: 11
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Graphics Libraries 489 Example: By
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Graphics Libraries 495 MULTIBAR Sub
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Graphics Libraries 497 Summary: Det
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Graphics Libraries 499 Example: A p
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Graphics Libraries 501 If the value
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Graphics Libraries 503 Available Gr
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Graphics Libraries 505 Example: Exc
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Graphics Libraries 507 Details: Exa
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24-1 CHAPTER 24 Calling C Routines
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Calling C Routines in True BASIC 24
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25-1 CHAPTER 25 Using SOCKET Routin
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Using SOCKET Routines in True BASIC
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Using SOCKET Routines in True BASIC
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26-2 True BASIC Language System Gui
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26-10 True BASIC Language System Gu
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True BASIC - Updated CHAIN Document
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True BASIC - Updated CHAIN Document
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510 True BASIC Language System Deci
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512 True BASIC Language System Exty
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514 True BASIC Language System Nonf
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516 True BASIC Language System Badl
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518 True BASIC Language System Chan
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520 True BASIC Language System File
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522 True BASIC Language System Impr
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524 True BASIC Language System Must
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526 True BASIC Language System Over
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528 True BASIC Language System Subs
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542 True BASIC Language System DO C
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546 True BASIC Language System LET
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549 APPENDIX Line Numbers H There a
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555 APPENDIX Index of True BASIC St
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Appendix I: Index of True BASIC Sta
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Appendix I: Control Object Attribut
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Appendix I: Control Object Attribut
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Appendix I: Graphic Object Attribut
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Appendix I: Graphic Object Attribut
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Appendix I: Window Object Attribute
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Appendix I: Window Object Attribute
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Appendix I: Events Attributes 597 K
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599 APPENDIX J Debugging and Correc
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Appendix J: Debugging and Correctin
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Appendix J: Debugging and Correctin
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606 True BASIC Language System You
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608 True BASIC Language System Most
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612 True BASIC Language System W In
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614 True BASIC Language System WBDI
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616 True BASIC Language System RELA
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618 True BASIC Language System RELA
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620 True BASIC Language System DOES
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622 True BASIC Language System man
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624 True BASIC Language System EXAM
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628 True BASIC Language System redi
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630 True BASIC Language System CPSO
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632 True BASIC Language System 271,
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634 True BASIC Language System INPU
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638 True BASIC Language System RECS
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640 True BASIC Language System TC_E
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642 True BASIC Language System Unqu
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