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iotechnology. In addition of these, there are companies in Bangalore with excellent technical manpower and worldrenowned institutions such as the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Jawahar Lal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, National Facility for Macromolecular Crystallography, BARC, Mumbai, National Facility for High Field NMR,TIFR, Mumbai, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, National Brain Research Center, New Delhi, all of which provide high-quality R&D services to organizations worldwide. There are some contract research competitors such as Academic Medical Centres and Teaching Hospitals, Contract Research Organisations, Preclinical and Clinical Laboratory Services and Site Management Organizations. INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOTECH INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES Through the combined efforts of government, academia, research and industrial sectors, India is poised to become a major hub and logistics operation centre for R&D, manufacturing, and operations in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries within the Asia-Pacific region. The government’s plans to promote industry include achieving targets of NT$150 billon (US$ 4.34 billion) in investments and 25 % annual revenue growth by 2010 and five hundred biotech-related companies within ten years. Industry, institutions and governments bodies all follow development guideline as set forth in the Promotion Plan for the biotechnology industry. A major aspect of the promotion plans is that it is identified specific in need of attention to upgrade not only the local biotech industry but also to enhance the investment attraction of India to the overseas life science community. These five areas of attention are as follows: 1. Related laws and regulations 2. R&D and application 3. Technology transfer and commercialization 4. Investment promotion and cooperation 5. Marketing information and services FUTURE PROSPECTS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY SECTORS IN INDIA India is becoming one of the favored destinations for pharmaceutical based contract research: � The biotech companies are expanding in a big way and assuming the global scale. For e.g.: Syngene , one of the Biocon groups of companies involved in contract research is expanding hugely in terms of scientific man power, and it is also acquiring a German biotech company as part of its expansion programs. � Astra Zeneca and Pfizer are the two dominant companies in this category and by far the largest. Biovitrum focuses on metabolic diseases, obesity ,type 2 diabetes and oncology. [11] � Active Biotech AB (immunology, vaccines ,drugs) and SBL Vaccine AB (vaccines) , KaroBio AB, A Carlsson Research AB and Medivir AB. [12] � Southern India (Hyderabad, Banglore and Chennai) is emerging as a hub of novel research in biotech and pharma industry. In western India also the growth of Biotech sector is seem to be almost in equal measures with southern Biotech industries. Murti et al. / Pharmaceutical Biotechnology in India.... � Two global Biotech companies; Amgen and Biogen have set up wholly owned subsidiaries in the country. Which means that there is going to be creation of a lot of opportunities. � As per the latest news, Ranbaxy, one of the leading Biotech & Pharma Company had become a part of Japanese Biotech Company, with more of expansions in its research operation and manufacturing sector leading to the creation of opportunities in the next years. While India represents one of the biggest business opportunities for biotechnology in healthcare and pharmaceuticals, on account of its huge disease population, it is emerging as the bio-power of the world with its qualified scientific pool and innovative research and manufacturing efforts. The future of pharmaceutical biotechnology in India holds immense potential if the biotechnology firms tap the big growth avenues to develop drugs for rare diseases. CONCLUSION Pharmaceutical biotechnology has very good future in India. There is a lot that can be done to benefit India, using biotechnology. A proper balance between strategic research, product planning and effective collaboration will help support biotech growth in India. Partnerships with global biotech industries have the greatest impact on India’s own biobusiness markets. Biotechnology companies are currently responsible for a majority of the innovation in the healthcare industry. The same is true of the pharmaceutical sector, where it is expected that innovations in biotechnology will revolutionize the pharmaceutical sector. The Indian Pharma Biotech Industry is set for rapid growth fueled by the growing market size and number of products as well as increased investments. The emergence of Biotech parks and state-of-the-art Bio-IT parks will further boost this growth. Although we may continue to see some big pharmaceutical companies acquiring biotechnology companies, they may have to cough up increasing amounts for their smaller siblings to clinch the deals. To appreciate the impact of biotechnology in pharmaceutical science an understanding of some basics of genetics is necessary. REFERENCES 1. Sarkar M., Kumar R. Biotechnology Existing and Future Scenarios. Pharma Bio World 2007; 3: 53-65. 2. Priyanka E.S.L. Indian Biotech Industry Public and Private Partnership. The Pharma Review. 2008 (April) 6: 37-39. 3. Biotech in India cited from http://www.business-inasia.com/countries/biotech_in_india.html (accessed 2009 July 20). 4. Rao M. VC funding: to be or not to be. Pharma Bio World 2006; 4: 36-39. 5. Sawant M. SWOT Analysis of Indian Biotechnology market. Pharma Bio World 2006; 4: 49-53. 6. Palnitkar U. Indian Biotech Industry Seven Steps to Glory. Pharma Bio World 2007 (January) 5: 82-84. 7. Tewari R. Indian Biotech Industry: The Leaders in the Marketing. Pharma Buzz. 2008 (November) 3: 12-16. 8. Sahu U. Indian Biotech Industry- A Review. Pharma Bio World 2005; 4: 92-98. 9. Kapoor V.K. Biotechnology and its Impact on Drug Development. The Pharma Review 2007 (February) 5: 36-40. 10. Status of Biotechnology in India & Other Countries. The Pharma Review 2007 (June) 5: 132-134. 11. Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals in Sweden cited from http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Business/Facts/Biotechnologyand-Pharmaceutical-in-sweden (accessed 2009 July 23). 12. Swedish Biotechnology cited from www.iva.se/upload/verksamhed/projekt/suensk%bioteknik/swedish %20biotechnology%20%20web-1.pdf (accessed 2009 August 10). IJPCR October-December, 2009, Vol 1, Issue 3 (95-99) 99
Available online at www.ijpcr.com International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2009; 1(3): 100-105 Research Article ISSN 0975 1556 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Standardised Extracts of Leaves of Three Varieties of Ficus deltoidea Zunoliza Abdullah 1, 2* , Khalid Hussain 1 , Zhari Ismail 1 , Rasadah Mat Ali 2 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Science of Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia 2 Medicinal Plants Programme, Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Present study aimed to evaluate standardised extracts of different verities of Ficus deltoidea, a traditional medicinal plant, for anti-inflammatory activity using three in vitro assays, lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and TPA-induced oedema. Methanol and aqueous extracts were standardised by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using two pharmacologically active markers, vitexin and isovitexin, which were isolated from methanol extract of the plant having code FDT1M. The method was validated and then applied to standardise extracts of the plant. In the extracts, the concentration of vitexin and isovitexin varied in the range 2.45 ± 0.00 - 19 ± 0.12 mg/g and 1.58 ± 0.02 - 41.49 ± 0.47 mg/g, respectively. Different extracts of three varieties of the plant displayed different anti-inflammatory activities (p < 0.05). The activity of the extracts was found comparable to apigenin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, indomethacin, which were used as control (p < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that extracts of leaves of Ficus deltoidea possess antiinflammatory properties. Keywords: Ficus deltoidea; Standardization; anti-inflammatory, lipoxygenase; hyaluronidase. INTRODUCTION Standardization herbal products, consistency in claimed efficacy of a product and its batch-to-batch reproducibility, is a difficult task and is a main hindrance in their wider acceptance. In order to bring these remedies into the mainstream pharmaceutical market, solid scientific evidence is needed to support the efficacy claims of these products. The use of markers, the chemical compounds characteristic of a plant, signifies the total active constituents of an extract or correlates to pharmacological activity are used to standardise herbal products. [1-2] Ficus species contain compounds such as flavonoids [3-8] , α-tocopherol and its derivatives [9] , steroids and triterpenoids [10-15] and alkaloids. [11, 16-18] Polyphenolic compounds have shown antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-allergic, estrogenic and immune-stimulating properties. [19] Therefore, in this study we selected two C-glycosylflavones, vitexin and insovitexin, as pharmacologically active analytical markers to standardise the extracts of three verities of Ficus deltoidea. Markers are in small quantities as compared to the dose used hence, it may be beneficial to know about primary metabolites of the extract. *Corresponding author: Mr. Zunoliza Abdullah, Phone and fax +6046563443 E-mail: a_noliz@hotmail.com; zunoliza@frim.gov.my Therefore, the extracts were also analysed for primary metabolites such as total proteins and polysaccharides, which also contribute in activity. The standardised extracts were then evaluated for anti-inflammatory properties. Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is found in tropical and subtropical countries and has several varieties. 100 [20] The leaves of the plant are used traditionally for treating diabetes, high blood pressure, heart problems, gout, diarrhea, pneumonia [21] and skin diseases. The plant has also exhibited antioxidant, hypoglycemic and antinociceptive properties. [22- 23] [23] Zunoliza et al., (2009) reported the presence of high content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins in extracts of leaves of three verities of the plant which have shown good antioxidant activity. Polyphenols have shown antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-allergic, estrogenic and immune-stimulating properties. [19] Therefore, it was hypothesized that extracts of the plant having high content of polyphenols might have antiinflammatory effects. To test this hypothesis, present study aimed to evaluate aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves of three verities of the plant for anti-inflammatory activities. Inflammation is a complex process involving several biochemical changes and mediators. [24] Arachidonic acid, a substrate for the biosynthesis of a range of bioactive eicosanoids, is metabolised by the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway to prostaglandins and thromboxane A2, or by the
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triethanolamine and other chemicals
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