Maritime Domain Awareness and Ship Profiling.pdf - ASEAN Regional ...

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM (ARF)
WORKSHOP ON SHIP PROFILING
15-16 APR 2013
Royale Chulan Hotel
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
MARTIN A. SEBASTIAN
Centre Head
CENTRE FOR MARITIME SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY (CMSD)
MARITIME INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA (MIMA)
sebastian@mima.gov.my
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The Maritime Domain
• The maritime domain is a crucial source of livelihood
for the population. Its characteristics must resonate
with the political and/or public consensus over
governance as well as promote coordination and
cooperation among security related and civil
institutions.
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Maritime Security
• Good order at sea encourages the free flow of sea‐borne
traffic. It ensures that nations can pursue their maritime
interests and develop their maritime resources in an
ecologically sustainable and peaceful manner in
accordance with international law and practice.
• Maritime security is a major issue for shipping companies,
legal advisors, risk management firms and relevant
international organisations and authorities.
• Security concerns may vary in types of low‐intensity
conflicts related to the sea.
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Type of Security Concerns
• A wide spectrum ranging from attack on maritime
communities, illegal cross‐border movement of goods,
people and illegally harvested forestry products, illegal
exploitation of marine resources, marine pollution,
maritime fraud and illegal broadcasting and
sandmining.
• These criminal offences, though connected to the sea
or the ship (or fixed structure on the sea‐bed), have
links with the shore
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The Need for Maritime Domain
Awareness
• Armed robbers, pirates and terrorist who no longer merely
hijack and steal cargoes, they also take hostages, kills security
forces and demand ransom, sometimes even part of a
country’s sovereignty.
• The illegal movement of people and goods have a devastating
impact through increased crime and implicates the revenue.
• Given the incredible numbers of people and goods cascading
over the Maritime Domain, how do we filter bad from good,
and the dangerous from the benign? Maritime Domain
Awareness is duly needed to include awareness, prevention,
response, and consequence management.
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• Awareness involves recognising the threats well in advance,
and anticipating our vulnerabilities.
• In the Maritime Domain, it's about knowledge of ships,
people, and cargo. Access to detailed intelligence about
adversaries, and sharing that information more effectively
among agencies domestically and with international
partners in both the private and public sectors.
• Without better awareness, more stringent actions with
regards to prevention and response will close down
economy and threaten economic security
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Security Response
• In Malaysia’s view, an assertion underpinning in
security response is that legitimate commerce,
criminals, pirates and armed robbers as well as
international terrorist organizations, all use the
maritime environment for either the movement of
goods, people, money or reach their political goals.
• Malaysia has an obvious interest in protecting freedom
of movement for the first group of users, prosecuting
the second, and defeating the third.
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Addressing the Concerns
• Flag States, Coastal States, Port States, user states and
other stakeholders cooperation in the surveillance and
interdiction of lawless actors in the Maritime Domain
have to be coherent in addressing the threat .
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Malaysia Maritime Security
Architecture
• The Royal Malaysian Navy and The Royal Malaysian
Airforce – Safeguarding Sovereignty
• The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency –
Asserting Sovereignty
• The Marine Department ‐ Port States Control – ISPS
Code
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The ISPS Code
• The Code is to address Maritime Terrorism post 9/11.
Maritime used to address port security, vessel security
and facility security.
• This mandate is undertaken by, in Malaysia’s case, the
Marine Department.
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ISPS Code
• The International Ships and Port Facility Security
Code (ISPS Code) established security requirements
for applicable waterfront facilities, commercial ships,
and port areas.
• Although these regulations have improved maritime
security, gaps remain to be exploited by organised
crime.
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• Skeptics have wondered if the security initiatives are
appropriately tailored to the level of threat faced by
the maritime sector in the context of today’s security
realities.
• Then again, what are those realities….
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What matters ….
• Pirates
• Armed Robberies
• Organised Crime
• Risk Mitigation
• BMP
• Ship hardening ‐ Citadel
• Armed Guards
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So what is needed…
• Maritime Domain Awareness
• Shared Awareness –Inter‐Agency Corporation, Liaison with
Non‐Government organisations, Community Policing (Whole
of Nation Approach)
• Sense Making – Trend/Pattern analysis. Using networked
capabilities operated by domain experts and analysts to be
ahead criminal networks
• Continue the efforts under the current ISPS regime for
Ports
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Increased Port Security, comforting
or Choking?
• Proliferation security schemes introduced since 9/11
has enhanced security in leaps and bounds
• Measures has increased resistance and complaints
form Port Stakeholders
• No terrorist strikes at Ports since 9/11
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Reason for resistance from the
Industry
• Financial costs due to equipment purchase
• Reduction of operational speed and efficiency
• Bottlenecks along supply chain as a result of more
security procedures
• Arrest, cautioning and turning away of ships for non
compliance
• Non compliant ports bypassed by shipping lines
resulting in loss of revenue
• Ports ranked according to security measures in
competitive index.
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Regime Building vs Increased
Security
• Maritime Domain Awareness is focussed on Intelligence sharing
through collaborative works among civil agencies, international
agencies, industry, shipping community and national law
enforcement agencies. The same awareness can cater for a range
of security concerns
• ISPS Code designed principally to counter Maritime Terrorism,
an action for political gain. The Global War on Terror (GWOT)
has been successful in breaking down the terrorist structure and
cells.
• Global security landscape has not witnessed terrorism targeting
ports. Current focus on law enforcement architectures which are
adequate to address criminal activity. Current ISPS regime
adequate to address security.
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Conclusion
• Security in Ports are well entrenched with current security regimes.
The main focus is on law enforcement where intelligence sharing plays
a vital role.
• Ports are increasingly resistant to add another layer of security for
financial reasons, competitiveness, more traffics, rapid processing.
• Ships are already burdened with a number of security regimes. The
present ones are more than adequate.
• Ship Profiling is not necessary for security but safety, as required
under the Tokyo MoU
• To enhance security, Regime Building towards better MDA will better
benefit Ports.
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