UFS Verslag 2.indd - Support Services - University of the Free State

RESEARCH REPORT
NAVORSINGSVERSLAG
2003
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UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE
UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT
YUNIVESITHI YA FREISTATA
P.O. Box/Posbus 339
BLOEMFONTEIN
9300
SOUTH AFRICA/SUID-AFRIKA
+27 51 401 9111
Compiled by/Saamgestel deur
Anna-Marie Pienaar
Directorate: Research Development
Direktoraat: Navorsingsontwikkeling
Assisted/Bygestaan
Prof Almero de Lange
Cover design and layout/Omslag ontwerp en uitleg
56 Street Advertising Agency, Bloemfontein
Printed/Gedruk
Print24, Bloemfontein
Photography/Fotografie
Dixipix
Translation and language editing/Vertaling en taalversorging
Mrs/Mev Louise Booysen
Mrs/Mev Rika Oosthuizen
Mrs/Mev Martie Venter
Mr/Mnr Ernie Venter
Research Report/Navorsingsverslag 2003
Volume 1: Edited hard copy/Geredigeerde harde kopie
Volume 2: Full version - English and Afrikaans/Volledige uitgawe -Engels en Afrikaans - CD-ROM
Volume 3: Research Outputs/Navorsingsuitsette - CD-ROM
This report can also be found on the UFS webpage
Die verslag is beskikbaar op die UV se tuisblad
http://www.uovs.ac.za
ISBN 0-86886-689-X
Angeline Lephoo and Johannes Booysen - FARMOVS-PAREXEL
(Photo: Courtesy of PAREXEL International)
III

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INHOUDSOPGAWE
PREFACE
VOORWOORD
Prof Frederick Fourie
Rector and Vice-Chancellor
Rektor en Visekanselier
RESEARCH 2003 – AND BEYOND
NAVORSING 2003 – EN DAARNA
Prof Frans Swanepoel
Director: Research Development
Direkteur: Navorsingsontwikkeling
RESEARCH AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
NAVORSING EN ENTREPRENEURSKAP
Prof Gerrit van Wyk
Chairperson: Research Committee
Director: Entrepreneurial and Academic Projects
Voorsitter: Navorsingskomitee
Direkteur: Entrepreneuriese en Akademiese Projekte
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE
DIE ONTWIKKELING VAN NAVORSINGSADMINISTRASIE AAN DIE
UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT
Late 1960’s – 1980/Laat 1960’s - 1980
Mr Nico Esterhuyse
Retired Assistant Director: Research Administration
Afgetrede Assistentdirekteur: Navorsingsadministrasie
1980 - 2002
Mr/Mnr Nico Benson
Assistant Director: Research Development
Assistentdirekteur: Navorsingsontwikkeling
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25
29
33
41
53
58
67
STRATEGIC FOCUS ON RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIESE FOKUS OP NAVORSINGSONTWIKKELING
Prof Dawfre Roode
Retired Vice-Rector
Afgetrede Viserektor
SPECIAL RECOGITION FOR ACHIEVEMENT IN ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH
SPESIALE ERKENNING VIR PRESTASIE IN AKADEMIE EN NAVORSING
1991 - 1998
FACULTY REPORTS – DEAN’S
FAKULTEITSVERSLAE - DEKANE
Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences
Fakulteit Ekonomiese en Bestuurswetenskappe
Prof Tienie Crous
Faculty of Health Sciences
Fakulteit Gesondheidswetenskappe
Prof Letticia Moja
Faculty of Law
Fakulteit Regsgeleerdheid
Prof Johan Henning
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
Fakulteit Natuur- en Landbouwetenskappe
Prof Herman van Schalkwyk
Faculty of the Humanities
Fakulteit Geesteswetenskappe
Prof Gerhardt de Klerk
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71
75
78
89
94
99
Faculty of Theology
Fakutleit Teologie
Prof Hermie van Zyl
Research at the Qwaqwa Satellite Campus
Navorsing by die Qwaqwa Satellietkampus
Prof Pieter Keulder
Acting Academic Head – Qwaqwa Campus
Waarnemende Akademiese Hoof – Qwaqwakampus
NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION (NRF)
RESEARCH AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
A SELECTION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS
’N SELEKSIE VAN NAVORSINGSPROGRAMME EN PROJEKTE
TOURISM AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
TOERISME EN STEDELIKE ONTWIKKELING
Dr Gustav Visser
Department of Geography
Departement Geografie
LIFE IN THE SALT PANS
- The biotechnological potential of salt-loving enzymes
LEWE IN DIE SOUTPANNE
- Die biotegnologiese potensiaal van soutliewende ensieme
Dr Evodia Setati
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Departement Mikrobiese, Biochemiese en Voedselbiotegnologie
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103
107
111
114
118
ROCKETS, EXPLOSIONS, MEDICINE, PAINT... AND OTHER THINGS
VUURPYLE, ONTPLOFFINGS, MEDISYNE, VERF… EN ANDER DINGE
Prof Jannie Swarts
Department Chemistry
Departement Chemie
ECONOMIC POLICY CONSIDERED AND RECONSIDERED
EKONOMIESE BELEID OORWEEG EN HEROORWEEG
Dr Philippe Burger
Department of Economics
Departement Ekonomie
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL PATHOGENS
MOLEKULÊRE DIAGNOSE VAN MENSLIKE EN DIERLIKE PATOGENE
Prof Peter Mbati
Head: Qwaqwa Campus and Parasitology Research Program
Hoof: Qwaqwakampus en Parasitologie Navorsingsprogram
FARMOVS PAREXEL (PTY) LTD
- A prime example of research in a private public partnership
FARMOVS PAREXEL (EDMS) BPK
- ‘n Eersteklas voorbeeld van navorsing in ‘n private
openbare vennootskap
Dr Sybrand Pretorius
Senior Director and Head of FARMOVS PAREXEL (PTY) LTD
Senior Direkteur en Hoof van FARMOVS PAREXEL (EDMS) BPK
FOCUS ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MISSIOLOGY
FOKUS OP DIE DEPARTEMENT SENDINGWETENSKAPPE
Prof Pieter Verster
Department of Missiology
Departement Sendingwetenskappe
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122
126
130
132
136
LEARNER CRIME IN SCHOOLS
LEERDERMISDAAD IN SKOLE
Prof Corene de Wet
Department of Comparative Education and Education Management
Departement Vergelykende Opvoedkunde en Onderwysbestuur
BOYDEN OBSERVATORY
BOYDEN STERREWAG
Dr Matie Hoffman
Dr Pieter Meintjes
Department of Physics
Departement Fisika
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS AGAINST THROMBOSIS
DIE ONTWIKKELING VAN GENEESMIDDELS TEEN TROMBOSE
Prof Muriel Meiring
Department of Haematology and Cell Biology
Departement Hematologie en Selbiologie
CENTRE FOR PSYCHOLOGY AND THE LAW:
TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
SENTRUM VIR SIELKUNDE EN DIE REG:
OPLEIDING EN NAVORSING IN FORENSIESE SIELKUNDE
Prof Dap Louw
Department of Psychology
Departement Sielkunde
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY: INSECTS AS WITNESSES IN COURT
FORENSIESE ENTOMOLOGIE: INSEKTE AS GETUIE IN DIE HOF
Prof Theuns van der Linde
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Departement Dierkunde en Entomologie
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145
148
154
158
PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH: MAKING DRUGS SAFER
FARMAKOLOGIESE NAVORSING : DIE BEVEILIGING VAN MEDIKASIE
Prof Andrew Walubo
Department of Pharmacology
Departement Farmakologie
CUSTOMARY FAMILY LAW IN THE NEW DISPENSATION
INHEEMSE FAMILIEREG IN DIE NUWE BEDELING
Adv Rita-Marie Jansen
Department of Private Law
Departement Privaatreg
LIFE THREE KILOMETRES DOWN A GOLD MINE
LEWENDE ORGANISMES DRIE KILOMETER AF IN ‘N GOUDMYN
Prof Derek Litthauer
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Departement Mikrobiese, Biochemiese en Voedselbiotegnologie
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE LEVEL AND CAUSES OF WORK STRESS
WITHIN A GROUP OF LITERATE AND ILLITERATE BLACK EMPLOYEES
‘N VERGELYKENDE STUDIE NA DIE VLAKKE EN OORSAKE VAN
WERKSTRES BY ‘N GROEP GELETTERDE EN ONGELETTERDE SWART
WERKNEMERS
Prof Ebben van Zyl
Department of Industrial Psychology
Departement Bedryfsielkunde
HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY PRACTICES WITH REGARD TO HEALTH
CARE OF CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS
HUISHOUDELIKE EN GEMEENSKAPSPRAKTYKE AANGAANDE DIE
GESONDHEIDSORG VAN KINDERS JONGER AS VYF JAAR.
Prof Yvonne Botma and Rev/Ds Cecilna Grobler
School of Nursing
Skool vir Verpleegkunde
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163
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171
175
179
LIVESTOCK IN SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS
LEWENDE HAWE IN VOLHOUBARE LANDELIKE BESTAANSAREAS
Mr/Mnr Aldo Stroebel
Directorate: Research Development and
Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
Direktoraat: Navorsingsontwikkeling en
Sentrum vir Volhoubare Landbou
BRITISH BULLETS SAVED LIVES DURING THE ANGLO-BOER WAR
BRITSE KOEËLS HET LEWENS GESPAAR TYDENS DIE ANGLO-
BOEREOORLOG
Mr/Mnr Johan Loock
Department of Geology
Departement Geologie
THE “FORGOTTEN WAR”: THE CHALLENGE OF DOING RESEARCH ON
THE SO-CALLED “BORDER WAR”
DIE “VERGETE OORLOG”: DIE UITDAGING OM HISTORIESE
NAVORSING OOR DIE GRENSOORLOG TE DOEN
Prof Leo Barnard
Department History
Departement Geskiedenis
GMO TESTING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE
GMO TOETSING BY DIE UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT
Dr Chris Viljoen
Department of Plant Sciences
Departement Plantwetenskappe
REDRESS OF LINGUISTIC, EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS OF
DEAF PEOPLE IN SOUTH AFRICA
DIE AANSPREEK VAN LINGUISTIESE, OPVOEDKUNDIGE EN KULTURELE
REGTE VAN DIE DOWES IN SUID-AFRIKA
Mr/Mnr Philemon Akach
Department of Afro-Asiatic Studies, Sign Language and Language Practice
Departement Afro-Asiatiese Studies, Gebaretaal en Taalpraktyk
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201
RESEARCHING OBESITY
NAVORSING OOR VETSUG
Prof Marthinette Slabber
Department of Human Nutrition
Departement Menslike Voeding
POLYMER RESEARCH AT THE QWAQWA CAMPUS
POLIMEER NAVORSING BY DIE QWAQWA KAMPUS
Prof Riaan Luyt
Department of Chemistry – Qwaqwa Campus
Departement Chemie – Qwaqwa Kampus
SEBETOANE’S LONG MARCH
- A HISTORY OF THE MAKOLOLO (1823-1851)
SEBETOANE SE LANG PAD
– ‘N GESKIEDENIS VAN DIE MAKOLOLO (1823-1851)
Mr/Mnr Cobus Dreyer
Department of Anthropology
Departement Antropologie
ABOUT FISH FOSSILS, METEORITES, DIAMONDS, MINES AND MOUNTAINS
OOR VISFOSSIELE, METEORIETE, DIAMANTE, MYNE EN BERGE
Prof Willem van der Westhuizen
Department Geology
Departement Geologie
THE THUATHE METEORITE FALLS IN LESOTHO
DIE THUATHE-METEORIET VAL IN LESOTHO
Ms/Me Annegret Lombard
Department of Geology
Departement Geologie
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209
215
220
224
FROM CRIME TO STEM CELL RESEARCH AND CLONING
VAN MISDAAD TOT STAMSELNAVORSING EN KLONING
Prof Hennie Oosthuizen
Department of Criminal and Medical Law
Departement Straf- en Geneeskundige Reg
CHESD: SYNONYMOUS WITH PROF KALIE AND HIGHER EDUCATION
RESEARCH
SHOSO: SINONIEM MET PROF KALIE EN HOËRONDERWYSNAVORSING
Prof Annette Wilkinson
Head: Higher Education Studie and Research
Hoof: Hoëronderwysstudie en Navorsing
THE AFRICAN LARGE PREDATOR RESEARCH UNIT (ALPRU)
DIE GROOTROOFDIER-NAVORSINGSEENHEID VIR AFRIKA (ALPRU)
Prof HO de Waal
Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Departement Vee-, Wild- en Weidingkunde
FOCUS ON THE DEPARTMENT OF AFRIKAANS AND DUTCH,
GERMAN AND FRENCH
FOKUS OP DIE DEPARTEMENT AFRIKAANS EN NEDERLANDS,
DUITS EN FRANS
Prof Hennie van Coller
Department of Afrikaans and Dutch, German and French
Departement Afrikaans en Nederlands, Duits en Frans
RESEARCH IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
NAVORSING IN DIE DEPARTEMENT SOSIOLOGIE
Prof Engela Pretorius
Department of Sociology
Departement Sosiologie
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235
239
243
SUBFERTILITY AND THE ROLE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IN HUMANS
SUBFERTILITEIT EN DIE ROL WAT ENDOMETRIOSE BY DIE MENS SPEEL
Prof Paul Wessels
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Departement Obstetrie en Ginekologie
FOCUS ON THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
FOKUS OP DIE DEPARTEMENT VAN LANDBOU-EKONOMIE
Prof André Jooste
Department of Agricultural Economics
Departement Landbou-Ekonomie
MILITARY HISTORY IN PERSPECTIVE
MILITÊRE GESKIEDENIS IN PERSPEKTIEF
Prof André Wessels
Department of History
Departement Geskiedenis
DNA FINGERPRINTING AND THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS
DNA VINGERAFDRUKKE BEVORDER DIE BEHEER VAN TUBERKULOSE
Mrs/Me Anneke van der Spoel van Dijk
Department of Medical Microbiology
Departement Mediese Mikrobiologie
DOCTORAL DEGREES COMPLETED
DOKTORSGRADE AFGEHANDEL
x

PREFACE
PREFACE
Prof Frederick Fourie
Rector and Vice-Chancellor
In 2003, the 100 th year of existence of the University of the Free State (UFS) as a higher-education
institution, the University inaugurated a new Chancellor, Dr Franklin Sonn, as well as a new Rector
and Vice-Chancellor.
Many dignitaries attended the ceremony, including former president Nelson Mandela, the Minister
of Education, Prof Kader Asmal, Free State Premier and outgoing Chancellor, Ms Winkie Direko,
Members of Executive Councils and chancellors and vice-chancellors of other universities, as well as
community and business leaders.
In my inaugural address, titled “Continuity and change, scholarship and community, quality and equity”,
it was pointed out that this reconstitution of the UFS signalled how much a university can and often
must change – but also how, amidst such change, it must safeguard its continuity of existence as a
1
Prof Frederick Fourie

university. Two points are critical. Firstly, in order to serve society, the University must always fulfil the
traditional role of a university, i.e. to be a place of critical inquiry and scholarship, of the generation
and dissemination of scientific knowledge. The greatest contribution the UFS can make to the Free
State community is to be and continue to be, now and in 25 years’ time, an excellent university
with high quality standards. Secondly, while the UFS respects its intrinsic nature as a university, it
must continually adapt its material form and scope to meet changing opportunities and demands. In
South Africa as a developing society, universities will, for many years to come, have to do numerous
unconventional things to underpin development and shape a new society – using their foundation of
knowledge.
“Therefore my vision for the University of the Free State is to be a university of excellence, equity
and innovation – a leader in research, teaching, community service, adult learning, transformation,
non-racialism, non-sexism, multiculturalism and multilingualism; a contributor to our country and our
continent’s growth and development; a truly South African university.”
During 2003 the unfolding of this vision was embodied, among other things, in a significant increase
in research output.
The number of accredited research publications has increased by almost 17% since 2001. There
is a consistent annual increase in the number of National Research Foundation rated researchers.
Currently the total stands at 78, of which 9 are B-rated, which signifies that they receive international
recognition in their field of specialisation. The number of postgraduate students at master’s and
doctorate level increased dramatically from 2000 to 2003. At master’s level the increase was 66%,
and at doctorate level it was 24%. The university mobilises bursaries and post-graduate awards
from diverse local and foreign sources, and allocates these strategically in order to reinforce the
university’s focus on research output that is locally relevant, but also internationally competitive. This
approach differs from the mere routine administration of bursaries, and is essential in the light of the
new subsidy formula that places the emphasis on the number of master’s and doctoral students who
successfully complete their studies.
The university considers it a high priority to design or promote appropriate support systems for this
important component of our research capacity. Although funding is indispensable, this is not the
only need. A nurturing environment, good mentors, opportunities for training in writing, entering into
partnerships, opportunities for networking with one another and with other researchers, recognition
of progress and achievement and exposure to expertise of international standing are just some of the
more important ways in which researchers are supported and capacity is developed.
2

In general, the research activities of the University in 2003, its 100 th year, reflect a year of further
maturing as a university, of growth and development as a research-led institution, amidst the
complexities of transformation and change. I am grateful to all staff members and students who have
contributed to this collective effort.
VOORWOORD
VOORWOORD
Prof Frederick Fourie
Rektor en Visekanselier
In 2003, die 100 ste bestaansjaar van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat (UV) as ‘n hoëronderwysinstelling,
het die Universiteit ‘n nuwe Kanselier, dr Franklin Sonn, ingehuldig, asook ‘n nuwe Rektor en
Visekanselier.
Talle hoogwaardigheidsbekleërs het die seremonie bygewoon, insluitende die voormalige President,
Nelson Mandela, die Minister van Onderwys, prof Kader Asmal, die Vrystaatse Premier en uittredende
Kanselier, Me Winkie Direko, Lede van Uitvoerende Rade en kanseliers en visekanseliers van ander
universiteite, asook leiers uit die gemeenskap en die sakewêreld.
In my inhuldigingsrede, getitel “Continuity and change, scholarship and community, quality and equity”,
is daarop gewys dat hierdie omvorming van die UV aangetoon het in hoe ‘n mate ‘n universiteit kan
verander, en dikwels moet verander – maar ook hoe hy steeds die voortsetting van sy bestaan as
‘n universiteit moet verseker te midde van hierdie verandering. Twee punte is van kritieke belang.
Eerstens moet die Universiteit, ten einde in diens van die gemeenskap te kan staan, steeds die
tradisionele rol van ‘n universiteit vervul, naamlik ‘n plek van kritiese ondersoek en vakkundigheid,
van die generering en verspreiding van wetenskaplike kennis. Die grootste bydrae wat die UV tot die
Vrystaatse gemeenskap kan maak is om steeds, nou en oor 25 jaar, ‘n uitnemende universiteit te
wees wat hoë standaarde handhaaf ten opsigte van gehalte. Tweedens moet die Universiteit, hoewel
hy steeds sy intrinsieke aard as universiteit respekteer, voortdurend sy materiële vorm en omvang
aanpas ten einde te voldoen aan veranderende geleenthede en eise. In Suid-Afrika as ‘n ontwikkelende
gemeenskap sal universiteite nog vir baie jare talle onkonvensionele dinge moet doen ten einde
ontwikkeling te steun en ‘n nuwe gemeenskap te vorm – met behulp van hulle kennisgrondslag.
3

“My visie vir die Universiteit van die Vrystaat is dus dat hy ‘n universiteit van uitnemendheid, gelykheid
en innovering moet wees – ‘n leier op die gebied van navorsing, onderrig, gemeenskapsdiens,
volwasse leer, transformasie, nie-rassisme, nie-seksisme, multikulturaliteit en veeltaligheid; ‘n instelling
wat ‘n bydrae lewer tot ons land en ons kontinent se groei en ontwikkeling; ‘n ware Suid-Afrikaanse
universiteit.”
Gedurende 2003 is die ontwikkeling van hierdie visie onder andere vergestalt in ‘n beduidende
toename in navorsingsuitsette.
Die aantal geakkrediteerde navorsingspublikasies het met byna 17% toegeneem sedert 2001. Daar is
‘n konstante jaarlikse toename in die aantal Nasionale Navorsingstigting-geëvalueerde navorsers. Die
totaal staan tans op 78, waarvan 9 B-evaluerings het, wat aantoon dat hulle internasionale erkenning
geniet in hulle spesialisasievelde. Die aantal nagraadse studente op meesters- en doktorsgraadvlak
het dramaties gestyg van die jaar 2000 tot 2003. Op meestersgraadvlak was die toename 66%, en op
doktorsgraadvlak 24%. Die universiteit mobiliseer beurse en nagraadse toekennings uit uiteenlopende
plaaslike en oorsese bronne, en ken dit strategies toe ten einde die universiteit se fokus te versterk
op navorsingsuitsette wat plaaslik relevant is, maar tog ook internasionaal mededingend. Hierdie
benadering verskil van die blote roetine-administrasie van beurse, en is noodsaaklik in die lig van
die nuwe subsidieformule wat die klem plaas op die aantal magister en doktorale-studente wat hulle
studies suksesvol voltooi.
Die universiteit beskou die ontwikkeling of bevordering van toepaslike ondersteuningstelsels vir
hierdie belangrike komponent van ons navorsingskapasiteit as ‘n hoë prioriteit. Hoewel befondsing
onontbeerlik is, is dit nie die enigste behoefte nie. ‘n Ondersteunende omgewing, goeie mentors,
geleenthede vir opleiding in skryfvaardighede, die sluit van vennootskappe, geleenthede vir die
opbou van kontakte, onderling asook met ander navorsers, erkenning van vordering en prestasie
en blootstelling aan kundigheid van internasionale gehalte is net ‘n paar van die vernaamste wyses
waarop navorsers ondersteun word en kapasiteit ontwikkel word.
Oor die algemeen weerspieël die navorsingsaktiwiteite van die Universiteit in 2003, sy 100 ste
bestaansjaar, ‘n jaar van verdere rypwording as ‘n universiteit, van groei en ontwikkeling as ‘n
navorsingsgerigte instelling, te midde van die kompleksiteite van transformasie en verandering. Ek is
dankbaar teenoor alle personeellede en studente wat bygedra het tot hierdie gesamentlike poging.
4

RESEARCH
- 2003 AND BEYOND
Prof Frans Swanepoel
Director: Research Development
In 2003, the 100 th year of the existence of the University of the Freestate (UFS) as a higher-education
institution, the University inaugurated a new Rector and Vice-Chancellor, Prof Frederick Fourie.
An important element of the UFS’s vision that Prof Fourie stressed in his inaugural speech is innovation
in the broadest sense of the word.
“In its broadest sense, innovation is the key to quality. A university can only keep abreast of scientific
research through constant innovation in research methods and questions, in teaching and learning
methods and curriculum design, and in finding ways to stimulate students to think. In this sense, the
UFS is absolutely committed to quality through innovation.”
Research renewal
The University’s commitment to research as a core function was confirmed in 2002 by the establishment
of the Directorate Research Development. With this step, the UFS placed the emphasis on the
strategic management of research for the first time, instead of the mere administrative management
thereof.
5
Prof Frans Swanepoel

Left: Prof Teuns Verschoor Vice-Rector: Academic Operations
Right: Prof Magda Fourie Vice-Rector: Academic Planning
Directorate: Research Development
From left: Ms Annelize Venter, Mr Aldo Stroebel, Mr Nico Benson, Ms Cecilia Sejake, Ms Anna-Marie Pienaar, Prof Frans Swanepoel
6

This was followed in 2003 by the approval of a strategic framework for research development, which
includes the following objectives: strategic focus on research development, quality assurance, equity,
financial sustainability, support systems and research output. All these objectives are derived directly
from the University’s broad goals of excellence, equity and innovation, and serve the interests of
these goals.
As is evident from the latest information from the National Research Foundation (NRF), the UFS
already has a considerable number of world-class researchers. Together with the significant increase
in research output and participation in professional conferences, both locally and abroad, during
2003, this confirms that a culture of research is now taking root again, despite fears expressed earlier
that the transformation process and the parallel medium language policy would have a negative effect
on research output or quality.
The UFS’s number of NRF-evaluated researchers increases annually. This number stood at 78 in
2003. The evaluation status of several of these researchers has improved in the meantime. Among
them, 9 boast a B evaluation in view of the high level of international recognition they have received,
while 59 received a C evaluation due to their sustained record of quality and productivity. Of these
researchers, 10 have been placed in the L and Y categories. The number of accredited research
publications has grown by almost 17%, from less than 300 in 2001 to about 350 in 2003.
NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION (NRF) RATINGS
2001-2003
7

This research revival can be attributed mainly to the financial turn-around strategy, which resulted in
a significant increase in research funding, as well as the so-called research turn-around strategy that
was introduced in 2001, with incentives for researchers and additional targeted financing. Both of
these strategies were introduced on the initiative of the present Rector.
There has been a significant increase in post-graduate student numbers. The number of honours
students has more than tripled, from 561 in 2000 to 1 882 in 2003, the number of master’s degree
students increased by almost 70% from 1 666 to 2 951, and that of doctoral students by 24%, from
429 in 2000 to 538 in 2003. As a research-led institution the University is now focusing specifically
on the support structure for these students, with a view to a long-term strategic commitment to
research development in this student component.
Our activities continue to be focused on building a relevant and vibrant research system within the
university. During 2003 we have made a significant contribution towards strengthening the vision of
the UFS being research-led. The role of each faculty has been particularly important in contributing
to this vision. Faculty activities are highlighted in this report, and more in-depth information about our
publication and research output can be found on the accompanying CD.
MASTERS AND DOCTORAL STUDENTS
8

A special word of thanks goes to the University for granting research funds. The various institutions
that provided financial support are hereby also acknowledged. These include the statutory science
councils and various state departments and parastatals, as well as private companies and donors.
Finally, a word of thanks to the staff of the Directorate for Research Development for their dedication,
commitment and efforts during 2003.
NAVORSING
- 2003 EN DAARNA
Prof Frans Swanepoel
Direkteur: Navorsingsontwikkeling
In 2003, die 100ste bestaansjaar van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat (UV) as ‘n hoëronderwysinstelling,
het die UV ‘n nuwe Rektor en Visekanselier, prof Frederick Fourie, ingehuldig.
‘n Belangrike element van die UV se visie wat hy in sy inhuldigingsrede beklemtoon het, is innovering
in die breedste sin van die woord:
“In sy breedste sin is innovering die sleutel tot gehalte. ’n Universiteit kan net op die voorpunt van die
wetenskap bly as voortdurend innoveer word in navorsingsmetodes en navorsingsvrae, in onderrig- en
leermetodes en kurrikulumontwerp, en in wyses om studente te stimuleer om te dink. In hierdie sin is
die UV absoluut verbind tot gehalte deur innovering. ”
Opbloei in navorsing
Die Universiteit se verbintenis tot navorsing as kernfunksie is in 2002 bevestig met die stigting van
die Direktoraat: Navorsingsontwikkeling. Met dié stap het die UV die klem vir die eerste keer op die
strategiese pleks van die blote administratiewe bestuur van navorsing laat val.
’n Volgende stap het in 2003 gevolg met die goedkeuring van ’n strategiese raamwerk vir die ontwikkeling
van navorsing, wat die volgende doelwitte insluit: strategiese fokus op navorsingsontwikkeling,
gehalteversekering, billikheid, finansiële volhoubaarheid, ondersteuningstelsels en navorsingsuitsette.
9

Al die doelwitte is direk afgelei van die Universiteit se breë doelstellings van uitnemendheid, billikheid
en innovering, en staan in diens van hierdie doelstellings.
Soos blyk uit die jongste inligting van die Nasionale Navorsingstigting (NNS), het die UV reeds
’n aansienlike hoeveelheid wêreldklas-navorsers. Tesame met die beduidende toename in
navorsingsuitsette en deelname aan vakkundige kongresse, sowel plaaslik as internasionaal,
gedurende 2003 bevestig dit dat ’n navorsingskultuur al hoe sterker posvat, ten spyte van vroeëre
vrese dat die transformasieproses en die parallelmedium-taalbeleid navorsingsuitsette of -gehalte sou
benadeel.
Die UV se aantal NNS-geëvalueerde navorsers neem jaarliks toe. In 2003 het die getal op 77 gestaan.
Talle van hierdie navorsers se evalueringstatus het intussen verbeter – 9 spog met ’n B-evaluering
op grond van die hoë vlak van internasionale erkenning wat hulle geniet, terwyl 59 ’n C-evaluering
ontvang het vanweë hul volgehoue rekord van gehalte en produktiwiteit. Onder hulle is 10 in die L-
en Y-kategorieë. Die aantal geakkrediteerde navorsingspublikasies het met byna 17% gegroei, van
minder as 300 in 2001 tot sowat 350 in 2003.
NASIONALE NAVORSINGSTIGTING (NRF) GEëVALUEERDES
2001-2003
Dié opbloei in navorsing kan hoofsaaklik toegeskryf word aan die finansiële draaistrategie wat
’n noemenswaardige toename in die finansiering van navorsing tot gevolg gehad het, asook die
sogenaamde navorsingsdraaistrategie wat in 2001 ingestel is, met insentiewe vir navorsers en
10

ykomende geteikende finansiering. Beide hierdie strategieë is op die inisiatief van die huidige
Rektor ingestel.
Nagraadse studentegetalle het betekenisvol gestyg. Die aantal honneursstudente het van 561 in 2000
meer as verdriedubbel tot 1 882 in 2003, die getalle van meestersgraadstudente het met bykans 70%
gestyg van 1666 tot 2951 en dié van doktorale studente met 24%, van 429 in 2000 tot 538 in 2003.
As ’n navorsingsgerigte instelling kyk die Universiteit nou indringend na die ondersteuningstruktuur vir
hierdie studente, met die oog op ’n langtermyn- strategiese verbintenis tot navorsingsontwikkeling by
dié studentekomponent.
MAGISTER- EN DOKTORALE STUDENTE
Ons aktiwiteite is steeds daarop gerig om ‘n relevante en lewenskragtige navorsingstelsel binne die
universiteit te ontwikkel. Gedurende 2003 het ons ‘n groot bydrae gelewer tot die versterking van
die UV se visie van navorsingsgerigtheid. Die rol van elke fakulteit was van besondere belang in die
versterking van hierdie visie. Fakulteitsaktiwiteite word in hierdie verslag uitgelig, en meer indiepteinligting
oor ons publikasie en navorsingsuitsette kan op die meegaande CD gevind word.
‘n Spesiale woord van dank word gerig aan die Universiteit vir die toekenning van navorsingsfondse.
Hiermee word ook erkenning gegee aan die verskillende instellings wat finansiële ondersteuning
verleen het. Dit sluit in die statutêre wetenskapsrade, verskeie staatsdepartemente en parastatale
instellings, asook privaatmaatskappye en donateurs.
Laastens ‘n woord van dank aan die personeel van die Direktoraat: Navorsingsontwikkeling vir hulle
toewyding, verbondenheid tot die bevordering van navorsing en insette gedurende 2003.
11

Prof Frans Swanepoel
DIRECTORATE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT LEADS AgriBEE
Earlier this year, Thoko Didiza, Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairs, launched the draft AgriBEE
Charter. This framework sets the scene for broad-based black economic empowerment in the
agricultural sector. The AgriBEE Charter is based on a study conducted by a consortium led by the
Directorate Research Development during late 2002 and 2003, finalising a report on empowerment
policies and strategies in the agricultural sector. Prof Frans Swanepoel, Director: Research
Development, led the team that included Aldo Stroebel, a Researcher and Lecturer at the Directorate
Research Development and the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Agnes Nyamande-Pitso from
Fourseastrading (Pty) Ltd., Prof Almero de Lange (previously at UFS) and Prof Edward Nesamvuni
(University of Venda for Science and Technology).
DIREKTORAAT NAVORSINGSONTWIKKELING LEI AgriBEE
Vroeër vanjaar het Thoko Didiza, Minister van Landbou en Grondsake, die AgriBEE-konsephandves
van stapel gestuur. Hierdie raamwerk berei die weg voor vir swart ekonomiese bemagtiging oor ‘n
breë spektrum in die landbousektor. Die AgriBEE-handves is gebaseer op ‘n studie wat in laat 2002
en 2003 uitgevoer is deur ‘n konsortium onder leiding van die Direktoraat Navorsingsontwikkeling en
wat gelei het tot ‘n verslag oor bemagtigingsbeleide en –strategieë in die landbousektor. Prof Frans
Swanepoel, Direkteur: Navorsingsontwikkeling, was leier van die span wat Aldo Stroebel, ‘n Navorser
en Lektor by die Direktoraat Navorsingsontwikkeling en die Sentrum vir Volhoubare Landbou, Agnes
Nyamande-Pitso van Fourseastrading (Edms) Bpk., prof Almero de Lange (voorheen van die UV) en
prof Edward Nesamvuni (Universeit van Venda vir Wetenskap en Tegnologie) ingesluit het.
12
Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairs, Ms Thoko Didiza

Prof Gerrit van Wyk
RESEARCH
AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Prof Gerrit van Wyk
Chairperson: Research Committee
Director: Entrepreneurial and Academic Projects
The establishment of the present Directorate for Research Development at the University of the Free
State was a necessary and much needed extension of the previous Research Office, through which
research was administered in a very efficient way for a number of years. During the policy development
and reorganisation process that followed the establishment of the Directorate it became evident that,
besides international quality and community relevance, the commercialisation of research with the
aim of producing a third stream of income for the university should receive a very high priority.
The need for the establishment and encouragement of entrepreneurial activities was also identified at
earlier strategic planning sessions of the university, such as the turn-around strategy process of a few
years ago, as well as several consequent Executive Management planning sessions and directives
from the Rector, Prof Frederick Fourie. It thus became a high strategic priority of the university, and
systems had to be put in place and policies developed to create the necessary support system.
These strategic planning processes resulted in the decision that an Entrepreneurial Office should be
set up in the coming year. A Director of Entrepreneurial Activities was appointed on a contract basis
to take office in 2004, with the task of paving the way for the setting up of a directorate to provide
the necessary infrastructure for entrepreneurial support at the university.
13

The Office for Entrepreneurial Activities will be the designated body to provide the required support
services and to facilitate the creation of an environment within which entrepreneurial activities can
flourish. The essential services that should be provided include accounting services, legal advice and
representation (including negotiation with third parties), business support and assistance with the
development of a relevant Intellectual Property (IP) strategy. The university, by way of this office, should
also render assistance with obtaining venture capital, engaging the services of patent specialists,
searching for business partners and determining the viability of opportunities, as well as Human
Resources and Financial Management issues.
Very close co-operation between the present Directorate of Research Development and the forthcoming
Office for Entrepreneurial Activities is envisaged. An entrepreneurial approach to research should not
be reserved for the few researchers who feel inclined to do so, but should be encouraged as an
integral component of research planning, the idea being not only to create a third income source, but
to sensitise researchers and students to the importance of research in contributing to the economic
growth of the country.
NAVORSING
EN ENTREPRENEURSKAP
Prof Gerrit van Wyk
Voorsitter: Navorsingskomitee
Direkteur: Entrepreneuriese en Akademiese Projekte
Die totstandkoming van die huidige Direktoraat vir Navorsingsontwikkeling by die Universiteit van
die Vrystaat was ‘n noodsaaklike en nodige verlengstuk van die vorige Navorsingskantoor, wat
navorsing vir jare op ‘n baie doeltreffende wyse geadministreer het. Met die ontwikkeling van nuwe
navorsingsbeleid en die herorganisiasie wat plaasgevind het na die vestiging van die Direktoraat,
het dit gou duidelik geword dat, benewens gehalte van navorsing en belang van navorsing vir die
gemeenskap, die kommersialisering van navorsing met die doel om ‘n derde inkomstestroom vir die
universiteit te genereer ‘n baie hoë prioriteit behoort te geniet.
Die noodsaaklikheid om entrepreneuriese aktiwiteite aan die universiteit te vestig en te bevorder, is
uitgewys op vroeëre strategiese beplanningsessies van die universiteit, soos die draaistrategie proses
van enkele jare gelede, verskeie Uitvoerende Bestuur beplanningsberade asook direktiewe van die
14

Rektor, prof Frederick Fourie. Dit het dus ‘n hoë strategiese prioriteit van die Universiteit geword en
sisteme en beleide moes ontwikkel word om die nodige ondersteuningstelsels te verskaf.
Hierdie strategiese beplanningsprosesse het gelei tot die besluit dat ‘n Entrepreneuriese Kantoor
gedurende die komende jaar gevestig moes word. ‘n Direkteur van Entrepreneuriese Aktiwiteite is op
‘n kontrakbasis aangestel om die pos in 2004 te beklee en die taak is aan hierdie persoon opgedra
om ‘n Kantoor te vestig met die nodige infrastruktuur vir entrepreneuriese ondersteuning by die
universiteit.
Die Kantoor vir Entrepreneuriese Aktiwiteite sal die toegewysde struktuur wees om die nodige
ondersteuningsdienste aan entrepreneurs te verskaf en om ‘n fasiliterende rol te speel in die
skepping van ‘n omgewing waarbinne entrepreneuriese aktiwiteite kan gedy. Die noodsaaklike
dienste wat verskaf moet word, sluit in rekeningkundige dienste, die voorsiening van regsadvies
en -verteenwoordiging (insluitende onderhandelinge met derde partye), besigheidsondersteuning en
bystand met die ontwikkeling van ‘n toepaslike Intellektuele Eiendomstrategie (IE). Die universiteit
sal met behulp van hierdie kantoor bystand verleen om waagkapitaal te bekom, om die dienste van
patentspesialiste te verkry, om sakevennote te vind, om die lewensvatbaarheid van projekte te bepaal
en om aandag te skenk aan kwessies rakende menslike hulpbronne en finansiële bestuur.
Baie noue samewerking tussen die huidige Direktoraat vir Navorsingsontwikkeling en die toekomstige
Kantoor vir Entrepreneuriese Aktiwiteite word in die vooruitsig gestel. ‘n Entrepreneuriese benadering
tot navorsing moet nie slegs gereserveer word vir die paar navorsers wat daartoe geneë voel nie,
maar behoort aangemoedig te word as ‘n integrale komponent van navorsingsbeplanning, nie slegs
om ‘n derde inkomstebron te skep nie, maar om navorsers en studente te sensitiseer vir die belangrike
bydrae wat navorsing tot die ekonomiese groei van die land kan maak.
15

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH
ADMINISTRATION
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE
LATE 1960’S-1980
Mr Nico Esterhuyse
Retired Assistant Director: Research Administration
DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS SINCE 1968
COMMENT
The background of research administration described in this article is an account of the nature of
the system and how it functioned in the period between about 1968 and 1982. It is not meant to
be a portrayal of a then-existing structure which had been planned to achieve specific goals. Seen
in retrospect, the research activities of that time determined the work methods used in research
administration. It was almost a demand and supply situation.
16
Mr Nico Esterhuyse

The administrative branch of the research activities on campus was organised in a customary
administrative manner, but without a specific administrative management structure. The terminology
used to describe its work was characteristic of those earlier times (for example “research division”
when referring to “research administration”). The management structure, positions, status of officials,
and the composition of the administration of the entire University has been greatly remodeled since
then. To get a sense of this, one can compare the diagram below, which shows how the UFS was run
in 1968, with the advanced organisation of research at this university today.
CHANGES SINCE 1968
The year 1968 was chosen because it was the year in which a division for “departmental bookkeeping”
was established. This was where “research matters” were dealt with. The bookkeeping part of
research activities was kept track of within the Finance Department, while the actual research part
came under the auspices of the Assistant Registrar.
The so-called analytical system of bookkeeping regarding the work of researchers was simply an
enormous cash register (or ledger) book in which research allocations for researchers were listed.
Expenditures for certain research awards were recorded and analysed in this register. An invoice
signed by the particular researcher was proof enough of a research expenditure, after certified as
being correct.
Furthermore, every recipient of a research grant also created his own personal “bookkeeping system”
in his Department (due to an unaccounted for lack of trust in the central office’s system). This led to
an almost daily reconciliation of the various bookkeeping systems with the resultant accompanying
frustrations. It was said that Prof EM van Zinderen Bakker of the Department of Botany once commented
that “he would now go out and purchase that little “scooter” he needed, as it was a devilishly long
way to haul a whole stack of books tucked under his arm to the ‘admin’ every day”. The “ledger” was
also just about the only summary or register of researchers and projects. Each researcher also had
a personal file in which correspondence was filed (for instance with letters in which the grants were
allocated.
Research applications, or a reasonably reliable type of budget, was periodically handed in at the
office of the Assistant Registrar, who in turn submitted it at the appropriate time to the Central
Research Committee “for approval”. Grants were then allotted by this committee and notice given
merely by its minutes. It is not certain whether faculty research committees had much say in those
17

days regarding grants. Two research committees did in effect make some recommendations, one
for the Humanities which included the Faculties of Art and Letters, Social Sciences, Law, Economic
Sciences and Education, and the other for Natural Sciences and Agriculture.
Subsequently a research officer was designated to act as secretary of all the research committees
- both on the central and faculty levels Before that, the committees elected their own chairpersons
and secretaries. The Rector was initially chairperson of the Central Research Committee, but with
the appointment of Vice Rectors, the authority was delegated to one of them.
Applications for external financial support was mainly directed to the Human Sciences Research
Council (HSRC) and to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The councils for
Medical and Agricultural research did not exist at the time, or they did not provide financial support.
The “Research ” department at the UFS started out as a seperate and unstructured “service”
for researchers. This could not, over time, meet the growing requirements for research. Thus
adjustments needed to be made to this service as practice required. The CSIR and HSRC started
specifying closing dates for applications and began to implement more strict evaluation procedures.
This meant that at the UFS, dates for the committee meetings had to be scheduled. A register for
the research grants and a calender for application dates were also drawn up. Rules, regulations
and directives of the Central Research Committee, as well as external research institutions, were
finalised per regulation. With increasing discernment and knowledge, the research service became
more “mature”, bringing about a more steady flow of activities. The section therefore gradually began
structuring itself and began to function independently.
While there was only a small group of researchers in the nineteen sixties, who were mainly occupied
on an individual basis with research, activities started gaining momentum during the early seventies,
and it all became much more sophisticated. A great deal of emphasis was placed on group cooperation,
integration and peer evaluation. A research commitee for each faculty was established,
which in itself created a broader perspective on research at the University. The “research division”,
which then was only a one-man unit, consistently tried to adjust to the growing workload and the
increasingly demanding requirements that had to be met. At the early seventies, the division already
served all aspects of research administration for all the faculties.
In 1974 the section was placed under the auspices of the Registrar – Academic, and it was renamed
as “Research Administration”. By this time “Research Administration” was firmly established as a unit
18

within the UFS, which lent impetus to research activities at the University, as greater accessibility,
information and an administrative service for researchers became available.
When Prof WL Mouton became Rector in 1976, research at the Universiteit was given a further
boost and recieved high priority. Academic departments were regularly visited to provide stimulus
and encouragement. Research standards were lifted markedly and research output, publications,
and conference attendance began playing a much larger role in ensuring a successful application
for research support It was also during this period that the idea of a Vice-Rector: Research or a
Research Dean began to gain momentum.
While administrative assistance was provided in the late seventies to Research Administration, it
nevertheless functioned more or less in a vacuum until 1982 when a number of improvements were
made. The section was upgraded, drawn closer to the top management structure and an executive
officer was appointed.
Research administration in the Faculty of Medicine
In January 1986 a division for research administration was established to provide specifically for the
needs of the Faculty of Medicine From the very beginning it was animated by an own dynamism and
enthusiasm and added great impetus to that Faculty’s research. Although it had an own identity,
it was integrated into the research and academic activities of the rest of the UFS and provided a
strong impetus for research in the rest of the university
Research incentives paid out to individual researchers became a reality during the late 1980’s.
which in turn generated more funding for research, despite the persistence of the old complaint
of “too little time, too few hands and funds”. Research administration certainly contributed to the
impressive research reports which appeared annually as well as to the success of top achievers
whose became well-known and some of whom even achieved accomplishedments of world renown.
The UFS has achieved wide acclaim for its excellence in research and the high standard of its
research administration.
19

DIE ONTWIKKELING VAN
NAVORSINGSADMINISTRASIE
AAN DIE UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT
LAAT1960’S-1980
Mnr Nico Esterhuizen
Afgetrede Assistentdirekteur: Navorsingsadministrasie
ONTWIKKELING EN GROEI SEDERT 1968
INLEIDING
Die beskrywing van die navorsingsadministrasie dui in hierdie artikel op die karakter van die sisteem
en die wyse waarop dit destyds gefunksioneer het. Dit is nie bedoel om die werkstruktuur soos dit
toenmalig bestaan het, asook waaroor en deur wie die navorsing gedoen is, weer te gee nie. Gesien
in retrospek, het die navorsingsaktiwiteite van daardie tyd die werkswyse met betrekking tot die
navorsingsadministrasie bepaal, byna soos in ‘n vraag- en aanbodsituasie.
Die administrasie van die navorsingsaktiwiteite aan die UV was administratief geordend, maar sonder
‘n administratiewe bestuurstruktuur.
Die terminologie was kenmerkend van daardie jare (bv. “afdeling navorsing” in stede van navorsingsadministrasie).
Die struktuur van die bestuur, posbenamings, status van amptenare en die samestelling
van die universiteitsadministrasie het sedertdien ‘n algehele verandering ondergaan.
GROEI SEDERT 1968
1968 is die jaar waarin die afdeling “Departementele boekhouding”, waar “navorsingsaangeleenthede”
gehanteer is, tot stand gekom het. Boekhoukundig het hierdie afdeling onder die afdeling Finansies
geressorteer, terwyl navorsing onder die beheer van die Assistent-Registrateur was.
Die sogenaamde ontledende boekhoustelsel ten opsigte van navorsers het bestaan uit ‘n reuse
kasregisterboek waarin geldelike toekennings, wat aan navorsers aangeteken is, aangeteken is. Alle
uitgawes rakende die toekennings is hierin gespesifiseer. ‘n Faktuur wat deur die betrokke navorser
20

geteken en as waar gesertifiseer is, het as bewys van ‘n navorsingsuitgawe gedien. Die werklike
boekhouding van die navorsingsafdeling is by die afdeling Finansies gehou. Daarbenewens het elke
toekenninghouer ook sy eie “boekhoustelsel” in sy departement geskep (omdat daar, om welke rede
ookal, nie vertroue was in die rekeningkantoor se sisteem nie). Dit het gelei tot amper daaglikse
rekonsiliasie van die onderskeie boekhoudings met gevolglike erge frustrasie. (Prof EM van Zinderen
Bakker van die Departement Plantkunde het eendag gesê dat hy maar ‘n “scootertjie” moet koop,
want dit is darem duiwels ver om elke dag met ‘n pak boeke onder die arm admin toe te stap.)
Die “grootboek” was ook omtrent die enigste opsomming of register van navorsers en projekte.
Elke navorser het ook ‘n persoonlike lêer gehad waarin korrespondensie (bv. toekenningsbriewe)
geliasseer is.
Navorsingsaansoeke, of ‘n redelik ongeordende soort begroting, is periodiek by die Assistent-
Registrateur ingedien, wat dit op sy beurt ter gelegener tyd aan die Sentrale Navorsingskomitee
voorgelê het “vir goedkeuring”. Toekennings is in notules aangeteken. Dit is onseker of fakulteitsnavorsingskomitees
inspraak in toekennings gehad het. Daar was wel gedurende daardie tyd twee
navorsingskomitees wat aanbevelings gemaak het, te wete ‘n komitee vir Geesteswetenskappe, wat
die Fakulteit Lettere en Wysbegeerte, Sosiale Wetenskappe, Regte, Ekonomiese Wetenskappe en
Opvoedkunde ingesluit het, asook ‘n komitee vir Natuurwetenskappe en Landbou.
Die “navorsingsbeampte” het deurlopend as sekretaris van die navorsingskomitees, sowel as die
Sentrale Navorsingskomitee opgetree. (Vroeër het die komitees hulle eie voorsitters en sekretarisse
gekies.) Die rektor was die voorsitter van die Sentrale Navorsingskomitee. Met die aanstelling van
vise-rektore is die bevoegdheid later aan een van hulle gedelegeer.
Aansoeke om finansiële steun na buite is hoofsaaklik aan die Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike
Navorsing (RGN) en die Wetenskaplike en Nywerheidsnavorsingsraad (WNNR) gerig. [Die Mediese
Navorsingsraad (MNR), Landbou Navorsingskomitee (LNK) en ander het toe, óf nog nie bestaan nie,
óf was nie regtig toeganklik vir steun nie.]
Die afdeling Navorsing was ‘n los en ongestruktureerde “diens” aan navorsers wat nie op die
lange duur aan toenemende eise kon voldoen nie, dus is daar van tyd tot tyd aanpassings in die
werkswyse gemaak. Die WNNR en RGN het vasgestelde sluitingsdatums vir aansoeke en strenger
siftingsprosedures begin instel en vergaderdatums van die navorsingskomitees moes geskeduleer
word. ‘n Navorsings- en toekenningsregister is aangeskaf en ‘n program van aansoekdatums is
opgestel. Reëls, regulasies en rigtinggewende besluite van die Sentrale Navorsingskomitee, sowel
21

as navorsingsinstansies van buite, is in ‘n reglement vervat. Namate insig en kennis vermeerder het,
het die navorsingsdiens meer vaartbelyn geraak en bedrywighede het ‘n vaste sisteem gevolg en
mettertyd struktuur begin aanneem, wat meegebring het dat dit feitlik onafhanklik kon funksioneer.
Terwyl daar in die laat sestigerjare ‘n handjievol navorsers, grootliks individueel bedrywig was, het
navorsing gedurende die vroeë sewentigerjare beduidend en meer gesofistikeerd, toegeneem. Klem
is gelê op groepsamewerking, integrasie en eweknie-blootstelling. ‘n Navorsingskomitee is vir elke
fakulteit in die lewe geroep, wat op sigself ‘n breër perspektief op navorsing aan die universiteit teweeg
gebring het. Die “Navorsingsafdeling” was ‘n eenman-onderneming, wat voortdurend probeer aanpas
het om tred te hou met die werkslading, sowel as met die vereistes wat al hoe strenger geword het.
Toe reeds het hierdie afdeling alle fasette van navorsingsaministrasie van al die fakulteite bedien.
In 1974 is bogenoemde afdeling by die Registrateur: Akademies ingedeel en die benaming “Navorsingsadministrasie”
is aanvaar. Teen hierdie tyd was dit as afdeling onbetwisbaar gevestig en het
stukrag aan alle navorsingsaktiwiteite aan die universiteit verleen, aangesien toeganklikheid, inligting
en administratiewe diens voltyds aan navorsers beskikbaar was.
Toe prof WL Mouton in 1976 rektor word, het navorsing aan die universiteit hoë prioriteit geniet
en departementele aansporingsbesoeke is deurlopend gedoen. ‘n Nuwe dimensie is aan
navorsingstandaarde gegee en uitsette, publikasies, insentiewe en kongresbywoning het ‘n
deurslaggewende rol gespeel by die sukses van aansoeke. Gedurende hierdie tyd het die gedagte
van ‘n pos vir Viserektor: Navorsing, of Navorsingsdekaan begin posvat.
Hoewel administratiewe hulp in die laat sewentigerjare aan Navorsingsadministrasie toegestaan is,
het dit grootliks in ‘n vakuum opereer totdat daar in ongeveer 1982 aanpassings gemaak is. Die
afdeling het prominensie gekry, is by topbestuur betrek en ‘n uitvoerende amptenaar is aangestel.
NAVORSINGSADMINISTRASIE BY DIE FAKULTEIT GENEESKUNDE
Gedurende Januarie 1986 is ‘n eie afdeling Navorsingsadministrasie aan die Fakulteit Geneeskunde
gevestig. Dit het ‘n eie dinamiek, entoesiasme en stukrag vir navorsing aan die fakulteit meegebring.
Hoewel die afdeling ‘n eie identiteit gehad het, is dit by die navorsings- en akademiese bedrywighede
geïntegreer, sodat die navorsing baie sterk gestimuleer is. Navorsingsinsentiewe het gedurende
hierdie tyd ‘n werklikheid geword, sodat verdere fondse vir navorsing gegenereer kon word (hoewel
die ou klagte van “te min tyd, hande en fondse” bly voortleef het).
22

Navorsingsadministrasie het verseker ‘n groot bydrae gelewer tot die indrukwekkende navoringsverslae
wat jaarliks verskyn het, sowel as die sukses van top presteerders wat wêreldstandaarde bereik het.
Die UV het allerweë erkenning geniet vir die uitstekende navorsing wat hier gedoen is en die hoë
standaard van navorsingsadministrasie.
1980-2002
Mr Nico Benson
Assistant Director: Research Development
Since the nineteen eighties the National Department of Education has devised a mechanism in which
publication units are awarded for articles that appear in accredited journals. In this way recognition is
given to researchers whose findings are published and thereby lend status to the various Universities
where the units awarded reflect the quality of the research undertaken by those universities.
Since the nineteen eighties researchers in the fields of Natural, Agricultural and Medical Sciences
could voluntarily submit their findings to grading and evaluation by the National Research Foundation’s
predecessor to establish their research status, be it category A, B, C, Y or P . Since 2002 researchers
in the Humanities could also voluntarily follow the same procedure for grading and evaluation. This
mechanism likewise enhanced the quality of research.
The nineteen nineties was characterised by the systematic abolition of the strict management systems
regulating research at the University of the Free State. Decision-making was decentralized which
made it easier for researchers to determine their own research priorities.
23
Mr Nico Benson

In the late nineties organisational changes were made to facilitate increased total research output.
These changes resulted in a marked increase in the number of publication units. Since 1 September
2002 the Research Administration Division was reorganized to become the Directorate Research
Development headed by a Director, indicative of a change of focus from research support to research
development.
1980-2002
Mnr Nico Benson
Assistentdirekteur Navorsingsontwikkeling
Sedert die tagtigerjare het die Nasionale Departement van Onderwys ‘n meganisme daargestel
waarvolgens publikasie-eenhede toegeken is aan artikels wat in goedgekeurde tydskrifte verskyn
het. Op hierdie wyse is erkenning verleen aan navorsers wat navorsingsresultate publiseer en status
aan die onderskeie Universiteite verleen deurdat die eenhede toegeken ‘n weerspieëling was van
navorsing wat deur die Universiteit gedoen word.
Vanaf die tagtigerjare kon navorsers in die Natuur- Landbou en Mediese Wetenskappe hul onderwerp
aan vrywillige gradering en evaluering deur die Nasionale Navorsingstigting se voorganger om
sodoende hul navorsingstatus, hetsy A, B, C, Y of P te bepaal. Serdert 2002 kon navorsers in
die Geestelikewetenskappe hul ook aanbied vir gradering en evaluering. Hierdie meganisme het
eweneens die navorsing op ‘n hoër peil geplaas.
Die negentigerjare was gekenmerk deur die stelselmatige afskaffing van strakke bestuurstelsels van
navorsing aan die UV. Besluitneming is gedesentraliseer wat dit vir navorsers makliker gemaak het
om fondse na goeddunke aan te wend vir navorsing.
In die laat negentigerjare is spesiale aksies geloods om navorsingsuitsette te verhoog. Hierdie aksies
het ‘n merkbare verskil gemaak in die publikasie-eenhede.
Sedert 1 September 2002 is die afdeling Navorsingadministrasie omvorm tot die Direktoraat
Navorsingsontwikkeling met ‘n Direkteur as hoof. Die klem het verskuif vanaf administratiewe rugsteun
na navorsingsontwikkeling.
24

Prof Dawfre Roode
STRATEGIC FOCUS
ON RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
Prof Dawfre Roode
Retired Vice-Rector
Ever since my years as a young lecturer, and also in the two decades during which I held the posts of
Registrar (Academic) and later Vice-Rector, I have had the strong conviction that all people, including
scientists, should strive towards achieving balance in their lives. Life is all-inclusive, not either-or. It is
therefore not a matter of either so-called basic research or applied research - it is a matter of both.
The development of the true academic is determined by the extent to which scholarship can thrive,
the striving to be original and creative, not an ostentatious imitator and compiler; a person who is not
characterised by or remembered for how many names of books and articles he could rattle off, but
for the few original utterances or documents he produced, driven by the passionate striving to attain
the highest quality in everything he does.
25

I was responsible for the overall supervision of research administration when Prof WL Mouton took up
his post in September 1976. It is a known fact that he set the objective of developing the research
activities at the university right from the start. He was constantly endeavouring to motivate and inspire
the staff to be true academics who are not merely conveying existing knowledge (however important
that may be), but are exploring and disseminating new knowledge through research.
In order to achieve this goal he increased the research project budget, but also implemented in
practice his strong conviction that researchers not only need more funds for research as such, but
also particularly need more people to support and assist them (also with regard to the inevitable
routine work that is part of the research process). Funds were made available every year from the
development trust fund for the appointment of additional research support staff in departments. As
he said at the beginning of his term of office, this was all part of the development of a true culture of
research.
On the administrative side, we endeavoured to implement the applicable administrative measures at
a high-quality level as well, in order to bring about a general improvement of the research climate on
the campus.
Was it successful? Well, the measurable aspect was that of the research output, and if we look
back it is evident that there was a significant increase in this regard. To Prof Mouton’s credit it must
be added that, although he was a natural scientist himself, he actively endeavoured to increase the
research output in the humanities as well - particularly the so-called research-related output typical
of the arts.
Prof Mouton’s inspiration significantly contributed towards the growth of the university’s academic selfrespect
and the recognition it also received from outside institutions in this regard (in the form of an
increase in research fund grants, but also the acknowledgement of individual research achievements).
Mouton’s successor, Prof FP Retief, continued to build on this foundation, and the result was, for
me personally, the boundless satisfaction of being part of the visible process of attaining greater
quality in this regard, of witnessing how many of the top academics who worked in our lecture-halls
and laboratories developed their true potential due to the achievement of balance in their work in the
academic field – teaching and research and community service – as well as the recognition they also
received in this regard from the university.
26

STRATEGIESE FOKUS
OP NAVORSINGSONTWIKKELING
Prof Dawfre Roode
Afgetrede Viserektor
Daar was sedert my jare as jong dosent, en ook tydens die twee dekades wat ek eers Registrateur
(Akademies) en later Viserektor was, die baie sterk oortuiging dat alle mense, ook wetenskaplikes, na
balans in hulle lewens behoort te streef. Die lewe is én-én, nie óf-óf nie. Dit gaan derhalwe ook nie
oor óf sogenaamde basiese navorsing óf toegepaste navorsing nie. Dit gaan oor beide.
Die ontluiking van die werklik akademiker hang saam met die mate waarin scholarship kan gedy, die
drang om oorspronklik en kreatief te wees, nie ‘n grootdoenerige naprater en kompileerder nie; ’n
persoon wat nie gekenmerk word aan of onthou word vir die aantal name van boeke en artikels wat hy
kon aframmel nie, maar vir die enkele oorspronklike uitsprake of geskrifte wat hy die lig laat sien het,
en onderliggend hieraan, die passievolle strewe om kwaliteitwerk te lewer in alles wat hy doen.
Navorsingsadministrasie het onder my geressorteer toe prof WL Mouton in September 1976
diens aanvaar het. Dit was en is welbekend dat hy van meet af aan die doelwit gestel het om die
navorsingsaktiwiteite aan die universiteit uit te bou. Hy het sonder ophou die personeel probeer
motiveer en inspireer om werklike akademici te wees wat nie net bestaande kennis oordra nie (hoe
belangrik dit ook al is), maar nuwe kennis deur navorsing ontgin en beskikbaar stel.
Ten einde aan hierdie doel gestalte te gee het hy die navorsingsprojekbegroting verhoog, maar
ook sy sterk oortuiging dat navorsers nie net meer geld vir navorsing as sodanig nodig het nie,
maar veral meer hande wat kan ondersteun en saamwerk (ook met betrekking tot die onvermydelike
sleurwerk van die navorsingsproses), in die praktyk gestalte laat kry. Daar is jaarliks geld uit die
ontwikkelingstrustfonds beskikbaar gestel vir die aanstelling van addisionele navorsingsondersteunin
gspersoneel in departemente en, soos hy aan die begin van sy dienstydperk gesê het, was dit alles
deel van die ontwikkeling van ‘n werklike navorsingskultuur.
Van administrasiekant het ons getrag om die toepaslike administratiewe handeling eweneens op
‘n hoëkwaliteitsvlak te lewer, sodat daar sprake kon wees van ‘n algemene verbetering van die
navorsingsklimaat op die kampus.
27

Was dit geslaagd? Wel, die meetbare aspek was dié van navorsingsuitsette, en uit die geskiedenis
is dit duidelik dat daar ‘n beduidende verhoging was in hierdie verband. Tot prof Mouton se krediet
moet ook bygevoeg word dat, alhoewel hy self natuurwetenskaplike was, hy hom aktief daaraan
toegewy het om die geesteswetenskaplike navorsingsuitsette ook te verhoog - veral ook die sg.
navorsingsverwante uitsette tipies van die kunste.
Prof Mouton se inspireringswerk het grootliks daartoe bygedra dat die universiteit se akademiese
selfrespek gegroei het, dat hy hiervoor ook erkenning van buite-instansies ontvang het (in die vorm van
die verhoogde toekenning van navorsingsfondse, maar ook die verering van individuele presterende
navorsers). Mouton se opvolger, prof FP Retief, het op hierdie grondslag voortgebou, en die resultaat
was vir my persoonlik die eindelose bevrediging om deel te kon wees van die sigbare proses van
groter kwaliteit op hierdie terrein, om talle top-akademici wat in ons lesinglokale en laboratoria gearbei
het, te sien blom by die ontwikkeling van balans in hulle arbeid op die akademiese akker - onderrig
én navorsing én gemeenskapdiens - en die erkenning wat hulle daarvoor ook van die universiteit
ontvang het.
The long-held dream of an institution of higher education in the Free State became a reality on 28
January 1904. When the Grey College School in Bloemfontein opened its doors for the new school
term, matriculants could, for the first time in the history of the institution, register for a full BA degree
course. The first six students attended lectures in this tiny two-roomed building. The building was
later reconstructed on the UFS campus and has been declared a national monument.
28

SPECIAL RECOGNITION FOR ACHIEVE-
MENT IN ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH
SPESIALE ERKENNING VIR PRESTASIE IN
AKADEMIE EN NAVORSING
1991-1998
Prof Jimmy de Jager
Department of Agrometeorology
Currently:
Retired
Prof Daneel Ferreira
Department of Chemistry
Currently:
Chair, Department of
Pharmacognosy
Research Professor in the
Research Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Mississippi, USA
Prof Johan Henning
Department of Merchantile Law
Currently:
Dean - Faculty of Law
29
Prof Daan de Waal
Department of Mathematical Statistics
Currently:
Head of the Department - Statistics/
Mathematical Statistics
Prof Frederick Fourie
Department of Economics
Dean – Faculty of Economics and
Management Science
Currently:
Rector and Vice-Chancellor
Prof Lodewyk Kock
Department of Microbiology and
Biochemical
Currently:
Microbial, Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology

†Prof Joe Leipoldt
Department of Chemistry
Deceased
Prof Bernard Prior
Department of Microbiology and
Biochemistry
Currently:
Chairperson: School of Biological
Sciences
University of Stellenbosch
Prof Chris Small
Department of Plant Science
Currently:
Retired – Former Vice-Rector
30
Prof Sakkie Pretorius
Department of Plant Pathology
Currently:
Chairperson - Department of Plant Sciences
Prof Piet Schoeman
Department of Philosophy of Education
Currently:
Retired
Prof Danie Strauss
Department of Philosophy
Currently:
Dean’s Office – Faculty of the Humanities

Prof Kalie Strydom
Unit for Strategic Higher Education
Currently:
Retired – Part time – SHOSO
Prof Dingie van Rensburg
Department of Sociology
Currently:
Director: Centre for Health Systems
Research and Development
Prof Mike Wingfield
Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry
Currently:
Director of the Forestry and Agricultural
Biotechnology Institute (FABI)
University of Pretoria
31
Prof Hennie van Coller
Department of Afrikaans and
Dutch
Currently:
Head of the Department:
Afrikaans and Dutch, German
and French
Prof Klaus von Delft
Department of German
Currently:
Retired – Part-time Lecturer
Department of Afrikaans and
Dutch, German and French

FACULTY REPORTS
FAKULTEITSVERSLAE
32

Prof Tienie Crous
FACULTY OF ECONOMIC
AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
Prof Tienie Crous
Dean
Despite the considerable growth in student numbers and the accompanying excessive demands
on teaching and learning, lecturers and researchers of the faculty succeeded in making substantial
contributions through their research of current economic and management issues in searching for
relevant answers.
Due to the growing demand for postgraduates, many experienced and senior personnel with master’s
degrees and doctorates have left the academic field and entered into the private and public sectors.
The inevitable result has been a younger lecturer component, meaning that often newcomer academic
staff first need to concentrate on their own advanced postgraduate studies before making a real
contribution to research output in the faculty. Despite the fact that the Department of Economics has a
relatively young worker corps, they set an outstanding example by preparing not less than 22 approved
papers for various national and international academic conferences, eight accredited articles, three
reports and one book. Similarly, colleagues of the relatively ‘young’ Industrial Psychology Department
33
Prof Hendri Kroukamp

were responsible for delivering three approved papers at international academic conferences, and
published two articles for accredited journals. These accomplishments were not limited to the
departments of Economics and Industrial Psychology, but were also mirrored throughout the rest of
the faculty. The Public and Business Management Departments, the School of Management as well
as the Centres for Accounting and Development Support all produced valuable research output.
The Centre for Development Support made important contributions in four areas of service delivery
to local authorities, local economic development, policy related research, the lower income housing
sector and youth related matters. Early in 2002, Profs Lucius Botes (Director of the Centre for
Development Support) and André Pelser (Senior researcher of the Sociology Department) were
requested by Eskom’s Division Technological Services International to assist in the development
and implementation of a consumer loyalty incentive programme. The eventual aim is to encourage
and improve the payment pattern of consumers’ electricity accounts. Profs Botes and Pelser have
been involved in a national investigation of the non-payment of services, as well as other studies
concerning municipal cost recovery, inter alia for the National Housing Finance Corporation and the
Built Environment Support Group. Therefore, Eskom was of the opinion that because the Centre
for Development Support had already gained a lot of experience, they could add absolute value to
a programme of this nature. After two years of further research and various national workshops in
which several interest groups were involved in discussing the technical aspects of the programme,
the Eskom Wired to Win Rewards Programme is to be launched early in 2004. Profs Botes and Pelser
will, inter alia be looking at aspects to alter consumer behaviour and perceptions during the pilot
programme. This project is an excellent example of community service related research, which ties in
with the University of the Free State’s aim of promoting a progressive community.
The Centre for Development Support regards Local Economic Development (LED) as one of the
key areas for research. During 2003 the Centre worked in cooperation with the Human Sciences
Research Council, MXA and Rhodes University to examine the level of local economic development
in the Free State.
This research which was undertaken for the Premier’s Economic Advisory Council, and comprised
a review on national policy, a literature study of key aspects in the Free State, as well as 10 case
studies. This study showed that LED is firmly established at both national and provincial levels, at
least as a concept, an ideal and ultimate aim to which end should be worked. A few shortcomings
were nevertheless revealed, among them in the areas of financing, personnel, skills and resources in
general, especially at local government level.
34

Another priority area is policy related research concerning low income housing. In the pursuance
and realisation in this research area, two market studies were completed during 2003. A project
on the size of the rental house market and a needs assessment analysis for Harmony Gold was
completed, and a partnership with the Housing Directorates in the Free State and Northern Cape was
established.
A wide spectrum of approved papers were also delivered in the course of 2003 at national and
international academic conferences. Thanks to exceptional productivity of individual academics,
the faculty’s image of academic excellence and relevance was proven once again, and international
networking was strengthened. The diversity of subject matter and conferences attended is given in
this brief summary of papers that were delivered during 2003:
A paper delivered by Prof Kobus Lazenby of the Department of Business Management at a conference
in Vienna touched on an extremely topical subject: Management challenges by the management of
agencies. Ms Anmar Pretorius (Economics) co-authored two topical papers which she delivered
at the University of Rijeka, Croatia as part of the International Conference on Globalisation and
Entrepreneurship: Fears, Challenges an Opportunities. The first was titled: The changing face
of capital flows in a globalised world: The case of South Africa” and the second: The impact of
globalisation on the labour market in South Africa: Evidence from the manufacturing sector. The
Dean followed by example and produced four international papers, three of which as co-author
and mentor for MBA students. An introductory investigation into the relevance of “business model
thinking” in optimizing e-learning at institutions of higher learning, was a paper delivered by Prof Tienie
Crous at the Online-Educa Conference in Berlin. Mr Jacques Nel’s contribution during an international
conference in Durban, a Bemarkingsperspektief rakende the gebruik of interaktiewe funksies om
kontakdoeltreffendheid te verhoog, illustrates the fact that research in the faculty keeps abreast of
the newest developments, such as e-Learning/training and e-Business.
For the second consecutive year the department of Public Management has attained an exceptional
achievement in that the papers of all five academic members of the department were accepted for
the conference of the International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA),
Miami, Florida in September 2003. Moreover a further four approved papers were delivered by this
department, two of which internationally. Still in the field of the public sector, Prof Hentie van Wyk of
the Centre for Accounting completed his doctoral thesis titled A performance measurement approach
to improve financial management in provincial governments in South Africa, and delivered a paper
on the subject at the conference of the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management in
Nice, France.
35

Mr Cobus Pienaar, Prof Ebben van Zyl and Ms Estelle Boshoff of the Industrial Psychology Department
ensured that the faculty was well-represented at the International Conference on Advances in
Management (ICAM) in Seoel, South Korea, by each delivering a paper. Their papers covered aspects
from stress and psychological burnout, to the role of human capital resource management in the
development and implementation of ethical corporate culture.
Several books, contributions in textbooks, a considerable number of accredited journal articles, and
many popular scientific articles were also published. Prof Frikkie Booysen of the Economics Department
led with five articles in accredited journals, while Dr Philippe Burger of the same department prepared
two articles, one of which was finalised in cooperation with the Rector, Prof Frederick Fourie. Both
of these articles focus on the relationship between the financing of human capital development and
the sustainability of fiscal policy in South Africa and elsewhere. A very practical article on the impact
of minimum wages on the employment of domestic servants by Dr Louis Bothma and Ms Celeste
Campher rounded off the list of contributions by colleagues in the Department of Economics.
Special mention is deserved by one of the faculty members, who have received national recognition
for work done in the field of the economic and social impact of HIV/AIDS. Prof Frikkie Booysen’s work
includes research on the relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty in the Free State considering
both urban and rural inequalities in health care service delivery in South Africa.
Emanating from the Department of Public Management, Prof Koos Bekker in conjunction with Prof
Lucius Botes and Ms Tanya Arntz of the Centre for Development Support finalised an article titled
Strategies for indigent policy formulation and implementation in urban settlements in South Africa. Prof
Hendri Kroukamp also of the Department of Public Management, published two articles Knowledge
management and innovation: A case for online teaching at the UFS and Partnering with the private
sector: The solution for improving service delivery. With his article Establishing administrative culture
in SA: A case of legitimacy, ethics and trust in the face of globalization. Dr Moses Sindane of the
same department has contributed to the good harvest of accredited publications in the faculty.
The book Sustainable fiscal policy and economic stability: Theory and practice by Dr Philippe Burger
was published by Edward Elgar in Great Britain, showing extensive academic depth. Since the Earth
Summit in Rio (1992), and after the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg
(2002) greater emphasis was placed on environmental issues as part of business’s broader social
responsibility. With this in mind, Prof Dave Lubbe of the Centre for Accounting concluded research and
during 2003 published a book titled The entrepreneur of tomorrow and the evironment. Contributions
from the Department of Business Management by Prof Kobus Lazenby and Mr Jacques Nel in a very
36

timely book on entrepreneurship in South Africa titled Entrepreneurship: A South African perspective,
confirmed acknowledgement of peers. The chapter that Prof Hendri Kroukamp contributed to a
publication of the United Nations on State modernization and decentralization – implications for
education and training in public administration: Selected Central European and global perspectives,
also attests to the international recognition that faculty personnel enjoy.
FAKULTEIT EKONOMIESE
EN BESTUURSWETENSKAPPE
Prof Tienie Crous
Dekaan
Ondanks ‘n wesenlike groei in studentegetalle en die daarmee gepaardgaande groter eise rakende
onderrig en leer, het dosente en navorsers van die fakulteit ook daarin geslaag om op die gebied van
navorsing te presteer deur eietydse ekonomiese en bestuursvraagstukke te ondersoek en antwoorde
daarop te vind.
Weens die vraag na nagraads gekwalifiseerde persone, verlaat ervare en senior personeel wat oor
magister en doktorsgrade beskik die akademie om die private en openbare sektore te betree. Die
gevolg is ‘n verjonging van die doseerkorps, wat meebring dat nuweling akademiese personeel
eers aan eie gevorderde nagraadse studies aandag moet gee voordat ‘n werklike bydrae tot
navorsingsuitsette gelewer kan word. Desnieteenstaande het die departement Ekonomie, wat oor
‘n relatief jong personeelkorps beskik, ‘n uitstekende voorbeeld gestel en nie minder nie as 22
gekeurde referate by nasionale en internasionale vakkongresse, agt geakkrediteerde artikels, drie
navorsingsverslae en een boek gelewer. Net so was die kollegas van ‘n relatief “jong” departement
Bedryfsielkunde daarvoor verantwoordelik dat drie gekeurde referate by internasionale vakkongresse
gelewer is, en twee geakkrediteerde tydskrifartikels die lig gesien het. Hierdie prestasievlakke was
egter nie net tot Ekonomie en Bedryfsielkunde beperk nie, maar is ook deur die res van die fakulteit
geïllustreer. Die departemente Openbare en Ondernemingsbestuur, Bestuurskool, asook die Sentra
vir Rekeningkunde en Ontwikkelingsteun het almal belangrike navorsingsuitsette gelewer.
Die Sentrum vir Ontwikkelingsteun het op die vier terreine van dienslewering deur plaaslike owerhede,
plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkeling, beleidsverwante navorsing, lae-inkome behuisingsektor en
jeugverwante aangeleenthede belangrike bydraes gelewer. Aan die begin van 2002 is proff Lucius
37

Botes (Direkteur van die Sentrum vir Ontwikkelingsteun) en André Pelser (Senior Navorsingsgenoot van
die departement Sosiologie) deur Eskom se Afdeling: Technilogical Services International versoek om
met die ontwikkeling en implementering van ‘n verbruikers lojaliteit aansporingsprogram behulpsaam
te wees. Die uiteindelike doel hiervan is om die betalingspatroon van elektrisiteitsrekeninge deur
verbruikers te verbeter. Tot op daardie stadium was proff Botes en Pelser betrokke in nasionale
ondersoeke na die nie-betaling van dienste, asook ander studies betreffende munisipale kosteverhaling,
vir inter alia die Nasionale Behuising Finansieringskorporasie en die Built Environment Support Group.
Eskom was daarom van mening dat die ondervinding waaroor die Sentrum vir Ontwikkelingsteun
reeds beskik het, besliste waarde tot ‘n program van hierdie aard kan toevoeg. Na twee jaar van
verdere navorsing en verskeie nasionale werkswinkels waarby baie belangegroepe betrokke was
om die tegniese aspekte van die program te bespreek, gaan die Eskom Wired to Win Rewards
Programme vroeg in 2004 geloods word. Proff Botes en Pelser sal onder andere verantwoordelik
wees vir veranderinge in verbruikersgedrag en persepsies gedurende die loodsprogram. Hierdie
projek is ‘n uitstekende voorbeeld van samelewingsdiensgerigte navorsing, wat inpas by die UV se
strewe tot die bevordering van ‘n vooruitstrewende samelewing.
Die Sentrum vir Ontwikkelingsteun beskou Plaaslike Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling (PEO) as een van die
sleutel areas vir navorsing. Gedurende 2003 het die Sentrum, in samewerking met die Human Sciences
Research Council, MXA en Rhodes University, die stand van plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkeling in die
Vrystaat ondersoek. Hierdie navorsing is vir die Premier se Ekonomiese Adviesraad onderneem, en
het bestaan uit ‘n oorsig van nasionale beleid, ‘n literatuuroorsig van sleutelaspekte in die Vrystaat,
sowel as 10 gevallestudies. Hierdie studie het getoon dat PEO beide nasionaal en in die provinsie
goed gevestig is, ten minste as konsep, ‘n ideaal en einddoel waarheen gewerk kan word. Tog is
enkele tekortkominge blootgelê, waaronder finansiering, personeel, vaardighede en bronne in die
algemeen, op veral plaaslike owerheidsvlak.
Nog ‘n prioriteitsarea is beleidsverwante navorsing ten opsigte van die lae-inkomste behuising. In
die nastrewing en uitlewing hiervan is twee markondersoeke gedurende 2003 uitgevoer. ‘n Projek
oor die grootte van die huurhuis mark en ‘n behoefte ontleding vir Harmony Gold is afgehandel, en ‘n
vennootskap met die Housing Directorates in the Free State en Northern Cape is daargestel.
‘n Wye spektrum van gekeurde referate is ook gedurende 2003 by nasionale en internasionale
vakwetenskaplike konferensies gelewer. Deur die produktiwiteit van individuele akademici is die
fakulteit se beeld van akademiese voortreflikheid en relevansie gestand gedoen, en internasionale
netwerke verstewig. Die diversiteit van onderwerpe en konferensies word weerspieël deur die
38

volgende kort oorsig van referate wat deur die loop van die jaar gelewer is:
Die referaat oor Bestuursuitdagings by die bestuur van agentskappe by ‘n konferensie in Wenen
(Oostenryk) deur prof Kobus Lazenby van die departement Ondernemingsbestuur het ‘n uiters aktuele
onderwerp aangeraak, terwyl me Anmar Pretorius (Ekonomie) se twee referate oor determinante van
Suid-Afrikaanse kapitaalvloei, en die effek van globalisering op die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark,
opsigself resent en baie relevant was. Die dekaan het deur voorbeeld gelei en vier internasionale
referate gegenereer, waarvan drie as medewerker en mentor vir MBA-studente. An introductory
investigation into the relevance of “business model thinking” in optimizing e-learning at institutions of
higher learning, ‘n referaat deur prof Tienie Crous by die Online-Educa Conference in Berlyn, asook
mnr Jacques Nel se bydrae tydens ‘n internasionale konferensie te Durban, ‘n Bemarkingsperspektief
rakende die gebruik van interaktiewe funksies om kontakdoeltreffendheid te verhoog, illustreer die feit
dat navorsing in die fakulteit met die nuutste ontwikkelinge tred hou, onder andere e-Leer/opleiding
en e-Besigheid.
Vir ‘n tweede agtereenvolgende jaar presteer die departement Openbare Bestuur toe die referate van
al vyf die akademiese lede van die departement vir die konferensie van die International Association
of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA) gedurende September 2003 in Miami (Florida)
aanvaar word. Afgesien hiervan, is ‘n verdere vier gekeurde referate gelewer, waarvan twee
internasionaal. Steeds op die terrein van die openbare sektor, voltooi prof Hentie van Wyk van
die Sentrum vir Rekeningkunde sy proefskrif oor A performance measurement approach to improve
financial management in provincial governments in South Africa, en lewer daaruit ‘n referaat by die
konferensie van die European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management te Nice, Frankryk.
Mnr Cobus Pienaar, prof Ebben van Zyl en me Estelle Boshoff van die departement Bedryfsielkunde
het gesorg dat die fakulteit by die International Conference on Advances in Management (ICAM) Seoel,
Suid-Korea figureer deur elk ‘n referaat te lewer. Die referate het gestrek vanaf stres en psigologiese
uitbranding, tot die rol van menslike hulpbronbestuur in die ontwikkeling en implementering van etiese
korporatiewe kultuur.
Verskeie boeke, bydraes tot handboeke, ‘n groot getal geakkrediteerde tydskrifartikels, en heelwat
populêr-wetenskaplike artikels het die lig gesien. Prof Frikkie Booysen van Ekonomie lei met vyf artikels
in geakkrediteerde tydskrifte, terwyl dr Philippe Burger van dieselfde departement twee artikels lewer,
waarvan een in samewerking met die Rektor, prof Frederick Fourie. Albei laasgenoemde artikels
fokus op die verband tussen die finansiering van menslike kapitaalontwikkeling en die volhoubaarheid
39

van fiskale beleid in Suid-Afrika en elders. ‘n Baie toepaslike artikel oor die impak van minimum lone
op die indiensname van huisbediendes deur Louis Bothma en me Celeste Campher rond die bydrae
deur kollegas van die departement Ekonomie af.
Daar moet gemeld word dat een van die navorsers van die fakulteit nasionale bekendheid vir sy werk
op die gebied van die ekonomiese- en sosiale impak van MIV/VIGS verwerf het. Prof Frikkie Booysen
se werk sluit navorsing oor die verband tussen MIV/VIGS en armoede in die Vrystaat in, asook oor
stedelike en plattelandse ongelykhede in gesondheidsorg dienslewering in Suid-Afrika.
Uit die geledere van die departement Openbare Bestuur skryf prof Koos Bekker, in samewerking met
prof Lucius Botes en me Tanya Arntz van die Sentrum vir Ontwikkelingsteun, ‘n artikel oor Strategies
for indigent policy formulation and implementation in urban settlements in South Africa, terwyl prof
Hendri Kroukamp van dieselfde departement twee artikels die lig laat sien, naamlik Knowledge
management and innovation: A case for online teaching at the UFS en Partnering with the private
sector: The solution for improving service delivery. Met sy artikel Establishing administrative culture
in SA: A case of legitimacy, ethics and trust in the face of globalization dra dr Moses Sindane van
dieselfde departement tot die goeie oes van geakkrediteerde publikasies in die fakulteit by.
Die boek Sustainable fiscal policy and economic stability: Theory and practice deur dr Philippe
Burger is deur Edward Elgar in Groot-Brittanje uitgegee, en getuig van akademiese diepgang.
Sedert die sogenaamde Rio-beraad (1992), en na die Aardeberaad oor Volhoubare Ontwikkeling,
Johannesburg (2002) is groot klem op omgewings vraagstukke as deel van ondernemings se breër
sosiale verantwoordelikheid geplaas. In die lig hiervan het prof Dave Lubbe van die Sentrum vir
Rekeningkunde gedurende 2003 hieroor navorsing gedoen en die boek The entrepreneur of tomorrow
and the evironment gepubliseer. Die bydrae uit die geledere van Ondernemingsbestuur deur prof
Kobus Lazenby en mnr Jacques Nel tot ‘n baie tydige boek oor entrepreneurskap in Suid-Afrika,
Entrepreneurship: A South African perspective, bevestig erkenning deur eweknieë. Die hoofstuk
wat prof Hendri Kroukamp tot ‘n publikasie van die Verenigde Nasies oor State modernization and
decentralization – implications for education and training in public administration: Selected Central
European and global perspectives bygedra het, getuig ook van die internasionale erkenning wat
personeel van die fakulteit geniet.
40

Prof Letticia Moja
Prof Philip Badenhorst
FACULTY
OF HEALTH SCIENCES
Prof Letticia Moja
Dean
SCHOOL FOR ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONS
Some of the research themes in the School are: the interaction between obesity and infertility; the
high incidence of diabetes mellitus; malnutrition among preschool and schoolchildren; disabled
children; HIV/AIDS; mamma carcinoma, the role of nutrition in the prevention of lifestyle diseases;
the relevance of nutrition in sports achievements; the development of a framework for the teaching
and training of physiotherapy students; the importance and role of physiotherapeutic treatment in
41

the treatment of sports injuries; investigation and development of new physiotherapeutic treatment
techniques; investigation of critical factors for the development and growth of support groups for
patients with Parkinson’s disease, and the knowledge and attitude with regard to use of leisure among
elderly persons with Parkinson’s disease.
Obese women are less fertile than those with normal mass. Prof Marthinette Slabber, Dr Corinna
Walsh, Mrs Ronette Lategan and Ms Lucia Motseki are still performing research on the effect of diet
treatment, exercise and/or treatment with medication, as well as an investigation in order to establish
baseline data.
Diabetes mellitus (Type II) is dramatically on the increase, and the vital role of diet and exercise in the
prevention and treatment of the condition is emphasised. Prof Slabber, Ms Hilana Taljaardt and Ms
Elza Hunter performed an investigation on the knowledge of health personnel who instruct patients on
dietary adjustments with regard to the latest dietary guidelines for diabetics, and the role the inclusion
of sugar might have in the dietary control of diabetes.
The incidence of malnutrition among preschool children from particularly low socio-economic groups
causes concern, not only in South Africa, but in the Bloemfontein area as well. Since 1997, under the
guidance of Prof André Dannhauser and Mrs Susan Kruger, two lay nutrition workers from the area and
the final years students, a Nutritional Intervention Programme has been running in Mangaung among
preschool children and their minders in order to improve the nutritional knowledge and practices of
the minders, thus aiding the nutritional status of preschool children. In 2003, Dr Walsh received an
National Research Foundation (NRF) grant to perform further follow-up work with regard to the existing
Nutritional Intervention Programme.
The year of the disabled focussed the attention on the needs of the disabled. Prof Dannhauser, Dr
Walsh and co-workers, in collaboration with Prof Venter of the Department of Paediatrics and Child
Health, conducted an investigation on the nutritional status and related environmental factors of
disabled children from the ages 8 to 15 years in Bloemfontein. Dietary recommendations were drawn
up from the results.
HIV/AIDS is a public health problem in South Africa, and the vital role of nutrition in the treatment
of AIDS enjoys worldwide recognition. Dr Walsh and co-workers investigated the differences in the
42

nutritional status, including the iron status of HIV+ and AIDS females between the ages 25 to 400
years in Mangaung. Guidelines for nutritional intervention could be drawn up from the results of the
studies.
Mamma carcinoma is a common occurrence. Prof Dannhauser and Ms René Smalberger investigated
the impact of a dietary treatment programme on the serum albumin concentrations, anthropometrical
status and quality of life of patients with mamma carcinoma during chemotherapeutic treatment.
The vital role of nutrition in optimal sports achievement is generally accepted. Prof Dannhauser, Ms
Elmine du Toit and co-workers investigated the nutritional status of various categories of sportsmen
and -women. From the research results, dietary recommendations were drawn up for the various
groups of sportsmen and -women.
Innovation in educational programmes is the order of the day. Prof Tiny Krause developed a framework
for the teaching and training of undergraduate physiotherapy students. The framework had been
recommended for implementation on a wide scale.
Motor dysfunction is a problem among preschool children. Ms Helena Kriel researched the profile
of motor dysfunction in Grade R preschool children, the management of the problem by nursery
School teachers, and the implementation and evaluation of guidelines on the management of motor
dysfunction at pre-primary schools in Bloemfontein. Important recommendations on the treatment of
these children could be made from the results of the study.
Hypertension is a common cause of death in South Africa. Ms Lorraine Grobler developed a training
video for Health Care workers on exercise therapy for hypertensive patients.
Parkinson’s disease is a serious problem among the elderly. Ms D de Villiers investigated critical
factors for the development and continued growth of support groups for patients with Parkinson’s
disease.
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
Basic research and clinical trials are performed. The latter are becoming increasingly popular,
as it gives doctors and patients access to new medication that would otherwise be unaffordable.
Conventional research is performed against the background of the growing demands on a shrinking
43

personnel corps with regard to increasing workload, both in the form of patient care and student
learning.
Members of the Department of Medical Physics still manage to be international role players with
regard to the application of Monte Carlo techniques to control the accuracy of irradiation treatment of
cancer, and they perform pioneering work in this field.
Several projects are conducted in the Department of Pharmacology to determine the role of the
cytochrome P450-enzyme system in the response and toxicity of medication.
The research activities in the Department of Haematology and Cell Biology revolve around the
development of antithrombotic agents and testing of their effectiveness in various thrombotic models.
There is wide interest in this work, and several collaboration agreements have already been concluded
with international companies.
In the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, research ranges from the fatty acid composition of
different tumours, the effects of magnetic fields on tissues, serum melatonin and cholesterol levels in
cardiac diseases, to the relation between female hormones and bone density in black postmenopausal
women.
In the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the tissue laboratory performs work of excellent quality,
and it is one of only two units in the country that supply freeze-dried biological heart valves used in
the surgical replacement of damaged valves.
Members of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology perform research in several fields,
including screening tests for cervical cancer in developing countries, and genital prolapse.
In the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health the emphasis is on children with special needs, the
prognosis and outcome of children with a variety of cancers, and a psycho-training programme for
children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
In the Department of Psychiatry, research inter alia include the following: Screening for pathological
gambling habits, the incidence of rape and mental illness in the free state, and the clinical manifestation
of mental disturbances such as depression, anxiety disturbances, manias and substance abuse in
Sesotho speakers in Bloemfontein.
44

SCHOOL OF NURSING
In order to compare different methods of determining pregnancy stages, a group of 208 prenatal
women were selected from a primary health care clinic in Bloemfontein. Fundal height was determined
according to both the symphysis height measurement method and the abdominal week estimation
method. Mrs Y Janse van Rensburg in collaboration with Mrs D Botha (study-leader) compared these
two methods with sonar dates to determine whether a specific method during a particular stage of
pregnancy was more accurate. Calculation suggests that the symphysis fundus height measurement
method is more accurate during the second trimester of pregnancy. In the third trimester of pregnancy
both the abdominal week estimation method and the symphysis fundus height measurement method
appear to be accurate up to 36 weeks duration of pregnancy. After 36 weeks duration of pregnancy,
the abdominal week classification method appears to be more accurate.
Prof P du Rand undertook research to determine the need for occupational health services in
Bloemfontein. Small and medium operations generally do not have the services of an occupational
health nurse at their disposal. Principal findings revealed that managers and employees did not
have any knowledge of occupational health. Managers were also not well-informed on the possible
occupational hazards in their concerns, but reacted positively and expressed the need for services.
Employees were aware of occupational hazards to a certain degree, and also expressed a need
for service. The main reason for the absence of services is related to affordability. One of the
observations was that the occupational health nurses had a responsibility to provide the employers
and employees with the necessary information.
In a phenomenological investigation of experiences of pregnancy by unmarried adolescents in
Maseru, Dr L van Rhyn and Ms TV Lehana found that several social and psychological consequences
are associated with the transition into motherhood of adolescent pregnancies, and that this could
complicate future adjustment to life. A qualitative study was performed with a view to study and
describe the experiences of unmarried adolescents in Maseru, and to establish guidelines for a
possible educational and counselling programme for these adolescents. The respondents reported
that they experienced the confirmation of their pregnancy with a combination of disbelief, confusion
and shame. The data were grouped in four main categories, namely emotions, relations, physical
problems and religion. Positive and negative experiences were described. All the respondents who
were still at school, had to leave school. Recommendations include the following: Each pregnant
adolescent who comes to a clinic or section for outpatients must receive counselling or be referred
for counselling. Prenatal education must provide preparatory guidance with regard to the maternal
role.
45

The transmission of HIV/AIDS from mother to child is the principal cause of HIV/AIDS in children
and child mortality. Two thirds of children with HIV/AIDS are infected during the intrapartum period.
The aim of Dr L Roets’ study (in collaboration with a fourth year B.Soc.Sc. research group) was to
determine what intervention registered midwives in provincial obstetric units in Bloemfontein apply
to reduce the risk of intrapartum transmission of HIV/AIDS from mother to child. Findings were inter
alia that midwives did not implement intervention, the reason being poor knowledge and skills, which
indicate deficiencies in curricula of training institutions in Bloemfontein, as well as lack of knowledge
regarding the recent policy in provincial institutions in Bloemfontein. It was therefore concluded that
midwives did not have a positive impact on child mortality.
Whilst there is a significant body of research on outcomes of problem-based learning programmes,
there is little information regarding the outcomes of community-oriented programmes (COL) for
nursing students. Dr L van Rhyn was involved in a research project regarding COL programmes
in four university schools of nursing. This research sought to describe, evaluate and compare the
outcomes of graduates from these four universities with graduates who had followed conventional
programmes.
Dr Lily van Rhyn researched the role and function of nurses in the prevention and management of
child abuse. The task of the nurse in preventing abuse already starts at the antenatal clinic and the
labour ward where one has to identify mothers at risk, for example unmarried mothers, pregnant
teenagers, mothers with mental health, physical, and/or social problems. Nurses have specific
tasks during the prenatal-, intrapartum- and postpartum periods. The professional nurse as member
of the multidisciplinary team should be able to detect cases of child abuse at an early stage, as
he/she comes into contact with children in the daily working environments, e.g. children’s wards in
hospitals, emergency departments, poly- and baby clinics, outpatient departments, school clinics
and community services. The health care delivered by nurses at the primary level is complex, and
many problems such as understaffing; patients waiting for hours to be helped and a primary focus on
acute health problems are experienced. This research addressed some of the challenges for nurses
regarding their roles in the prevention and early detection of abuse in a problematic health system.
Since 1994, there has been a spate of legislation and resultant structures and processes influencing
education, training and development in healthcare. The South African Qualifications Authority Act
spearheaded much of the new development, and was introduced during a transitional phase when
uncertainty, insecurity and confusion of roles appeared to be the order of the day in healthcare. In the
book Education for Better Health, Sharon Vasuthevan, Prof Marlene Viljoen (Editors) in cooperation
with Prof Yvonne Botma, Prof Magda Mulder and other authors who are experts in their fields, provide
46

a lucid explanation of current legislation, paying specific attention to healthcare. The primary objective
of the book is to clarify the legislative and policy environment within which healthcare professionals
operate. This accessible, user-friendly text provides a quick reference to law and learning paradigms
and aims to show the connection between new procedures and structures and the learning system.
Education for Better Health outlines quality assurance and assessment procedures and is an essential
companion for all healthcare professionals, particularly those involved in education, training and
development.
FAKULTEIT
GESONDHEIDSWETENSKAPPE
Prof Letticia Moja
Dekaan
SKOOL VIR AANVULLENDE GESONDHEIDSBEROEPE
Enkele van die navorsingstemas in die Skool is: die interaksie tussen vetsug en infertiliteit; die hoë
voorkoms van diabetes mellitus; wanvoeding onder voorskoolse kinders en skoolkinders; gestremde
kinders; MIV/VIGS; mammakarsinoom, die rol van voeding in die voorkoming van lewenstylsiektes;
die belangrikheid vanvoeding in sportprestasie; die ontwikkeling van ‘n raamwerk vir die onderrig
en opleiding van fisioterapiestudente; die belangrikheid en rol van fisioterapie in die behandeling
van sportbeserings; ondersoek en ontwikkeling van nuwe fisioterapeutiese behandelingstegnieke;
ondersoek na kritiese faktore vir die ontwikkeling en groei van ondersteuningsgroepe vir pasiënte met
Parkinson se siekte, en die kennis en houding ten opsigte van vryetydsbesteding van bejaardes met
Parkinson se siekte.
Vetsugtige vroue is minder vrugbaar as vroue met normale massa. Prof Marthinette Slabber, dr
Corinna Walsh, mev Ronette Lategan en me Lucia Motseki is steeds besig om navorsing te doen oor
die invloed van dieetbehandeling, oefening en/of behandeling met medikasie, asook ‘n ondersoek ten
einde basislyndata daar te stel.
Diabetes mellitus (Tipe II) neem dramaties toe, en die belangrike rol van dieet en oefening in die
voorkoming en behandeling van die toestand word beklemtoon. Prof Slabber, me Hilana Taljaardt en
me Elza Hunter het ondersoek ingestel na die kennis van gesondheidspersoneel wat diabete onderrig
47

oor dieetaanpassing oor die nuutste dieetriglyne vir diabete, en die rol wat die insluiting van suiker in
die dieetkontrole van diabetes mag hê.
Die voorkoms van wanvoeding onder voorskoolse kinders uit veral lae sosio-ekonomiese groepe is ‘n
bron van kommer, nie slegs in SA nie, maar ook in die Bloemfontein omgewing. Sedert 1997 word
daar onder leiding van Prof André Dannhauser, mev Susan Kruger, twee leke voedingwerkers uit die
omgewing en die finalejaar dieetkunde studente ‘n Voedingsintervensieprogram in Mangaung onder
die voorskoolse kinders en hul oppassers aangebied om die voedingkennis en -praktyke van die
oppassers te verbeter en sodoende die voedingstatus van die voorskoolse kinders te bevorder. In
2003 het dr Walsh ‘n NRF toekenning gekry om verdere opvolgwerk met betrekking tot die bestaande
Voedingintervensieprogram te doen.
Die jaar van die gestremde het die aandag op behoeftes van gestremdes gefokus. Prof Dannhauser,
dr Walsh en medewerkers het in samewerking met prof Venter van Pediatrie ondersoek ingestel
na die voedingstatus en verwante omgewingsfaktore van gestremde kinders van 8 tot 15 jaar in
Bloemfontein. Uit die resultate is dieetaanbevelings saamgestel.
MIV/VIGS is ‘n openbare gesondheidsprobleem in SA en die belangrike rol van voeding in die
behandeling van VIGS word wêreldwyd erken. Dr Walsh en medewerkers het ondersoek ingestel
na verskille in die voedingstatus, insluitend die ysterstatus van MIV+ en MIV-vroue tussen die
ouderdomme van 25 tot 44 jaar in Mangaung. Riglyne vir voedingintervensie kan uit die resultate van
die studies opgestel word.
Mammakarsinoom word algemeen aangetref. Prof Dannhauser en me René Smalberger stel
ondersoek in na die impak van ‘n dieetbehandelingsprogram op die serumalbumienkonsentr
asies, antropometriese status en lewenskwaliteit van pasiënte met mammakarsinoom tydens
chemoterapeutiese behandeling.
Die belangrike rol van voeding in bereiking van optimale sportprestasie word algemeen aanvaar.
Prof Dannhauser, me Elmine du Toit en medewerkers het ondersoek ingestel na die voedingstatus
van verkillende kategorieë sportlui. Dieetaanbevelings vir die verskillende groepe sportlui is uit die
navorsingsresultate saamgestel.
Vernuwing in onderrigprogramme is aan die orde van die dag. Prof Tiny Krause het ‘n raamwerk vir
die onderrig en opleiding van voorgraadse fisioterapiestudente ontwikkel. Die raamwerk is vir wye
48

implementering aanbeveel.
Motoriese disfunksie is ‘n probleem onder voorskoolse kinders. Me Helena Kriel stel ondersoek in na
die profiel van motoriese disfunksie by Graad R voorskoolse kinders, die hantering van die probleem
deur kleuterskoolonderwysers, en die implementering en evaluering van riglyne oor die hantering
van motoriese disfunksie by preprimêre skole in Bloemfontein. Belangrike aanbevelings oor die
behandeling van hierdie kinders behoort uit die resultate van die studie gemaak te kan word.
Hipertensie is ‘n algemene oorsaak van sterfe in SA. Me Lorraine Grobler ontwikkel ‘n opleidingsvideo
vir Gesondheidsorgwerkers oor oefeningterapie vir hipertensiewe pasiënte.
Parkinson se siekte is ‘n ernstige probleem onder bejaardes. Me D de Villiers ondersoek kritiese
faktore vir die ontwikkeling en verdere groei van ondersteuningsgroepe vir pasiënte met Parkinson
se siekte.
SKOOL VIR GENEESKUNDE
Basiese navorsing en kliniese proewe word gedoen. Laasgenoemde word toenemend gewild omdat
dit geneeshere en pasiënte toegang gee tot nuwe geneesmiddels wat andersins onbekostigbaar sou
wees. Konvensionele navorsing word gedoen teen die agtergrond van toenemende eise wat aan ‘n
kleinerwordende personeelkorps gestel word as gevolg van ‘n toename in werkslading, beide in die
vorm van pasiëntsorg en studente-opleiding.
Lede van die Departement Mediese Fisika slaag steeds daarin om internasionale rolspelers te wees ten
opsigte van die toepassing van Monte Carlo-tegnieke om die akkuraatheid van stralingsbehandeling
van kanker te beheer, en lewer baanbrekerswerk op die gebied.
In die Departement Farmakologie word verskeie projekte geloods om die rol van die sitochroom P450ensiemstelsel
in die respons en toksisiteit van geneesmiddels te bepaal.
Die navorsingsaktiwiteite in die Departement Hematologie en Selbiologie sentreer rondom die ontwikkeling
van antitrombotiese middels en toetsing van hulle effektiwiteit in verskillende trombosemodelle. Daar
heers groot belangstelling in hierdie werk en verskeie samewerkingsooreenkomste met internasionale
maatskappye is reeds gesluit.
49

In die departement Basiese Mediese Wetenskappe strek die navorsing vanaf die vetsuursamestelling
van verskillende tumore, die effekte van magneetvelde op weefsels, serum-melatonien- en
cholesterolvlakke in hartvatsiektes, tot die verband tussen vroulike hormone en beendigtheid in swart
postmenopousale vroue.
In die Departement Kardiotorakschirurgie lewer die weefsellaboratorium werk van hoogstaande gehalte
en dit is een van slegs twee eenhede in die land wat gevriesdroogde biologiese hartkleppe verskaf
waarmee beskadigde kleppe chirurgies vervang kan word.
Lede van die Departement Ginekologie en Obstetrie doen navorsing op verskeie terreine, wat die
volgende insluit: Siftingstoetse vir servikale kanker in ontwikkelende lande en genitale prolaps.
In die Departement Pediatrie en Kindergesondheid word veral klem gelê op kinders met spesiale
behoeftes, die prognose en uitkoms van kinders met ‘n verskeidenheid van kankers, en ‘n psigoopleidingsprogram
vir kinders met ‘n aandagtekort-hiperaktiwiteitsversteuring.
In die Departement Psigiatrie sluit die navorsingsaktiwiteite ondermeer die volgende in: sifting vir
patologiese dobbelgewoontes, die voorkoms van verkragting en geestesiekte in die Vrystaat, en die
kliniese manifestasie van geestestorings soos depressie, angsstoornisse, manie en substansmisbruik
by Sesotho-sprekers in Bloemfontein.
SKOOL VIR VERPLEEGKUNDE
Ten einde verskillende metodes om swangerskapstadiums te bepaal te vergelyk, is ‘n groep van
208 voorgeboorte-vroue is van ‘n primêregesondheidsorg-kliniek in Bloemfontein geselekteer.
Fundale hoogte is volgens beide die simfise-fundushoogte metingsmetode en die abdominaleweekindelingsmetode
bepaal. Mev Y Janse van Rensburg in samewerking met Mev D Botha
(studieleier), het genoemde twee metodes met sonardatums vergelyk om te bepaal of ‘n bepaalde
metode tydens ‘n spesifieke stadium van swangerskap meer akkuraat is. Na raming skyn die simfisefundushoogte
metingsmetode meer akkuraat tydens die tweede trimester van swangerskap te wees.
In die derde trimester van swangerskap neig beide die abdominale-weekindelingsmetode sowel as
die simfise-fundushoogte metingsmetode akkuraat tot op 36-weke-swangerskapsduur te wees. Na
36-weke-swangerskapsduur skyn die abdominale-weekindelingsmetode meer akkuraat te wees.
50

Prof P du Rand het navorsing onderneem om die behoefte aan beroepsgesondheidsdienste in
Bloemfontein te bepaal. Oor die algemeen beskik klein en medium bedrywe nie oor die dienste
van ‘n beroepsgesondheidsverpleegkundige nie. Hoofbevindinge het uitgewys dat bestuurders en
werknemers nie oor kennis van beroepsgesondheid beskik nie. Bestuurders was ook nie op hoogte
van moontlike beroepsgevare in hul bedrywe nie, maar het positief gereageer en die behoefte aan
dienste uitgespreek. Werknemers was tot ‘n mate bewus van beroepsgevare en het ook ‘n behoefte
aan diens uitgespreek. Die hoofrede vir afwesigheid van dienste is die bekostigbaarheid daarvan.
Een van die waarnemings was dat die beroepsgesondheidverpleegkundiges ‘n groot taak het om die
nodige inligting aan werkgewers en werknemers te verskaf.
In ‘n fenomenologiese ondersoek na belewenisse van swangerskap deur ongetroude adolessente
in Maseru, het dr L van Rhyn en me TV Lehana bevind dat verskeie sosiale en sielkundige gevolge
met adolessente swangerskappe se oorgang na moederskap gepaard gaan, en dat dit latere
lewensaanpassing kan bemoeilik. ‘n Kwalitatiewe studie is onderneem met die doel om die
belewenisse van swanger ongetroude adolessente in Maseru te ondersoek en te beskryf en om
riglyne vir ‘n moontlike opvoedkundige en beradingsprogram vir hierdie adolessente daar te stel. Die
respondente het gerapporteer dat hulle die bevestiging van hul swangerskap met ‘n kombinasie van
ongeloof, verwarring en skaamte beleef het. Die data is in vier hoofkategorieë gegroepeer, naamlik
emosies, verhoudings, fisiese probleme en geloof. Positiewe en negatiewe ervarings is beskryf. Al
die respondente wat nog op skool was, moes die skool verlaat. Aanbevelings sluit ddie volgende in:
Elke swanger adolessent wat na die kliniek of afdeling vir buitepasiënte kom moet berading ontvang
of vir berading verwys word. Prenatale opvoeding moet voorbereidende leiding ten opsigte van die
moederlike rol bied.
Die oordrag van MIV/VIGS vanaf moeder na kind is die hoofoorsaak van MIV/VIGS in kinders en
kindermortaliteit. Twee derdes van kinders met MIV/VIGS word gedurende die intrapartum periode
geïnfekteer. Die doel van Dr L Roets se studie (in samewerking met ‘n vierderjaar B.Soc.Sc.
navorsingsgroep) was om te bepaal watter tussentrede geregistreerde vroedvroue in provinsiale
obstetriese eenhede in Bloemfontein toepas om die risiko van intrapartum oordrag van MIV/VIGS
vanaf moeder na kind te verlaag. Bevindinge was onder andere dat vroedvroue nie tussentredes
implimenteer nie. Die rede daarvoor is gebrekkige kennis en vaardighede, wat dui op leemtes in
kurrikula van opleidingsinstansies, asook die gebrek aan kennis van die resente beleid in provinsiale
instansies in Bloemfontein. Die gevolgtrekking is dus dat vroedvroue nie ‘n positiewe impak op
kindermortaliteit het nie.
51

Alhoewel daar ‘n betekenisvolle navorsingskern oor die uitkomste van probleemgebaseerde programme
bestaan, is daar min inligting met betrekking tot die uitkoms van gemeenskapsgeoriënteerde
programme (GBL) vir verpleegkundestudente. Dr L van Rhyn was betrokke by ‘n navorsingsprojek
oor GBL programme in die verpleegkundeskole by vier universiteite. Hierdie navorsing wou die
uitkomste van gegradueerdes vanaf daardie vier universiteite met gegradueerdes wat komvensionele
programme gevolg het beskryf, evalueer en vergelyk.
Die rol en funksie van verpleegkundiges in die voorkoming en hantering van kindermishandeling
is deur Dr Lily van Rhyn ondersoek. Die taak van die verpleegkundige in die voorkoming van
mishandeling begin alreeds by die voorgeboortekliniek en die kraamsaal waar ‘n mens moeders wat
‘n risiko inhou moet identifiseer, byvoorbeeld ongehude moeders, swanger tienderjariges, moeders
met geestesgesondheids-, fisiese en/of sosiale probleme. Verpleegkundiges het bepaalde take
gedurende die prenatale, intrapartum en postpartum periodes. As lid van die multidissiplinêre span
moet die professionele verpleegkundige in staat wees om gevalle van kindermishandeling op ‘n vroeë
stadium waar te neem aangesien hulle in hul daaglikse werksomgewing met kinders in aanraking kom,
bv. kindersale in hospitale, noodgevalle-afdelings, poli-en babaklinieke, buitepasiëntdepartemente,
skoolklinieke en gemeenskapsdienste. Die dienslewering van verpleegkundiges op primêre vlak is
kompleks, en vele probleme, soos personeeltekorte, pasiënte wat vir ure wag om gehelp te word en
‘n primêre fokus op akute gesondheidsprobleme word ondervind. Hierdie navorsing het sommige
van die uitdagings vir verpleegkundiges met betrekking tot hulle rol in die voorkoming en vroegtydige
waarneming van mishandeling in ‘n problematiese gesondheidstelsel aangespreek.
Sedert 1994 was daar ‘n stortvloed van wetgewing en gevolglike strukture en prosesse wat ‘n
invloed op onderwys, opleiding en ontwikkeling in gesondheidsorg gehad het. Die Suid-Afrikaanse
Kwalifikasieowerheidswet was aan die spits van baie van die nuwe ontwikkelings, en het in werking
getree gedurende ‘n oorgangsfase, toe onsekerheid, onveiligheid en verwarring van rolle skynbaar
aan die orde van die dag in gesondheidsorg was. In die boek Education for Better Health, Sharon
Vasuthevan, prof Marlene Viljoen (Redakteurs) in samewerking met prof Yvonne Botma, prof Magda
Mulder en ander outeurs wat kundiges op hulle gebied is, word ‘n duidelike uiteensetting van huidige
wetgewing gebied, met spesifieke verwysing na gesondheidsorg. Die hoofdoel van die boek is om
die wetlike en beleidsomgewing waarbinne professionele gesondheidsorgwerkers diens verrig duidelik
te maak. Hierdie toeganklike, gebruikersvriendelike teks bied ‘n vinnige verwysing na die wet en
leerparadigmas, en poog om die verband tussen nuwe prosedures en strukture in die leerstelsel uit te
wys. Education for Better Health bied ‘n oorsig oor kwaliteitsversekering en assesseringsprosedures,
en is ‘n noodsaaklike metgesel vir alle professionele gesondheidsorgwerkers, veral diegene wat in
onderwys, opleiding en ontwikkeling betrokke is.
52

Prof Johan Henning
FACULTY
OF LAW
Prof Johan Henning
Dean
Office of the Dean: Prof Johan Henning was involved in the reformation of partnership law in particular
in the United Kingdom, with the focus on initiatives of the British and Scottish Law Commissions with
regard to the modernisation of the Partnership Act, 1890, and the Limited Partnership Act, 1907.
In view of the close links between the different legal systems these legal developments are vitally
important, not only for South Africa, but for all other member countries of the Commonwealth. Apart
from the eight papers presented at professional congresses, Prof Henning published six full-length
articles in law research journals, on topics such as the history and development of partnership en
commandite in South Africa, the limited partnership in the United Kingdom and the GmbH & Co KG
in Germany and the recent development of the limited liability partnership in the USA and the UK,
as well as the concurrence of corporative control systems in SADC (Southern African Development
Community) on the basis of the OHADA and COMESA examples.
53

Roman Law, Legal History and Comparative Law: Prof HA Wessels’s English translation of Felicius-
Boxelius’s Tractatus de Societate (1666) was finalised for publication in the Transaction series of the
Centre for Business Law. Preparations also commenced for the establishment of the Unit for Legal
Historical Research, which will be run in close co-operation with other sections of the Faculty.
Mercantile Law: Prof Snyman-Van Deventer and Mrs Ellis serve on the editorial staff of the series
Transactions of the Centre for Business Law, and Prof Snyman-Van Deventer is the editor of the
Journal for Estate Planning Law. Prof Du Plessis, Prof Snyman-Van Deventer, Adv Oosthuizen and
Mr Deacon delivered international conference lectures. Prof Snyman-Van Deventer is one of the first
staff members of the Faculty to receive NRF grading.
Constitutional Law and Legal Philosophy: Important contributions included the Employment Equity
Research Project, which produced the first South African textbook in this field of the law (by Profs
JL Pretorius and CG Ngwena, and Adv ME Klinck), as well as a textbook on International Human
Rights Standards (by Profs JL Pretorius and HA Strydom, and Adv ME Klinck). The Department
published 16 articles in journals and 6 chapters in recognised books. These include research relating
to constitutional issues emanating from eminent historical sources, and aimed at linking these theories
to contemporary legal and societal concerns. Lending depth to the Department’s diverse field of
research is the publication of the first volume of a book on the plight of women and children during
the Second Anglo-Boer War, as well as the completion of two voluminous master’s theses relating
to medieval and post-medieval constitutional theories. Prof CG Ngwena presented various papers
at several local conferences and workshops and visited Ethiopia for the facilitation of a workshop on
unsafe abortion, as well as Nigeria, the United Kingdom and India for the delivery of papers in the
fields of HIV/AIDS and reproductive and sexual health rights.
Private Law: Mr Bradley Smith presented an international conference lecture, and co-authored
an accredited article together with Adv Rita-Marie Jansen. Adv Jansen’s research was directed at
indigenous family law, with particular reference to the legal position of the black woman. Mr Brand
Claassen was the manager of the Journal for Juridical Science, and Mr Smith has been involved in
the Journal since 2003.
Procedural Law and Law of Evidence: Research is being conducted on various aspects, namely
Children’s Rights, the Rights of Accused and Trial Procedures in Criminal Trials. Adv Reyneke and
Kruger attended the course to obtain the Certificate in Children’s Rights, which was presented by the
University of Pretoria from 14 – 16 August, and both candidates completed successfully. Adv Reyneke
54

was also nominated as the best student, with an average of 93%. Their successful completion of
this course means that the unit can now present this certificate course from 2004. Adv Reyneke and
Kruger also attended a workshop on the abolition of corporal punishment as method of punishment
used by parents.
Criminal and Medical Law: Research projects and centres in this department include: Legal and
ethical aspects of HIV/AIDS; Research regarding stem cells, embryos and cloning; International
Criminal Law and the International Criminal Law Court; the Mangaung Child Justice Centre; the
Tshepong Centre for Victims of Family Violence and Sexual Offences, and the development of and
legal problems regarding the legalisation of prostitution in South Africa.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
‘n Poskaart van die hoofgebou uit die vorige eeu.
55

FAKULTEIT
REGSGELEERDHEID
Prof Johan Henning
Dekaan
Dekaanskantoor: Prof Johan Henning was betrokke by die hervorming van veral die vennootskapsreg
in die Verenigde Koninkryk, met die fokus op inisiatiewe van die Britse en Skotse Regskommissies
rakende die modernisering van die Partnership Act, 1890, en die Limited Partnership Act, 1907.
In die lig van die noue bande tussen die verskillende regstelsels is hierdie regsontwikkelings van
die uiterste belang, nie alleen vir Suid-Afrika nie, maar vir elke ander lidland van die Gemenebes.
Benewens die agt referate gelewer by vakkundige kongresse, het Prof Henning ook ses vollengteartikels
gepubliseer in regsnavorsingstydskrifte, onder andere oor die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van
die vennootskap en commandite in Suid-Afrika, die beperkte vennootskap in die Verenigde Koninkryk
en die GmbH & Co KG in Duitsland en die onlangse ontwikkeling van die limited liability partnership
in die VSA en VK, asook die sameloop van korporatiewe beheersisteme in SAOG (Suider-Afrikaanse
Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap) aan die hand van die OHADA- en COMESA-voorbeelde.
Romeinse Reg, Regsgeskiedenis en Regsvergelyking: Die Engelse vertaling deur Prof HA Wessels
van Felicius-Boxelius se Tractatus de Societate (1666) is afgerond met die oog op publikasie in die
Mededelingsreeks van die Sentrum vir Ondernemingsreg. ’n Begin is ook gemaak met die aanvoorwerk
vir die oprigting van die Eenheid vir Regshistoriese Navorsing, wat in noue samewerking met ander
geledinge in die Fakulteit bedryf sal word.
Handelsreg: Prof Snyman-Van Deventer en mev Ellis dien op die redaksie van die reeks Mededelings
van die Sentrum vir Ondernemingsreg, en Prof Snyman-Van Deventer is redakteur van die Tydskrif vir
Boedelbeplanningsreg. Prof du Plessis, Prof Snyman-Van Deventer, Adv Oosthuizen en Mnr Deacon
het internasionale konferensievoordragte gelewer. Prof Snyman-Van Deventer is een van die eerste
personeellede van die Fakulteit wat ‘n NNS-gradering ontvang het.
Staatsreg en Regsfilosofie: Belangrike bydraes het ingesluit die Navorsingsprojek oor Gelyke
Indiensneming , wat die eerste Suid-Afrikaanse handboek in hierdie regsveld gegenereer het
(deur Proff JL Pretorius en CG Ngwena, en Adv ME Klinck), asook ‘n handboek oor Internasionale
Menseregtestandaarde (deur Proff JL Pretorius en HA Strydom, en Adv ME Klinck). Die Departement
het 16 artikels in tydskrifte gepubliseer, asook 6 hoofstukke in erkende boeke. Dit sluit in navorsing met
betrekking tot konstitusionele aangeleenthede wat voortvloei uit toonaangewende historiese bronne,
56

gerig op die koppeling van hierdie teorieë aan hedendaagse wetlike en samelewingsaangeleenthede.
Diepte word verleen aan die Departement se uiteenlopende navorsingsveld deur die publikasie van
die eerste volume van ‘n boek oor die lot van vroue en kinders tydens die Tweede Anglo-Boereoorlog,
asook die voltooiing van twee omvattende meestersgraadverhandelinge oor middeleeuse en namiddeleeuse
konstitusionele teorieë. Prof CG Ngwena het verskeie referate gelewer by ‘n aantal
plaaslike kongresse en werkwinkels, en het ook ‘n besoek gebring aan Ethiopië vir die fasilitering van
‘n werkwinkel oor onveilige aborsie, asook aan Nigerië, die Verenigde Koninkryk en Indië om referate
te lewer oor MIV/VIGS, asook die reg op voortplantings- en seksuele gesondheid.
Privaatreg: Mnr Bradley Smith het ‘n internasionale konferensievoordrag gelewer, en was saam met
Adv Rita-Marie Jansen mede-outeur van ‘n geakkrediteerde artikel. Adv Jansen se navorsing was
op die inheemse familiereg gerig, veral die regsposisie van die swart vrou. Mnr Brand Claassen
was bestuurder van die Tydskrif vir Regswetenskap, en Mnr Smith is sedert 2003 betrokke by die
Tydskrif.
Proses- en Bewysreg: Navorsing word gedoen oor verskeie aspekte, naamlik Kinderregte, Regte
van Beskuldigdes en Verhoorprosedures in Strafverhore. Advv Reyneke en Kruger het die kursus
bygewoon om die Sertifikaat in Kinderregte te bekom wat van 14 – 16 Augustus deur die Universiteit
van Pretoria aangebied is, en albei kandidate het dit suksesvol voltooi. Adv Reyneke is ook aangewys
as die beste student, met ‘n gemiddeld van 93%. Hulle suksesvolle deurloping van hierdie kursus
beteken dat die eenheid nou van 2004 af hierdie sertifikaatkursus kan aanbied. ‘n Werkwinkel oor die
afskaffing van lyfstraf as a strafmetode wat deur ouers gebruik word, is ook deur advv Reyneke en
Kruger bygewoon.
Straf- en Geneeskundige Reg: Navorsingsprojekte en –sentra in die departement sluit in: Regsetiese
aspekte van MIV/VIGS; Stamselnavorsing, navorsing op embrio’s en kloning; Internasionale Strafreg en
die Internasionale Strafhof; die Mangaung Child Justice Centre; die Tshepong Sentrum vir Slagoffers
van Gesinsgeweld en Seksuele Misdrywe, en die ontwikkeling van en die regsproblematiek in verband
met die wettiging van prostitusie in Suid-Afrika.
57

Prof Herman van Schalkwyk
FACULTY OF NATURAL-
AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Prof Herman van Schalkwyk
Dean
Since 2003 also marks the centenary of the University of the Free State, it is perhaps time to reflect on
research, and particularly research development, in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences.
Many of the departments in the Natural Sciences can trace their origins back to the founding of the
university as the Grey University College on 28 January 1904. These departments have a long,
illustrious history, which is borne out by the great leaders they produced, particularly in the research
field.
On 21 March 1958, Minister SP le Roux saw his ideal realised when he officiated at the laying of the
corner stone of the Agricultural building. At this occasion, he stressed: “a nation that takes care of
its agriculture, takes care of its future”. Today these inspired words, a source of inspiration to all
researchers, are proudly displayed on the entrance podium of the Agriculture building. Since the
58

establishment of the Faculty of Agriculture in 1958 it has been an integral part of the sector within
which it functions, and the issues of each period largely determined the type of research that was
undertaken. In this way, significant contributions were made in the struggle to make agriculture more
competitive.
On 1 April 2000, Natural Sciences and Agriculture merged to become the new Faculty of Natural
and Agricultural Sciences. This step resulted in greater co-operation between and, in some cases,
merging of departments. These larger departments now have an increased joint capacity, which
gives them the advantages in terms of scale to (1) launch a wide variety of research projects, and
(2) analyse problems is a multi-disciplinary way, which promotes improved formulation and thorough
consideration of solutions.
The spirit of renewal and creative research in the faculty is constantly generating more ideas, thus
keeping the faculty in line with the latest issues and research techniques. The following examples of
new research avenues that were opened up, can be highlighted:
• the GMO laboratory in the Department of Plant Sciences
• the Centre for Disaster Management
• the Chair in International Agricultural Marketing and Development
• the BloemWater Chair in Water Environmental Management
• the Centre for Plant Health Management
• the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
• Research Programme in Biotechnology
• The South African Fryer Oil Initiative.
Present and future research output generally emanates from the investment of a great deal of time,
capital and energy. Thus, a department’s research focus, which often develops over many years,
determines the output that will be produced.
The Department of Zoology and Entomology is known for its work on aquatic parasitology in the
Okavango. Other areas of research include animal behaviour in arid and semi-arid areas, forensic
entomology, black fly control in the Vaal/Orange River irrigation schemes, biosystematics and
ecological research on spiders. The research programme of the Department of Microbial, Biochemical
and Food Biotechnology ranges from food biotechnology to molecular biotechnology. Research on
fermentation biotechnology began in the 1970’s, and resulted in the establishment of the Sasol
59

Centre for Biotechnology in 1984. In 1996, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO) awarded an industrial biotechnology MIRCEN (Microbiological Resource
Centre) to the department. In 2000, the department became a participant in a programme concerning
life in extreme environments. Since then, the UFS has accommodated workshops on the biological
applications of deep underground microbial investigations, on an annual basis.
In a recent research project by the Department of Plant Sciences, it was found that ozone damages
sunflower and tobacco. Phylogenetic relationships among South African members of the grass
subfamily Chloridoideae were investigated with regard to molecular structure, and a large number
of chromosome numbers was determined. The Centre for Environmental Management obtained the
BloemWater Chair in 2003, and focuses particularly on water environmental management.
The first publication out of the Department of Chemistry was written by Prof Max Rindl in 1913.
Today, the department boasts an average of more than 20 publications per year, as well as various
patents. Its former students are leading scientists in the academic as well as industrial fields. Since
1995, the Department of Physics has been experiencing one of its most productive research periods.
Several industrial projects were launched and completed successfully, and the department has
become known as a surface characterisation/segregation unit. During this time, numerous important
milestones were also achieved with regard to the revitalisation of the UFS-Boyden Observatory as an
astrophysics research facility.
New research avenues opened up by the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics
include Financial Mathematics and Graph Theory. The Department of Mathematical Statistics is
presently focusing particularly on Eskom projects related to the generation of hydro-electric power.
Statistical models were drawn up to predict the inflow of water into the Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams.
Other projects include statistical models for the analysis of HIV data, as well as a Flemish-SA project
on extreme value models for analyses of data such as large insurance claims, etc.
Recent research in the Department of Geology is, in many ways, a continuation of previous projects
such as research on the Karoo, Bushmanland, Ventersdorp and the Witwatersrand, as well as
mineralogical research. New research endeavours include aspects such as the incidence of uranium
in the Karoo Supergroup and the environmental impact of uranium mines, as well as meteorites and
mineral resource management. The Institute for Groundwater Studies presently specialises in the
modelling of groundwater flow and mass movements, mining geohydrology, groundwater pollution by
organic compounds, the long-term impact of irrigation on groundwater, the development of graphics
60

software and groundwater flow through fractured stone. The Department of Geography is the oldest
geography department in the country. Research in this department focuses on geomorphology, water
resources management and urban studies. Geographical Information Systems is a rapidly growing
research field in the department.
Since information technology changes very rapidly, it is necessary to constantly adjust the research
focus of the Department of Computer Science and Informatics. The department specialises in areas
such as optimal storage techniques for databases, office automation, knowledge-based systems,
performance measurement of local area networks, number theory, computers in community health,
computer-supported education, patient simulation, virtual reality, the interaction between man and
computers, translation, etc.
The Department of Quantity Surveying and Construction Management was recently involved in a
project concerning Measurement Procurement of Buildings. This research was conducted in cooperation
with the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), of the UK. Research to improve
estimate methods and to determine the cost behaviour of building elements was conducted in
co-operation with the Department of Public Works, and was recently completed. The Department
of Urban and Regional Planning was involved in a study about the attitudes and perceptions of
Botshabelo residents with regard to security fences. The department is also involved in research on
the development of a Welkom – Bloemfontein Corridor. The Department of Architecture continued
with its work in the Unit for Earth Construction in 2003.
The Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences is closely involved in the estimation of
genetic parameters and breeding values. Grassland Sciences has received international recognition
for its work on effective water utilisation and sustainable plant production of the grazing ecosystem
in the more arid areas. In its research, the African Large Predator Research Unit (ALPRU) uses large
predators as indicators of the well-being of the natural environment, particularly the habitat and prey
species.
The Department of Agricultural Economics continued its work on agricultural risk management,
effective and sustainable use and management of water and soil, rural development, market research,
policy issues, industrial analyses and precision farming.
The Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences recently completed research on the identification
of frost damage in wheat, the fertilisation of Lachenalia that is produced commercially, the development
61

of alternative crops and increasing the natural disease resistance of crops. Unique research was
done in the field of the hydrological interpretation of South African soils and the effect of crop
cultivation on the organic material of South African soils. According to the research findings the
present crop cultivation practices in the Highveld are not sustainable, since organic material, which
is an important indicator of soil degradation, has declined by more than 50% over the past 50 years.
The focus of Agrometeorology has shifted to intercropping systems for maize and beans in order to
address food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The results indicate that intercropping utilises water
more effectively than single crop cultivation.
The Centre for Sustainable Agriculture is in the final phase of a project that concerns the characterisation
of small-scale livestock production systems in Africa. This study investigates the socio-economic
problems of these farmers and their production systems and/or limitations.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
UFS campus approximately 1912.
62
In 1906 the institution became
known as the Grey University
College (GUC), but shortly
thereafter, the school and
college finally parted ways. By
the following year, the student
body had grown to 29, and the
number of lecturers to 10. In
1910, the Parliament of the
Orange River Colony passed
legislation declaring the
GUC an official educational
institution in the fields of the
Arts and Sciences.

FAKULTEIT NATUUR-
EN LANDBOUWETENSKAPPE
Prof Herman van Schalkwyk
Dekaan
Waar 2003 ook die 100-jarige bestaan van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat kenmerk, is dit dalk
tyd om ’n terugblik te gee oor navorsing en veral navorsingsontwikkeling in die Fakulteit Natuur- en
Landbouwetenskappe.
Baie van die departemente in die Natuurwetenskappe het hulle ontstaan reeds gehad met die stigting
van die universiteit as die Grey Universiteitskollege op 28 Januarie 1904. Hierdie departemente het
‘n lang, trotse geskiedenis, en die groot geeste wat veral op navorsingsgebied opgelewer is, is ‘n
bewys daarvan.
Op 21 Maart 1958 het Minister SP le Roux sy ideaal verwesenlik gesien toe hy die hoeksteenlegging
van die Landbougebou waargeneem het. By hierdie geleentheid het hy met nadruk beklemtoon: “’n
Volk wat vir sy landbou sorg, sorg vir sy toekoms”. Hierdie gevleuelde woorde, ‘n bron van inspirasie
vir elke navorser, pryk vandag op die ingangspodium van die Landbougebou. Sedert die ontstaan
van die Landboufakulteit in 1958 was dit onlosmaaklik deel van die sektor waarin dit funksioneer, en
het die vraagstukke van elke periode grootliks die tipe navorsing wat gedoen is, bepaal. Op hierdie
wyse is groot bydraes gelewer in die stryd om landbou meer mededingend te maak.
Op 1 April 2000 het Natuurwetenskappe en Landbou saamgesmelt om die nuwe Fakulteit Natuur- en
Landbouwetenskappe te vorm. Hierdie stap het gelei tot groter samewerking tussen en, in sommige
gevalle, samesmelting van departemente. Hierdie groter departemente het nou ‘n groter gesamentlike
kapasiteit, wat hulle die skaalvoordele gee om (1) ‘n wye verskeidenheid navorsingsprojekte aan te
pak, en (2) probleme multidissiplinêr te analiseer, wat lei tot baie beter geformuleerde en deurdagte
antwoorde.
Die vernuwende en kreatiewe navorsingsgees in die fakulteit bring voortdurend meer idees na vore,
en hou so die fakulteit in lyn met die nuutste vraagstukke en navorsingstegnieke. Die volgende
voorbeelde van nuwe navorsingsrigtings wat aangepak is , kan uitgelig word:
• GMO-laboratorium in die Departement Plantwetenskappe
• Sentrum vir Rampbestuur
63

• Leerstoel in Internasionale Landboubemarking en Ontwikkeling
• Bloemwater Leerstoel in Wateromgewingsbestuur
• Sentrum vir Plantgesondheidsbestuur
• Sentrum vir Volhoubare Landbou
• Navorsingsprogram in Biotegnologie
• Die Suid-Afrikaanse Kookolie-inisiatief.
Huidige en toekomstige navorsingsuitsette is gewoonlik die resultaat van baie tyd, kapitaal en energie
wat ingesit is. So bepaal die navorsingsfokus van 'n departement, wat dikwels oor baie jare ontwikkel,
watter uitsette gelewer word.
Die Departement Dierkunde en Entomologie is bekend vir hulle werk op akwatiese parasitologie in
die Okavango. Ander areas sluit in dieregedrag in ariede en semi-ariede omgewings, forensiese
entomologie, riviermuggie-beheer in die Vaal/Oranjerivier besproeiingskemas, biosistematiek
en ekologiese navorsing op spinnekoppe. Die Departement Mikrobiese, Biochemiese en
Voedselbiotegnologie se navorsingsprogram strek van voedselbiotegnologie tot molekulêre
biotegnologie. Navorsing oor fermentasie-biotegnologie het in die 1970’s begin, en het gelei tot die
stigting van die Sasol Sentrum vir Biotegnologie in 1984. In 1996 het die United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) ‘n industriële biotegnologie MIRCEN (Microbiological
Resource Centre) aan die departement toegeken. In 2000 het die departement ‘n deelnemer geword
in ‘n program wat handel oor lewe in ekstreme omgewings. Sedertdien word werkwinkels oor die
biotegnologiese toepassings van diep ondergrondse mikrobiese ondersoeke op ‘n jaarlikse basis
deur die UV gehuisves.
In ‘n onlangse navorsingsprojek by die Departement Plantwetenskappe is gevind dat osoon Helianthus
Riciaus en tabak beskadig. Filogenetiese verwantskappe in Suid-Afrikaanse lede van die grassubfamilie
Chloridoideae is ondersoek op molekulêre gebied, en ‘n groot aantal chromosoomgetalle is bepaal.
Die Sentrum vir Omgewingsbestuur het in 2003 die Bloemwater Leerstoel gekry, en fokus veral op
wateromgewingsbestuur.
Die eerste publikasie vanuit die Departement Chemie het in 1913 verskyn, uit die pen van Prof
Max Rindl. Vandag publiseer die departement gemiddeld meer as 20 publikasies per jaar, en
spog met verskeie patente. Sy voormalige studente is leierwetenskaplikes in die akademie sowel
as die nywerheid. Vanaf 1995 ervaar die Departement Fisika een van sy mees produktiewe
navorsingsperiodes. Verskeie industriële projekte is aangepak en suksesvol afgehandel, en die
64

departement het bekendheid verwerf as oppervlakkarakteriserings-/segregasie-eenheid. Gedurende
hierdie tydperk is ook etlike belangrike mylpale bereik in die hervestiging van die UV-Boyden Sterrewag
as ‘n astrofisika-navorsingsfasiliteit.
Nuwe navorsingsrigtings wat deur die Departement Wiskunde en Toegepaste Wiskunde aangepak
word, is Finansiële Wiskunde en Grafiekteorie. Die Departement Wiskundige Statistiek se huidige fokus
is veral op Eskom-projekte wat verband hou met hidrokragopwekking. Statistiese modelle is opgestel
om waterinvloei in die Gariep- en Vanderkloofdamme te voorspel. Ander projekte sluit in statistiese
modelle vir die analise van MIV-data, asook ‘n Vlaams-SA projek oor ekstremewaarde-modelle vir
analises van data soos groot assuransie-eise, ens.Onlangse navorsing in die Departement Geologie
is in menige opsig ‘n voortsetting van vorige projekte soos navorsing oor die Karoo, Boesmanland,
Ventersdorp en die Witwatersrand, asook mineralogiese navorsing. Nuwe navorsingspogings sluit
aspekte soos die voorkoms van uranium in die Karoo Supergroep en die omgewingsimpak van
uraniummyne in, asook meteoriete en mineralehulpbronbestuur. Die Instituut vir Grondwaterstudies
spesialiseer tans in die modellering van grondwatervloei en massabewegings, mynbougeohidrologie,
grondwaterbesoedeling deur organiese verbindings, die langtermynimpak van besproeiing op
grondwater, die ontwikkeling van grafiese sagteware en grondwatervloei deur fraktuurgesteentes. Die
Departement Geografie is die oudste geografiedepartement in die land. Navorsing in die departement
fokus op geomorfologie, waterhulpbronbestuur en stedelike studies. Geografiese Inligtingstelsels is
‘n vinnig groeiende navorsingsarea in die departement.
Omdat inligtingstegnologie baie vinnig verander, is dit voortdurend nodig om die navorsingsfokus
van die Departement Rekenaarwetenskap en Informatika aan te pas. Areas waarin die departement
spesialiseer, is optimale storingstegnieke vir databasisse, kantooroutomatisasie, kennisgebaseerde
stelsels, prestasiemeting van lokaleareanetwerke, getalteorie, rekenaars in gemeenskapsgesondheid,
rekenaargesteunde onderrig, pasiëntsimulasie, virtuele realiteit, mens-rekenaar interaksie, vertaling,
ens.
Die Departement Bourekenkunde en Konstruksiebestuur was onlangs betrokke by ‘n projek wat
gehandel het oor “Measurement Procurement of Buildings”. Hierdie navorsing het in samewerking
met die Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) van Engeland plaas gevind. Navorsing om
beramingsmetodes te verbeter en om die kostegedrag van bou-elemente te bepaal, is in samewerking
met die Departement Openbare Werke onderneem en is onlangs afgehandel. Die Departement
Stads- en Streekbeplanning was betrokke by ‘n studie oor die houding en persepsies van inwoners in
Botshabelo ten opsigte van sekuriteitsheinings. Die departement is voorts ook betrokke by navorsing
65

oor die ontwikkeling van ‘n Welkom - Bloemfontein Korridor. Die Departement Argitektuur het in 2003
voortgebou op hulle werk in die Eenheid vir Grondkonstruksie.
Die Departement Vee-, Wild- en Weidingkunde is nou betrokke by die skatting van genetiese
parameters en teelwaardes. Weidingkunde geniet internasionale aansien vir hulle werk oor effektiewe
waterbenutting en volhoubare plantproduksie van die weidingsekosisteem in die meer ariede gebiede.
Die Grootroofdier-navorsingseenheid (ALPRU) gebruik groot roofdiere in hulle navorsing as indikatore
van die welstand van die natuurlike omgewing, veral die habitat en prooisoorte.
Die Departement Landbou-ekonomie sit sy werk oor landbourisikobestuur, effektiewe en volhoubare
gebruik en bestuur van water en grond, landelike ontwikkeling, marknavorsing, beleidsvraagstukke,
industrie-analises en presisieboerdery voort.
Die Departement Grond-, Gewas- en Klimaatwetenskappe het onlangs navorsing afgehandel oor
die identifisering van rypskade by koring, die bemesting van Lachenalia wat kommersieel verbou
word, die ontwikkeling van alternatiewe gewasse en die verhoging van gewasse se natuurlike
weerstand teen siektes. Unieke navorsing is gedoen op die terrein van die hidrologiese interpretasie
van Suid-Afrikaanse grondsoorte en die invloed van gewasverbouing op die organiese materiaal
van Suid-Afrikaanse grondsoorte. Volgens die bevindings is die huidige gewasverbouingspraktyke
op die Hoëveld nie volhoubaar nie, omdat organiese materiaal, wat ‘n belangrike aanwyser van
gronddegradasie is, met meer as 50% gedaal het oor die afgelope 50 jaar. Landbouweerkunde
se fokus het verskuif na tussenverbouingsisteme vir mielies en bone, ten einde voedselsekuriteit in
Afrika suid van die Sahara aan te spreek. Die resultate toon dat tussenverbouing water meer effektief
gebruik as enkelgewasverbouing.
Die Sentrum vir Volhoubare Landbou is in die finale fase van ‘n projek wat handel oor die karakterisering
van kleinskaalse lewendehawe-produksiesisteme in Afrika. Die sosio-ekonomiese problematiek van
hierdie boere en hulle produksiesisteme en/of beperkings word in hierdie studie ondersoek.
66

Above: Prof Gerhardt de Klerk
Right: Prof Louise Cilliers
FACULTY
OF THE HUMANITIES
Prof Gerhardt de Klerk
Dean
In view of the variety of departments and disciplines constituting the Faculty of the Humanities, the
research activities and output of this Faculty reflect topics and issues that cover virtually the total
spectrum of human existence and co-existence.
A number of accredited articles were published about aspects of education, particularly by the
Departments of Comparative Education and Educational Management and Curriculum Studies
respectively. The Research Institute for Education Planning (RIEP) continued its contract research,
which makes a significant contribution to education. The release of the National Report on Systemic
67

Evaluation – Mainstream Education Foundation Phase by the Minister of Education was indeed a
culminating point after RIEP had, as part of a consortium, prepared the report for National Education
following intensive research. Prof Japie Strauss was also invited by UNESCO’s International Institute
for Education Planning to analyse the workshop on the interpretation of the findings of the SACMEQ
report in Mauritius, as well as to attend the finalisation of the report in Paris. He was also invited to
attend a workshop in Paris on the compilation of test items to determine education quality.
A large number of publications were also produced in the languages, particularly in the Department
of Afrikaans and Dutch, German and French. Prof Jackie Naudé of the Department of Afro-Asiatic
Studies, Language Practice and Sign Language is compiling an electronic Bible and religious translation
corpus in all 11 national languages of South Africa. The following analyses are made on the basis
of this corpus: comparisons within a specific translation (for instance between prose and poetry);
between different translations of the same or different periods of a specific language (for instance,
in order to investigate the influence of older translations on new translations); between translations
of the same or different periods of different languages (in order to determine the interference of a
dominant language). National as well as international publications have already been generated by
this research.
A record number of accredited articles were published in the social and cultural sciences. Most of
these originate from the Department of History. In this department, Prof Leo Barnard, in co-operation
with a few colleagues, was also very busy recording the history of the University of the Free State
to be published during the university’s centenary celebrations in 2004. Prof Heidi Hudson from
the Department of Political Science was chosen as one of 16 candidates to take part in a research
project of the Fulbright American Studies Institute Programme on US Foreign Policy, while Prof André
Duvenhage undertook an extremely successful research trip to the University of Sasketchewan in
Canada.
During the year under review, the Centre for Health Systems Research and Development was involved
with quite a number of extensive projects covering significant and interesting themes. One of these
dealt with The socio-economic impact of HIV/Aids on households in South Africa: a pilot study in
Welkom and Qwaqwa. Research on the socio-economic impact of HIV/Aids on households and
communities is essential for formulating both policy and intervention strategies. The goal of this study
was to describe and evaluate the impact of different formal and informal strategies for dealing with
HIV/Aids; to study the macro-economic impact of HIV/Aids, and to propose a framework for the best
practice to improve the quality of life of affected households.
68

Several creative presentations were made in the field of the arts. In this regard, the Department of
Drama and Theatre Arts in particular was very active. Nico Luwes received an award from the Arts
and Culture Trust for his Griqua drama “Maagmeisie”.
The Faculty of the Humanities is proud of the fact that the journal Communitas, with Prof Johan de
Wet as editor, was approved as a nationally accredited journal. Together with the journals Stilet and
the Journal for Contemporary History, three accredited journals are now run in the Faculty.
FAKULTEIT
GEESTESWETENSKAPPE
Prof Gerhardt de Klerk
Dekaan
Vanweë die verskeidenheid departemente en dissiplines waaruit die Fakulteit saamgestel is, weerspieël
Geesteswetenskappe se navorsingsaktiwiteite en –uitsette onderwerpe en vraagstukke wat bykans
die totale spektrum van menswees en die saamleef van mense omspan.
Oor aspekte in die opvoedkunde is ’n hele paar geakkrediteerde artikels gepubliseer, veral deur
die departemente Vergelykende Opvoedkunde en Onderwysbestuur en Kurrikulumstudie. Die
Navorsingsinstituut vir Onderwysbeplanning (NIOB) het sy kontraknavorsing, waardeur ‘n groot bydrae
tot die onderwys gelewer word, voortgesit. Die vrystelling van die National Report on Systemic
Evaluation – Mainstream Education Foundation Phase deur die Minister van Onderwys was inderdaad
‘n hoogtepunt nadat NIOB, as deel van ‘n konsortium, na intensiewe navorsing die verslag vir
Nasionale Onderwys voorberei het. Prof Japie Strauss is ook deur die International Institute for
Education Planning van UNESCO uitgenooi om die werkwinkel in Mauritius oor die interpretasie van
die SACMEQ-verslag se bevindinge te ontleed, asook om die finalisering van die verslag in Parys by
te woon. Hy is ook genooi om ‘n werkwinkel in Parys by te woon oor die samestelling van toetsitems
om onderwysgehalte te bepaal.
In die tale, veral die Departement Afrikaans en Nederlands, Duits en Frans, is eweneens ‘n groot aantal
publikasies gelewer. Prof Jackie Naudé van die Departement Afro-Asiatiese Studie, Taalpraktyk en
Gebaretaal is besig met die opstel van ‘n elektroniese Bybel- en religieuse vertalingskorpus in al 11
nasionale tale van Suid-Afrika. Die volgende analises word met behulp van die korpus uitgevoer:
69

vergelykings binne ‘n spesifieke vertaling (byvoorbeeld tussen prosa en poësie); tussen verskillende
vertalings van dieselfde of verskillende periodes van ‘n spesifieke taal (om byvoorbeeld die invloed
van ouer vertalings op nuwes te ondersoek); tussen vertalings van dieselfde of verskillende periodes
van verskillende tale (naamlik om die interferensie van ‘n dominante taal te bepaal). Hieruit het reeds
sowel nasionale as internasionale publikasies voortgevloei.
‘n Rekordaantal geakkrediteerde artikels is in die sosiale en kulturele wetenskappe gepubliseer. Die
meeste hiervan kom uit die Departement Geskiedenis. In hierdie departement was prof Leo Barnard
in samewerking met ‘n paar kollegas ook hard besig om die geskiedenis van die Universiteit van die
Vrystaat op te teken sodat dit tydens die universiteit se eeufeesvieringe in 2004 gepubliseer kan
word. Uit die Departement Politieke Wetenskap is prof Heidi Hudson as een van 16 kandidate gekies
om deel te neem aan ‘n navorsingsprojek van die Fulbright American Studies Institute Programme
on US Foreign Policy, terwyl prof André Duvenhage ‘n uiters geslaagde navorsingsbesoek aan die
Universiteit van Saskatchewan in Kanada gebring het.
Die Sentrum vir Gesondheidsisteemnavorsing en Ontwikkeling was gedurende die verslagjaar besig
met ‘n hele aantal omvattende projekte wat verskillende belangwekkende en interessante temas
dek. Een hiervan het gehandel oor The socio-economic impact of HIV/Aids on households in South
Africa: a pilot study in Welkom and Qwaqwa. Navorsing oor die sosio-ekonomiese impak van MIV/
Vigs op huishoudings en gemeenskappe is noodsaaklik vir die formulering van sowel beleid as
intervensiestrategieë. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die impak van verskillende formele en
informele strategieë vir die hantering van MIV/Vigs te beskryf en te evalueer; om die makro-ekonomiese
impak van MIV/VIGS te bestudeer; en om ‘n raamwerk voor te stel vir die ‘beste praktyk’om die
lewenskwaliteit van geaffekteerde huishoudings te verbeter.
Op die terrein van die kunste is verskeie artistieke aanbiedings gemaak. In hierdie opsig was veral
die Departement Drama en Teaterkuns besonder bedrywig. Nico Luwes het ‘n toekenning ontvang
van die Arts and Culture Trust vir sy Griekwadrama “Maagmeisie”.
Die Fakulteit Geesteswetenskappe is trots daarop dat die tydskrif Communitas onder redakteurskap
van prof Johan de Wet as nasionaal geakkrediteerde tydskrif goedgekeur is. Saam met die tydskrifte
Stilet en Die Joernaal vir Eietydse Geskiedenis word daar nou drie geakkrediteerde tydskrifte in die
Fakulteit bedryf.
70

Prof Hermie van Zyl
FACULTY
OF THEOLOGY
Prof Hermie van Zyl
Dean
The Faculty of Theology once again produced an abundance of research output in 2003. In the
bibliological subjects (Old Testament and New Testament), various themes and books received attention.
The issue of violence was examined from a Biblical perspective. Prof Fanie Snyman approached
this matter from the perspective of the book Habakkuk, and Prof Pieter de Villiers presented a paper
on how violence should be viewed from a Biblical perspective. The book of Revelations was also a
popular field of study. Prof Fanie Riekert discussed a few grammatical aspects of Revelations 4 and 5,
and De Villiers focused on the spirituality of Revelations. He also completed a comparative study on
the symbols of ancient religions and Revelations. In addition, Prof Francois Tolmie is still busy with a
rhetorical analysis of Galatians, and Prof Hermie van Zyl commenced with a hermeneutic study of the
interaction between natural science and faith from a Biblical perspective. Prof Daan Pienaar continued
his archaeological investigation of the Bible with studies on Joshua and Judges.
In Ecclesiology (church history), Prof Dolf Britz is drawing together a formidable team of experts. He
presented a series of seminars on different themes: Denomination and the unity of the church; the
71

church in the German Democratic Republic of 1945-1989; the Dutch theologian Kohlbrugge’s view
of the Old Testament, and the connection between the Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam), the Theological
Seminary of Princeton (USA) and South Africa. He involved theologians from South Africa as well
as abroad in the seminars. He also presented guest lectures at two theological institutions in Tokyo
and Kobe, Japan. Dr Lourens Erasmus is a guest researcher at the International Reformed Theological
Institute at the VU, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Dr Victor D’Assonville delivered a paper on
Christ and the Old Testament according to Calvin, also at the VU. Numerous publications were also
completed. Britz wrote about the ecclesiastic interpretation of 6 April 1652 and Prof Piet Strauss
about the church and the news, an interdisciplinary study uniting ecclesiastical law and journalism,
while Rev Jan Lubbe wrote about the New Reformation from a church history perspective. In addition,
Britz also received research grants from the NRF and the UFS for his research on references to the
poor, injustice and poverty in the Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism.
In the Department of Dogmatology, Profs Sybrand Strauss and Pieter Potgieter made contributions
to a book on reformed theology, with the title Faith and ethnicity. Strauss wrote about the state of
reformed theology in Africa south of the Sahara, and Potgieter about reformed theology during and
after apartheid.
In Practical Theology, Rev David Keta completed his thesis, which deals with the spirituality of the
African preacher. Prof Johan Janse van Rensburg, together with postgraduate students who have
completed their studies, made contributions regarding suicidal tendencies among adolescents, as
well as the impact of the covenant on the pastorate. He also evaluated the theology of Prof Kobus
Kellerman, former head of the Department of Practical Theology. Furthermore, he completed a research
project on narrative preaching. Dr Jan-Albert van den Berg, newly appointed lecturer, is busy
with research on the person and spirituality of the minister.
In the Department of Missiology, Prof Pieter Verster continued with his research on comprehensive
ministry in the informal settlements around Bloemfontein. In an article, he focused on the congrega-
tion’s active involvement in the deaconate of Mangaung. He also wrote about the evangelisation of
the Muslims, a study that is also reflected in a doctoral thesis with the same title by one of his students,
Rev Philip Scheepers. Dr Gideon van der Watt made a contribution about the mission practice
of the Dutch Reformed Church from 1952 until the turn of the century.
72

FAKULTEIT
TEOLOGIE
Prof Hermie van Zyl
Dekaan
Die Fakulteit Teologie het in 2003 andermaal ‘n ryke oes aan navorsingsuitsette gelewer. In die
bibliologiese vakke (Ou Testament en Nuwe Testament) was daar verskillende temas en boeke wat
aandag geniet het. Die kwessie van geweld is vanuit Bybelse perspektief ondersoek. Prof Fanie
Snyman sny die saak aan vanuit die boek Habakuk, en prof Pieter de Villiers lewer ‘n referaat oor hoe
geweld vanuit die Bybel beoordeel moet word. Die boek Openbaring was ook ‘n gewilde studieveld.
Prof Fanie Riekert behandel enkele grammatikale aspekte van Openbaring 4 en 5, en De Villiers het dit
oor die spiritualiteit van Openbaring. Hy doen ook ‘n vergelykende studie oor die simbole van antieke
godsdienste en Openbaring. Hierbenewens is prof Francois Tolmie steeds besig met ‘n retoriese
analise van Galasiërs, en prof Hermie van Zyl pak ‘n hermeneutiese studie aan oor die wisselwerking
tussen natuurwetenskap en geloof vanuit Bybelse perspektief. Prof Daan Pienaar sit sy argeologiese
ondersoek van die Bybel voort met studies oor Josua en Rigters.
In die ekklesiologie (kerkgeskiedenis) is prof Dolf Britz besig om ‘n formidabele span kundiges saam te
trek. Hy bied ‘n reeks seminare aan oor verskillende temas: Kerkverband en die eenheid van die kerk;
die kerk in die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek van 1945-1989; die Nederlandse teoloog, Kohlbrugge,
se siening van die Ou Testament, en die konneksie tussen die Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam),
die Teologiese Seminarium van Princeton (VSA), en Suid-Afrika. Hy betrek buitelandse sowel as
binnelandse teoloë by die seminare. Verder lewer hy gaslesings by twee teologiese instellings in Tokio
en Kobe, Japan. Dr Lourens Erasmus is ‘n gasnavorser by die International Reformed Theological
Institute aan die VU, Amsterdam, Nederland, en dr Victor D’Assonville lewer ‘n referaat oor Christus en
die Ou Testament by Calvyn, ook aan die VU. Hierbenewens is daar ook fluks gepubliseer. Britz skryf
oor die kerklike interpretasie van 6 April 1652, prof Piet Strauss oor kerk en nuus, ‘n interdissiplinêre
studie wat kerkreg en joernalistiek verenig, en ds Jan Lubbe oor die Nuwe Hervorming vanuit
kerkhistoriese perspektief. Boonop ontvang Britz ook navorsingstoekennings van die NNS (Nasionale
Navorsingstigting) en die UV vir sy navorsing oor verwysings na armes, onreg en armoede in die
Nederlandse Geloofsbelydenis en die Heidelbergse Kategismus.
73

In die Departement Dogmatologie lewer prof Sybrand Strauss en Pieter Potgieter bydraes in ‘n
boek oor gereformeerde teologie, getitel Faith and ethnicity. Strauss skryf oor die stand van die
gereformeerde teologie in Afrika suid van die Sahara, en Potgieter oor gereformeerde teologie tydens
en na apartheid.
In die Praktiese Teologie voltooi ds David Keta sy proefskrif wat handel oor die spiritualiteit van die
Afrika-prediker. Prof Johan Janse van Rensburg lewer saam met afgestudeerde nagraadse studente
bydraes oor selfmoordneigings by adolessente, en die impak van die verbond op die pastoraat.
Verder doen hy ‘n beoordeling van die teologie van prof Kobus Kellerman, voormalige hoof van die
departement Praktiese Teologie. Hy voltooi ook ‘n navorsingsprojek oor narratiewe prediking. Dr Jan-
Albert van den Berg, nuutaangestelde dosent, is besig met navorsing oor die persoon en spiritualiteit
van die predikant.
In die Departement Sendingwetenskap sit prof Pieter Verster sy navorsing oor omvattende
Woordbediening in die informele nedersettings om Bloemfontein voort. In ‘n artikel konsentreer hy
op die gemeente se aktiewe betrokkenheid by die diakonaat in Mangaung. Hy skryf ook oor die
evangelisering van die Moslems, ‘n studie wat ook weerklank vind in ‘n doktorale proefskrif met ‘n
gelykluidende titel van een van sy studente, ds Philip Scheepers. dr Gideon van der Watt lewer ‘n
bydrae oor die sendingpraktyk van die N.G. Kerk vanaf 1952 tot die eeuwending.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
UFS campus approximately 1940s.
74
To cement ties with its home
province, the name was changed
to the University College of the
Orange Free State. In the late
forties, Afrikaans became the
official language of instruction at
the university.

RESEARCH
AT THE QWAQWA SATELLITE CAMPUS
Prof Pieter Keulder
Acting Academic Head - Qwaqwa Campus
The University’s strategic focus on research is yielding results, also on the Qwaqwa campus. A culture
of research is being developed through making best use of available infrastructure and networking
with the main campus and other stakeholders.
Major research activity took place in the Faculty of Natural Sciences, where a Parasitology thrust, a
Polymer Chemistry thrust and an Ethno-Botany thrust were established and supported by the National
Research Forum’s University Research Development Programme. Aspects of the progress made in
the first two thrusts are discussed elsewhere in this document.
75
Prof Pieter Keulder

In the Science Faculty, Dr FB Dejene conducted research on the characterisation and preparation of
conducting oxides and intelligent windows by means of simple sol-gel and spin-coating processes.
Dr ME Kyobe was intensively involved in a project on the strategic utilisation of IT resources in smallto-medium
sized firms. Dr J Schröder of Mathematics continued with his applications of elementary
sub-models to partitions of topological spaces.
In the School of Education, Dr LE Letsie completed his study on the role of community colleges in the
provision of vocational-technical education in the Eastern Free State. This was done as part of a Ph.D.
project with the University of Pretoria. Dr KS Milondzo completed his Ph.D. project on the principal’s
role in development programmes for teaching staff in the far north of the Limpopo province.
In the Economics and Management Sciences Programme, Mr TS Setati (Industrial Psychology)
became engaged in an exciting project on work wellness in higher education institutions, particularly
with regard to the impact of restructuring.
In the Humanities Programmes, Mr A Adjei continued with his tourism development project in the
Eastern Free State. This is also supported by the National Research Foundation’s URDP programme
(University Research Programme). Mrs MA Dladla (African Languages) participated in a project on the
effect of higher education transformation on the teaching of African languages at universities.
A focused effort is made to engage more academic staff members on the Qwaqwa Campus in
research projects. It is imperative that research capacity should expand and thrive on this new
satellite campus.
NAVORSING
BY DIE QWAQWA-SATELLIETKAMPUS
Prof Pieter Keulder
Waarnemende Akademiese Hoof Qwaqwa
Die Universiteit se strategiese fokus op navorsing werp vrugte af, ook op die Qwaqwakampus. ‘n
Navorsingskultuur word ontwikkel deur beskikbare infrastruktuur ten beste te benut en ‘n netwerk van
kontakte op te bou tussen die satellietkampus en die hoofkampus en ander aandeelhouers.
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Belangrike navorsing is onderneem in die Fakulteit Natuurwetenskappe, waar ‘n Parasitologieinisiatief,
‘n Polimeerchemie-inisiatief en ‘n Etnobotanie-inisiatief deur die Nasionale Navorsingstigting
se Universiteit Navorsings- en Ontwikkelingsprogram (UNOP) ingestel en ondersteun is. Aspekte
van die vordering wat gemaak is met die eerste twee inisiatiewe word elders in hierdie dokument
bespreek.
Hierbenewens het Dr FB Dejene in die Fakulteit Natuurwetenskappe navorsing onderneem oor die
karakterisering en voorbereiding van geleidende oksiedes en intelligente vensters met behulp van
eenvoudige sol-gel prosesse en afsetting deur middel van sentrifugering. Dr ME Kyobe was intensief
betrokke by ‘n projek oor die strategiese benutting van IT-hulpbronne in klein- tot mediumgrootte
firmas. Dr J Schröder van Wiskunde het voortgegaan met sy toepassings van elementêre submodelle
op partisies van topologiese ruimtes.
In die Skool vir Opvoedkunde het Dr LE Letsie sy studie oor die rol van gemeenskapskolleges in
die voorsiening van beroepstegniese onderwys in die Oos-Vrystaat voltooi. Dit is gedoen as deel
van ‘n Ph.D.-projek saam met die Universiteit van Pretoria. Dr KS Milondzo het sy Ph.D.-projek oor
die skoolhoof se rol in ontwikkelingsprogramme vir onderwyspersoneel in die verre noorde van die
Limpopo-provinsie voltooi.
Mnr TS Setati (Bedryfsielkunde) het in die Program vir Ekonomiese en Bestuurswetenskappe betrokke
geraak by ‘n opwindende projek oor die werkwelstand by instellings vir hoër onderwys, veral met
betrekking tot die impak van herstrukturering.
In die Geesteswetenskappe-program het mnr A Adjei voortgegaan met sy toerisme-ontwikkelingsprojek
in die Oos-Vrystaat. Dit word ook ondersteun deur die Nasionale Navorsingstigting (NNS) se
UNOP-program (Navorsing Ontwikkelingsprogram vir Universiteite). Mev MA Dladla (Afrika-tale) het
deelgeneem aan ‘n projek oor die uitwerking van transformasie in die hoër onderwys op die onderrig
van Afrika-tale aan universiteite.
Daar word doelbewus gepoog om meer lede van die akademiese personeel op die Qwaqwakampus
by navorsingsprojekte te betrek. Die uitbreiding en bevordering van navorsingskapasiteit op hierdie
nuwe satellietkampus is van die uiterste belang.
77

NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION
(NRF)
NRF RATED RESEARCHERS
In order to optimise the investment of scarce resources for research, the NRF subjects potential
principal grant-holders who wishes to participate in any of the focus areas to stringent individual peer
evaluation. Central to the process is the quality and competitiveness of researchers’ recent researchbased
output. Twelve standing NRF specialist committees comprising from three to six members and
one or two independent NRF assessors assist the NRF in scrutinising the international peer review
reports before a rating is awarded.
B-RATED RESEARCHERS
Researchers who enjoy considerable international recognition by their peers for the high quality of
their recent research outputs.
Du Preez JC Prof
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Finkelstein MS Prof
Mathematical Statistics
Grobbelaar JU Prof
Plant Sciences
Kock JLF Prof
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Meyer JH Prof
Mathematics and Applied Mathematics
C-RATED RESEARCHERS
Pretorius ZA Prof
Plant Sciences
Scott L Prof
Plant Sciences
Swart HC Prof
Physics
Viljoen BC Prof
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Established researchers with a sustained recent record of productivity in the field who are recognized
by their peers as having:
• Produced a body of quality work, the core of which has coherence and attests to ongoing
engagement with the field
78

• Demonstrated the ability to conceptualize problems and apply research methods to
investigating them.
Albertyn J Dr
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Basson L Prof
Zoology and Entomology
Botha JF Prof
Institute for Groundwater Study
Bragg RR Dr
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Brandt EV Prof
Chemistry
Christopher LP Prof
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Cilliers L Prof
English and Classical Languages
De Bruiyn H Dr
Geology
De Waal DJ Prof
Mathematical Statistics
De Waal HO Prof
Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Du Plessis LT Prof
Unit for Language Facilitation and Empowerment
Du Preez CC Prof
Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences
Erasmus GJ Prof
Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Fourie LJ Prof
Zoology and Entomology
79
Greyling JPC Prof
Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Greyling WJ Prof
English and Classical Languages
Groenewald PCN Prof
Mathematical Statistics
Heideman NJL Prof
Vice-Dean: Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences
Holmes PJ Prof
Geography
Kilian SG Prof
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Labuschagne MT Prof
Plant Sciences
Litthauer D Prof
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Lötter MG Prof
Medical Physics
Louw DA Prof
Psychology
Louw SVDM Prof
Zoology and Entomology
Luyt AS Prof
Chemistry
Mbati PA Prof
Head: Qwaqwa Campus
Head: Parasitology Research Program

Meintjes PJ Dr
Physcis
Mucina L Prof
Plant Sciences
Nel PJ Prof
Department of Afroasiatic Studies, Sign Language
and Language Practice
Neser FWC Prof
Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Ngwena C Prof
Constitutional Law and Philosophy of Law
Oosthuizen LK Prof
Agricultural Economics
Pretorius JC Prof
Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences
Raftery MM Prof
English and Classical Languages
Smit GN Prof
Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Smit MS Prof
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Snyman HA Prof
Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Spies JJ Prof
Plant Sciences
Steenkamp JA Prof
Chemistry
Strydom AH Prof
SHOSO
Swart WJ Prof
Plant Sciences
80
Swarts JC Prof
Chemistry
Van As JG Prof
Zoology and Entomology
Van Coller HP Prof
Afrikaans and Dutch, German and French
Van den Berg DJ Prof
History of Art
Van der Merwe AJ Prof
Mathematical Statistics
Van der Merwe HJ Prof
Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Van der Westhuizen AJ Prof
Plant Sciences
Van Rensburg HCJ Prof
Centre for Health Systems Research and
Development
Van Schalkwyk HD Prof
Dean: Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
Van Tonder A Dr
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Van Tonder GJ Prof
Institute of Groundwater Studies
Van Wyk PWJ Prof
Plant Sciences
Van Wyk JB Prof
Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Verhoeven RL Prof
Plant Sciences
Viljoen MF Prof
Agricultural Economics

Wessels A Prof
History
L-RATED RESEARCHERS
Persons normally younger than 55 years who were previously established as researchers or who
previously demonstrated potential through their own research products, and who are considered
capable of fully establishing or re-establishing themselves as researchers within a five-year period
after evaluation. Candidates should be South African citizens or foreign nationals who have been
resident in South Africa for five years during which time they have been unable for practical reasons
to realize their potential as researchers.
Candidates who are eligible in this category include:
• Black researchers
• Female researchers
• Those employed in a higher education institution that lacked a research environment
• Those who were previously established as researchers and have returned to a research
environment.
Conradie J Dr
Chemistry
Y-RATED RESEARCHERS
Young researchers normally younger than 35 years of age, who have held the doctorate or equivalent
qualification for less than five years at the time of application, and whom are recognised as having
the potential to establish themselves as researchers within a five-year period after evaluation, based
on their performance and productivity as researchers during their doctoral studies and/or early
postdoctoral careers.
Hugo CJ Dr
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Jooste A Prof
Agricultural Economics
Kroon RE Dr
Physics
81
Wolfaardt JF Dr
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Pretorius AL Dr
Mathematical Statistics
Snyman-Van Deventer E Prof
Mercantile Law
Terblans JJ Dr
Physics

Van As LL Dr
Zoology and Entomology
Van Heerden E Dr
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
NRF GRANT-HOLDERS
Viljoen CD Dr
Plant Sciences
In sequences of researcher, department and project short title
Akach PAO Mr
Unit for Language Facilitation and Empowerment
Deaf education
Bragg RR Prof
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology
Live vaccine for infectious coryza
Brandt EV Prof
Department of Chemistry
Natural Products: Polyphenols
Conradie J Dr
Department of Chemistry
Synthesis and Computational Chemistry
De Waal HO Prof
Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland
Sciences
Sustainable and wealthier livelihoods
Du Preez CC Prof
Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences
Water quality and crop growth
Du Preez JC Prof
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology
Industrial Fungal Bioprocesses
Erasmus GJ Prof
Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland
Sciences
Utilizing Animal Genetic Diversity
82
Fourie M Prof
Centre for Higher Education Studies and
Development
Performance management
Greyling JPC Prof
Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland
Sciences
Tradition Animal Husbandry Practices
Hugo CJ Prof
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology
Warning Systems in food production
Jooste A Prof
Department of Agricultural Economics
Production and trade modelling
Jooste A Prof
Department of Agricultural Economics
The red meat value chain
Kock JLF Prof
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology
Lipid Biotechnology
Labuschagne MT Prof
Department of Plant Sciences
Cactus pear characterisation and use

Litthauer D Prof
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology
Enzymes from extreme environments
Louw DA Prof
Department of Psychology
Black Families and Mental Health
Louw SVDM Prof
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Sustainable IPM on New Crops
Meintjes PJ Dr
Department of Physics
MHD and Fluids in binaries
Meintjes PJ Dr
Department of Physics
Relativistic Astrophysics
Meyer JH Prof
Department of Mathematics and Applied
Mathematics
Algebraic Structures
Nel PJ Prof
Department of Afroasiatic Studies, Sign Language
and Language Practice
Colloquium on IKS
Ngwena C Prof
Department of Constitutional Law and Philosophy
of Law
Employment equity and disability
Nwonwu FOC Prof
Department of Agricultural Economics
Indigenous Knowledge in Agriculture
Pelser AJ Prof
Department of Sociology
Conflict over fresh water resources
Pretorius ZA Prof
Department of Plant Sciences
Integrated Crop Health Improvement
83
Scott L Prof
Department of Plant Sciences
Environments of human prehistory
Smit MS Prof
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology
Applications of alkane grown yeasts
Spies JJ Prof
Department of Plant Sciences
Genetic-taxonomic Floriculture
Swart HC Prof
Department of Physics
Surface Characterization
Swarts JC Prof
Department of Chemistry
Polymers for medicine and industry
Van As JG Prof
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Aquatic Parasitology
Van As JG Prof
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Intertidal symbionts
Van der Linde TCDK Prof
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Entomology in Crime and Health
van Rensburg HCJ Prof
Centre for Health Systems Research and
Development
Tuberculosis in the Free State
van Rensburg HCJ Prof
Centre for Health Systems Research and
Development
Sosio-economic Impact of HIV/AIDS
van Schalkwyk HD Prof
Department of Agricultural Economics
Evaluation of Land Reform Program

van Schalkwyk HD Prof
Department of Agricultural Economics
Agricultural Competitiveness in SA
Viljoen BC Prof
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology
Food Security
BILATERAL AGREEMENTS
Walker S Prof
Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences
Variable Climate – Food Production
Wessels GM Prof
Department of Economics
Dollaristation and South Africa
The NRF’s International Science Liaison aims to forge and maintain strategic and intellectual alliances
between individuals, institutions and organisations in the science research communities nationally
and internationally to support the international competitiveness of the country
Albertyn J Dr
USA – RSA Agreement
Visti to the laboratory of Dr C Kurtzman, Microbial
Genomics Bioprocessing Research Unit, National
Centre for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA.
Christopher LP Prof
Hungary – RSA Agreement with Dr Szakacs Gyorgy
of the Technical University of Budapest
Cost effective and environmentally benign approach
for enzyme production and application in the pulp
and paper industry.
Grobbelaar JU Prof
German – South African Agreement
Ozone stress in crop plants.
Meiring SM Prof
Flanders - South-African Agreement with H.
Deckmyn (Catholic University of Leuven)
New antithrombotics – role of platelet aggregation,
coagulation and restenosis.
Meiring SM Prof
Hungary – RSA Agreement with Dr Harsfalvi Jolan
of the Medical School, University of Debrecen
New Anti Thrombotics in platelet adhesion and
coagulation.
84
Pieters H Prof
Flanders – South-Africa Agreement with D.
Collen (Catholic University of Leuven): Preclinical
evaluation in non-human primates of a novel type
of antithrobotic agent.
Swarts JC Prof
Norway – South-Africa Agreement with Abhik Ghosh
(University of Tromsø)
Porphyrin-ferrocene
anticancer agents.
conjugates as potential
Viljoen BC Prof
Hungary – South Africa Agreement with Dr. Deak
Tibor (University of Horticulture and Food Science,
Budapest)
Characterisation of spoilage yeasts in food and
beverage ecosystems.

DEVELOPING A NATIONAL RESEARCH AGENDA FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE, LAW AND
HUMANITIES
SHIFTING BOUNDARIES OF KNOWLEDGE –
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, LAW AND HUMANITIES
The NRF is developing a National Research Agenda project for Social Science, Law and Humanities
(SSLH), guided by Tessa Marcus. This initiative is designed to support and develop the national
science and innovation system in a way that both accounts for and stimulates the contribution made
by researchers and academics in the Social Science, Law and Humanities. The mentioned disciplines
have fallen behind the natural sciences whilst they should be in the ideal situation to contribute to
a better understanding of the contemporary world, a civil society and a humanity from which all can
benefit. These disciplines have yet to make clear their role in stimulating innovation and technology
in a way that addresses human needs and issues. It has therefore become critically important that
researchers in the mentioned fields revisit their current research focus and come forward with the
major and challenging inquiry and a programme of knowledge creation for a better and civil society,
hence the development of a national research agenda in these fields.
Regional clusters of tertiary institutions have been formed and four themes, as well as champions
for each theme were identified. Our Regional cluster includes UFS, RAU, WITS and TWR and UFS
was appointed by the NRF to lead this process. The NRF also allocated a budget to UFS for this
initiative.
Our responsibilities include to:
• Facilitate and administrate the process.
• Facilitate the generation of a set of themes to serve as framework for thought papers of the
SSLH Initiative.
• To identify champions and invite leading researchers to develop thought papers.
• Convene a regional workshop where the revised thought papers would be presented and the
outcomes of the workshop be forwarded to the NRF.
Serving on our University Steering Committee are:
• Prof Philip Nel
• Prof Engela Pretorius
85

• Prof Heidi Hudson
• Prof Charles Ngwena
• Mr Aldo Stroebel
• Me Annelize Venter
THUTHUKA PROGRAMME
DEVELOPING AND ADVANCING EXCELLENCE IN RESEARCHERS
Mrs Annelize Venter (middle) with students.
Thuthuka derives from the Zulu word meaning to develop or advance. This programme sets its aims
to increase the number of NRF rated researchers from designated research groups. The role of
the Thuthuka programme is to build the individual capacity of women, blacks and individuals from
disadvantaged institutions, as well as building a pool of post-graduates in order to supply the needs of
the academic labour market. Furthermore Thuthuka addresses the skewed staff distribution at Higher
Education Institutions and plays an active role in the development of highly qualified researchers, who
in turn will be involved in the training of researchers from designated groups through targeted capacity
86

uilding interactions. Lastly Thuthuka assists in the identification and mobilisation of resources that
will eliminate barriers which had an adverse impact on the designated groups.
Thuthuka consists of the following 3 sub-programmes:
A. Researchers-in-Training (RiT)
Is intended to support the individual researcher from the point of being a new researcher in training
(entry level being the registration) to being an established researcher.
B. Women-in-Research (WiR)
Intends specifically to serve individual women who experience such career limitations and who
demonstrate high potential to become active, independent researchers at Higher Education
Institutions.
C. Research Development Initiative for Black Academics (REDIBA)
To prepare Black South African researchers for positions of scientific and academic leadership,
thereby diversifying, strengthening the nation’s research capabilities.
Grant-holders
Dr A Beyleveld
Division of student learning development
Programme: Researcher in Training
Focus Area: Education and the Challenges for
change
Tile: Critical outcomes: Development and
assessment
Prof H Hudson
Department of Political Science
Programme: Women in Research
Focus area: Challenge of Globalisation: Perspectives
from the Global South
Title: Globalisation and security
Dr MB Nthangeni
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology
Programme: Research Development Initiative for
Black Academics
Focus Area: Economic Growth and International
Competitiveness
Title: Bacillus expression-systems
87
Dr M Stander
Department of Afrikaans and Dutch
Programme: Women in Research
Title: Strategies for language learning
Mr CM Uwah
Department of English and Classical culture
Programme: Researcher in Training
Title: Theatre for Development and HIV/AIDS

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
A new University Research Development Programme was launched on 20 July 2001 as the next phase
of NRF support to Historically Black Universities (HBU’s). The programme adopted an institutional
approach to assist those HBU’s who decided to pursue research as an integral part of their mission,
to establish an environment to sustain and enhance their research efforts, to develop a critical mass
of researchers in their identified Research Niche Areas and to promote, at institutional and national
level, the recognition of research.
The HBU (Historical Black Universities) Programme strives to develop and enhance a research culture,
ethos and practice at HBU’s, that is supported by, and entrenched in, a thriving research and innovative
environment. This programme has the goal of positioning research activities as HBU’s strategically, so
that these institutions become significant contributors to national research and innovation.
Objectives of the Programme are the creation of a thriving research environment within individual
HBU’s and across HBU’s, strategic support of the research management functions at HBU’s that
will facilitate achievement of institutional as well as programme goals, strategic investment at HBU’s
that increases representation of black and female scientists/students in fields where they and their
institutions are currently under-represented and also the leveraging of additional resources for
investment in Research Capasity Development at HBU’s.
Grant-holders
Mr A Adjei
Programme: University Research Development
Programme
Niche Area: UNIQWA Environmental Thrust
Short title: Environmental Carrying Capacity
Mr M Hlatswayo
Programme: University Research Development
Programme
Niche Area: Parasitology Research Program
Short title: Tick vaccine studies
Prof AS Luyt
Programme: University Research Development
Programme
Niche Area: Polymer Synthesis, Modification and
Characterisation
Short title: Modified polymers
88
Prof PA Mbati
Programme: University Research Development
Programme
Niche Area: Parasitology Research Programme
Short title: Molecular diagnosis of babesiosis
Prof WF van Zyl
Programme: University Research Development
Programme
Niche Area: UNIQWA Environmental Thrust
Short title: Eco- Tourism Develop

RESEARCH AWARDS
AND ACHIEVEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF OUTSTANDING RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS
ALBERTYN J
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
UNESCO-ASM travel award
HENNING JJ
Dean of Law
Moritz Bobbert Prize for the best article published
in Journal for Juridical Science
JOUBERT O
Architecture
Mentioned in Contemporary Who’s Who 2003/2004,
American Biographical Institute, and nominated for
their Woman of the Year Award.
LUWES NJ
Drama and Theatre Arts
Arts and Culture Trust Award (ACT). Award for the
production of a Griqua play ”Maagmeisie” at the
Mafuce Festival.
POTGIETER GP
Plant Sciences
Receive in January 2003 in Pretoria, the Bronze
medal from the South African Assosiation of
Botanists for the best Ph.D. thesis in Botany in
South Africa for the year 2001.
SNYMAN HA
Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
Prestige award for research from the Faculty Natural
and Agricultural Sciences.
SWANEPOEL FJC, STROEBEL A
Member of a two-person team commissioned by
the Luxembourg Development Agency to evaluate
the extended first phase of development support
by Lux Development to agricultural high schools in
the Eastern Cape.
89
SWANEPOEL FJC, STROEBEL A
Member of a multi-disciplinary team commissioned
by the National Department of Agriculture in South
Africa to evaluate the empowerment policies and
strategies in South African Agriculture (AgriBEE).
VAN HEERDEN E
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
American Association for the Advancement
of Science Women in International Scientific
Cooperation (WISC) travel award.
VAN HEERDEN E
Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Science –
Education Award – University of the Free State.
VAN WYK A
Centre for Higher Education Studies and
Development
The International Development Co-operation
Prize in 2003 for thesis titled “The Development
and Implementation of an English Language and
Literature Programme for Low-proficiency Tertiary
Learners”. (Completed in 2002; Promoter: Prof HR
Hay).

AWARDS/PRIZES AT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
CROUS MJ
Dean’s Office/Dekaanskantoor
Best paper presented at 37 th World Conference,
Belfast, Northern Ireland, 15-18 June, 2003.
GAKPO EFY
Agricultural Economics
Alternative institutional arrangements towards
optimal water allocation. M.Sc. Agric Thesis,
November 2002.
GAKPO EFY
Agricultural Economics
Best Masters thesis in Agricultural Economics
in 2002 in South Africa. AEASA award at 2003
AEASA Conference, 2-3 October 2003, Pretoria.
NAUDÉ L
Psychology
Adult Higher Education Alliance (AHEA) Annual
Conference, 8-11 October 2003. AHEA
international professional award.
AWARDS/PRIZES AT NATIONAL CONFERENCES
BENNIE ATP
Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences
As member of the land type survey staff: Gold
medal of the Soil Science Society of South Africa
for their contribution to soil science in the Republic
of South Africa. Presented at the golden Jubilee
Congress of Soil Science Society of South Africa
in combination with South African Society for
Crop Production and Southern African Society for
Horticulture Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa,
2003.
90
TERBLANS JJ
Physics
The John Wiley and Sons Ltd Prize for the best
poster award at the 10th international Conference
on Applications of Surface and Interface Analysis,
5-10 October 2003, Berlin, Germany.
VILJOEN MF, ARMOUR RJ
BEST POSTER FINALIST
Financial Efficiency of Soybeans in Crop Rotation
Systems: South African Case Studies. Poster paper
presented at the 25 th International Conference
of Agricultural Economists (IAAE), 16-22 August
2003, Durban).
BOTHA JJ, ANDERSON JJ, VAN RENSBURG
LD, BEUKES DJ, VAN STADEN PP, HENSLEY M
Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences
Soil Science Society of South Africa medal for best
poster entitled “Application of in-field rainwater
harvesting to stabilize crop yields in rural villages
in semi-arid areas of South Africa” presented at the
Golden Jubilee Congress of Soil Science Society
of South Africa in combination with South African
Society for Crop Production and Southern African
Society for Horticulture Sciences, Stellenbosch,
South Africa, 2003.

CLAASSENS CH
Physics
Most outstanding oral presentation in the field
of Solid State Physics. The implementation an
evaluation of a fictitious electron dynamics method
and its application to the Si(100) surface. 48 th
Annual Conference of the South African Institute
of Physics, Stellenbosch, S.A., 2003. Supervisor:
Hoffman MJH.
HENSLEY M
Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences
As a member of the land type survey staff: Gold
medal of the Soil Science Society of South Africa
for their contribution to soil science in the Republic
of South Africa. Presented at the Golden Jubilee
Congress of Soil Science Society of South Africa
in combination with South African Society for
Crop Production and Southern African Society for
Horticulture Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa,
2003.
HUGO A
Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Best paper presented at the 11 th International Meat
Symposium held on 29 - 30 January 2003 at the
Idle Winds Conference Centre, Centurion, South
Africa and organized by the Agricultural Research
Council - Animal Nutrition and Animal Products
Institute, Irene, South Africa. The title of the paper
was: Fat quality of pork and its significance in meat
technology.
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN NUTRITION
Floating trophy for the department with most
contributions at the Faculty Forum, Faculty of
Health Sciences Research, 28-29 August 2003,
Bloemfontein.
JORDAAN AJ
Agricultural Economics
Best Paper: Production Finance For Emerging
Commercial Crop Farmers: A Key Element For
Successful Land Reform. South African Society for
Agricultural Extension Officers, Annual Congress,
Warmbad, 2003.
91
LAMACRAFT G
Anaesthesiology
Best Clinical Presentation, Senior, for two
presentations on a survey of equipment and drugs
in primary and secondary level hospitals in the Free
State. Faculty of Health Sciences Research, 28-29
August 2003, Bloemfontein.
LOMBARD A
Geology
Second best paper in the category Physical
Sciences presented at the S.A. Akademie vir
Wetenskap en Kuns, Student Symposium, 31
October, Bloemfontein, 2003.
SCORRANO M
Onctherapy
Philani Awards trophy for her achievement as
winner in the Free State of the Marilyn Lehan
Memorial Trust Ward. Congress of the Free State
Oncology Nursing Society in Gordonsbaai, 21 – 25
November 2003.
SEBOTSA MLD
Human Nutrition
Receive the prize for the best Clinical Paper in the
Junior category at the Faculty Forum, Faculty of
Health Sciences Research, 28-29 August 2003,
Bloemfontein.
VAN HUYSSTEEN CW, HENSLEY M, LE ROUX
PAL
Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences
Soil Science Society of South Africa silver medal
for best oral paper presented at the Golden
Jubilee Congress of Soil Science Society of South
Africa entitled “Correlating soil hydrology with soil
morphology” in combination with South African
Society for Crop Production and Southern African
Society for Horticultural Sciences, Stellenbosch,
South Africa, 2003.

VAN HUYSSTEEN CW
Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences
As a member of the land type survey staff: Gold
medal of the Soil Science Society of South Africa
for their contribution to soil science in the Republic
of South Africa. Presented at the Golden Jubilee
Congress of Soil Science Society of South Africa
in combination with South African Society for
Crop Production and Southern African Society for
Horticulture Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa,
2003.
PRESTIGIOUS FELLOWSHIP AND GRANTS
GROBBELAAR JU
Plant Sciences
EXCHANGE PROGRAMME BETWEEN GERMANY
MINISTERIUM FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AND SOUTH AFRICA (DACT).
Award for “Ozone stress of crop plants”. German
counterpart Dr. F.H. Mohn ICG-III Forschungszentrum
Jülich Germany.
HENNING JJ
Dean - Law
SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF
LONDON
Comparative company law: Senior research
fellowship for the period 1January - 31 December
2003 at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in
London.
LABUSCHAGNE MT
Plant Sciences
INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE (IFS)
Award at the IFS, Sweden for the period September
2002 tot September 2003.
LAMACRAFT G
Anaesthesiology
Grant from Free State Provincial Government for
investigation and improvement of anaesthesia for
caesarean section at level 1 & 2 Hospitals.
PRETORIUS A-M
Medical Microbiology
UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE SATE
Grant as Group Leader of the research group entitled:
“Epidemiology of arthropod-borne bacteria of medical
and veterinary importance in South Africa”.
92
WALSH CM
Human Nutrition
Runner up best Clinical Paper presented at
the Faculty Forum, Faculty of Health Sciences
Research, 28-29 August 2003, Bloemfontein.
PRETORIUS A-M
Medical Microbiology
AKER UNIVERSITETSSYKEHUS HF MEDISINSK
Grant from Aker Universitetssykehus HF Medisinsk
division – UIO for the following project: “Repellent
efficacy of 3 commercial repellents against South
African Amblyomma and Jyalomma ticks (Acari:
Ixodidae)”.
SCOTT L
Plant Sciences
STERKFONTEIN RESEARCH UNIT WITS UNIVERSITY
(DIRECTOR: PV TOBIAS).
Plant Sciences - Honourary Research Associate.
STROEBEL A
Awarded a GTZ-bursary to attend the International
Rural Development Workshop, 13-15 August
2003 in Durban, South Africa, as a prelude to the
International Association for Agricultural Economics
(IAAE) World Conference.
STROEBEL A
Awarded the Ronald P Lynch Dean of Agricultural
and Life Sciences Fellowship by Cornell University,
Ithaca, USA for a PhD Programme, 2002/2003
academic year.
VISSER B
Plant Sciences
INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE (IFS)
Award at the IFS, Sweden for the period September
2003 tot September 2004.

A SELECTION OF RESEARCH
PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS
’N SELEKSIE VAN
NAVORSINGSPROGRAMME EN PROJEKTE
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TOURISM
AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Dr Gustav Visser
Department of Geography
Dr Gustav Visser
Tourism, which encompasses entertainment, is the world’s largest industry and requires detailed
research if we aim to harness its potential for the development of South African cities. Both New York
and Chicago now report that their first or second largest industrial sectors are entertainment and
tourism. Much of the research in the Department of Geography therefore aims to analyse how leisure
and tourism relate to urban development.
Since the 1994 democratic transition tourism has become recognised as an increasingly important
sector for South Africa’s economy and for achieving the government’s goals for reconstruction and
development, not least of which in urban areas. Our research works from the premise that different
types of identities generate different types of tourism and leisure behaviour, which in turn has an
impact upon how man-made spaces, such as cities, develop. Three topics of investigation have
been developed with the aim of understanding how a person’s, or a group of peoples’ identity, and/or
search for identity, creates and recreates urban space, which in the final analyses is about how tourism
94

and leisure behaviour create all sorts of different economic opportunities for an urban economy. The
topics under investigation relate to second-home owners, gay persons and backpacker tourists.
Second homes are generally used for holiday or leisure purposes. In South Africa research in this area
of investigation is still in its infancy. Our aim is to scientifically identify where the largest concentrations
of these properties are, who the owners are, for what reasons they own these properties, and most
importantly, how it impacts upon the places where these properties are located. Current results
suggest that the range and depth of these impacts are wide-ranging. For one, these properties are
not only located along the coast, but indeed, a growing trend is toward the development of these
properties in large cities such as Durban and Cape Town, as well as small towns such as Clarens,
Greyton, Himeville and Dullstroom. The development of many of the towns along the KwaZulu-Natal
and Western Cape coastline is closely tied to second home development and not only tourism or
retirement. In addition, the second home has increasingly become a property asset not only for the
very rich but for the middle classes too.
An interesting development in second home ownership is that it is also taking place in metropolitan
regions. The foremost example is Cape Town. A startling finding is the increasing trend for foreigners
to acquire second homes in South Africa. Indeed, in some neighbourhoods of Cape Town overseas
owners make up as much as fifty percent of the ownership base. The general trend in the Western
Cape is however, between five and fifteen percent. The general impact has been very positive and
includes employment generation, urban conservation, a range of forward and backward economic
spin-offs, stimulating a range of service providers and manufacturers, as well as providing flexible
tourist accommodation supply. However, the research also shows that there are negative effects,
particularly the dramatic increase in property prices, which makes it difficult for the local residents to
purchase houses in the area. Most affected appear to be white and black middle and lower middleincome
groups. The development of second homes can also have a negative environmental impact
such as the threat to ecological systems, and the collapse of servicing infrastructure such as water
supply, drainage and sewage systems.
Gay leisure and tourism research to date has focused on Cape Town’s gay village “De Waterkant”.
This research demonstrates that the gay communities’ desire for urban space in which discrimination
in terms of their sexuality is at a minimum, has grown substantially in the form of entertainment
space development, employment creation and the redevelopment of an once unattractive urban
neighbourhood. Indeed, the higher levels of gentrification in Cape Town’s inner-city areas are very
closely linked to the actions of the local gay communities. Perhaps one of the most encouraging
95

trends discerned in our latest research relate to the increasing hetero-normalisation of gay leisure
and tourism preference which points to greater integration between communities of differing sexual
orientation.
Backpacker tourists are a neglected group. It is generally assumed that “rich” tourists staying in
expensive hotels and supporting the private game parks are most beneficial for tourism expansion as
a strategy. As a consequence little investment has been made in tourism infrastructure targeting those
markets that prefer to avoid high-end tourism facilities. Backpacker tourists as an identity type and
their preferred accommodation, backpacker hostels, are a case in point. Despite being largely ignored
in national tourism development initiatives, backpacker tourism is becoming increasingly popular in
South Africa. The research has two main objectives. Firstly, it seeks to present broad-ranging empirical
data concerning this tourist cohort and backpacker hostels in the South African context. Secondly, we
aim to demonstrate why backpacker tourists and hostels hold much potential for local development
initiatives in South Africa. Our current results suggest that the expansion of backpacker tourism is
an appropriate means by which to achieve a range of local development objectives. It has been very
beneficial in the development of small, micro and medium sized businesses. The backpacker tourists
engage a larger part of the country, thus spreading tourism benefits more widely across the country
and, on average, they spend the same amount of money as the so-called high-end tourists. Indeed,
backpacker tourism is a type of tourism South Africa should actively support and develop.
TOERISME
EN STEDELIKE ONTWIKKELING
Dr Gustav Visser
Departement Geografie
Toerisme, wat vermaaklikheid insluit, is die wêreld se grootste industrie en vereis gedetailleerde
navorsing as ons die potensiaal vir die ontwikkeling van Suid-Afrika se stede wil benut. Beide New
York en Chicago berig tans dat hulle eerste of tweede grootste industriële sektore vermaaklikheid
en toerisme is. Baie van die navorsing in die Departement van Geografie het dus ten doel om die
verband tussen vrye tyd en toerisme en stedelike ontwikkeling te ontleed.
Sedert die demokratiese oorgang in 1994 word toerisme erken as ‘n sektor met toenemende belang
vir Suid-Afrika se ekonomie en vir die verwesenliking van die regering se doelwitte vir rekonstruksie
96

en ontwikkeling, ook in die stedelike gebiede. Ons navorsing gaan uit van die veronderstelling dat
verskillende tipes persoonlikhede verskillende tipes toerisme en ontspanningsgedrag laat ontstaan,
wat weer ‘n invloed het op hoe mensgemaakte ruimtes, soos stede, ontwikkel. Drie temas van
ondersoek is ontwikkel met die doel om te begryp hoe ‘n persoon, of groep persone se identiteit of
soeke na identiteit, stedelike ruimtes kan skep of herskep, wat in die finale ontleding daaroor gaan
hoe toerisme en ontspanningsgedrag allerhande soorte ekonomiese geleenthede vir ‘n stedelike
ekonomie skep. Die onderwerpe wat ondersoek word, hou verband met tweede huis eienaars,
homoseksuele persone en rugsakreisigers.
Tweede huise word gewoonlik gebruik vir vakansie of ontspanningsdoeleindes. In Suid-Afrika is
navorsing op hierdie gebied nog in sy kinderskoene. Ons doel is om wetenskaplik te identifiseer
waar die grootste konsentrasie van hierdie eiendomme is, wie die eienaars is, om watter redes
hulle die eiendomme besit, en die belangrikste van alles, watter impak dit het op die plekke waar dit
geleë is. Onlangse resultate toon dat die omvang en diepte van hierdie impak baie wyd strek. Ten
eerste is hierdie eiendomme nie net langs die kus geleë nie, maar in werklikheid is daar ‘n groeiende
neiging dat hierdie eiendomme in groot stede soos Durban en Kaapstad, sowel as in klein dorpies
soos Clarens, Greyton, Himeville en Dullstroom ontwikkel word. Die ontwikkeling van baie van die
dorpe langs die KwaZulu-Natalse en die Wes-Kaapse kuslyn is nou verbonde aan die ontwikkeling
van tweede huise en nie slegs aan toerisme of aftrede nie. Boonop het die tweede huis toenemend
‘n eiendomsbate geword, nie alleen vir die baie rykes nie, maar ook vir die middelklas.
‘n Interessante ontwikkeling in tweede-huis eienaarskap, is dat dit ook in metroplitaanse gebiede
aangetref word. Die vernaamste voorbeeld is Kaapstad. ‘n Ontstellende verskynsel is die toenemende
neiging vir buitelanders om ‘n tweede huis in Suid-Afrika te bekom. In sekere woonbuurte in Kaapstad
behoort daar soveel as vyftig persent van die huise aan oorsese eienaars. Die algemene neiging
in die Wes-Kaap egter, is tussen vyf en vyftien persent. Die uitwerking daarvan was baie positief
en sluit in werkskepping, stedelike bewaring, ‘n reeks voorwaartse en terugwaartse ekonomiese
verbindinge wat ‘n reeks diensverskaffers en leweransiers stimuleer, sowel as om meegaande
toerisme-akkommodasie te verskaf. Die navorsing toon egter dat daar ook negatiewe uitwerkings
is, veral die dramatiese toename in eiendomspryse, wat dit moeilik maak vir die plaaslike inwoners
om huise in dié area te koop. Wit en swart middel- en laer middel-inkomstegroepe word die meeste
hierdeur geraak. Die ontwikkeling van tweede huise kan ook negatiewe invloede op die omgewing
hê, soos die bedreiging van ekologiese sisteme en die ineenstorting van dienste-infrastrukture soos
watertoevoer, dreinering en rioleringsisteme.
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Homoseksuele/gay vryetyds- en toerisme-navorsing het tot op hede gefokus op Kaapstad se gay
dorpie “De Waterkant”. Hierdie navorsing demonstreer dat gay/homoseksuele gemeenskappe,
met hulle behoefte aan stedelike ruimte, waarin diskriminasie in terme van hulle seksualiteit tot
‘n minimum beperk word, aansienlik voordeel daaruit getrek het in die vorm van ontwikkeling van
vermaaklikheidsruimtes, werkskepping en die herontwikkeling van ‘n eens onaantreklike stedelike
buurt. Inderdaad is die vlakke van opheffing van die burgerstand in Kaapstad se middestadgebiede
baie nou geskakel met die aksies van die plaaslike gay gemeenskappe. Miskien hou een van
die mees bemoedigende neigings wat in ons jongste navorsing onderskei kon word, verband met
die toenemende hetero-normalisasie van gay ontspannings- en toerisme-voorkeure wat heenwys na
groter integrasie tussen gemeenskappe van uiteenlopende seksuele orientasie.
Voetslaners/rugsakreisigers is ‘n verwaarloosde groep. Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat “ryk”
toeriste wat in duur hotelle tuisgaan en die private wildtuine ondersteun, baie voordelig is vir die
uitbreiding van toerisme as ‘n strategie. As gevolg daarvan is daar baie min belê in toerisme
infrastrukture wat gemik is op die teikengroepe wat verkies om luukse toerismefasiliteite te vermy.
Voetslaners as persoonlikheidstipe en die akkommodasie wat hulle verkies, nl. herberge vir voetslaners,
is ‘n pertinente voorbeeld. Afgesien daarvan om grootliks geïgnoreer te word in nasionale toerisme
ontwikkelings-inisiatiewe, is rugsak-toerisme toenemend gewild in Suid-Afrika. Die navorsing het twee
hoofdoelwitte. Eerstens wil dit empiriese data oor ‘n wye spektrum rakende hierdie toeriste-bende en
voetslanerherberge in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks oplewer. Tweedens beoog ons om te demonstreer
hoekom voetslaners en herberge baie potensiaal inhou vir plaaslike ontwikkelings-inisiatiewe in Suid-
Afrika. Ons huidige resultate suggereer dat die uitbreiding van voetslaan-toerisme ‘n geskikte middel
is om ‘n reeks plaaslike ontwikkelingsdoelwitte te bereik. Dit was baie voordelig in die ontwikkeling
van klein, mikro en mediumgrootte besighede. Die rugsakreisigers beset ‘n groter deel van die land,
toeriste-voordele word dus wyer versprei deur die land en, oor die algemeen spandeer hulle dieselfde
hoeveelheid geld as die sogenaamde luukse-einde toeriste. Voetslaan-/rugsak-toerisme is inderdaad
‘n tipe toerisme wat Suid-Afrika aktief behoort te ondersteun en uit te brei.
98

LIFE IN THE SALT PANS
THE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL
OF SALT-LOVING ENZYMES
Dr Evodia Setati
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
The production of common salt is one of the most ancient and widely distributed industries in the
world. Solar evaporation of seawater or natural brine lakes is the predominant salt production method
in most developing countries. Despite the fact that these solar salt plants contain water bodies that
are 9-10 times more concentrated than seawater, which is generally defined as containing 3.5%
dissolved salts, they sustain microbial life. Past studies focused mostly on the adaptive mechanisms
of these organisms; however, our interest lies in the potential use of these organisms to enhance
industrial processes.
Salt is produced by the mining of solid rock deposits and by the evaporation of seawater, lake, playa
(desert basin) and underground brines. The water evaporates in successive ponds until the brine
is fully concentrated and salt crystallises on the floor of the crystalliser ponds. Solar salt plants are
typical examples of hypersaline environments. Microbial diversity in hypersaline environments is
99
Dr Evodia Setati and researchers

determined to a greater extent by parameters such as salinity, oxygen solubility and ionic composition,
as well as temperature and pH in some cases. All three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea and
Eukarya) are represented in hypersaline biotopes; however, the overall diversity of physiological
groups decreases with an increase in salt concentration. Most studies carried out in the past have
focused on the microbial diversity and the adaptive mechanisms employed in order to maintain
enzyme activity and stability in hypersaline environments. However, little attention has been given
to the biotechnological potential of the extracellular hydrolytic enzymes produced by halophilic (saltloving)
micro- organisms.
Enzymes found in nature have been used for centuries in the production of food products such
as cheese, beer, wine and vinegar. The evolution of modern technology over the past four to five
decades has resulted in the introduction of enzymes into industrial products and processes such
as detergents, paper and pulp and animal feed, as well as the textile and starch industries. These
industrial processes are carried out under specific physical and chemical conditions, which cannot
always be adjusted to the optimal values required for the activity of the available enzymes. As a result,
scientists have joined the quest for new enzymes that can be introduced into industrial processes
without the need for protein engineering. Halophilic micro-organisms represent a vastly under-utilised
resource of new metabolites and biocatalysts that have yet to be explored.
Our interest lies in isolating and identifying halophilic micro-organisms that produce plant cell wall
degrading enzymes such as endo-1,4-ß-xylanases and endo-1,4-ß-mannanases. We believe that
these enzymes could possess unique traits that will give us the opportunity, not only to improve old
industrial processes, but also to create new applications. In our research group, we have already
isolated a number of bacteria and fungi that exhibit mannanase activity. These isolates will be identified
and subjected to further screening for xylanase activity. The ultimate objective is to purify and
characterise these enzymes and explore their potential application in the processing of instant coffee,
and also as additives in laundry detergents. The genes encoding these enzymes will be cloned and
expressed in yeast systems that are generally regarded as safe.
100

LEWE IN DIE SOUTPANNE
DIE BIOTEGNOLOGIESE POTENSIAAL VAN
SOUTLIEWENDE ENSIEME
Dr Evodia Setati
Departement Mikrobiese, Biochemiese en Voedselbiotegnologie
Die produksie van gewone sout is een van die oudste nywerhede in die wêreld en kom wydverspreid voor.
Sonsverdamping van seewater of natuurlike soutwatermere is die oorwegende soutproduksiemetode
in die meeste ontwikkelende lande. Hierdie soutaanlegte wat van die son se hitte afhanklik is, bevat
watermassas wat 9-10 keer meer gekonsentreer is as seewater, wat algemeen gedefinieer word
as water wat 3.5% opgeloste soute bevat. Tog onderhou hulle mikrobiese lewe. Vorige studies het
meestal op die aanpassingsmeganismes van hierdie organismes gefokus, maar ons belangstelling hou
verband met die potensiële benutting van hierdie organismes om nywerheidsprosesse te bevorder.
Sout word geproduseer deur die ontginning van soliede rotsafsettings en die verdamping van seewater,
plaja (woestynbekken) en ondergrondse pekel. Die water verdamp in opeenvolgende poele totdat die
pekel volledig gekonsentreerd is en sout op die vloer van kristalliseerpoele neerslaan. Soutaanlegte
wat van die son se hitte afhanklik is, is tipiese voorbeelde van hipersouthoudende omgewings.
Mikrobiese diversiteit in hipersouthoudende omgewings word in ‘n groter mate bepaal deur parameters
soos soutgehalte, suurstofoplosbaarheid, ioniese samestelling, en in sommige gevalle, temperatuur
en pH. Al drie lewensdomeine (Bakterieë, Archaea en Eukarya) word in hipersouthoudende biotope
verteenwoordig, hoewel die algehele diversiteit van fisiologiese groepe afneem wanneer daar ‘n
toename in soutkonsentrasie is. Die meeste studies wat in die verlede gedoen is, het gefokus op
die mikrobiese diversiteit en die aanpassingsmeganismes wat gebruik word om ensiemaktiwiteit en
–stabiliteit in hipersouthoudende omgewings in stand te hou. Min aandag is egter nog gegee aan die
biotegnologiese potensiaal van ekstrasellulêre hidrolitiese ensieme wat deur halofiliese (soutliewende)
mikro-organismes geproduseer word.
Ensieme wat natuurlik voorkom, word reeds vir eeue gebruik in die vervaardiging van voedselprodukte
soos kaas, bier, wyn en asyn. Die evolusie van moderne tegnologie oor die afgelope vier tot vyf
dekades het aanleiding gegee tot die gebruikmaking van ensieme in nywerheidsprodukte en –
prosesse soos reinigingsmiddels, papier en pulp, dierevoer, en die tekstiel- en styselbedrywe. Hierdie
101

nywerheidsprosesse word onder gespesifiseerde fisiese en chemiese omstandighede uitgevoer, en
dit kan nie altyd aangepas word met die oog op die optimale waardes wat vereis word vir die aktiwiteit
van die beskikbare ensieme nie. Gevolglik spits wetenskaplikes hulle nou toe op die soeke na nuwe
ensieme wat in nywerheidsprosesse gebruik kan word sonder dat proteïenmanipulasie benodig word.
Halofiliese mikro-organismes verteenwoordig ‘n baie onderbenutte bron van nuwe metaboliete en
biokatalisators wat nog ondersoek moet word.
Ons stel belang in die isolering en identifisering van halofiliese mikro-organismes wat ensieme
produseer wat plantselwande afbreek, soos endo-1,4-ß-xylanases en endo-1,4-ß-mannanases. Ons
is van mening dat hierdie ensieme moontlik oor unieke eienskappe beskik wat ons nie alleen die
geleentheid sal bied om ou nywerheidsprosesse te verbeter nie, maar ook om nuwe toepassings te
skep. Ons navorsingsgroep het alreeds ‘n aantal bakterieë en swamme geïsoleer wat mannanaseaktiwiteit
vertoon. Hierdie geïsoleerde organismes sal geïdentifiseer en nagegaan word met die oog
op xylanase-aktiwiteit. Die uiteindelike oogmerk is om hierdie ensieme te suiwer en te karakteriseer,
en hul potensiële benutting in die verwerking van kitskoffie en as bymiddels by wasgoedreinigers te
ondersoek. Die gene wat hierdie ensieme enkodeer, sal gekloon en uitgedruk word in gisstelsels wat
oor die algemeen as veilig beskou word.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
UFS campus approximately 1930’s.
A snow-covered UFS campus 1931.
102

Three of the colourful liquid crystal phases of a porphyrine derivative
ROCKETS, EXPLOSIONS, MEDICINE, PAINT
...AND OTHER THINGS
Prof Jannie Swarts
Department Chemistry
Left: Prof Jannie Swarts
Below: Prof Geoff Sykes (FRS, left) of Newcastle, England,
Prof Jannie Swarts and emeritus Prof Gert Lamprecht
(right, first independent physical chemistry section head
at the UFS) was dubbed “the gang” by the rector, Prof
Fourie, during the graduation ceremony at which Geoff was
awarded an honorary doctors degree for his contribution in
protein chemistry.
Chemistry is one of the basic sciences and chemists are privileged to be capable of making a definitive
contribution to almost every possible technical discipline. Their daily activities read like an adventure
story loaded with keen anticipation, a dedicated competitiveness to overcome temporary setbacks
to later celebrate enthusiastically after in depth research lead the way to spectacular success. The
main reason behind all this fun is nested therein that the same laws of nature drive every process.
Chemists have the key to unlock natural and industrial secrets.
Research contributions by Prof Jannie Swarts and co-workers at the Physical Chemistry Section
demonstrate the multidisciplinary adventures possible in this profession. This group targets metal
complexes and polymers in their research. To prevent the explosion or veering off course of a rocket
in flight, it is necessary to control the burning rate of the solid rocket propellant. This group was
searching for compounds that could stabilise the burning rate of the fuel at about 25 mm per second.
It was found that ferrocene, an iron complex, could do this. However, because ferrocene can diffuse
through the matrix of the solid fuel, this iron complex had to be anchored in its position in the matrix
103

of the propellant. By binding many of the molecules of this compound together like shackles of a
chain, diffusion was eliminated, but so much static electricity is generated during the mixing of the
ingredients of the rocket propellant, that the mixing and casting chambers are under constant threat of
exploding. Changing the binding position of the iron complex from the main shackles of the polymeric
chain to a side chain position, like the side branches of a tall Christmas tree, solved the problem.
Incorporation of a lubricant in the form of a silicon complex on these side chains also contributed in
the development of some of the best high burning rate catalysts available in the market today.
Upon recognising that the success of ferrocene as a high burning rate catalyst is vested in the
capabilities of this iron complex to participate in electron transfer reactions, research was realigned to
determine if this compound could not be used as a chemotherapeutic agent. The result was positive.
By combining complexes of ferrocene with platinum, rhodium, iridium and ruthenium, this research
group, together with the Cancer Association of South Africa and the medical faculty of the University
of Pretoria, registered a world-wide patent on new chemotherapeutic agents. All indications are that
these new complexes perform better against several cancers than many currently used compounds.
Especially gratifying was the capability of these complexes to treat cancer that became resistant
against drugs such as cisplatin. In a new development in this research it was demonstrated that by
anchoring chemotherapeutic drugs onto water-soluble chainlike polymeric carriers, the activity of the
drug may be enhanced many times, and treatment side effects can be substantially reduced.
It is not only fuels and medicine that benefit by combining metals and polymers. The team doing
water research and paint technology also uses this strategy. The hulls of ships are painted to prevent
rust. Paint is just another example of a polymer. With time, the hulls of the ships get so fouled by
the growth of seaweed and other aquatic life forms embedded on their hulls that the ships become
very heavy and experience increased drag resistance during cruises. By anchoring a tin complex on
the paint polymers, the growth of aquatic life forms on the hull of the ship can be largely prevented
and caulking times are greatly diminished.
Mother Nature also uses this strategy. During the conversion of light to energy, plants use porphyrine
antennas – chlorophyll – to harvest energy from sunlight. Copper-containing natural polymers called
plastocyanines carry the electrons that flow in leaves like a very weak electrical current during this
photosynthetic process. The group investigates factors that determine the rate and efficiency of this
process in different plants and algae. Some of these electron transfer processes are so fast, they
are completed in less than thousandths of a second, while others are very slow.
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Liquid crystal, theoretical and electrochemical properties of ferrocene, porphyrine and rhodium
systems are also investigated in collaboration with material scientists in Norwich, England, quantum
chemists in Tromso, Norway and electrochemists in Vermont, USA. The result is a better quality of
life for all.
VUURPYLE, ONTPLOFFINGS, MEDISYNE,
VERF...
EN ANDER DINGE
Prof Jannie Swarts
Departement Chemie
Chemie is een van die basiese wetenskappe en chemici is bevoorreg om wesenlike bydraes te kan maak
in bykans elke tegniese dissipline denkbaar. Hul daaglikse aktiwiteite lees soos ‘n avontuurverhaal
gelaai met opgewonde afwagtende spanning, ‘n Kompeterende doelgerigtheid om tydelike terugslae
te oorkom om daarna uitspattig en vreugdevol fees te vier na deeglike navorsing tot sukses gelei het.
Een van die hoofredes agter hierdie pret is daarin gesetel dat dieselfde natuurwette elke proses dryf.
Chemici het die sleutel om natuur- en nywerheidsgeheime te ontsluit.
Navorsingsbydraes deur Prof Jannie Swarts en medewerkers van die Afdeling Fisiese Chemie getuig
inderdaad van multidissiplinêre avonture. Hierdie groep teiken metaalkomplekse en polimere vir
hul navorsing. ‘n Voorvereiste vir ‘n suksesvolle vaste vuurpyldryfmiddel is die vermoë om die
verbrandingstempo van die brandstof te kan beheer, anders ontplof die vuurpyl of wyk dit van koers af.
Hierdie groep was op soek na verbindings wat die verbrandingstempo van die dryfmiddel stabiliseer
teen ‘n tempo van ongeveer 25 mm per sekonde. Dit is gevind dat ferroseen, ‘n ysterkompleks,
oor hierdie vermoë beskik. Aangesien ferroseen egter deur die matriks van ‘n vaste dryfmiddel kan
diffundeer, was dit nodig om dié ysterkompleks in die matriks van die dryfmiddel te anker. Deur
molekules van dié verbinding soos skakels van ‘n ketting as’t ware in ‘n lang touvorm aan mekaar
te bind, is diffusie oorkom, maar soveel statiese elektrisiteit is tydens die mengproses van die
dryfmiddelkomponente gegenereer dat meng- en gietvate die gevaar loop om te ontplof. Deur egter
nie die ysterkompleks in die ruggraat van die kettingagtige groot molekuul te plaas nie, maar deur dit
eerder in ‘n syketing, soortgelyk aan die sytakke van ‘n lang Kersfeesboom te plaas, en om aan die
sytakke ‘n smeermiddel in die vorm van ‘n silikonkompleks ook te heg, is ‘n bydrae gemaak tot die
ontwikkeling van die beste hoë brandspoedkatalisatore wat vandag in die nywerheid beskikbaar is.
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Met die besef dat die sukses van ferroseen as hoë brandspoedkatalisator geleë is in die vermoë
van hierdie ysterverbinding om elektrone oor te dra, is navorsing herbelyn om vas te stel of hierdie
verbinding nie as chemoterapeutiese geneesmiddel aangewend kan word nie. Dit was inderdaad
so. Deur komplekse van ferroseen met platinum, rodium, iridium of rutenium te kombineer, het
hierdie navorsingspan, in samewerking met die Kankervereniging van Suid-Afrika en medici van die
Universiteit van Pretoria, ‘n wêreldwye patent op nuwe chemoterapeutiese middels kon registreer wat
volgens alle aanduidings beter vaar teen meeste kankers as huidige middels. Veral groot vooruitgang
is gemaak in die bestryding van kankers wat weerstandig geword het teen bestaande middels soos
cisplatin. In ‘n nuwe wending in hierdie navorsing is gevind dat deur die chemoterapeutiese middels
aan ‘n wateroplosbare kettingagtige polimeerdraer te koppel, die aktiwiteit van die middel dramaties
verhoog kan word. Terselfdertyd kan behandelingsnewe-effekte dramaties verminder word.
Dit is nie net brandstowwe en medisyne wat baat vind uit die kombinasie van metale en polimere nie.
Watersuiweringsnavorsing deur die span en verftegnologie gebruik ook hierdie strategie. Skepe word
geverf ten einde te verhoed dat rompe roes. Verf is net nog ‘n voorbeeld van ‘n polimeer. Dit is egter
so dat skeepsrompe so met seewier en ander akwatiese lewensvorme begroei word, dat skepe al
hoe swaarder word en al hoe meer waterweerstand tydens vaarte ondervind. Deur ‘n tinderivaat aan
die verfpolimeer te heg, word die groei van akwatiese plante op skeepsrompe grootliks verhoed, en
is kalfatertye dramaties verminder.
Moeder Natuur gebruik ook hierdie strategie. In die omskakeling van lig na energie gebruik plante
porferienantennas – chlorofil – om sonlig op te vang. Die elektrone wat in blare soos ‘n baie swak
elektriese stroom tydens hierdie fotosinteseproses vloei, word deur koperbevattende natuurlike
polimere by name plastosianiene gedra. Faktore wat die snelheid en effektiwiteit van hierdie proses
in verskillende plante en alge beheer word deur die groep ondersoek. Sommige van hierdie prosesse
is so vinnig, dit vind in minder as duisendstes van sekondes plaas, terwyl ander weer uiters stadig
is.
Vloeikristal, teoretiese en elektrochemiese eienskappe van ferroseen, porferien en rodiumsisteme
word ook in samewerking met materiaalwetenskaplikes in Norwich, Engeland, kwantumchemici in
Tromso, Noorweë en elektrochemici in Vermont, VSA nagevors. Die resultaat is ‘n beter lewensgehalte
vir almal.
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ECONOMIC POLICY
CONSIDERED AND RECONSIDERED
Dr Philippe Burger
Department of Economics
Since the advent of Keynesian economics (so-called after the British economist JM Keynes) in the
1930s, governments the world over attempt at times to pursue a counter-cyclical economic policy.
Such a policy means that government incurs debt during recession times to finance higher expenditure
and to lower taxes, both done in an attempt to stimulate the economy. Especially during the second
half of the twentieth century Keynesian policy caused public debt to become an instrument of active
economic management. However, many governments frequently found that their policies were not
always successful. In his research Dr Philippe Burger examines why this happened.
As a norm, the amount of public debt is expressed as a ratio of Gross Domestic Product (GDP
– which represents the total production and -income that an economy generates during, say, a
year). This is done because total income ultimately is the source of most taxes, and government
has to collect taxes to pay, among other things, the interest on its debt. Thus, should public debt
continuously increase relative to GDP, it simply means that government has to collect increasingly
more taxes out of total income to pay interest, something that is not fiscally sustainable over the
medium to long run.
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Dr Philippe Burger

The public debt/GDP ratio in several countries showed the largest ever peacetime increase during
the last 20 years of the twentieth century, thereby causing widespread fiscal unsustainability. Towards
the latter half of the 1990s, several governments initiated steps to reverse this trend (including the
South African government).
In his book entitled “Sustainable fiscal policy and economic stability: Theory and practice”, published
by Edward Elgar publishers in the UK, Dr Burger uses and develops the ‘general balance framework’ to
argue that merely running a primary budget surplus (i.e. a surplus which is calculated as the difference
between the non-interest revenue and -expenditure of government) to restore fiscal sustainability and
to stabilise the public debt/GDP ratio will not always work. In effect, government may simply shift
the problem to other sectors of the economy, thereby creating economic instability. By linking the
budget constraints of government and all the other economic actors at a macroeconomic level, the
framework allows him to measure how changes to the budget of one economic sector are transferred
to the budgetary position of another sector. By taking account of these sectoral balance effects as
well as the role of uncertainty and expectations, his work develops a set of rules for the maintenance
of fiscal sustainability and economic stability.
THE SOUTH AFRICAN PUBLIC DEBT/GDP RATIO
Source: IMF
His research on fiscal sustainability and economy stability is a continuation of research he did with
prof Frederick Fourie under whose guidance he also completed his PhD on the same topic in 2002.
For his PhD he received the Founders medal of the Economic Society of South Africa in 2002,
awarded for the best PhD thesis in economics completed at a South African university. In a related
line of work, Dr Burger also explores the link between the solvency of government and the creation
of human capital by government. Human capital is the ability of humans to work productively and to
generate income, a topic which is very relevant to the South African context where we do not only
have a large shortage of human capital, but also a limited and constrained government budget.
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EKONOMIESE BELEID
OORWEEG EN HEROORWEEG
Dr Philippe Burger
Departement Ekonomie
Sedert die koms van Keynesiaanse ekonomie (so vernoem na die Britse ekonoom JM Keynes) in die
1930s, het owerhede wêreldwyd van tot tyd probeer om ekonomiese beleid na te streef wat sikliese
skommeling teenwerk. So ‘n beleid behels dat die owerheid skuld aangaan gedurende resessionêre
tye om groter uitgawes en laer belasting te finansier, in ‘n poging om die ekonomie te stimuleer.
Veral gedurende die tweede helfte van die twintigste eeu het Keynesiaanse beleid daartoe gelei dat
openbare skuld ‘n instrument van aktiewe ekonomiese bestuur geword het. Menige owerhede het
egter gevind dat hulle beleid nie altyd suksesvol was nie. In sy navorsing soek dr Philippe Burger na
redes hiervoor.
As ‘n norm, word die hoeveelheid staatskuld uitgedruk in verhouding tot Bruto Binnelandse Produk
(BBP – die totale produksie en -inkome wat ‘n ekonomie gedurende ‘n gegewe jaar genereer). Dit word
so gedoen omdat totale inkome uiteindelik die hoofbron van belasting is, en die owerheid belasting
moet invorder om onder andere sy rente op skuld te betaal. As openbare skuld dus deurlopend
verhoog relatief tot die BBP, beteken dit eenvoudig dat die owerheid toenemend meer belastings
uit totale inkome moet vorder om die rente te delg, iets wat in fiskale terme nie volhoubaar oor die
medium tot langtermyn is nie.
Gedurende die laaste twee dekades van die twintigste eeu het die staatskuld/BBP verhouding in
talle lande die grootste styging nog in vredestyd getoon, wat wydverspreide fiskale onvolhoubaarheid
tot gevolg gehad het. Teen die tweede helfte van die 1990s, het talle owerhede stappe geneem om
hierdie neiging om te keer (insluitend die Suid-Afrikaanse regering).
In sy boek getitel “Sustainable fiscal policy and economic stability: Theory en practice”, uitgegee in
die VK deur Edward Elgar uitgewers, gebruik en ontwikkel dr Burger ‘n ‘algemene balansraamwerk’
om aan te voer dat ‘n primêre begrotingsurplus (‘n begrotingsurplus wat bereken word as die verskil
tussen die nie-rentedraende inkomste en -uitgawe van die owerheid) alleen nie altyd voldoende is om
fiskale volhoubaarheid te herstel en die staatskuld/BBP verhouding te stabiliseer nie. Die owerheid
mag in effek eenvoudig die probleem na ander sektore van die ekonomie verskuif, wat ekonomiese
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onstabiliteit tot gevolg sal hê. Deur die owerheid se begrotingsbeperking op makrovlak te skakel
met al die begrotingsbeperkings van alle ander ekonomiese rolspelers, laat die raamwerk hom toe
om te meet hoe die veranderinge in die begroting van een ekonomiese sektor oorgeplaas word na
die begrotingsposisie van ‘n ander sektor. Deur die uitwerking van hierdie sektorale balanseffekte in
berekening te bring tesame met die rol van onsekerheid en verwagtinge, kon hy ‘n stel reëls ontwikkel
vir die behoud van fiskale volhoubaarheid en ekonomiese stabiliteit.
THE SOUTH AFRICAN PUBLIC DEBT/GDP RATIO
Source: IMF
Dr Burger se navorsing oor fiskale volhoubaarheid en ekonomiese stabiliteit is ‘n voortsetting van
navorsing wat hy in samewerking met prof Frederick Fourie aangepak het, en onder wie se leiding hy
ook sy PhD in 2002 oor die onderwerp voltooi het. Die Stigtersmedalje van die Ekonomiese Vereniging
van Suid Afrika is gedurende 2002 aan dr Burger vir die beste PhD proefskrif in Ekonomie wat aan ‘n
Suid Afrikaanse universiteit voltooi is, toegeken. In verwante navorsing ondersoek dr Burger ook die
verwantskap tussen die solvensie van die owerheid en die skepping van menslike kapitaal deur die
owerheid. Menslike kapitaal is die vermoë van persone om produktief te werk en sodoende inkome
te genereer. Hierdie onderwerp is uiters relevant in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks waar daar nie net ‘n
groot skaarsheid aan menslike kapitaal is nie, maar ook ‘n beperkte owerheidsbegroting.
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Prof Peter Mbati
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL PATHOGENS
Prof Peter Mbati
Head: Qwaqwa Campus and Parasitology Research Program
Molecular diagnosis of tick-borne pathogens, serology and immunology were identified as key areas
for collaboration between the Parasitology Research Team at the Qwaqwa campus and the Diagnostic
Laboratory of the Free State Department of Agriculture in Bloemfontein. Prof Noboru Inoue of Obihiro
University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (Japan) visited the program for a month where he
worked closely with postgraduate students and offered training in aspects of Molecular Parasitology
and Immunology.
The Parasitology Research Program has continued to indulge in a fascinating spectrum of parasitoses
of medical and veterinary importance of both national and international interest. Studies on Leishmania,
a devastating parasite of the human reticulo-endothelial system has revealed exciting possibilities for
developing a live vaccine. Specific proteins that probably code for virulence have been isolated.
With the collaboration of Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, the Research Program has documented
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important tick species occurring in the north eastern Free State. Some of these principal vectors of
livestock disease in the region are Rhipicephalus spp. and Boophilus decoloratus, which transmit
economically implicated diseases such as Babesiosis (redwater), Anaplasmosis (gall sickness) and
Cowdriosis (heartwater). A recently concluded sero-epidemiological survey indicates that these
blood parasites are endemically stable in our region. The team have also recently concluded a
survey of helminth parasites (internal worms) that infest livestock in Harrismith, Kestell and Qwaqwa.
Dominant species in cattle were Haemonchus and Oesophagostomum, whilst in horses important
helminths include Strongyle, Parascaris eqourum and Oxyuris equi. The occurrence of Newcastle
disease in free ranging chickens was also investigated, and the most appropriate vaccination route
has been reported. Among the highlights of 2003 were the development of a PCR-based diagnostic
test for Babesia equi (biliary fever) and identification of important molecules as potential tick vaccine
candidates against Amblyomma hebraeum (bont tick). Motseki Hlatshwayo is completing his doctorate
in tick vaccine studies, whilst Sibusisu Mtshali is pursuing his doctorate in the area of molecular
epidemiology of rickettsiosis. The following students were working towards completing their M.Sc.
studies: Khosi Motloang, Fumane Nyaile and Flatha Masangane, while Moliehi Potjo completed her
B.Sc. honours degree.
MOLEKULÊRE DIAGNOSE
VAN MENSLIKE EN DIERLIKE PATOGENE
Prof Peter Mbati
Hoof: Qwaqwakampus en Parasitologie Navorsingsprogram
Molekulêre diagnose van luisdraende patogene, serologie en immunologie is geïdentifiseer as
sleutelareas vir die samewerking tussen die Parasitologie Navorsingspan op die Qwaqwakampus en
die Diagnostiese Laboratorium van die Vrystaatse Departement van Landbou in Bloemfontein. Prof
Noboru Inoue van Obihiro Universiteit van Landbou en Veeartseny Medisyne (Japan) het die program
vir ‘n maand besoek, waartydens hy nou saamgewerk het met nagraadse studente en opleiding in
aspekte van Molekulêre Parasitologie en Immunologie aangebied het.
Die Parasitologie Navorsingsprogram het voortgegaan om die vrye loop te neem in ‘n indrukwekkende
spektrum van parasitoses wat belangrik is op mediese en veeartsenykundige gebied en van beide
nasionale en internasionale belang. Navorsing op Leishmania, ‘n vernietigende parasiet van die
menslike retikulo-endotele sisteem het opwindende moontlikhede vir die ontwikkeling van ‘n lewende
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entstof blootgelê. Spesifieke proteïne wat moontlik kwaadaardigheid kodeer, is geïsoleer. Met die
samewerking van Onderstepoort Veeartsenykunde Instituut, het die navorsingsprogram belangrike
luis-spesies gedokumenteer wat in die Noordoos-Vrystaat voorkom. Sommige van die belangrikste
draers van siekte onder lewende hawe in die streek is Rhipicephalus spesies en Boophilus
decoloratus, wat ekonomies belangrike siektes soos Babesiosis (rooiwater), Anaplasmosis (galsiekte)
en Cowdriosis (hartwater) oordra. ‘n Onlangs voltooide sero-epidemiologiese ondersoek toon dat
hierdie bloedparasiete endemies stabiel in ons streek is.
Die span het ook onlangs ‘n ondersoek voltooi na ingewandsparasiete (inwendige wurms) wat lewende
hawe in Harrismith, Kestell en Qwaqwa infekteer. Dominante spesies in beeste was Haemonchus en
Oesophagostomum, terwyl belangrike ingewandsparasiete in perde Strongyle, Paracaris eqourum en
Oxyuris equi ingesluit het. Die voorkoms van Newcastle-siekte in vrylopende kuikens is ook ondersoek
en die mees toepaslike metode van inenting is gerapporteer.
Die hoogtepunte van 2003 was, onder andere, die ontwikkeling van ‘n Polimerase Kettingreaksie (PKR)
gebaseerde diagnostiese toets vir Babesia equi (galkoors) en identifikasie van belangrike molekules
as potensiële kandidate vir luis-entstof teen Amblyomma hebraeum (bontluis). Motseki Hlatshwayo
is besig om sy doktorale navorsing in luis-entstof te voltooi, terwyl Sibusiso Mtshali voortgaan met sy
studie op die gebied van molekulêre epidemiologie van ragitus. Die volgende studente is besig om
hulle M.Sc.-studie te voltooi: Khosi Motlaung, Fumane Nyaile en Flatha Masangane, terwyl Moliehi
Potjo haar B.Sc. Honneursgraad voltooi het.
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FARMOVS PAREXEL (Pty) Ltd
A PRIME EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH IN A
PRIVATE PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP
Dr Sybrand Pretorius
Senior Director and
Head of Unit
Photos: Courtesy of
PAREXEL International
FARMOVS PAREXEL (Pty). Ltd is a prime example of an extremely successful Private Public Partnership
(PPP). The company is co-owned by the University of the Free State, who owns 30% of the shares, and
PAREXEL International Corporation, a leading biopharmaceutical outsourcing provider, who owns 70%
of the shares. During the previous calendar year (2003), FARMOVS-PAREXEL successfully conducted
72 major clinical research studies in both healthy volunteers and patients.
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There are a myriad of advantages associated with this PPP. The most noticeable of these are that:
• High quality medical research is being performed on campus
• Patients gain access to a wide variety of cutting edge therapeutic modalities
• Healthy volunteers are remunerated for their participation
• Job creation
• Income is generated for the University
In addition to this PPP model, the company has recently formed a strategic alliance with the
Academic Group Practice (AGP), an association of medical professionals of the Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of the Free State. This alliance will create synergies between the clinical acumen
of FARMOVS-PAREXEL and the capabilities and patient access of the AGP in the performance of
clinical trials. In retrospect, it is safe to say that this alliance, still in an early development phase,
has already been implemented successfully. FARMOVS-PAREXEL provides the logistical support
and infra- structure for clinical studies and the AGP provides clinical services and investigators in
specific therapeutic areas in both hospital-based and outpatient studies. Advantages to the AGP
are that FARMOVS-PAREXEL takes care of all the submissions to regulatory authorities and handles
the administrative burden associated with complex clinical trials. The Principal Investigator has time
to attend to his patients and the doctor/patient relationship is not disrupted as a result of a clinical
trial.
During the past year FARMOVS-PAREXEL has collaborated successfully with the AGP and Faculty
members in psychiatry, pulmonology, cardiology and oncology studies. Access to schizophrenia
patients has been a huge benefit and a total of 5 studies were performed in this therapeutic area
during 2003.
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FARMOVS PAREXEL (EDMS) BPK
‘N EERSTEKLAS VOORBEELD VAN
NAVORSING IN ‘N PRIVATE OPENBARE
VENNOOTSKAP
Prof Sybrand Pretorius
Senior Direkteur en
Hoof van die Eenheid
FARMOVS PAREXEL (Edms) Bpk. is ‘n eersteklas voorbeeld van ‘n uiters suksesvolle Private
Openbare Vennootskap (POV). Die maatskappy word gesamentlik besit deur die Universiteit van die
Vrystaat, wat 30% van die aandele besit, en PAREXEL Internasionale Korporasie, ‘n toonaangewende
biofarmaseutiese diensverskaffer, wat 70% van die aandele besit. Gedurende die afgelope kalenderjaar
(2003) het FARMOVS-PAREXEL 72 belangrike kliniese navorsingstudies in beide gesonde vrywilligers
en pasiënte gedoen.
Tallose voordele kan met hierdie POV assosieer word. Die mees voor-die-hand-liggende hiervan is
dat:
• ‘n Hoë kwaliteit mediese navorsing word op kampus uitgevoer
• Pasiënte kry toegang tot ‘n wye verskeidenheid van aktuele terapeutiese modaliteite
• Gesonde vrywilligers word vergoed vir hulle deelname
• Werkverskaffing
• Inkomste word vir die Universiteit genereer
Bykomstig tot hierdie POV-model het die maatskappy onlangs ‘n strategiese bondgenootskap gevorm
met die Akademiese Groepspraktyk (AGP), ‘n vereniging van mediese beroepslui van die Fakulteit
van Gesondheidswetenskappe aan die Universiteit van die Vrystaat. Hierdie genootskap sal sinergie
skep tussen die kliniese vernuf van FARMOVS-PAREXEL en die vermoëns en toegang tot pasiënte
van die AGP in die uitvoer van kliniese proewe. In retrospeksie kan daar met vrymoedigheid gesê
word dat hierdie vereniging, hoewel nog in ‘n vroeë fase van ontwikkeling, alreeds baie suksesvol
was. FARMOVS-PAREXEL verskaf die logistieke ondersteuning en infrastruktuur vir kliniese navorsing
en die AGP verskaf die kliniese dienste en ondersoekers vir navorsing op spesifieke terapeutiese
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gebiede in beide hospitaal-gebaseerde en buitepasiënte. Dit strek tot voordeel van die AGP dat
FARMOVS-PAREXEL die toelating tot regulerende bestuur onderneem en ook die administratiewe
laste wat met die ingewikkelde kliniese proewe geassosieer word, hanteer. Die hoofnavorser het die
tyd om na sy pasiënte om te sien en die dokter/pasiënt-verhouding word nie verbreek as gevolg van
‘n kliniese toets nie.
Gedurende die afgelope jaar het FARMOVS-PAREXEL suksesvol saamgewerk met die AGP en lede
van die Fakulteit in psigiatriese, pulmonologiese, kardiologiese en onkologiese navorsing. Toegang
tot skisofreniese pasiënte was ‘n groot voordeel en ‘n totaal van vyf proewe is op hierdie terapeutiese
gebied uitgevoer tydens 2003.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE On 18 March 1950, Parliament declared
Kovsies a fully fledged, independent
university. Simultaneously, the name
was changed to the University of
the Orange Free State (UOFS), and
former state president CR Swart was
appointed the first chancellor.
An aerial photo of UFS campus 1950s.
117
The faculties of Education, Law and
Social Sciences were established
in 1945, while the Economics and
Administrative Sciences Faculty came
into being in 1954. The addition of the
Faculty of Agriculture in 1958 was an
important step forward.

FOCUS
ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MISSIOLOGY
Prof Pieter Verster
Department of Missiology
Poverty in South Africa remains a burning issue. Large and comprehensive schemes and large-scale
involvement of churches often result in short-term relief of poverty, but many of these schemes fail in
the long run. Is there another route that can be followed?
Research is being undertaken in the Department of Missiology in the Faculty of Theology at the
University of the Free State to investigate possible solutions for this problem. In fact, the chief
purpose of the investigation is to determine whether the community where poverty occurs, can be
empowered to become directly involved with the poorest among them and to suggest solutions.
This research under the guidance of Prof Pieter Verster, assisted by students Mzwandile Phathela
and Nathaniël Sebolai, is conducted in informal settlement areas in and around Bloemfontein. Mr
Phathela conducted direct interviews in the JB Mafora community. A congregation of the Dutch
Reformed Church in Africa was also involved. Discussions were held with the church council and
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with the Commission for Social Services, as well as with individual members of the congregation.
With the assistance of Rev Johannes Makutoane, information was exchanged with the congregation
and solutions were sought jointly. Families were visited together with the Commission. Focus group
discussions were held with four groups with five members each that were constituted arbitrarily from
the community, and consisted of members of the Dutch Reformed Church in Africa within a certain
area.
The useful concept of the four squares of knowledge was used: we know, they know; we don’t know,
they know; we know, they don’t know; we don’t know, they don’t know. All too often, developers tend
to act according to the third quadrant. The chief purpose of this method is to determine what type of
knowledge lies in each quadrant, how the knowledge of the community itself can be utilised and how
solutions can be generated from the knowledge of the community and of the researcher.
It was evident from the discussions that people do not regret having come to the city and that
they enjoy living here, despite numerous problems such as crime, lack of infrastructure, negative
influences on children, etc. However, the biggest problem was how to obtain work and an income.
It was evident from interviews with individuals that the majority have a positive view of the church and
look up to the church to chiefly provide spiritual support, but also material assistance. The task of the
church is particularly to create a vision of hope, and to stress respect for the individuality of a person
- even the poorest among us. However, about a quarter of the people who were questioned are
negative towards the church. In this regard, comments that neighbours and relatives often help under
difficult circumstances are insightful – others therefore provide in this need, and not the church.
However, the culture of poverty is not only negative, but can also have positive aspects. The interviews
revealed that the poor community develops structures within which the community itself takes care of
others. These structures provide the key to the empowerment of the community by the congregation
and the church in a broader context. For instance, a committee of the DRCA congregation launched
its own investigation into the incidence of extreme poverty within the congregation itself. The
congregation was subsequently involved in food provision and other assistance.
The conclusion was reached that the communities in informal settlement areas can and must
be empowered to handle extreme poverty themselves by assisting the poorest members of their
community. It is also clear that knowledge must be self-generating, so that the community can find
its own solutions.
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FOKUS
OP DIE DEPARTEMENT
SENDINGWETENSKAPPE
Prof Pieter Verster
Departement Sendingwetenskappe
Armoede in Suid-Afrika bly steeds ’n brandende vraagstuk. Groot en uitgebreide skemas en
grootskaalse betrokkenheid van kerke lei dikwels tot korttermynverligting van armoede, maar op die
lange duur misluk baie van hierdie skemas. Is daar ’n ander weg wat gevolg kan word?
Navorsing word in die Departement Sendingwetenskap aan die Fakulteit Teologie van die Universiteit
van die Vrystaat onderneem om ondersoek in te stel na moontlike oplossings vir die vraagstuk. Die
hoofdoel van die ondersoek is juis om te bepaal of die gemeenskap waar armoede voorkom, bemagtig
kan word om self betrokke te raak by die armstes onder hulle en oplossings voor te stel.
Hierdie navorsing onder leiding van prof Pieter Verster, bygestaan deur studente Mzwandile Phathela
en Nathaniël Sebolai, word in informele behuisingsgebiede in en om Bloemfontein gedoen. Mnr
Phathela het direkte onderhoude gevoer in die JB Mafora-gemeenskap. ’n Gemeente van die Ned.
Geref. Kerk in Afrika is ook betrek. Daar is gesprek gevoer met die kerkraad en met die Kommissie vir
die Diens van Barmhartigheid, asook met individuele lidmate. Met die hulp van ds Johannes Makutoane
is inligting uitgeruil met die gemeente en daar is saam na oplossings gesoek. Gesinne is saam met
die Kommissie besoek. Fokusgroepbesprekings is gevoer met vier groepe van vyf lede elk wat arbitrêr
uit die gemeenskap saamgestel is, en bestaan het uit lede van die Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk
in Afrika binne ‘n sekere gebied.
Die nuttige begrip van die “four squares of knowledge” is gebruik: ons weet, hulle weet; ons weet nie,
hulle weet; ons weet, hulle weet nie; ons weet nie, hulle weet nie. Ontwikkelaars is te dikwels geneig
om volgens die derde kwadrant op te tree. Die hoofdoel van die metode is om te bepaal watter soort
kennis lê waar, op watter wyse die kennis waaroor die gemeenskap self beskik, benut kan word en
hoe die kennis van die gemeenskap en dié van die navorser oplossings kan genereer.
Uit die besprekings was dit duidelik dat die mense nie spyt is dat hulle stad toe gekom het nie
en dat hulle dit geniet om hier te woon, ten spyte van talle probleme soos misdaad, gebrek aan
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infrastruktuur, negatiewe invloede op kinders, ens. Die vernaamste probleem was egter hoe om werk
en ‘n inkomste te bekom.
Uit onderhoude met individue het dit geblyk dat die oorgrote meerderheid positief voel teenoor die
kerk, en na die kerk opsien om hoofsaaklik geestelike ondersteuning, maar ook materiële bystand, te
verleen. Die kerk se taak is veral om ‘n visie van hoop te skep, en om respek vir die individualiteit van
die persoon, selfs van die armstes onder ons, te beklemtoon. Daar was egter ook sowat ‘n kwart van
die mense wat ondervra is, wat negatief staan teenoor die kerk. In hierdie verband is die opmerkings
dat bure en familielede dikwels onder moeilike omstandighede hulp verleen, insiggewend - die leemte
word dus nie deur die kerk nie, maar deur ander gevul.
Die kultuur van armoede is egter nie slegs negatief nie, maar kan ook positiewe aspekte hê. Uit die
onderhoude is afgelei dat die arm gemeenskap strukture ontwikkel waarbinne die gemeenskap self
vir ander sorg. Hierdie strukture is dan ook die sleutel tot die bemagtiging van die gemeenskap deur
die gemeente en die kerk in breër verband. ’n Komitee van die NGKA-gemeente het byvoorbeeld
ondersoek ingestel na die voorkoms van uiterste armoede binne die gemeente self. Die gemeente is
daarna betrek by kosverskaffing en ander hulpverlening.
Die slotsom waartoe gekom is, is dat die gemeenskappe in die informele gebiede bemagtig kan
en moet word om uiterste armoede self te hanteer deur hulp te verleen aan die armstes in die
gemeenskap. Dit is ook duidelik dat kennis selfgenererend moet wees, sodat die gemeenskap self
oplossings kan vind.
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Prof Corene de Wet
LEARNER CRIME
IN SCHOOLS
Prof Corene de Wet
Department of Comparative Education and Education Management
Crime and violence have far-reaching consequences for education, and could lead to the collapse of a
culture of learning. Crime and violence could also lead to serious physical, emotional and psychological
problems among educators as well as learners, including stress, reduced self-confidence, possible
depression, suicidal tendencies, poor concentration and reduced school attendance. Since crime
and violence in schools constitute a serious threat to the establishment of peace, democracy and
economic progress in South Africa, Prof De Wet undertook research on criminal offences and violence
among learners, as well as vandalism, in Free State and Eastern Cape schools.
The investigation of criminal offences in Free State schools reveals that learners are involved
particularly in victimless crimes such as using alcohol and smoking dagga; conventional crimes such
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as vandalising school property, theft and less serious attacks on fellow learners; violating the dignity
and good name of fellow learners in particular by swearing at them and making obscene gestures, as
well as juvenile status offences.
Bullying, attacks on learners and robbery appear to be the most common violent crimes against
learners in Eastern Cape schools situated in black residential areas and settlements. Although to a
lesser extent, educators are also the victims of robbers and bullying and assault by learners. Educators
have identified drug and alcohol abuse as the chief cause of learner violence at the Eastern Cape
schools that participated in the research project. Two economic factors - poverty and unemployment
- were regarded as the second and seventh most significant causes respectively. According to the
respondents, the disintegration of family life is the third most significant cause of learner violence.
Learner vandalism occurs regularly in Free State and Eastern Cape schools. Learners, particularly boys
between the ages of 14 and 19 years, were identified in the investigation as the chief perpetrators
of vandalism. However, it is also evident that schools are regularly vandalised by cattle-herders,
gang members, dropouts, former learners and learners from neighbouring schools. The research
indicates that legal, economic, drug and alcohol problems, as well as learner-related problems, may
be regarded as significant causes of school vandalism.
The erosion and collapse of discipline, the fact that parents have abdicated their responsibility as
primary educators and the disparagement of authority structures, as well as the economic, social
and moral deterioration that lie at the root of juvenile crime, took place over decades. Simplistic
and quick solutions are therefore not the answer with regard to the prevention of juvenile crime.
Furthermore, not only youths are responsible for crime at schools, but also adults employed at
schools and outsiders. Prof de Wet therefore recommends that the combating of crime should take
place at two levels. Since some schools are situated in dangerous residential areas/environments,
increased security and access control, as well as the co-operation of the community and the police,
are essential to the combating of crime at schools in these areas. Value-driven education that takes
place in a culture of caring and entails that the principal and his/her educators, as well as learners,
strive to support the perpetrators and the victims, is essential for keeping crime out of schools. This
will not be possible without the co-operation of the community, parents, the department of education,
therapists and the police.
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LEERDERMISDAAD
IN SKOLE
Prof Corene de Wet
Departement Vergelykende Opvoedkunde en Onderwysbestuur
Misdaad en geweld het verreikende gevolge vir die onderwys. Dit kan tot die ineenstorting van ’n
leerkultuur lei. Voorts kan dit byi sowel opvoeders as leerders lei tot ernstige fisieke, emosionele en
psigologiese probleme, onder andere stres, ’n vermindering van selfvertroue, moontlike depressie,
selfmoordneigings, gebrekkige konsentrasie en verminderde skoolbywoning. Aangesien misdaad
en geweld in skole ’n ernstige bedreiging vir die vestiging van vrede, demokrasie en ekonomiese
vooruitgang in Suid-Afrika inhou, het prof De Wet navorsing oor strafregtelike leerdermisdaad en
leerdergeweld, asook vandalisme, in skole in die Vrystaat en Oos-Kaap onderneem.
Uit die ondersoek na strafregtelike misdade in Vrystaatse skole blyk dit dat leerders veral betrokke is
by slagofferlose misdade soos die gebruik van alkohol en die rook van dagga; konvensionele misdade
soos die vandalisering van skooleiendom, diefstal en minder ernstige leerder-op-leerderaanvalle; die
skending van die waardigheid en goeie naam van veral medeleerders deur hulle te vloek en obsene
tekens te maak, asook jeugstatusoortredings.
Bullebakkery, leerderaanrandings en roof blyk die mees algemene geweldsmisdade teen leerders
verbonde aan Oos-Kaapse skole wat in swart woonbuurtes en nedersettings geleë is, te wees.
Opvoeders is, hoewel in ‘n mindere mate, ook die slagoffers van rowers, leerderbullebakke en
leerderaanrandings. Opvoeders het die misbruik van dwelms en alkohol geïdentifiseer as die
belangrikste oorsaak van leerdergeweld by die Oos-Kaapse skole wat aan die navorsingsprojek
deelgeneem het. Twee ekonomiese faktore - armoede en werkloosheid - is as respektiewelik die
tweede en sewende belangrikste oorsake beskou. Die verbrokkeling van die gesinslewe is volgens
die respondente die derde belangrikste oorsaak van leerdergeweld.
Leerdervandalisme blyk ‘n gereelde verskynsel in Vrystaatse en Oos-Kaapse skole te wees. Die
ondersoek het getoon dat dit meestal leerders is, in besonder seuns tussen die ouderdomme van
14 en 19 jaar, wat hulle aan vandalisme skuldig maak. Dit blyk egter ook dat skole gereeld deur
veewagters, bendelede, uitsakkers, oudleerders en leerders van buurskole gevandaliseer word.
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Die navorsing toon dat juridiese, ekonomiese, dwelm- en alkoholprobleme, asook leerderverwante
probleme, as belangrike oorsake van skoolvandalisme beskou kan word.
Die ondermyning en ineenstorting van dissipline, ouers se versaking van hul verantwoordelikheid
as primêre opvoeders en die miskenning van gesagstrukture, asook die ekonomiese, sosiale en
morele agteruitgang wat misdaad onder jeugdiges ten grondslag lê, het oor dekades plaasgevind.
Simplistiese en kitsoplossings is dus nie die antwoord op die voorkoming van jeugmisdaad nie.
Voorts is nie net jeugdiges nie, maar ook volwassenes verbonde aan skole, asook buitestaanders,
verantwoordelik vir misdaad by skole. Prof de Wet beveel gevolglik aan dat misdaadbekamping op
twee vlakke moet plaasvind. Aangesien sommige skole in gevaarlike woonbuurtes/omgewings geleë
is, is verhoogde sekuriteit en toegangsbeheer, asook die samewerking van die gemeenskap en die
polisie, noodsaaklik in die bekamping van misdaad by skole in dié areas. Waardegedrewe onderwys
wat binne ’n omgeekultuur plaasvind en behels dat die skoolhoof en sy/haar opvoeders, asook
leerders, daarna streef om die oortreders en die slagoffers te ondersteun, is noodsaaklik om misdaad
uit skole te weer. Dit sal nie moontlik wees sonder die samewerking van die gemeenskap, ouers, die
onderwysdepartement, terapeute en die polisie nie.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
125
Teologiegebou - Fakulteit Teologie
het in 1980 tot stand gekom.

BOYDEN
OBSERVATORY
Dr Pieter Meintjes
Dr Matie Hoffman
Department of Physics
Right: Dr Pieter Meintjes
Boyden Sterrewag - Hannes Calitz, nagraadse student en
waarnemer by Boyden Sterrewag kyk hoe die toerusting
wat vir die opgradering gebruik is, afgelaai word.
Boyden Observatory, a unique facility of the University of the Free State (UFS), has been revitalised
as a combined research, educational and public facility over the last two years. The UFS-Boyden 1.5m
telescope was refurbished, and is already being used for research as well as science awareness
activities. The sod-turning ceremony for the first phase of the Boyden Science Centre took place on
27 August 2003, and the construction of the new Boyden Auditorium and reception area had almost
been completed by the end of 2003. The new facilities will be officially opened as part of the UFS
centennial year during 2004. This will also be the 100 th year since the original 1.5-m telescope was
purchased by Harvard University, and the 70 th year of the telescope’s operation at its present site
at Boyden, near Bloemfontein. The UFS is still one of only a handful of universities worldwide that
possess a large telescope of the 1.5-m class.
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The cost of upgrading the UFS-Boyden 1.5-m telescope amounted to about 1.5 million rand. This
involved the automation of the Boyden telescope and the dome by installing a new control system
($60 000). The installation was carried out by the DFM company from the USA. The cost of the project
was carried by the National Research Foundation (R300 000) and the University of Notre Dame (UND)
in the USA ($46 000). A sophisticated CCD camera to the value of $55 000 was provided by the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LLNL) in the USA.
The astrophysics research group at the UFS (University of the Free State) is involved in several
national and international projects covering a wide range of topics, from searching for planets around
distant stars in the Milky Way (exoplanets) to studying outbursts of energy in binary stars and active
galactic nuclei. The UFS’s level of expertise has also received international recognition. Dr Meintjes
is a guest lecturer at the University of Cape Town for the National Astrophysics and Space Science
Programme (NASSP). The participation of the NASSP contributes to the UFS’s growing popularity as
a training institution for astrophysicists.
An agreement was concluded with astronomers at the University College of Dublin (UCD) in Ireland,
for the installation of a small robotic telescope (Watcher) at the UFS-Boyden Observatory. This will
form part of the UFS’s astrophysics research programme. The telescope will be controlled robotically
from Dublin, and will be used particularly to search for optical point sources that can be associated
with the so-called gamma-ray bursts and to monitor eruptions in active galaxies, as well as to search
for exoplanets by means of the so-called transit technique.
The installation of a 512 kbis/s Internet connection between the UFS-Boyden Observatory and the
UFS campus is already under way. This is a very valuable addition to the research and education
infrastructure at the UFS. The network will be supported financially by the international co-operation
between the universities of Notre Dame (UND), the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LLNL),
the University College of Dublin (UCD) and the UFS. The Internet connection should already be in
operation by May 2004.
127

BOYDEN
STERREWAG
Dr PJ Meintjes
Dr M Hoffman
Departement Fisika
Boyden Sterrewag, ‘n unieke fasiliteit van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat (UV), is oor die afgelope
twee jaar hernuwe as ‘n gekombineerde navorsings-, onderwys- en openbare fasiliteit. Die UV-Boyden
1.5-m teleskoop is opgeknap, en word reeds gebruik vir navorsing asook aktiwiteite ter bevordering
van wetenskapsbewustheid. Op 27 Augustus 2003 is die eerste sooi gespit vir die eerste fase van die
Boyden Wetenskapsentrum, en teen die einde van 2003 was die konstruksie van die nuwe Boyden
Ouditorium en ontvangsarea bykans voltooi. Die nuwe fasiliteite sal gedurende 2004 amptelik in
gebruik geneem word, as deel van die UV se eeufeesjaar. Dit sal ook die 100ste jaar wees sedert
die oorspronklike 1.5-m teleskoop deur die Universiteit van Harvard aangekoop is, en die 70ste jaar
van gebruik van die teleskoop op sy huidige terrein by Boyden, naby Bloemfontein. Die UV is steeds
een van slegs ‘n handjievol universiteite wêreldwyd wat beskik oor ‘n groot teleskoop van die 1.5-m
klas.
Die opgradering van die UV-Boyden 1.5-m teleskoop het ongeveer 1.5 miljoen rand beloop. Dit
behels die outomatisering van die Boyden-teleskoop en die koepel deur die installering van ‘n nuwe
beheerstelsel ($60 000), wat deur die DFM-maatskappy van die VSA uitgevoer is. Die koste van
die projek is gedra deur die National Research Foundation (R300 000) en die Universiteit van Notre
Dame (UND) in die VSA ($46 000). ‘n Gesofistikeerde CCD-kamera ter waarde van $55 000 is deur
die Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LLNL) in die VSA verskaf.
Die astrofisika-navorsingsgroep aan die UV (Universiteit van die Vrystaat) is betrokke by verskeie
nasionale en internasionale projekte wat ‘n wye verskeidenheid onderwerpe dek, van die soektog
na planete rondom afgeleë sterre in die melkweg (eksoplanete) tot die bestudering van energieke
uitbarstings in binêre sterre en aktiewe galaktiese kerne. Die vlak van kundigheid aan die UV geniet
ook nasionale erkenning. Dr Meintjes tree op as gasdosent by die Universiteit van Kaapstad vir die
National Astrophysics and Space Science Programme (NASSP). Die deelname aan die NASSP dra
daartoe by dat die UV ‘n gewilde instelling raak vir die opleiding van astrofisici.
‘n Ooreenkoms is gesluit met sterrekundiges by die University College of Dublin (UCD) in Ierland, vir
die installering van ‘n klein robotiese teleskoop (Watcher) by die UV-Boyden Sterrewag. Dit sal deel
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vorm van die UV se astrofisika-navorsingsprogram. Die teleskoop sal roboties vanuit Dublin beheer
word, en sal veral gebruik word vir die soektog na optiese puntbronne wat geassosieer kan word
met die sogenaamde gammaknalle en die monitor van uitbarstings in aktiewe galaksies, asook die
soektog na eksoplanete met behulp van die sogenaamde transit-tegniek.
Daar is reeds begin met die installering van ‘n 512 kbit/s Internetverbinding tussen die UV-Boyden
Sterrewag en die UV-kampus. Dit is ‘n baie waardevolle toevoeging tot die navorsings- en opvoedkundige
infrastruktuur van die UV. Die netwerk sal finansieel gedra word deur die internasionale samewerking
tussen die universiteite van Notre Dame (UND), die Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LLNL),
die University College of Dublin (UCD) en die UV. Na verwagting sal die Internet verbinding reeds teen
Mei 2004 in bedryf wees.
Dr Meintjes, leier van die UV astrofisika vorsingsgroep, in die kontrolekamer van die UV-Boyden 1.5m
teleskoop. Na die onlangse opgradering van die teleskoop deur die DFM maatskappy in die VSA
kan die teleskoop nou ten volle rekenaarmatig beheer word. Die opgradering is moontlik gemaak deur
groot bydraes vanaf die NRF en die Universiteit van Notre Dame in die VSA. Die teleskoop is nou
ook toegerus met ‘n gesofistikeerde CCD kamerasisteem wat verskaf is deur die Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratories as deel van ‘n internasionale samewerkingsooreenkoms.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
An aerial photo of UFS campus 1960/61.
129
During the sixties, seventies and
eighties, the university thrived.
Residences and other buildings
mushroomed, remaining today as
distinctive landmarks - for example
the Callie Human Centre and the
Odeion. The Faculty of Medicine was
established in 1969 and the Faculty
of Theology in 1980.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS
AGAINST THROMBOSIS
Prof Muriel Meiring
Department of Haematology and Cell Biology
Myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke are still the major causes of death in industrialised
countries, and also a major complication in patients suffering from HIV infection. The development
of antithrombotic agents therefore remains a major challenge and a subject of research by Prof
Muriel Meiring and her group in the Department of Haematology and Cell Biology. This group selects
peptides, proteins and antibodies that inhibit blood coagulation and platelet adhesion by using phage
display technology. These antithrombotic agents are then further characterised in a perfusion chamber
in the laboratory, as well as in baboon thrombosis models.
The group has extensive experience with baboon thrombosis models. In one of these models, a
thrombus-generating device in the form of a piece of artificial blood vessel made of Dacron material
is inserted as an extension segment into a shunt between the artery and the vein in one of the
groins. The baboon’s blood platelets are labelled with a radioisotope, Indium-111, reinjected and
their deposition on the Dacron material measured with a gamma camera. Antithrombotic agents
slow down the deposition of platelets and the formation of a blood clot, and this effect can then be
measured and the effectiveness of the antithrombotic agent determined.
The phage display technology and thrombosis models that are utilised locally have not only led to
the successful invention and testing of promising antithrombotic agents, but have also attracted
the attention of international pharmaceutical companies with whom contract research agreements
have been concluded. The research group also collaborates internationally with research groups in
Belgium and Hungary.
130
Prof Muriel Meiring

DIE ONTWIKKELING VAN GENEESMIDDELS
TEEN TROMBOSE
Prof Muriel Meiring
Departement Hematologie en Selbiologie
Miokardiale infarksie (hartaanval) en beroerte is steeds die hoofoorsake van sterftes in die
nywerheidslande, en is ook ‘n belangrike komplikasie in pasiënte wat aan MIV-infeksie ly. Die
ontwikkeling van anti-trombotiese middels bly daarom ‘n prominente uitdaging, en ‘n onderwerp van
navorsing deur Prof Muriel Meiring en haar groep in die Departement Hematologie en Selbiologie.
Hierdie groep selekteer peptiedes, proteïne en teenliggaampies wat bloedstolling en plaatjievasklewing
inhibeer deur faagblootleggingstegnologie te gebruik. Hierdie anti-trombotiese middels word dan
verder gekarakteriseer in ‘n perfusiekamer in die laboratorium sowel as in bobbejaantrombosemode
lle.
Die groep het uitgebreide ervaring van bobbejaantrombosemodelle. In een van hierdie modelle word
‘n trombusgenererende toestel in die vorm van ‘n stuk kunsmatige bloedvat, wat van Dacronmateriaal
gemaak is, ingelas as ‘n ekstensiesegment in ‘n omleiding tussen die arterie en die vena in een van die
lieste. Die bobbejaan se bloedplaatjies word met ‘n radio-isotoop, Indium-111, gemerk, en dan word
dit weer ingespuit en die neerslag daarvan op die Dacronmateriaal gemeet met ‘n gamma-kamera.
Anti-trombotiese middels vertraag die neerslag van plaatjies en bloedklontvorming, en hierdie effek
kan dan gemeet en die effektiwiteit van die anti-trombotiese middel bepaal word.
Die faagblootleggingstegnologie en trombosemodelle wat plaaslik benut word, het nie alleen gelei
tot die suksesvolle uitvinding en toetsing van belowende anti-trombotiese middels nie, maar het ook
die aandag van internasionale farmaseutiese maatskappye getrek, met wie kontraknavorsingsooreen
komste aangegaan is. Die navorsingsgroep werk ook internasionaal saam met navorsingsgroepe in
België en Hongarye.
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Prof Dap Louw
Department of Psychology
Prof Dap Louw
CENTRE FOR PSYCHOLOGY AND THE LAW:
TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN FORENSIC
PSYCHOLOGY
There has been a significant increase in crime, not only in South Africa, but also in numerous other
countries. Unfortunately, it is also true that South Africa is the unrivalled “leader” in certain crime
categories in. Although numerous initiatives have been launched in the socio-political arena to address
this problem, relatively little is being done in the research field to gain insight into the phenomenon
of crime and the criminal, and to combat crime along this route. For this reason, the Centre for
Psychology and the Law was established as a unit within the Department of Psychology in order
to make a contribution, not only through research, but also by training postgraduate students and
professionals such as psychologists, jurists and social workers.
Forensic Psychology can be described briefly as the subdiscipline of Psychology that is directed
at generating and applying principles of psychological knowledge within the legal process. This
includes aspects such as evaluating accused persons, making recommendations with regard to
sentencing, determining the psychological impact of emotional and physical trauma, determining
the reliability of eyewitness accounts, evaluating child sexual abuse and custody assessment during
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divorce proceedings. However, apparent widespread ignorance regarding exactly what Forensic
Psychology involves is one of the most important factors preventing service-rendering and research
in Forensic Psychology from reaching their full potential. This ignorance arises from myths that are
perpetuated particularly by films, TV and popular books. For instance, due to their unreliability and
invalidity, profiling, hypnosis and the polygraph (“lie detector”) hardly receive any recognition in
Forensic Psychology.
However, this is connected with one of the major tasks of Psychology, namely rooting out psychological
myths (which often lead to exploitation of the public). Examples of the numerous myths being
circulated include that people only use about 10% of their brain capacity, that walking over coals
is a mind over matter phenomenon, that subliminal (covert) perception can change your behaviour,
and that hypnosis enables people to do or remember things that would not otherwise have been
possible.
Prof Dap Louw is the head of the Centre for Psychology and the Law. Prof Louw is a winner of the
Stals Prize, which is awarded once every four years by the SA Academy for Science and Arts for
outstanding contributions to Psychology. As far as we know, he is the only person in the country who
holds master’s and doctoral degrees in both Psychology and Criminology. According to the NRF
evaluation report, he is “highly regarded nationally and internationally as one of the top researchers
in Forensic Psychology”, and is also regarded as South Africa’s “leading forensic psychologist”. The
psychodynamics of murder is one of Prof Louw’s fields of specialisation. He has been working with
murderers for about 30 years and also had the unique academic privilege, under the previous judicial
system, of conducting interviews with people on death row, often not long before their execution.
Research projects that have already been initiated and completed by the Centre include the following:
factors influencing the reliability of eyewitness accounts, evaluations of the Court for Sexual Offences
and the Office of the Family Advocate, factors used by jurists and psychologists to determine how
dangerous an offender is, how children perceive their rights, the application of computer-based
diagnoses in prison and a series of studies on psychopathy together with American colleagues. Almost
all of these research projects have a multicultural approach. Prof Louw is convinced that multicultural
research in South Africa with its unique cultural spectrum offers researchers an excellent opportunity,
not only to gain international recognition, but also to pioneer many scientific fields. According to
Prof Louw, this is also one of the reasons why, in addition to local accredited publications, no fewer
than 15 articles written by him and his students have been accepted for publication by international
journals in the past year alone.
133

SENTRUM VIR SIELKUNDE EN DIE REG:
OPLEIDING EN NAVORSING IN FORENSIESE
SIELKUNDE
Prof Dap Louw
Departement Sielkunde
Misdaad het nie net in Suid-Afrika nie, maar ook in talle ander lande ‘n skerp stygende neiging
getoon. Ongelukkig is dit ook so dat Suid-Afrika in veral sekere misdaadkategorieë die onbetwiste
“leier” is. Hoewel daar op polities-sosiale gebied heelwat inisiatiewe is om hierdie probleem aan te
spreek, word daar op die navorsingsterrein relatief min gedoen om insig in die misdaadverskynsel en
die misdadiger te verkry en misdaad langs hierdie weg aan bande te lê. Die Sentrum vir Sielkunde en
die Reg is daarom as ‘n eenheid binne die Departement Sielkunde gestig, nie slegs om via navorsing
‘n bydrae te lewer nie, maar ook langs die weg van opleiding van nagraadse studente en beroepslui
soos sielkundiges, regsgeleerdes en maatskaplike werkers.
Forensiese Sielkunde kan in kort beskryf word as die sub-dissipline van die Sielkunde wat toegespits
is op die generering en toepassing van sielkundige kennis binne die regsproses. Dit sluit terreine
in soos onder andere die sielkundige evaluering van beskuldigdes, aanbevelings ten opsigte van
vonnisoplegging, die bepaling van die sielkundige impak van psigiese en fisiese trauma, die
betroubaarheid van ooggetuies, evaluering van seksuele molestering by kinders en assesering tydens
egskeidingsgedinge met die oog op die plasing van die betrokke kinders. Een van die belangrikste
faktore wat egter dikwels verhinder dat dienslewering en navorsing in die Forensiese Sielkunde
tot sy volle reg kom, is die groot mate van onkunde wat heers oor presies wat die Forensiese
Sielkunde behels. Die basis van hierdie onkunde is mites wat veral deur rolprente, TV en populêre
boeke aangewakker word. So byvoorbeeld geniet profilering (“profiling”), hipnose en die poligraaf
(“leuenverklikker”) weens hul onbetroubaarheid feitlik geen erkenning in die Forensiese Sielkunde
nie.
Dit sluit egter aan by een van die grootste take van die Sielkunde, naamlik om sielkundige mites (wat
dikwels tot die uitbuiting van die publiek lei) te weerlê. Voorbeelde van die tientalle mites is dat mense
net ongeveer 10% van hul breinkrag gebruik, dat die loop oor kole ‘n “mind over matter” verskynsel is,
dat subliminale (onwaarneembare) persepsie ‘n mens se gedrag kan verander en dat hipnose mense
in staat stel om dinge te doen of te onthou waartoe hulle andersins nie in staat is nie.
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Prof Dap Louw staan aan die hoof van die Sentrum vir Sielkunde en die Reg. Prof Louw is ‘n wenner
van die Stalsprys wat een keer elke vier jaar deur die SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns toegeken
word vir uitstaande bydraes tot die Sielkunde. Hy is, sover bekend, die enigste persoon in die land
wat oor meesters- en doktorsgrade in sowel Sielkunde as Kriminologie beskik. Volgens die NRFevalueringsverslag
is hy “highly regarded nationally and internationally as one of the top researchers
in Forensic Psychology” en ook Suid-Afrika se “leading forensic psychology”. Een van prof Louw
se spesialiseringsterreine is moord. Hy werk reeds ongeveer 30 jaar met moordenaars en het onder
die vorige regsbestel ook die unieke akademiese voorreg gehad om met mense in die dodeselle, en
dikwels relatief kort voor hulle teregstelling, onderhoude te voer.
Navorsingsprojekte wat reeds deur die Sentrum aangepak en voltooi is, sluit in: faktore wat die
betroubaarheid van ooggetuies beïnvloed, evaluerings van die Hof vir Seksuele Oortredings en die
Kantoor van die Gesinsadvokaat, faktore wat deur regsgeleerdes en sielkundiges gebruik word
om gevaarlikheid by ‘n oortreder te bepaal, kinders se belewenis van hul regte, die toepassing
van rekenaarmatige diagnoses in die gevangenis, asook ‘n reeks studies oor psigopatie saam
met Amerikaanse kollegas. Feitlik al hierdie navorsingsprojekte het ‘n multikulturele inslag. Prof
Louw huldig die mening dat multikulturele navorsing in Suid-Afrika met sy unieke samestelling in
hierdie verband, ‘n uitstekende geleentheid vir navorsers op verskillende terreine bied om nie slegs
internasionale erkenning te verkry nie, maar ook leiding te neem. Volgens prof Louw is dit ook een
van die redes waarom, benewens ander plaaslike geakkrediteerde publikasies, nie minder nie as 15
artikels van hom en sy studente in die afgelope 12 maande deur internasionale tydskrifte aanvaar is.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
135
Landbougebou - 1963.

Prof Theuns van der Linde
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
INSECTS AS WITNESSES IN COURT
Prof Theuns van der Linde
Department of Zoology and Entomology
There is a high incidence of violent crime in South Africa, and forensic entomology makes a meaningful
contribution to the solution of these cases. Why use insects in criminal investigations? Insects are
the first organisms that arrive at a body, sometimes within minutes after the person has died, even
if the body is hidden or covered. Insects reach a body in an organised sequence, known as insect
succession. This is the basis of forensic entomology. To quote Catts & Haskell: “Tell me who the
players on the field are and I will tell you when the game started”. In a number of cases, forensic
entomology could provide the only scientific evidence that led to the conviction of the suspect.
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Bo: Nagraadse student besig om insekte tydens lykskouing te versamel.
Onder: Nagraadse student besig met entomotoksikologiese navorsing.

Prof Theuns van der Linde can rightfully be regarded as the “father” of forensic entomology in South
Africa. The first official research group for forensic entomology in South Africa was established at the
University of the Free State in 1992. The University of the Free State is presently the only academic
institution in South Africa, and probably in Africa, that offers tuition and conducts research in forensic
entomology at graduate and postgraduate level. There are only two practising forensic entomologists
in Africa, namely Prof Van der Linde and Dr Mervyn Mansell of the Agricutlural Researcn Council’s
Plant Protection Research Institute in Pretoria. Together, they have probably conducted more crime
investigations than any other forensic entomologist in the world.
What is forensic entomology? It is the use of arthropods, and more specifically insects, in judicial
or criminal investigations. This research field can be divided into three categories, namely urban
entomology, stored products entomology and medico-legal or medico-criminal entomology. Urban
entomology concerns man and his environment, and household pests such as termites, flies and
cockroaches are important in this regard. Stored products entomology concerns man and his food
products. Insects or portions of insects in food products such as breakfast cereals or sweets fall in
this category. Medico-criminal entomology is mostly concerned with violent crimes such as murder,
suicide and homicide, and the main purpose is to determine the post-mortem interval (PMI), or
period of time that has elapsed since death, of a body. This is also the category to which the most
attention is given in their research, and where entomologists work in close co-operation with the
police and state pathologists. Forensic entomology can also be used in investigations into child
neglect or neglect of an elderly person, or poor medical care in hospitals where patients are infested
by insects.
Forensic entomology actually consists of three components, namely academic training, research
and community service. After an initial slow beginning and many growing pains, students are now
showing great interest in studying forensic entomology. Four Ph.D., two M.Sc. and two B.Sc. (Hons.)
students are presently enrolled. Since each case is unique and many factors can play a role in the
decomposition process and insect occupation of a body, it is essential to conduct research and
simulate actual cases in order to determine the correct PMI. Compiling reports for the police is
sometimes very difficult and time-consuming, since the report must be scientifically correct, yet still
understandable to a layman, and must also be legally valid to be accepted in a court of law. The third
component, namely community service, involves the investigation of criminal cases in co-operation
with, or at the request of, the police. Training courses in forensic entomology are presented regularly
for the police.
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What is Prof Van der Linde’s dream for the future of his research? Firstly to expand his research
group and investigate all aspects of forensic entomology, and to receive international recognition.
Secondly to initiate a postgraduate course in forensic sciences, similar to the Master’s in Environmental
Management (MEM) and Master’s in Sustainable Agricultural (MSA) courses, which includes subjects
such as Entomology, Zoology, Botany, Genetics, Geology, Chemistry and Medical Law. Many
enquiries are received from potential students, both locally and from abroad, who would like to study
for a degree in forensic sciences at the UFS. Similar courses are already being presented in the
USA, Australia and Britain. Members of the police service and jurists have also indicated that there is
a need for short courses in forensic sciences.
Financial support for this research is presently received from the Central Research Fund, and National
Research Foundation, and was also received from the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and
Technology via the Agricultrual Research Council in the past.
FORENSIESE ENTOMOLOGIE:
INSEKTE AS GETUIE IN DIE HOF
Prof Theuns van der Linde
Departement Dierkunde en Entomologie
In die lig van die hoë geweldsmisdaadsyfer in Suid-Afrika maak forensiese entomologie ‘n betekenisvolle
bydrae tot die oplos van hierdie sake. Waarom insekte in misdaadondersoeke gebruik? Insekte is
die eerste organismes wat by ‘n lyk opdaag, soms binne minute nadat die persoon gesterf het,
selfs al is die lyk versteek of bedek. Insekte kom in ‘n geordende volgorde by ‘n lyk aan, bekend as
inseksuksessie. Dit is die basis waarop forensiese entomologie berus. Om vir Catts & Haskell aan te
haal: “Tell me who the players on the field are and I will tell you when the game started”. In ‘n aantal
gevalle kon forensiese entomologie die enigste wetenskaplike bewyse lewer wat gelei het tot die
skuldigbevinding van die verdagte.
Prof Theuns van der Linde kan met reg as die “vader” van forensiese entomologie in Suid-Afrika
beskou word. In 1992 is die eerste amptelike navorsingsgroep vir forensiese entomologie in Suid-
Afrika aan die Universiteit van die Vrystaat gestig. Tans is die Universiteit van die Vrystaat die enigste
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akademiese instelling in Suid-Afrika, en waarskynlik in Afrika, wat op voor- en nagraadse vlak onderrig
aanbied en navorsing doen in forensiese entomologie. Daar is slegs twee praktiserende forensiese
entomoloë in Afrika, nl. prof van der Linde en dr Mervyn Mansell van die Landbou Navorsingsraad se
Navorsingsinstituut vir Plantbeskerming in Pretoria. Saam het hulle seker al meer misdaadondersoeke
gedoen as enige ander forensiese entomoloog in die wêreld.
Wat is forensiese entomologie? Dit is die gebruik van artropode en meer spesifiek insekte, in
geregtelike of kriminele ondersoeke. Hierdie navorsingsveld kan in drie kategorieë ingedeel word, nl.
stedelike entomologie, gestoorde produkte-entomologie en medies-geregtelike of medies-kriminele
entomologie. Stedelike entomologie hou verband met die mens en sy omgewing, en huishoudelike
plae soos termiete, vlieë en kokkerotte is hier van belang. Gestoorde produkte- entomologie hou
verband met die mens en sy voedselprodukte. Insekte of gedeeltes daarvan in voedselprodukte
soos ontbytgraankos of lekkergoed, val in hierdie kategorie. Medies-kriminele entomologie hou
meestal verband met geweldsmisdaad soos moord, selfmoord en manslag, en die hoofdoel is om
die postmortem-interval (PMI), of tydsverloop sedert dood, van ‘n lyk vas te stel. Hierdie is ook
die kategorie waaraan die meeste aandag gegee word in hulle navorsing, en waar daar nou met
die polisie en staatspatoloë saamgewerk word. Forensiese entomologie kan ook gebruik word in
ondersoeke na kinder- of bejaardeverwaarlosing, of swak mediese sorg in hospitale waar pasiënte
met insekte besmet word.
Forensiese entomologie staan eintlik op drie bene, nl. akademiese opleiding, navorsing en
samelewingsdiens. Na ‘n aanvanklike stadige begin en baie groeipyne, is daar tans baie belangstelling
van studente om forensiese entomologie te studeer. Tans is daar vier Ph.D.-, twee M.Sc.- en twee
B.Sc.(Hons.)-studente geregistreer. Omdat elke geval uniek is en omdat baie faktore ‘n rol kan speel
by die ontbindingsproses en insekbesetting van ‘n lyk, is dit noodsaaklik om navorsing te doen en
werklike gevalle na te boots om die korrekte PMI te bepaal. Die opstel van verslae vir die polisie is
soms baie moeilik en tydrowend, aangesien die verslag wetenskaplik korrek moet wees, maar steeds
verstaanbaar vir ‘n leek, en boonop regsgeldig moet wees om in ‘n geregshof aanvaar te word. Die
derde been, nl. samelewingsdiens, behels die ondersoek van misdaadgevalle wat in samewerking
met of op versoek van die polisie gedoen word. Opleidingskursusse in forensiese entomologie word
gereeld vir die polisie aangebied.
Wat is prof van der Linde se toekomsdroom vir sy navorsing? Eerstens om sy navorsingsgroep uit
te brei om alle aspekte van forensiese entomologie te ondersoek en internasionaal erkenning te
geniet. Tweedens om ‘n nagraadse kursus, soortgelyk aan die Magister in Omgewingsbestuur (MOB)
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en Magister in Volhoubare Landboukursusse (MVL), in forensiese wetenskappe te begin, wat vakke
soos Entomologie, Dierkunde, Plantkunde, Genetika, Geologie Chemie en Mediese Reg insluit. Baie
navrae word van potensiële studente, plaaslik en van die buiteland, ontvang om ‘n graad in forensiese
wetenskappe aan die UV te studeer. Soortgelyke kursusse word reeds in die VSA, Australië en
Engeland aangebied. Lede van die polisie en regsgeleerdes het ook aangedui dat daar ‘n behoefte is
aan kort kursusse in forensiese wetenskappe.
Finansiële steun vir hierdie navorsing word tans van die Sentrale Navorsingsfonds, Mediese
Navorsingsraad en Nasionale Navorsingstigting ontvang, en is in die verlede ook van die Departement
Kuns, Kultuur, Wetenskap en Tegnologie via die Landbou Navorsingsraad ontvang.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
‘n Lugfoto van die UV-kampus in 1993.
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PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH:
MAKING DRUGS SAFER
Prof Andrew Walubo
Department of Pharmacology
Over the past 50 years advances in medicine has been paralleled with growing concern about drug
safety. Prof Walubo and his students are investigating the role of various drug metabolising enzyme
systems in the body, with the aim ‘to ensure a safer use of drugs in humans’.
The department of pharmacology utilises a range of drug safety tools to advance its concern for drug
safety through service, teaching and research. The major thrust of their research is on “the role of
some liver enzymes (cytochrome P450) in the inter-individual variations in drug response and toxicity”,
more specifically: investigating the involvement of cytochrome P450 in the metabolic pathway that
turns drugs into toxic products, and how to prevent it. They have demonstrated that enzyme inhibitors
can be used to prevent paracetamol (Panadol � ) induced liver toxicity. A similar investigation by Ms
S. Barr demonstrated that, most probably, cytochrome P450 has no role in nevirapine (Virumune � )
induced liver toxicity. Nevirapine is used for treatment of HIV and is associated with fatal liver toxicity,
Prof Andrew Walubo
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the cause of which remains unknown. Another investigation was on the use of an enzyme, CYP2E1,
as a diagnostic test for alcohol usage, based on the understanding that the concentration of CYP2E1
in some white blood cells (lymphocytes) is selectively increased by alcohol. The test will be useful in
rehabilitation clinics because it is expected to detect significant alcohol usage during the previous
5-7 days. They also demonstrated that, compared to the traditional roasted meat, the South African
traditional meat, Biltong, had modest effect on enzymes CYP2E1 and CYP2A, enzymes most
implicated in the conversion of food chemicals into cancer causing compounds. Preliminary analysis
found no cancer causing compounds in Biltong but high concentrations in roasted meat. It was
concluded that Biltong is safer than the roasted meat. An ongoing doctoral project is run by Mrs C
Coetsee in collaboration with the genetics unit in department of haematology. It involves screening for
CYP26 and CYP2C19 polymorphism in samples from three South African populations (Caucasians,
Bushmen and Coloureds) with a hope that the results will shade light on the risk of using some drugs
in these populations.
The department also supports independent research that contributes to drug safety. Ms AM Abraham,
demonstrated that small positively charged spherical lipid molecules (liposomes) conferred better
delivery of drugs to the brain, while negatively charged liposomes conferred predictable and sustained
delivery to the liver. An investigation by Dr PM van Zyl, highlighted a complex relationship between
some neuro-endocrine markers and depressive disorders in mentally retarded patients. It called for
improvement in drug research in this rather neglected, though for genuine ethical reasons, group of
patients. Dr DM van Jaarsveld’s research on the relationship between therapeutic drug monitoring
(TDM) and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PKS/PKD) parameters for gentamycin revealed that
although the two safety tools may agree to some level, each has a distinct role in drug therapy, hence,
there is a need to start PKS/PKD monitoring for some drugs such as gentamycin.
The South African Doping Control Laboratory, housed in the department, continued with the tests for
prohibited drugs or substances in sportsmen and women. It widened its research to the screening of
the over-counter nutritional supplements for prohibited substances that may predispose sportsmen
to ‘positive doping tests’.
Lastly, the department of pharmacology is preparing to start a nationwide pharmacovigilance Centre
for anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs in mothers and children. Though independent, it is part of the department
of health’s ARV roll out plan. The aim is to monitor safety of ARV drugs in mothers and children, and
creation of an ARV-pregnancy register.
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FARMAKOLOGIESE NAVORSING:
DIE BEVEILIGING VAN MEDIKASIE
Prof Andrew Walubo
Departement Farmakologie
Die afgelope 50 jaar was die ontwikkeling in medisyne parallel met die toenemende bekommernis
oor die veiligheid van medikasie. Prof Walubo en sy studente ondersoek die rol van verskeie
medisynemiddels se metaboliserende ensiemsisteme in die liggaam, met die doel om ‘’n veiliger
gebruik van medikasie by mense te verseker’.
Die Departement Farmakologie gebruik ‘n reeks maatreëls vir beveiliging van medikasie om hulle
besorgdheid oor die veiligheid daarvan deur diens, onderrig en navorsing deur te gee. Die hoofsaak
van hulle navorsing is oor “die rol van sekere lewer-ensieme (sitochrome P450) in die interindividuele
variasies in medisyne-respons en toksisiteit”, meer spesifiek: ondersoek na die betrokkenheid van
sitochrome P450 in die metaboliese baan wat medisyne in giftige produkte verander, en hoe om
dit te voorkom. Hulle het gedemonstreer dat ensiemstremmers gebruik kan word om te voorkom
dat paracetamol (Panadol®) lewertoksisiteit veroorsaak. ‘n Soortgelyke ondersoek deur me S. Barr
het getoon dat sitochrome P450 hoogs waarskynlik geen rol speel in die lewertoksiteit wat deur
nevirapien (Virumune®) veroorsaak is nie. Nevirapien word gebruik in die behandeling van HIV en
word geassosieer met fatale lewertoksisiteit, waarvan die oorsaak onbekend is. ‘n Ander ondersoek
was na die gebruik van ‘n ensiem, CYP2E1, as ‘n agnostiese toets vir alkoholgebruik, gebaseer op
die begrip dat die konsentrasie van CYP2E1 in sekere witbloedselle (limfosiete) selektief deur alkohol
verhoog word. Hierdie toets sal handig wees in rehabilitasieklinieke, omdat dit veronderstel is om
aansienlike alkoholgebruik gedurende die vorige 5-7 dae na te speur. Hulle het ook aangetoon dat,
vergeleke met die tradisionele braai-/geroosterde vleis, het die Suid-Afrikaanse tradisionele vleis,
Biltong, ‘n matige effek op ensieme CYP2E1 en CYP2A, ensieme wat meestal geïmpliseer word
by die omskakeling van voedselchemikalieë na kankerveroorsakende samestellings. Voorafgaande
ontledings het geen kankerveroorsakende samestellings in Biltong gevind nie, maar ‘n hoë konsentrasie
in braaivleis. Daar is aanvaar dat Biltong veiliger is as braaivleis. Mev C Coetzee, in samewerking met
die genetiese eenheid in die Departement Hematologie, is besig met ‘n doktorale projek. Dit behels
die sifting vir CYP26 en CYP2C19 polimorfie in monsters van drie Suid-Afrikaanse bevolkingsgroepe
(Kaukasiërs, Boesmans en Kleurlinge) met die verwagting dat die resultate lig sal werp op die risiko
van die gebruik van medikasie in hierdie bevolkingsgroepe.
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Die departement ondersteun ook onafhanklike navorsing wat bydra tot die veiligheid van medikasie.
Mev AM Abraham het bewys dat klein positiefgelaaide bolvormige lipid molekules (liposome) beter
oordrag na die brein laat plaasvind, terwyl negatiefgelaaide liposome voorspelbaar en volhoubaar na
die lewer oorgedra word. ‘n Ondersoek deur dr PM van Zyl, het ‘n komplekse verhouding tussen sekere
neuro-endokrine merkers en depressiewe versteurings in geestelik vertraagde pasiënte aan die lig
gebring. Dit toon ‘n behoefte aan verbetering in medisynenavorsing by hierdie nogal verwaarloosde,
hoewel om suiwer etiese redes, groep pasiënte. Dr DM van Jaarsveld se navorsing na die verhouding
tussen terapeutiesegeneesmiddel-beheer (TGB) en farmakokinetika/farmakodinamika (PKS/PKD)
parameters vir gentamycin het onthul dat, hoewel die twee veiligheidsmaatreëls in ‘n sekere mate
ooreenstem, elkeen ‘n bepaalde/afsonderlike rol in die terapie van medisyne speel, derhalwe is daar
‘n behoefte om PKS/PKD vir sekere medisyne soos gentamycin te begin monitor.
Die Suid-Afrikaanse Laboratorium vir Dwelmbeheer, wat in die departement gehuisves word, het
voortgegaan met die toetse vir verbode medisyne of substanse by sportmans en –vroue. Die navorsing
is verbreed na die sifting van oor-die-toonbank voedingsaanvullings vir verbode substanse, wat
sportmense blootstel aan ‘positiewe toetse vir verdowingsmiddels’.
Ten laaste is die Departement van Farmakologie voorbereid om ‘n landswye farmakologiese
waaksaamheidsentrum vir anti-retroviale (ARV) medisyne vir moeders en kinders te stig. Alhoewel
onafhanklik, is dit deel van die Departement van Gesondheid se aangewese ARV-plan. Die doel
is om veiligheid van ARV-medisyne vir moeders en kinders te monitor, asook die skep van ’n ARVswangerskapsregister.
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CUSTOMARY FAMILY LAW
IN THE NEW DISPENSATION
Adv Rita-Marie Jansen
Department of Private Law
Adv Rita-Marie Jansen
Almost all South Africans have heard the word lobolo (dowry) and more or less know the meaning
thereof. What many do not realize is that customary law governs the domestic affairs of 75% of the
South African population. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa acknowledges both the
common law (of Roman-Dutch origin) and customary law as primary legal systems.
The advent of the new political and constitutional dispensation in 1994 also brought about great
challenges for customary law. The emphasis on fundamental rights and, especially, the right to
equality necessitated changes to customary law, which is pervaded by the principle of patriarchy.
Far-reaching new legislation has already come into force and a number of Bills have been tabled or
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are in the pipeline. Adv Jansen’s research focused on customary family law and more specifically
on how the position of the black woman was affected in a time which was characterized by many
changes.
According to traditional customary law a woman remains a perpetual minor, firstly under the
guardianship of her father, then under the guardianship of her husband and after his death under the
guardianship of his successor – normally her oldest son or her husband’s brother or father. Since
15 November 2000 all customary marriages are recognized as valid marriages in the same way as
civil/common law marriages. This also applies to polygamous marriages entered into in accordance
with customary law principles. The woman was also afforded the same status as her husband.
Ostensibly, it seems as if the inequalities have been removed and that the position of black women
has consequently improved. Regarding the patrimonial consequences of the marriage, the legislation
does not have retrospective effect and the research has shown that a black woman who entered into
a customary marriage prior to 15 November 2000 still finds herself in a very difficult position. This
is especially true in the case of her husband dying or in the case of divorce. Other problematic
areas, which were researched, are multiple marriages where a civil marriage is involved, and the
question of who should have the right to bury. In a culture with a firm belief in the ancestral spirits
this is regarded as an extremely important question. Both these problems regularly appear in courts
and legal representatives make use of the research and the recommendations that were made.
Presentations were made at both national and international conferences such as the 11th World
Conference on Family Law in Norway.
INHEEMSE FAMILIEREG
IN DIE NUWE BEDELING
Adv Rita-Marie Jansen
Departement Privaatreg
Bykans alle Suid-Afrikaners het al die woord lobolo gehoor en weet ook min of meer wat dit beteken.
Wat baie nie besef nie, is dat die huishoudelike aangeleenthede van 75% van die Suid-Afrikaanse
bevolking deur die inheemse reg beheer word. Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika
erken beide die gemenereg (van Romeins-Holland se oorsprong) en die inheemse reg as primêre
regstelsels.
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Die koms van die nuwe politieke en konstitusionele bedeling in 1994 het ook groot uitdagings vir
die inheemse reg ingehou. Die klem op fundamentele regte en veral die reg op gelykheid, het groot
veranderinge in die inheemse reg, wat deurspek is met die beginsel van patriargie, genoodsaak.
Ingrypende nuwe wetgewing is alreeds van krag en talle nuwe wetsontwerpe is reeds ter tafel gelê
of in die pyplyn. Adv Jansen se navorsing was op die inheemse familiereg gerig en veral oor hoe die
posisie van die swart vrou geraak is deur ‘n tydperk gekenmerk deur talle veranderinge.
In terme van die tradisionele inheemse reg, was ‘n vrou ‘n ewigdurende minderjarige, eers onder
die voogdyskap van haar vader, dan onder die voogdyskap van haar eggenoot en na sy afsterwe,
onder die voogdyskap van sy erfopvolger – normaalweg haar oudste seun of haar man se broer of
vader. Sedert 15 November 2000 word gebruiklike (inheemsregtelike) huwelike net soos siviele/
gemeenregtelike huwelike, as volkome wettige huwelike erken. Dit geld ook vir poligame huwelike
wat ingevolge die inheemse reg gesluit is. Die vrou het ook gelyke status met haar man verkry.
Oënskynlik lyk dit asof ongelykhede uit die weg geruim is, en of die swart vrou se posisie verbeter
het. Wat die vermoënsregtelike bedeling van die huwelik betref, het die wetgewing nie terugwerkende
krag nie en navorsing het getoon dat vroue in gebruiklike huwelike, gesluit voor 15 November 2000,
se posisie benard is. Dit is veral die geval wanneer haar eggenoot te sterwe kom, of in die geval van
egskeiding.
Verdere knelpunte wat ook nagevors is, is die problematiek van veelvuldige huwelike waar een ‘n
siviele huwelik is, asook wie in sulke gevalle die reg het om te begrawe. In ‘n kultuur met ‘n sterk
geloof in die voorouergeeste word laasgenoemde as ‘n uiters belangrike aangeleentheid beskou.
Beide hierdie knelpunte dien gereeld voor die howe en regsverteenwoordigers maak van hierdie
navorsing en aanbevelings daarin gemaak, gebruik. Voordragte is by beide nasionale en internasionale
kongresse gelewer, onder meer by die 11de Wêreldkongres oor Familiereg in Noorweë.
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Dr Bethuel Nthangeni
Prof Derek Litthauer
LIFE
THREE KILOMETRES DOWN A GOLD MINE
Prof Derek Litthauer
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
Since 2001, the Extreme Biochemistry group at the University of the Free State has been the South
African base from which the Life in Extreme Environments project, funded by NASA and the National
Science Foundation, is being run. Dr Esta van Heerden is in charge of the Princeton University field
laboratory, which is presently at the University of the Free State.
Living organisms can be found in unexpected places. In our anthropocentric view of life, we tend to
define conditions that are not comfortable for us as being extreme. A vast diversity of microbial life
can be found in these extreme environments, which range from volcanic outlets in the deep ocean
to the subzero temperatures of the Antarctic or dust particles in the outer limits of the atmosphere.
These extremophiles (organisms that love extreme conditions) are the research materials of Dr Esta
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van Heerden, who studies the biology and biotechnological applications of micro-organisms from a
unique extreme ecological niche, the deep subsurface in South African gold mines.
Fissure water, which has been trapped at depths more than 3 kilometres below the surface for millions
of years, contains bacteria and archaea that have never been identified before. The deep-water
samples serve as a source for the isolation of micro-organisms. These micro-organisms are identified
if they belong to previously described groups or, if they are unknown, they must be identified using
classical microbiological and molecular biology techniques. Dr van Heerden currently focuses on
bacteria for which optimal growth temperatures lie between 60 oC and 100 oC. Apart from some of the
well-known enzymes such as lipases and esterases, which have a plethora of industrial applications,
her main focus is microbial and enzyme systems that can metabolise metal ions, often converting
them into less toxic products.
A serious side effect of industrial development is the production of large amounts of dangerous
heavy metals, which can contaminate ground water. One of these, Cr(VI) or chromate, is a wellknown
carcinogen. By using the enzymes from a thermophilic Thermus sp. the chromate can be
enzymatically converted to the less toxic Cr(III) species, much more efficiently than by conventional
chemical means. She and her team have found that the enzyme systems involved are exceptionally
stable at high temperatures - an important factor that enhances their application as bioremediation
agents. In addition, the use of these bacterial systems to convert iron, vanadium and arsenic to forms
that can have a smaller environmental impact, make her research extremely topical and exciting.
She already has contracts with major mining companies in South Africa, and she collaborates with
a bioremediation company in the USA. At academic level, she actively collaborates with Princeton
University, the University of Tennessee and the New Mexico Tech.
A fascinating related topic, which is directly connected to her research, is the search for extraterrestrial
life. Indications of previous reservoirs of water on Mars open up intriguing possibilities that living
organisms, probably extremophiles, could have lived on Mars. Dr van Heerden was invited to address
the National Astrobiology Institute Executive Committee of NASA at the Ames Space Research Center
in Moffet Field, California, with a view to possibly establishing an Astrobiology Institute in South
Africa.
A major problem with extremophiles is that it is often impossible to obtain the organisms in culture
because their nutritional requirements are unknown. One way of solving this is to extract the total
complement of DNA directly from the soil or water. This genetic material, known as the metagenome,
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can also serve as starting material to obtain proteins, such as enzymes, from the extreme environments
without ever studying the intact organism. In this part of her programme Dr van Heerden collaborates
with Dr Bethuel Nthangeni, a molecular biologist who specialises in the expression of proteins in
heterologous hosts.
Dr Nthangeni, who has written two drama literature books (one an African Heritage Literary award
winner) and two A-rated radio dramas in his spare time, did his Ph.D. on the cloning, expression and
characterisation of lipases from Bacillus sp. After completing his Ph.D., he was invited to spend a
year at the CNRS in Paris, France, where he gained invaluable experience on heterologous protein
expression in yeasts. He is currently engaged in research activities aimed at the development of
Bacillus expression systems for heterologous protein over-production and secretion. The regulatory
elements (promoter elements) of the genes that occur in high levels in moderate thermophilic Bacillus
species have been identified and cloned to be used as protein over-expression and secretion signals.
These expression systems will be used in the overproduction of enzymes isolated from extreme
environments that are of industrial or academic importance. The availability of these expression
systems would provide an alternative to Escherichia coli expression systems, which have been found
to be unsuitable in the expression of some proteins from thermophilic organisms.
The genetic material obtained from extreme environments is used in the construction of metagenome
libraries for the discovery of new, previously unknown genes. The poli chain reaction (PCR) technique
is used to target genes that belong to the already discovered families of proteins. This is done by
analysing protein families to reveal conserved amino acid sequences that are used in the construction
of degenerate primers, followed by PCR to amplify partial fragments of the genes. Dr Nthangeni
has developed a cassette ligation system for rapid PCR cloning of full genes from partially known
fragments of genes. This has made rapid cloning of genes within the already known families of
proteins possible. The analysis of the genes that are currently being cloned from environmental
genetic materials reveals that, although the proteins have conserved amino acid sequences in some
regions, the amino acid sequences outside the conserved regions are heterogeneous. It is therefore
conceivable that the proteins will have different or even new biochemical catalytic properties. These
genes would probably not have been discovered if traditional methods of culturing the organism and
then isolating the DNA, were followed.
Very often, the genes within a given family will have a member with a known three-dimensional
structure. This is then used to elucidate the structure-function relationships by means of homology
modelling, where certain amino acids are identified and altered by site-directed mutagenesis in an
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effort to understand the determinants of certain biochemical catalytic functions. Another strategy
being pursued is directed evolution of genes, where the error-prone PCR is used to introduce errors
during the gene amplifications and the genes that have acquired useful mutations, are then selected
for analysis.
LEWENDE ORGANISMES
DRIE KILOMETER AF IN ‘N GOUDMYN
Prof Derek Litthauer
Departement Mikrobiese, Biochemiese en Voedselbiotegnologie
Sedert 2001 is die Groep vir Ekstreme Biochemie by die Universiteit van die Vrystaat die Suid-
Afrikaanse basis waarvandaan die Projek Insake Lewe in Uiterste Omgewings, befonds deur NASA en
die National Science Foundation van die VSA, bedryf word. Dr Esta van Heerden is in beheer van die
Princeton Universiteit se veldlaboratorium, wat tans by die Universiteit van die Vrystaat is.
Lewende organismes kan op onverwagte plekke aangetref word. Op grond van ons antroposentriese
lewensuitkyk is ons geneig om omstandighede waarbinne ons nie gemaklik is nie, te definieer as
uiterstes. ‘n Reuse verskeidenheid mikrobiese lewensvorme kom voor in hierdie uiterste omgewings,
wat wissel van vulkaanmondings diep onder die oseaan tot Antarktika se temperature ver onder
vriespunt of die stofpartikels in die buitenste reikwydtes van die atmosfeer. Hierdie ekstremofiele
(organismes wat floreer in uiterste omstandighede) is die navorsingsonderwerpe van dr Esta van
Heerden, wat die biologie en biotegnologiese toepassings bestudeer van mikro-organismes afkomstig
van ‘n unieke uiterste ekologiese nis, die diep suboppervlak in Suid-Afrikaanse goudmyne.
Water afkomstig uit breuke in myne, wat reeds miljoene jare lank op dieptes meer as 3 kilometer
onder die oppervlak vasgekeer is, bevat bakterieë en archaea wat nog nooit voorheen geïdentifiseer
is nie. Die diep watermonsters dien as ‘n bron vir die isolering van mikro-organismes. Hierdie mikroorganismes
word geïdentifiseer indien hulle aan groepe wat voorheen beskryf is behoort, of indien
hulle onbekend is moet hulle beskryf word met behulp van klassieke mikrobiologiese en molekulêre
biologietegnieke. Dr Van Heerden fokus tans op bakterieë waarvan die optimale groeitemperature
tussen 60 oC en 100 oC lê. Benewens sommige van die bekende ensieme soos lipases en esterases,
wat ‘n menigte industriële toepassings het, fokus sy hoofsaaklik op mikrobiese en ensiemstelsels wat
metaalione kan metaboliseer en hulle dikwels na minder toksiese produkte kan omskakel.
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Die produksie van groot hoeveelhede gevaarlike swaar metale wat grondwater kan kontamineer is
‘n ernstige newe-effek van industriële ontwikkeling. Een van hierdie metale, Cr(VI) of chromaat, is ‘n
bekende karsinogeen. Met behulp van die ensieme van ‘n termofiliese Thermus sp. kan die chromaat
ensimaties omgeskakel word na die minder toksiese Cr(III)-spesie, baie meer doeltreffend as op
enige konvensionele chemiese wyse. Sy en haar span het bevind dat die betrokke ensiemstelsels
buitengewoon stabiel is teen hoë temperature – ‘n belangrike faktor wat hulle toepassing as
bioremediëringsagente verbreed. Hierbenewens maak die omskakeling van yster, vanadium en arseen
na vorme wat ‘n verminderde omgewingsimpak kan hê, haar navorsing uiters aktueel en opwindend.
Sy het reeds kontrakte gesluit met groot mynmaatskappye in Suid-Afrika, en sy werk saam met ‘n
bioremediëringsmaatskappy in die VSA. Op akademiese vlak werk sy aktief saam met die Princeton
Universiteit, die Universiteit van Tennessee en die New Mexico Tech.
‘n Fassinerende verwante studieveld wat direk verband hou met haar navorsing is die soektog na
lewe in die buitenste ruim. Tekens van voormalige waterreservoirs op Mars dui op die interessante
moontlikheid dat lewende organismes, waarskynlik ekstremofiele, op Mars kon gelewe het. Dr van
Heerden is uitgenooi om die Uitvoerende Komitee van NASA se Nasionale Instituut vir Astrobiologie
toe te spreek by die Ames Ruimtenavorsingsentrum in Moffet Field, Kalifornië, met die oog daarop om
moontlik ‘n Instituut vir Astrobiologie in Suid-Afrika te vestig.
Een van die vernaamste probleme met ekstremofiele is dat dit dikwels onmoontlik is om die organismes
te kweek omdat hulle voedingsvereistes onbekend is. Een oplossing vir hierdie probleem is om die
totale DNA-komplement direk uit die grond of water te isoleer. Hierdie genetiese materiaal, wat bekend
staan as die metagenoom, kan ook dien as die aanvangsmateriaal vir die isolering van proteïene soos
ensieme uit die uiterste omgewings sonder dat dit ooit nodig is om die oorspronklike organisme te
bestudeer. In hierdie deel van haar program werk dr Van Heerden saam met dr Bethuel Nthangeni, ‘n
molekulêre bioloog wat spesialiseer in die uitdrukking van proteïene in heteroloë gashere.
Dr Nthangeni, wat in sy vrye tyd twee literêre dramas geskryf het (waarvan een ‘n African Heritage
letterkundetoekenning gewen het), asook twee radiodramas wat A-graderings ontvang het, het sy
Ph.D. gedoen oor die kloning, uitdrukking en kenmerkende eienskappe van lipases uit Bacillus
sp. Na voltooiing van sy Ph.D. is hy genooi om ‘n jaar deur te bring by die CNRS in Parys,
Frankryk, waar hy uiters waardevolle ondervinding opgedoen het oor die uitdrukking van heteroloë
proteïene in gissoorte. Sy huidige navorsingsaktiwiteite is gerig op die ontwikkeling van Bacillusuitdrukkingstelsels
vir die oorproduksie en uitskeiding van heteroloë proteïene. Die regulerende
elemente (promotorelemente) van die gene wat in hoë konsentrasies voorkom in matig termofiliese
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Bacillus-spesies, is geïdentifiseer en gekloneer vir gebruik as aanduiders van die ooruitdrukking
en uitskeiding van proteïene. Hierdie uitdrukkingstelsels sal gebruik word in die oorproduksie van
ensieme wat geïsoleer is uit uiterste omgewings wat van industriële of akademiese belang is. Die
beskikbaarheid van hierdie uitdrukkingstelsels sal ‘n alternatief bied tot soortgelyke sisteme wat
gewoonlik gebruik word in Escherichia coli , maar wat nie geskik is vir die uitdrukking van proteïene
van termofiliese organismes.
Die genetiese materiaal wat bekom word uit uiterste omgewings word gebruik om metagenoombiblioteke
saam te stel vir die ontdekking van nuwe, voorheen onbekende gene. Die PKR-tegniek
(polimerase kettingreaksie) word gebruik as ‘n tegniek wat gerig is op gene wat behoort aan
proteïengroepe wat reeds bekend is. Dit word gedoen deur proteïengroepe of -families te ontleed
om gekonserveerde aminosuuropeenvolgings bloot te lê wat gebruik kan word vir die konstruksie van
DNA inleiers wat so ontwerp word dat die natuurlike variasie in die genetiese kode in aanmerking
geneem word, gevolg deur PKR. Sodoende word fragmente van die gene vermeerder. Dr Nthangeni
het ‘n kassetligeringsisteem ontwikkel vir vinnige PKR-klonering van volledige gene deur gebruik
te maak van die fragmente van die gene. Dit het die vinnige kloning van volledige gene binne die
reeds bekende proteïengroepe moontlik gemaak. Die ontleding van die gene wat tans gekloneer
word uit genetiese materiale wat in die omgewing aangetref word toon dat, alhoewel die proteïene
gekonserveerde aminosuuropeenvolgings in sommige gedeeltes bevat, die aminosuuropeenvolgings
buite die bewaarde gedeeltes van ‘n heterogene aard is. Dit is dus moontlik dat die proteïene
oor veranderde of selfs nuwe biochemiese katalitiese eienskappe kan beskik. Hierdie gene sou
waarskynlik nooit ontdek gewees het indien die tradisionele metodes wat behels dat die organisme
eers gekweek word voordat die DNA geïsoleer word, gevolg is nie.
Dit kom dikwels voor dat die genes binne ‘n gegewe groep ‘n lid het met ‘n bekende driedimensionele
struktuur. Dit word dan gebruik om die struktuur-funksieverwantskappe te verklaar deur middel van
homologiemodellering. Dit behels dat sekere aminosure geïdentifiseer kan word en gewysig word
deur middel van setelgerigte mutagenese, in ‘n poging om die determinante van sekere biochemiese
funksies te verklaar. ‘n Ander strategie wat gevolg word is die gerigte evolusie van gene, wat behels
dat die PKR-tegniek so toegepas word om doelbewus foute in die produkte in te bring tydens die
amplifisering van gene, sodat die gene wat nuttige mutasies ontwikkel het dan vir ontleding geselekteer
kan word.
153

A COMPARATIVE STUDY
ON THE LEVEL AND CAUSES OF WORK STRESS
WITHIN A GROUP OF LITERATE AND
ILLITERATE BLACK EMPLOYEES
Prof Ebben van Zyl
Department of Industrial Psychology
According to literature and previous research findings the South African black employee experiences
a broad spectrum of stress factors. There is however, limited research which describes the actual
levels and typical causes of stress. Educational level may have an effect on effective stress
management, therefore it was decided to compare literate and illiterate black employees’ levels and
causes of stress. This information could help psychologists/employers to take a distinctive approach
in communicating and addressing problems with the two different groups.
The Experience of Work and Life Circumstances questionnaire was applied to a sample of 60
employees of a transport company. This questionnaire was specifically developed and standardised
for South African conditions. It measures the individual’s general level of stress as well as causes of
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Prof Ebben van Zyl

stress inside and outside the work environment. Causes of stress within the work situation include
the way the organisation functions, task characteristics, physical working conditions and equipment,
career issues, social matters, remuneration and fringe benefits. Subjects were requested to provide
information regarding their sex, period of service, age, qualifications and mother tongue.
Results showed that illiterate black employees’ levels of work stress were significantly higher than
those of the literate group. Furthermore, the illiterate group scored significantly higher scores than
the literate group on causes of stress outside the work situation.
Useful recommendations on steps that organisations can take to empower their illiterate and literate
labour force, include the following:
Special attention should be given to support black illiterate employees to be able to cope with
the difficult demands of their work environment. Training to understand what stress actually is and
how to utilise life skills to deal with arduous demands, must therefore be emphasized. Furthermore,
greater efforts should be made to steer lower level employees to suitable levels of literacy. Research
showed that literate employees have more self-confidence due to the fact they have better access to
opportunities (for instance promotion) and their opinions are considered more, giving them a power
base. They believe that they can influence their circumstances (internal locus of control) which in turn
contributes to their successful dealing with difficult demands and stressors.
High stress counts related to causes outside the work situation for the illiterate group can possibly be
ascribed to the present economic and political situation where employees are being retrenched and
many changes are taking place. Research found that poor economic conditions were especially felt
by the illiterate group because of their limited resources/options to find ways to improve their position.
Employers must therefore take into account that illiterate employees experience many stressors
beyond their work environment, and they can try to be supportive for instance by offering housing
schemes, medical aid, advancement courses and other educational support, legal and marriage
counselling, transport assistance, pecuniary support and recreational facilities.
155

‘N VERGELYKENDE STUDIE
NA DIE VLAKKE EN OORSAKE VAN WERKSTRES
BY ‘N GROEP GELETTERDE EN ONGELETTERDE
SWART WERKNEMERS
Prof Ebben van Zyl
Departement Bedryfsielkunde
Volgens die literatuur en vorige navorsingsbevindinge lei die Suid-Afrikaanse swart werknemer aan
‘n brëe spektrum van stresfaktore. Daar is egter beperkte navorsing wat die presiese stresvlakke
en tipiese oorsake daarvan beskryf. Die vlak van opvoeding mag dalk ‘n effek hê op effektiewe
stresbeheer, gevolglik is die verskille tussen die stresvlakke van geletterde en ongeletterde swart
werknemers, asook die oorsake daarvan ondersoek. Hierdie inligting kan vir sielkundiges/werkgewers
nuttig wees om ‘n spesifieke benadering in die hantering van probleme binne die twee groepe, te
volg.
Die Werksondervinding en Lewensomstandighede vraelys is vir ‘n steekproef van 60 werknemers
van ‘n vervoermaatskappy gebruik. Hierdie vraelys is spesifiek ontwikkel en gestandaardiseer vir
Suid-Afrikaanse omstandighede. Dit meet die individu se algemene stresvlak sowel as oorsake van
stres binne en buite die werksomgewing. Oorsake van stres binne die werksituasie sluit die manier
waarop die organisasie funksioneer, taakeienskappe, fisiese werksomstandighede en toerusting,
loopbaankwessies, sosiale aspekte, besoldiging en byvoordele in. Proefpersone is versoek om
inligting te verskaf oor hulle geslag, tydperk van diens, ouderdom, kwalifikasies en moedertaal.
Resultate het getoon dat ongeletterde swart werknemers se stresvlakke aansienlik hoër as dié van die
geletterde groep was. Voorts is ook gevind dat die ongeletterde groep se strestellings as gevolg van
oorsake buite die werksituasie, aansienlik hoer was as dié van die geletterde groep.
Nuttige aanbevelings oor stappe wat instellings kan volg om die ongeletterde en geletterde arbeidsmag
te bemagtig, sluit die volgende in:
Spesiale aandag moet aan ondersteuning vir ongeletterde swart werknemers gegee word om die
moeilike eise van die omgewing te hanteer. Opleiding oor wat stres is en hoe om lewensvaardighede
te gebruik om moeilike eise te hanteer, moet dus beklemtoon word. Voorts moet ‘n groter poging
156

aangewend word om laervlakwerknemers tot gepaste geletterheidsvlakke op te lei. Navorsing het
aangedui dat geletterde werknemers meer selfvertroue het omdat hulle meer toegang tot geleenthede
het (byvoorbeeld bevordering) en hul opinies meer tel wat aan hulle dus ‘n magsbasis gee. Hulle glo
dus dat hulle omstandighede kan beïnvloed (interne lokus van beheer) wat bydra tot die hantering van
moeilike eise en stressors.
Hoë strestellings van die ongeletterde groep ten opsigte van oorsake buite die werksituasie kan
moontlik toegeskryf word aan die huidige ekonomiese en politieke situasie waar werknemers afgedank
word en baie veranderinge plaasvind. Navorsing het aangedui dat ‘n swak ekonomiese situasie veral
die ongeletterde mense benadeel, vanweë hulle beperkte bronne/opsies om maniere te vind om hul
situasie te verbeter. Werkgewers moet dus in ag neem dat ongeletterde werknemers baie stressors
buite die werkomgewing ervaar en kan hulle probeer ondersteun deur middel van byvoorbeeld:
behuisingskemas en mediese steun, ontwikkelingskursusse en ander opvoedkundige bystand, regsen
huweliksadvies, vervoer en geldelike steun en ontspanningsgeriewe.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
Since 1993, the UFS has been a parallel-medium
institution, offering lectures in six faculties in both English
and Afrikaans.
These faculties are Economic and Management Sciences
(incorporating the School of Management), Health
Sciences (consisting of the School of Medicine, the School
of Nursing, and the School of Allied Health Professions),
Humanities (incorporating the School of Education), Law,
Natural and Agricultural Sciences and Theology.
Die hoofgebou UV-kampus in die negentigs.
157

Rev Cecilna Grobler and Prof Yvonne Botma
HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY PRACTICES
WITH REGARD TO HEALTH CARE OF
CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS
Prof Yvonne Botma
Rev Cecilna Grobler
School of Nursing
The Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) is a strategy developed by the World Health
Organisation and United Nations Children’s Fund to address the high mortality rate of children globally.
Since the national under-5 mortality rate of South Africa has increased steeply from 59.4% in 1998
to 71% in 2001 it is imperative that such a strategy should be implemented effectively also in this
country.
IMCI consists of three components, of which the case management and health systems support
components have already been implemented in Motheo District in the Free State. To aid the
planning and implementation of the third component, namely household and community practices,
a participatory situation analysis was done. The process was initiated by building relationships
with a large number of governmental as well as non-governmental organisations. Information was
gathered by means of structured interviews that addressed the 16 focus areas of the household
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and community component. This was followed by focus group interviews on child abuse, HIV/AIDS
and male participation in household with children under the age of five. The focus group interviews
enhanced and validated some of the information gathered by means of the interviews. A group of 50
voluntary community workers was trained as field workers for the project. The following is some of
the information gathered.
The survey of 1000 randomly selected households indicated that most mothers (84%) breastfed
their children for an average period of 12 months. Breastfeeding was however not exclusively done,
since complementary feeding commences at an early age. About half of mothers encouraged their
daughters to use breast milk substitutes whilst the other half supported them to breastfeed.
Toilet facilities are more available in the communities than indicated by the census of 1996. The number
of pit latrines however increased from 14% to 32% and the number of bucket latrines decreased from
34% to 22%. Mothers are generally conscious of the importance of cleanliness. Approximately 60%
wash their hands after wiping a child or changing their nappies.
Immunisation coverage is slightly lower than the estimated 89%, according to the Expanded Programme
on Immunisation (EPI) in the Free State. Some misconceptions regarding immunisation exists as 6%
of the respondents said that immunisation can prevent HIV/AIDS. Administering of Vitamin A is not
well documented which could be attributed to the fact that it is a strategy that was only recently
implemented. Children reached their developmental milestones within the normal age range. Toys
were not readily available, and this may be due to financial constraints.
The majority of caregivers will give a sick child food and fluid (81%). However, some will give only
water (15%). Counselling by nurses and health care workers on feeding of the sick child needs to be
improved. The majority (72%) of the participants visit clinics for their health needs. When the question
was asked “how satisfied are you with the service rendered”, 64% of the sample population responded
that they are extremely satisfied. However, waiting time could be reduced and medicine supply could
be improved. Many caregivers (40%) did not comply with the referral or follow-up recommendations
as they felt that the child’s condition had improved. A high percentage (96%) of the sample received
antenatal care by registered nurses and doctors. Most births (61%) took place in hospital.
Information on child abuse was gathered by means of focus group interviews held with children
older than 14 years. They are knowledgeable about the types of abuse and verbalised that poverty
perpetuates child abuse. A female respondent reported as follows:
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“I want to talk about poverty. The woman gets a child grant of R150 but they have no money for the
child. This child must look for himself for food and clothing. You will find if it is a girl, she sleeps with
an adult man and is abused for money. Afterwards the parents take the money and they share it with
their friends.”
According to the children who participated in the focus group interview on child abuse, the abuse is
not always reported as they are threatened, paid to remain silent and stigmatised by the community.
Female respondent: “They will give the child money to keep silent or they will tell the child that they
will burn their mouth”
Male respondent: “The children know if they say their mouth are going to burn, it means they are going
to kill them, that is the reason the child do not talk.”
Three focus group interviews with adults provided information on HIV/AIDS. Community member’s
perceptions are that often HIV/AIDS is not indicated as the cause of death on a death certificate. This
is substantiated by a female response:
“… they hand out the death certificate with the diagnoses of pneumonia or something else. They must
put the right diagnosis on the certificate and not tuberculosis or flu. They must print that it is HIV/AIDS
… The doctor must write on the sick letter HIV/AIDS if it is so and not something else.”
The investigation on the household and community component of IMCI provided valuable strategic
pointers, which were passed on to the Department of Health with the purpose to developing a roll out
plan for improving certain household and community practices.
HUISHOUDELIKE EN GEMEENSKAPSPRAKTYKE
AANGAANDE DIE GESONDHEIDSORG VAN
KINDERS JONGER AS VYF JAAR
Prof Yvonne Botma
Ds Cecilna Grobler
Skool vir Verpleegkunde
Die Geïntegreerde Bestuur van Kindersiektes (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses - IMCI) is
‘n strategie wat ontwikkel is deur die Wêreldgesondheidorganisasie en Kinderfonds van die Verenigde
Nasies met die doel om die hoë sterftesyfer van kinders wêreldwyd aan te spreek. Aangesien die
160

nasionale sterftesyfer van kinders onder vyf in Suid-Afrika skerp gestyg het van 59,4% in 1998 tot
71% in 2001, is dit noodsaaklik dat so ‘n strategie effektief, ook in hierdie land geïmplementeer moet
word.
Die IMCI bestaan uit drie komponente, waarvan die gevalsbehandeling en gesondheidsorg-ondersteuning
komponente alreeds in die Motheo distrik in die Vrystaat geïmplementeer is. Om die beplanning
en implementering van die derde komponent, naamlik huishoudelike- en gemeenskapspraktyke te
bevorder, is ‘n deelnemende situasieanalise gedoen. Die proses is begin deur betrekkinge aan
te knoop met ‘n groot aantal regerings-, sowel as nie-regeringsorganisasies. Inligting is ingewin
deur gestruktureerde onderhoude wat gerig is op die 16 fokusareas van die huishoudelike- en
gemeenskapskomponent. Dit is gevolg deur fokusgroep onderhoude oor kindermishandeling, HIV/
Vigs en manlike deelname in huishoudings met kinders onder vyf. Die fokusgroep onderhoude
versterk en bevestig sommige van die inligting wat deur middel van onderhoude verkry is. ‘n Groep
van 50 vrywilliger gemeenskapswerkers het vir die projek opleiding as veldwerkers ontvang. Die
volgende is van die inligting wat ingesamel is:
Die opname wat onder 1000 veelkantsig gekose huishoudings gedoen is, het getoon dat die meeste
moeders (84%) hulle kinders vir ‘n periode van 12 maande borsvoed. Uitsluitlike borsvoeding word
egter nie toegepas nie, aangesien daar op ‘n vroeë ouderdom met byvoeding begin word. Ongeveer
die helfte van die moeders het hulle dogters aangemoedig om te borsvoed, terwyl die ander helfte
hulle gesteun het in die gebruik van plaasvervangers vir borsvoeding.
Sedert die sensus van 1996 is toiletfasiliteite beskikbaar in die gemeenskappe. Die aantal putlatrines
het egter van 14% tot 32% toegeneem en die aantal emmer-latrines het van 34% tot 22%
afgeneem. Moeders is in die algemeen bewus van die belangrikheid van higiëne. Ongeveer 60% was
hulle hande nadat hulle ‘n kind skoongemaak of hulle doeke omgeruil het.
Immuniseringssyfers vir die Vrystaat is effens laer as deur die geskatte 89% van die Uitgebreide
Program rakende Immunisering (EPI). Sekere wanopvattings rakende immunisasie bestaan, in die
lig daarvan dat 6% gesê het dat immunisering HIV/Vigs kan voorkom. Die toediening van vitamien
A is nie deeglik gedokumenteer nie. Dit kan waarskynlik toegeskryf word aan die feit dat dit ‘n
onlangs geïmplementeerde strategie is. Kinders bereik hulle ontwikkelingsmylpale binne die normale
ouderdomsperke. Speelgoed is egter as gevolg van finansiële beperkinge nie geredelik beskikbaar
nie.
Die meerderheid van versorgers (81%) sal aan ‘n siek kind kos en vloeistof gee. Sommige (15%) sal
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egter net water gee. Voorligting deur verpleegsters en gesondheidsorgwerkers rakende voeding vir
die siek kind, moet verbeter word. Die meeste (72%) van die deelnemers besoek klinieke vir hulle
gesondheidsorgbehoeftes. Op die vraag: “hoe tevrede is jy met die dienste gelewer”, het 64% van
die deelnemers geantwoord dat hulle besonder tevrede is. Die wagtyd kan egter verminder en die
medisynevoorraad verbeter word. Baie versorgers het nie die aanwysings en opvolg aanbevelings
nagekom nie, aangesien hulle van mening was dat die kind se toestand verbeter het. ‘n Hoë
persentasie (96%) van die deelnemers het antenatale versorging deur geregistreerde dokters en
verpleegsters ontvang. Die meeste van die geboortes (61%) het in die hospitaal plaasgevind.
Inligting rakende kindermishandeling is verkry deur middel van fokusgroep onderhoude met van
kinders ouer as 14 jaar. Hulle is goed ingelig oor die tipe van mishandeling en sê dat armoede
kindermishandeling bevorder. ‘n Vroulike respondent het as volg gereageer:
“Ek wil oor armoede praat. Die vrou kry ‘n kindertoelae van R150, maar hulle het geen geld vir die
kind nie. Hierdie kind moet vir homself sorg vir kos en klere. Jy sal agterkom, as dit ‘n meisie is, slaap
sy saam met ‘n volwasse man en word misbruik vir geld. Daarna neem die ouers die geld en deel dit
met hulle vriende.”
Volgens die kinders word mishandeling nie altyd gerapporteer nie, weens die feit dat sulke kinders
gedreig word, betaal word om stil te bly en deur die gemeenskap gestigmatiseer word.
Vroulike respondent: “Hulle sal aan die kind geld gee om stil te bly of hulle sal aan die kind vertel dat
hulle sy mond sal brand.”
Manlike respondent: “Die kinders weet as hulle gaan vertel sal hulle monde brand, dit beteken dat
hulle hulle sal doodmaak, dit is waarom die kind nie praat nie.”
Drie fokusgroep onderhoude is met volwassenes gevoer om inligting rakende HIV/Vigs te verskaf. Lede
van die gemeenskap se persepsies is dat HIV/Vigs nie as die oorsaak van dood op die doodsertifikaat
aangetoon word nie. Dit is bevestig deur ‘n vroulike resondent:
“…hulle reik die doodsertifikaat uit met die diagnose van longontsteking of iets anders. Hulle moet
die regte diagnose op die sertifikaat aandui en nie tering of griep nie. Hulle moet daarop druk dat dit
HIV/Vigs is… Die dokter moet die HIV/Vigs op siektesertifikate skryf as dit so is, en nie iets anders
nie.”
Die ondersoek het aan die Departement van Gesondheid waardevolle strategiese toeligting verskaf,
met die oog op die ontwikkeling van ‘n uitrolplan ter die verbetering van bepaalde huishoudelike en
gemeenskapspraktyke.
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Mr Aldo Stroebel
LIVESTOCK
IN SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS
Mr Aldo Stroebel
Directorate Research Development and
Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
The challenge to overcome hunger remains one of the most serious confrontations facing humanity
today. The threat of starvation is most serious in Africa, where an estimated 33% (138 million) of the
population, mainly women and children, suffer from hunger. The situation is worst in Sub-Saharan
Africa where more than 50% of the people live below the poverty line (defined as an income of
less that US$1 per day). In South Africa, this figure is 25%. The estimated 680 million people who
keep livestock in developing countries represent about two thirds of the rural poor, confirming the
importance of livestock to their livelihoods. An estimated 70% of the poor are women for whom
livestock play and important role in maintaining status, and often represent their most valuable asset
and provide an important source of income.
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Over the next 20 years there will be a massive increase in the demand for food of animal (meat and
milk) origin, with virtually all the increased demand coming from developing countries. Although there
are important regional differences, the rate of increase in demand for livestock products will be the
highest in the densely populated areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Increasing urbanisation, where more
than half of people in developing countries will live in towns and cities by 2020, supported by the
growth in people’s income, will drive this demand.
A full understanding of the role of livestock in the economies of rural Africa remains one of the most
challenging problems confronting researchers, development planners and practitioners. Focusing
research on improving the sustainable livelihoods of people in mixed farming systems can do more
to reduce poverty than only increasing productivity, for example in intensive, industrialised systems.
From an environmental perspective, livestock can contribute significantly towards sustainability in
well-balanced, mixed farming systems. Owning ruminants further encourages smallholders to plant
browse trees, grass, shrubs and legumes; all of which control erosion, promote water conservation
and increase soil fertility.
Research, contributing towards the Ph.D. study of Aldo Stroebel, Researcher at UFS, has been
undertaken during 2002 and 2003 to address some of these critical issues. The main objectives of this
research are to review the role of livestock in mixed farming systems in Sub-Saharan Africa, analyse
the contribution of livestock to livelihoods and natural resource management, identify constraints and
coping mechanisms of smallholder, resource-poor farming systems in South Africa (Limpopo Province)
and Kenya (Baringo District), and to develop a guide for livestock policy development in eastern and
southern Africa. This is primarily based on findings of productivity measures and herd dynamics, the
effect of family- and landholding size on herd size, current policy issues in these countries and other
socio-economic data. Collaborators include Prof Frans Swanepoel and Dr Izak Groenewald from the
Centre for Sustainable Agriculture at UFS, and Prof Alice Pell from the Department of Animal Science,
Cornell University, USA.
It is clear that understanding the livestock system requires more than knowledge of livestock alone.
While biophysical conditions and the genetic make-up of livestock determine potential animal
production, the socio-economic and institutional conditions and the farmers’ skill and level of
decision-making determine which products and production levels will be realized. Understanding
a livestock system requires description and analysis of its various components and their functional
inter-relationships (the system’s functioning), rather than the description of livestock production alone.
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These relationships are best understood by analysing the various flows among system components
and by analysing farmers’ management decisions. Elements of these challenges will form the basis
for future research activities.
Aldo Stroebel has been awarded the Ronald P Lynch Dean of Agriculture and Life Sciences Fellowship
to spend six months at Cornell University to conceptualize and initiate the study. He has published
widely and is the author/co-author of a number of papers, and has participated in and read papers at
a large number of national and international conferences and workshops. He is currently supervising
a number of post graduate students. Assistance from Venda University for Science and Technology
was invaluable in gaining access to the South African research site and with data analysis. Financial
support from the May and Stanley Smith Charitable Trust is greatly acknowledged.
LEWENDE HAWE
IN VOLHOUBARE LANDELIKE
BESTAANSAREAS
Mnr Aldo Stroebel
Direktoraat Navorsingsontwikkeling en
Sentrum vir Volhoubare Landbou
Die uitdaging om honger te beveg, bly een van die ernstigste vraagstukke wat die mensdom deesdae
die hoof moet bied. Die bedreiging van hongersnood is op sy ergste in Afrika, waar ‘n geskatte
33% (138 miljoen) van die bevolking, meestal vroue en kinders, honger ly. Die situasie is die ergste
in Afrika suid van die Sahara, waar meer as 50% van die mense onder die broodlyn (omskryf as ‘n
inkomste van minder as VSA $1 per dag), lewe; in Suid-Afrika is die persentasie 25%. Die geskatte
680 miljoen mense wat veekuddes in ontwikkelende lande aanhou, verteenwoordig ongeveer twee
derdes van die plattelandse armes, wat die belangrikheid van lewende hawe vir hulle voortbestaan
bevestig. ‘n Geskatte 70% van die armes is vroue, vir wie vee ‘n belangrike rol speel in die behoud
van hul status, dikwels die belangrikste bate verteenwoordig en ‘n noodsaaklike bron van inkomste
verskaf.
Oor die volgende 20 jaar sal daar ‘n massiewe toename in die vraag na voedsel van dierlike oorsprong
(vleis en melk) wees, met die toenemende aanvraag eintlik alles afkomstig van die ontwikkelende
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lande. Alhoewel daar belangrike streeksverskille is, sal die koers van toename in die aanvraag
na veeprodukte die hoogste in die digbevolkte gebiede van sub-Sahara Afrika wees. Toenemende
verstedeliking, waar meer as die helfte van die mense in die ontwikkelende lande teen 2020 in dorpe
en stede (ondersteun deur die groei in inkomste) sal woon, sal hierdie behoefte versterk.
Die volle begrip van die rol wat lewende hawe in die ekonomie van plattelandse gebiede speel, bly
een van die mees uitdagende probleme waarmee navorsers, ontwikkelaars en praktisyns mee te doen
het. Navorsing wat meer gefokus is op die verbetering van die volhoubare voortbestaan van mense
in gemengde boerderysisteme, kan meer doen om armoede te verminder as bloot die verhoging van
produktiwiteit, bv. in intensiewe geïndustrialiseerde sisteme. Vanuit ‘n omgewingsperspektief kan
vee betekenisvol bydra tot volhoubaarheid in goedgebalanseerde, gemengde boerderysisteme. Die
besit van herkouende diere kan kleinboere verder aanmoedig om vir weiding bome, gras, struike en
peulgewasse te plant, wat almal erosie beheer, waterbewaring bevorder en die vrugbaarheid van die
grond verhoog.
Navorsing wat bygedra het tot die Ph.D.-studie van Aldo Stroebel, ‘n navorser by die UV, is in 2002
en 2003 onderneem om sommige van hierdie kritieke vraagstukke die hoof te bied. Die hoofdoel was
om die rol van lewende hawe in gemengde boerderysisteme in Afrika, suid van die Sahara, te hersien,
die bydrae van lewende hawe tot die voortbestaan en natuurlike hulpbronbestuur te analiseer, om
beperkinge en hanteringsmeganismes van die kleinboer, arm aan hulpbron-boerderysisteme in Suid-
Afrika (Limpopo Provinsie) en Kenia (Baringo Distrik) te identifiseer, en om riglyne vir die ontwikkeling
van ‘n lewende hawe beleid in die oostelike en suidelike streke van Afrika op te stel. Dit is primêr
gebaseer op die bevindinge van produktiwiteitsmaatreëls en kudde-dinamika, die effek van die
grootte van die gesin-/familie en grondeiendom op die grootte van die kudde, huidige beleidsake
in hierdie lande en ander sosio-ekonomiese data. Medewerkers sluit in prof Frans Swanepoel en
dr Izak Groenewald van die Sentrum vir Volhoubare Landbou aan die UV en Prof Alice Pell van die
Departement van Dierkunde aan die Cornell Universiteit, VSA.
Dit is duidelik dat begrip vir die lewende hawe vraagstuk meer vereis as kennis van lewende hawe
alleenlik. Terwyl biofisiese toestande en die genetiese samestelling van vee die potensiële produksie
van diere bepaal, bepaal die sosio-ekonomiese en institusionele toestande en die boer se vaardigheid
en vlak van besluitneming watter produkte en produksievlakke werklik bereik sal word. Om ‘n lewende
hawe sisteem te begryp, vereis ‘n beskrywing en ontleding van die verskillende komponente en
die funksionele, onderlinge verhoudinge (die funksionering van die sisteem), eerder as slegs die
beskrywing van lewende hawe. Hierdie verhoudinge word die beste begryp deur die ontleding van
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verskillende strominge tussen komponente van die sisteem en deur die boere se bestuursbesluite te
ontleed. Elemente van hierdie uitdagings sal die basis vorm van toekomstige navorsingsaktiwiteite.
Aldo Stroebel het die Ronald P Lynch Dean of Agriculture and Life Sciences Fellowship ontvang
om ses maande aan die Cornell Universiteit te bestee om die navorsingskonsep op te stel en te
inisieer. Hy het al wyd gepubliseer en is die skrywer/medeskrywer van ‘n aantal referate en het
deelgeneem aan en referate gelewer by ‘n groot aantal nasionale en internasionale konferensies en
werkswinkels. Hy lei op die oomblik ‘n aantal nagraadse studente. Ondersteuning en hulp van die
Venda Universiteit vir Wetenskap en Tegnologie was uiters waardevol vir die verkryging van toegang
tot die Suid-Afrikaanse navorsingsterrein, asook met data-ontleding. Met erkenning vir die finansiële
ondersteuning word die May and Stanley Smith Charitable Trust in besonder bedank.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
167
Subsequent to the adoption in
1999 of a new university statute,
the UFS entered a significant
growth period, today boasting
more students than ever before
in its history.
Die ingang van die hoofgebou 2003.

Mr Johan Loock
BRITISH BULLETS SAVED LIVES
DURING THE ANGLO-BOER WAR
Mr Johan Loock
Department of Geology
The use of an inadequate bullet in the Mark II cartridges by the British during the Anglo-Boer War, and
also by the Boers who captured large quantities of ammunition during the guerrilla phase, explains
why so many wounded soldiers survived.
The Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) took place only one decade after the introduction of a smokeless
propellant in ammunition loaded with a bullet with a soft lead core, encased in a harder jacket.
When Sir Henry Brackenbury was appointed to the position of Director General of Ordnance early
in 1899, he discovered that the government ammunition factory, the Royal Laboratory, could not
manufacture the large quantities of Mark II cartridges required. This cartridge for the Lee-Enfield rifle,
to be used during the war, had a bullet that was too heavy, significantly reducing its velocity. When
the war broke out later that year, five contractors were hastily called in to manufacture ammunition
for the British Army.
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Soldiers shipped out to South Africa were armed with .303 Lee-Enfield rifles, and also the Martini-
Henry of .577/.450 calibre. Officers carried Webley revolvers of .455 and .450 calibre, and a few
(including Winston Churchill) even carried Mauser pistols.
While studying the British ammunition used during the war, use was made of parliamentary reports
and books and articles written by historians and collectors. The actual specimens studied were
obtained from South African museums and private collections, as well as the collection built up by the
author in the course of four decades of geological fieldwork. The headstamp codes on the cartridge
cases indicate that, in addition to the six British factories, factories in India, Canada and New Zealand
also supplied ammunition on a smaller scale to the British Army.
In many books and articles published after the war, reference is made to the so-called “dum-dum”
cartridges, together with accusations and counter-accusations. The present study proves beyond a
doubt that both sides used “dum-dum” cartridges, albeit on a small scale. An interesting fact that now
emerges is the fact that a British soldier had to fire roughly 10 000 shots to kill one Boer.
Johan Loock’s interest in military affairs, and particularly the Anglo-Boer War, led to the recent
publication of a chapter in a book on the weapons of the Anglo-Boer War. This book should be of use
to historians, collectors and even doctors studying the treatment of wounded soldiers.
He has also lectured on aspects of the war and participated in radio and television programmes. In
addition, he acts as a guide to battlefields. In his own field, geology, he is the author of 29 articles in
journals and 10 chapters in books.
BRITSE KOEËLS HET LEWENS GESPAAR
TYDENS DIE ANGLO-BOEREOORLOG
Mnr Johan Loock
Departement Geologie
Die gebruik van ‘n ontoereikende koeël in die Merk II-patrone deur die Britte tydens die Anglo-
Boereoorlog, en ook deur Boere wat gedurende die guerrilla-fase van die oorlog ammunisie buitgemaak
het, verklaar waarom so baie gewonde soldate oorleef het.
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Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902) het plaasgevind skaars een dekade na die inbruikneming van
rooklose dryfstof in ammunisie wat gelaai is met ‘n koeël van sagte lood, omring van ‘n harde mantel.
Toe Sir Henry Brackenbury vroeg in 1899 aangestel is as Direkteur-generaal van Krygsbehoeftes,
moes hy ontdek dat die Britse regering se ammunisiefabriek, die Royal Laboratory, nie in staat was
om groot hoeveelhede Merk II-patrone te vervaardig nie. Dié patroon vir die Lee-Enfield geweer wat in
die oorlog gebruik sou word, het ‘n koeël gehad wat te swaar was en dus teen ‘n lae snelheid getrek
het. Toe die oorlog later in dieselfde jaar uitbreek, moes vyf kontrakteurs inderhaas ingespan word om
ammunisie vir die Britse Leër te vervaardig.
Soldate wat na Suid-Afrika verskeep is, was bewapen met .303 Lee Enfield-gewere, asook die
Martini-Henry van .577/.450 kaliber. Offisiere het Webley-rewolwers van .455 en .450 kaliber gedra,
en enkeles (insluitende Winston Churchill) selfs Mauser-pistole.
By die bestudering van Britse ammunisie wat in die oorlog gebruik is, is gebruik gemaak van
parlementêre verslae en boeke en artikels deur historici en versamelaars. Ammunisie in Suid-
Afrikaanse museums en in die hande van versamelaars, asook die versameling wat deur die navorser
opgebou is in die loop van vier dekades se geologiese veldwerk, is bestudeer. Die kodes wat agter
op doppies gestempel is, dui aan dat benewens die ses Britse fabrieke, fabrieke in Indië, Kanada en
in Nieu-Seeland ook op klein skaal ammunisie aan die Britse Leër gelewer het.
Britse sowel as Suid-Afrikaanse publikasies wat ná die oorlog verskyn het bevat verwysings na die
gebruik van die sogenaamde “dum-dum”-patrone, tesame met beskuldigings en teenbeskuldigings.
Die huidige studie bewys onteenseglik dat verskillende tipes “dum-dum”-patrone wel deur albei kante
afgevuur is, hoewel op klein skaal. ‘n Interessante maar verrassende feit wat na vore kom, is dat die
Britte omtrent 10 000 skote moes afvuur om een Boer te dood.
Johan Loock se belangstelling in militêre sake en veral die Anglo-Boereoorlog het gelei tot die onlangse
publikasie van ‘n hoofstuk in ‘n boek oor die wapens van die Anglo-Boereoorlog, wat van nut sal wees
vir historici, versamelaars en selfs vir medici wat die behandeling van gewondes bestudeer. Hy het
in hierdie verband ook ‘n aantal lesings gelewer en aan radio- en televisieprogramme deelgeneem.
Verder tree hy op as toergids na slagvelde. Op sy vakgebied, geologie, het hy reeds 29 tydskrifartikels
en 10 hoofstukke in boeke gelewer.
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Prof Leo Barnard
THE “FORGOTTEN WAR”
THE CHALLENGE ON DOING RESEARCH
ON THE SO-CALLED “BORDER WAR”
Prof Leo Barnard
Department History
For a period of 23 years (1966-1989) the South African armed forces were embroiled in military
struggles in countries such as Namibia, Angola, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. In spite of several
obstacles, Leo Barnard succeeded in obtaining vital information, over more than a decade and was
thus able to do extensive research in the field. Two monographs on SA military units, a complete
manuscript on the SA Air Force as well as several articles in local and international accredited
publications on the subject have been published by him.
Measured against international military standards, this “war” was merely a regional conflict and not
very violent. For most South Africans it was the “may not know about or hush-hush war” and it soon
got the name colloquially of “bush war” or “border war”. The fact of the matter however was that
almost every white family and many black families were in some or other way, drawn into this armed
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conflict. National service meant that every able-bodied young white man had to complete eventually
at least two years of military service – and a military conflict meaning that lead caskets with the
remains of many of these young men were brought back to South Africa. For most South Africans
the “bush war” was a highly emotional event. Even today they would rather remain silent about what
actually happened, rather than to relate the “war stories”. Where soldiers or families suffered as a
result of the conflict, gleaning information about it has become something of a near-impossible task.
For decades the official information surrounding the “border war” remained classified as secret or
top secret. For researchers it implies that security clearance must be obtained on a regular basis
in order to gain full access to these sources. While there has been a relaxation in terms of access
to research material on certain aspects of this “war”, too much information still remains classified
as top secret which makes access to the full picture almost impossible. In addition, almost all the
veterans who were active in this armed struggle, have since either retired or have left the service of
the SA Defence Force. Few of them are still prepared to delve into his/her past memories to share
their experiences of this war. Added to this MK (the military wing of the ANC) and PLAN (the military
wing of SWAPO (South West African People’s Organisation in Namibia), have in most cases not kept
records of military action and therefore it is clear what an uphill battle it is for a military historian to do
research on this subject.
Political occurrences after 1994 and the advent of the democratic dispensation in this country has
placed a further hindrance on the pursuance of research being done by thorough military historians.
With the institution of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) the flow of information about
these military operations has practically faded away into almost nothing. No military personnel were
prepared to put his or her career on the line or to risk the chance of being called before the TRC.
Furthermore, virtually each piece of information, which could have served as proof of what happened,
has simply been destroyed. This includes inter alia explicit efforts of the SADF to shred or destroy
certain documents and the disappearance of “incriminating” photographs, documents, letters, and so
forth that might have been in the possession of individuals.
Due to his interest in this field, Prof Leo Barnard was elected as vice-president of the Archives
Committee of the SA Commission of Military History; he serves on the Archives Committee of the
International Military Commission; was a participant at several national and international military
conferences; was promoter of inter alia two “top secret” classified Ph.D. theses and serves on the
editorial staff of Scientiae Militaria.
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DIE “VERGETE OORLOG”:
DIE UITDAGING OM HISTORIESE
NAVORSING OOR DIE GRENSOORLOG TE
DOEN
Prof Leo Barnard
Departement Geskiedenis
Vir ‘n tydperk van 23 jaar (1966-1989) was die Suid-Afrikaanse gewapende magte in ‘n militêre stryd
gewikkel in lande soos Namibië, Angola, Zimbabwe en Mosambiek. Leo Barnard het daarin geslaag
om ten spyte van die struikelblokke om inligting te bekom, oor meer as ‘n dekade in diepte navorsing
oor die onderwerp te doen. Daar het reeds twee monografieë oor SA militêre eenhede, ‘n volledige
manuskrip oor die SA Lugmag, asook verskeie artikels in plaaslike en oorsese geakkrediteerde
tydskrifte oor hierdie onderwerp uit sy pen verskyn.
Aan internasionale militêre standaarde gemeet was hierdie “oorlog” slegs ‘n streekskonflik en daarby
ook nie hewig van aard nie. Vir die meeste Suid-Afrikaners was dit die “mag nie weet nie”-oorlog en
in die volksmond het dit spoedig die naam “bosoorlog” of “grensoorlog” gekry. Die feit was egter dat
byna elke blanke huisgesin en vele swart huisgesinne op die een of ander wyse by hierdie gewapende
konflik ingetrek is. Nasionale diensplig het veroorsaak dat elke fiks jong blanke seun uiteindelik
minstens twee jaar van militêre diens moes doen – en ‘n militêre konflik het beteken dat loodkiste
met die stoflike oorskotte van sommige van hierdie jong manne na Suid-Afrika teruggebring is. Vir die
meeste Suid-Afrikaners was die “grensoorlog” ‘n hoogs emosionele aangeleentheid. Tot vandag swyg
hulle liewer oor wat gebeur het as om die “stories” van die oorlog weer te gee. Waar soldate of familie
emosioneel onder die konflik gelei het, het die inwin van inligting byna ‘n onmoontlikheid geword.
Vir dekades lank word die amptelik inligting oor die “grensoorlog” van geheim tot uiters geheim
geklassifiseer. Vir die navorsers beteken dit dat ‘n sekerheidsklaring op gereelde basis verkry moes
word ten einde volle toegang tot hierdie bronne te verseker. Gedurende die afgelope paar jaar het
daar ‘n verslapping ingetree oor die oopstelling van navorsingsmateriaal oor sekere aspekte van
hierdie “oorlog”. Te veel inligting word egter steeds as uiters geheim geklassifiseer en maak toegang
tot die volle prentjie byna onmoontlik. Daarbenewens het byna al die oud-soldate wat aktief in hierdie
gewapende stryd was, of afgetree of die diens van die SA Nasionale Weermag verlaat. Weinig van
diesulkes is nog bereid om uit sy/haar geheue te gaan opdiep en wedervaringe te deel. Voeg daarby
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dat die MK (militêre vleuel van die ANC) en PLAN (die militêre vleuel van SWAPO in Namibië), in
die meeste gevalle geen rekords van militêre optredes gehou het nie en dit word duidelik watter
opdraande stryd ‘n militêre historiese navorser oor hierdie onderwerp ondervind.
Politieke gebeure na 1994 en die koms van ‘n demokratiese bestel na die land het die moontlikhede
van deeglike militêre/historiese navorsing erg benadeel. Die instelling van die Waarheids- en
Versoeningskommissie het gewoon veroorsaak dat die vloei van inligting oor hierdie militêre optredes
tot byna niks vervaag het. Geen militaris was bereid om sy loopbaan op die spel te plaas of om ‘n
kans te waag om voor die genoemde kommissie gedaag te word nie. Voeg hierby dat byna elke
stukkie inligting wat as bewys vir die bogenoemde kon dien, eenvoudig vernietig is. Dit sluit onder
andere doelbewuste pogings van die SA Weermag (voor 1994) om sekere dokumente te versnipper
en individue wat “inkriminerende” foto’s, dokumente, briewe, ens. laat verdwyn het, in.
Sy belangstelling in hierdie veld het daartoe gelei dat prof Leo Barnard die visepresident van die SA
Kommissie van Militêre Geskiedenis is, dat hy o.a. op ‘n internasionale militêre kommissie dien, op
nasionale en internasionale militêre kongresse opgetree het, promotor was van onder meer twee
“uiters geheim” geklassifiseerde Ph.D.-proefskrifte en dien in die redaksie van die Scientiae Militaria.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
In February 2001, the university lived
through yet another name change, when
it became the University of the Free
State. The new name was adopted to
reflect the real character of the university
and its environment.
Die ingang van die hoofgebou 2003.
174

GMO TESTING
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE
Dr Chris Viljoen
Department of Plant Sciences
The application of plant breeding to improve crops for food production is thousands of years old and
involves a process of cross pollination and selection. Until recently, crop improvement relied solely
on sexual recombination between individual plants. However, with recent developments in modern
biotechnology, especially genetic engineering, it has become possible to transfer single genes from
one organism to another over species boundaries.
Currently, the most common GM (Genetically Modified) traits available commercially in the world are
herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. The most popular world-wide GM crops are soybean,
maize, cotton and canola. GM crops currently grown in South Africa include, maize, soybean and
cotton.
175
Ms Gerda Botha and Dr Chris Viljoen

Despite the obvious benefits of GM crops, the reaction of political, religious, scientific, environmental
and consumer groups has been varied and highly polarized. Both proponents and antagonists of GM
crops lay claim to an idealistic moral high ground of serving the best interests of society. While it is
highly unlikely that sustainable food production in Africa is attainable without the use of GM crops, it is
just as unlikely to solve all the problems of food production on its own. World hunger is not so much a
result of food shortage, but one of distribution, and it is questionable whether GM crops would impact
in the short term on this problem. However, the development of drought resistant crops would have
a dramatically positive effect on crop production in semi-arid regions of Africa.
Ethical issues surrounding the use of GM crops include human hunger, health, the environment,
socio-economic impacts and fundamental concerns. While many of the concerns relating to GM
food may prove unfounded, they nevertheless impact directly on the very fabric of society and cannot
be ignored. The fundamental basis of society currently, is the right of choice. In response to many
of the issues surrounding GM technology, the European Union, Switzerland, Japan and other Asian
countries have introduced GM food labelling. Thus food production in South Africa is under pressure
to comply with international labelling regulations for exports as well as the right of choice of local
consumers. The testing of food for GM content requires cutting edge scientific technology not readily
available in developing countries including South Africa.
The GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms) Testing Facility at the University of the Free State has joined
forces with GeneScan, a world leader in food diagnostic testing, to offer GMO testing at international
standards in Southern Africa, for local and export products. GeneScan Analytics specializes in
molecular analysis of food and feed and is a world leader in GMO testing with headquarters in
Germany and subsidiaries in the USA, Brazil, Hong Kong, as well as a network of partner laboratories
in China, Japan, Australia/New Zealand and now South Africa, at the University of the Free State.
This puts the GMO Testing Facility at the forefront of technology development in GMO testing on
the African continent. The testing facility provides a valuable service for local as well as export food
production and is also undertaking research into answering some of the key questions regarding GM
technology, food security and agricultural production.
176

GMO TOETSING
BY DIE UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT
Dr Chris Viljoen
Departement Plantwetenskappe
Die kweek van plante as metode om gewasse vir voedselproduksie te verbeter, is duisende jare oud en
behels ‘n proses van bevrugting en seleksie. Onlangs nog, het die verbetering van gewasse alleenlik
staatgemaak op geslagtelike herverbinding tussen individuele plante. Met die onlangse ontwikkeling
in moderne biotegnologie, veral genetiese manipulasie(GM), het dit egter moontlik geword om enkel
gene van een organisme na ‘n ander oor te dra, oor die grense van spesies.
Die mees algemene GM (geneties manipuleerde) eienskappe tans kommersieel beskikbaar in die
wêreld, is verdraagsaamheid teenoor onkruiddoders en weerstand teen insekte. Die gewildste
wêreldwye GM gewasse is sojabone, mielies, katoen en canola. GM gewasse wat tans in Suid-Afrika
gekweek word, sluit in mielies, sojabone en katoen.
Ten spyte van die duidelike voordele van GM gewasse, is die reaksie van politiese, godsdienstige,
wetenskaplike, omgewings- en verbruikersgroepe gevarieer en is dit uiters gepolariseerd. Beide die
voorstanders en teenstanders van GM gewasse maak aanspraak op idealistiese, moreel beginsels
om die belange van die gemeenskap te dien. Terwyl dit hoogs onwaarskynlik is dat volhoubare
voedselproduksie in Afrika haalbaar is sonder die gebruik van GM gewasse, is dit ewe onwaarskynlik
om al die probleme van voedselproduksie te kan oplos. Hongersnood in die wêreld is nie ‘n gevolg
van voedseltekort nie, maar een van verspreiding, en dit kan bevraagteken word of GM gewasse in
die kort termyn op hierdie probleem ‘n impak sal hê. Nogtans sal die ontwikkeling van droogtetolerant
gewasse ‘n dramaties positiewe effek op die produksie van gewasse in semi-ariede streke in Afrika
hê.
Etiese vraagstukke rakende die gebruik van GM gewasse sluit in menslike honger, gesondheid, die
omgewing, sosio-ekonomiese inwerking en geloofs belange. Terwyl baie van die besorgdheid in
verband met GM voedsel ongegrond mag wees, beïnvloed dit nogtans die hele struktuur van die
gemeenskap en kan dit nie geïgnoreer word nie. Tans is die onderliggende basis van ‘n gemeenskap,
die reg om keuses uit te oefen. In reaksie op baie van die vraagstukke rakende GM tegnologie het
die Europese Unie, Switserland, Japan en ander Asiatiese lande verpligte etiketering van GM voedsel
vasgestel. Dus is voedselproduksie in Suid-Afrika onder druk om aan internasionale etiketerings-
177

egulasies vir uitvoere, sowel as die reg van keuse van plaaslike verbruikers te voldoen. Die toets
van voedsel vir GM inhoud vereis gespesialiseerde wetenskaplike tegnologie wat nog nie geredelik
beskikbaar in ontwikkelende lande, ingeslote Suid-Afrika is nie.
Die GMO (geneties modifiseerde organismes) Toetsfasiliteit aan die Universiteit van die Vrystaat het
kragte saamgesnoer met “GeneScan”, ‘n wêreldleier in diagnostiese toetsing van voedsel, om GMO
toetsing teen internasionale standaarde in Suid-Afrika, vir plaaslike en uitvoerprodukte te voorsien.
“GeneScan Analytics” spesialiseer in molekulêre ontleding van voedsel en voer en is ‘n wêreldleier
op die gebied met ’n hoofkantoor in Duitsland en filiale in die VSA, Brasilië, Hong Kong, sowel
as ‘n netwerk van vennootskap-laboratoriums in China, Japan, Australië/Nieu-Seeland en nou ook
Suid-Afrika, by die Universiteit van die Vrystaat. Dit het die GMO Toetsfasiliteit die voorloper van
tegnologiese ontwikkeling in GMO toetsing op die Afrika-kontinent gemaak. Die toetsfasiliteit verskaf ‘n
waardevolle diens vir die produksie van plaaslike, sowel as uitvoervoedsel en doen ook navorsing ten
opsigte van die sleutelvraagstukke rakende GM tegnologie, voedselveiligheid en landbouproduksie.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
178
Standbeeld van pres MT Steyn
voor die UV-kampus hoofgebou.

Mr Philemon Akach
REDRESS OF LINGUISTIC, EDUCATIONAL
AND CULTURAL RIGHTS OF DEAF PEOPLE
IN SOUTH AFRICA
Mr Philemon Akach
Department of Afro-Asiatic Studies, Sign Language and Language Practice
Deaf people are among the most marginalized linguistic minorities in the world. The department of
Afro-Asiatic Studies, Sign Language and Language Practice, endeavours to redress this situation
by offering South African Sign Language (SASL) as an academic subject. They involve the deaf
community in the Free State in this undertaking through participation in skills tests and examinations.
This ensures that the community takes ownership of SASL, how it is taught and that they assess how
it redresses their linguistic plight. Besides the involvement of the community at large, the department
has, as part of its staff a Deaf person (Emily Matabane) who takes charge of all the practical tutorials.
The University of Free State has truly taken a leading and pivotal role in SASL teaching and research
in SA.
179

Sign Language is not recognized as a language in most countries. Neither is it generally used in homes,
community, schools and society in general. Since their language and culture is not recognized, deaf
people naturally do not get their education in the language of their choice. With the advent of the new
political dispensation in 1994, the Constitution enshrined the linguistics rights of all South Africans,
thereby declaring 11 official languages. South African Sign Language was, however, not one of the
eleven. It was nevertheless mentioned as one of the languages to be developed for use in the domain
of public communication. The Pan South African Language Board, as enacted by Parliament, was
charged with creating a conducive environment under which SASL and other non-official languages
should develop. The South African Schools Act of 1996 does recognize SASL as an official language
for educational purposes, however, the act is not enforced to make sure that SASL is used as medium
of instruction and taught as a school subject in schools of the Deaf in South Africa.
Prof P Akach - Akach is the person hearing...or deaf...is that why he cannot sign...Mr Akach is getting clarity from
a learner before answering a question.
To redress the lack of use of SASL as medium of instruction, Mr Akach and colleague Dr D. Aarons of
the University of South Wales, Australia, and with funding from NRF, embarked on a 3 year research
project at Bartemia School for the Deaf in Thaba’Nchu. This project involved training of 3 hearing
teachers in the use of SASL. In addition 3 deaf persons were trained as class assistants to team teach
with the hearing teachers. If the pilot study is successful, it will be replicated in the entire country.
Mr Akach is a consultant to the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) and UNESCO on Deaf Education
and Sign Language in Africa. He wrote a discussion document on the education of the deaf child in
180

Southern Africa for the SADC (Development Community) region, produced reports on deaf education
in Namibia and Ghana, and with a colleague, Prof R McConkey of Leicester University, produced a
multi-media manual for parents of deaf children and community workers in Uganda. Mr Akach also
carried out a survey on Sign Language Work in Mozambique on behalf of the Finnish Association
of the Deaf, to be used to improve the education of the Deaf in that country. The department can
therefore be seen to not only redress the plight of the Deaf community within the SA boarders but
also beyond its borders.
DIE AANSPREEK VAN LINGUISTIESE,
OPVOEDKUNDIGE EN KULTURELE REGTE
VAN DIE DOWES IN SUID-AFRIKA
Mnr Philemon Akach
Departement Afro-Asiatiese Studies, Gebaretaal en Taalpraktyk
Dowes tel onder die mees gemarginaliseerde taalminderhede in die wêreld. Die departement Afro-
Asiatiese Studies, Gebaretaal en Taalpraktyk aan die Universiteit van die Vrystaat, probeer om hierdie
stand van sake aan te spreek deur die vak Gebaretaal (GBT) as akademiese vak aan te bied. Deur
hierdie onderneming betrek hulle die dowe gemeenskap in die Vrystaat deur middel van deelname
aan vaardigheidstoetse en eksamens. Dit verseker dat die gemeenskap eienaarskap van GBT
aanvaar, hoe dit onderrig behoort te word en dat hulle die taalagterstand aanspreek. Benewens die
betrokkenheid by die gemeenskap as geheel, het die Departement n dowe personeellid aangestel
(Emily Matabane) wat verantwoordelik is vir al die praktiese en tutoriale klasse. Die Universiteit van
die Vrystaat het werklik ‘n leidende en kernrol begin speel in die doseer van GBT asook in onderrig
en navorsing in SA.
Gebaretaal word nie as ‘n amptelike taal in meeste ander lande erken nie. Dit word ook nie normaalweg
in huise, of die gemeenskap, skole of die samelewing in die algemeen gebruik nie. Vanweë die feit
dat hulle taal en kultuur nie as sulks erken word nie, ontvang dowes uit die aard van die saak nie hulle
opvoeding in die taal van hulle keuse nie. Met die koms van die nuwe politieke bedeling in 1994 word
die taalregte van alle Suid-Afrikaners verskans in die nuwe Grondwet, waardeur daar erkenning aan
die 11 amptelike tale verleen word. Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal tel egter nie onder een van die 11
tale nie. Dit was egter ter sprake dat GBT as een van die tale wat ontwikkel moes word vir gebruik
181

in the area van openbare kommunikasie. Die Pan-Suid-Afrikaanse Taalraad, soos deur Parlementêre
wetgewing neergelê, was die taak opgedra om ‘n bevorderlike omgewing te skep waaronder GBT
en ander nie-amptelike tale ontwikkel moes word. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Skole Wet van 1996 erken
wel dat GBT as erkende taal gebruik mag word vir opvoedkundige doeleindes, maar die wet word nie
afgedwing nie sodat daar verseker kan word dat GBT as ‘n medium van onderrig gebruik moet word
of dat dit as ‘n skoolvak onderrig moet word in die verskeie Skole vir die Dowes in Suid-Afrika.
Ten einde die gebrek aan die gebruik van GBT as medium van onderrig aan te spreek, het mnr Akach en
‘n kollega dr D Aarons van die Universeit van Suid-Wallis, Australië, met befondsing van die NRF, met
‘n drie jaar navorsingsprojek by die Bartemia Skool vir die Dowes in Thaba’Nchu begin. Hierdie projek
behels die opleiding van drie nie-gehoorgestremde onderwysers in die gebruik van GBT. Verder was
drie dowe persone opgelei as klasassistente om in spanverband met die horende onderwysers op te
tree. As die lootsprojek suksesvol is, sal dit dwarsdeur die hele land geïmplimenteer kan word.
Mnr Akach dien as konsultant vir die Wêreld Federasie vir die Dowes (WFD) en UNESCO oor Onderrig
vir die Dowes en Gebaretaal in Afrika. Hy het ’n gespreksdokument oor die onderrig van die dowe
kind in Suidelike Afrika vir die SAOG (Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap) geskryf, verslae opgestel oor
onderrig vir die dowes in Namibië en Ghana. In samewerking met ‘n kollega, prof R McConkey
van Leicester Universiteit, VK het hy ‘n multi-media handboek vir ouers en van dowe kinders en
gemeenskapswerkers in Uganda geskryf. Mnr Akach het ook ten behoewe van the Finse Assosiasie vir
die Dowes ‘n ondersoek oor Gebaretaal in Mosambiek gelei, wat gebruik sou kon word om onderwys
vir die Dowes in daardie te verbeter. Die departement kan dus gesien word as instrumenteel nie net
om die probleme van die dowe gemeenskap binne die grense van SA aan te spreek nie, maar ook
buite ons landsgrense.
182

Prof Marthinette Slabber
RESEARCHING
OBESITY
Prof Marthinette Slabber
Department of Human Nutrition
Obesity is an emerging epidemic in South Africa and closely related to lifestyle diseases such as
cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the Department of Human Nutrition the
research done by Prof Slabber and co-workers mainly focuses on aspects of obesity and related
diseases of lifestyle.
Perceptions of body size are culturally determined and a lack of perception of obesity may cause people
to be less inclined to follow weight loss programs. Prof Slabber developed a series of photographs
based on the distorting photographic tecnique, representing different body sizes as a tool to measure
perceptions of body size. An expert panel validated the photographs. In cooperation with Dr Corinna
Walsh of the same department and Mrs Venter of the Central University of Technology, Free State
(formerly, Technikon Free State), these photographs were administered during individual interviews
to a random sample of 500 black women in Mangaung. Administering it again to a random sample of
50 women from the original sample proved that the tool gave reliable results. It may thus be used to
determine perceptions of body size in black South African women, which could facilitate treatment
strategies in these women. Obesity also has profound effects on reproductive function in women.
These negative effects occur mainly in women with upper body fat distribution in combination with
183
Dr Corinna Walsh and Me Lucia Motseki

elevated fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance. High circulating insulin levels in the blood have
negative effects on the production of sex hormones. Treatment of obese infertile women includes
dietary intervention to induce weight loss that results in significant improvement in the hormonal
outcomes. Altering dietary composition to lower insulin resistance has been investigated in only a few
studies worldwide. Prof Slabber received a 3-year research grant by the Medical Research Council
for research in this field. Presently two studies are being undertaken in the Department of Human
Nutrition in close collaboration with the Unit for Reproductive Health at the Universitas Hospital. Mrs
Ronette Lategan is investigating the effects of lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and insulin
sensitizing medication in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Results of this study may possibly
lead to improved treatment regimes in these women. Baseline data on the association between body
weight and reproductive health in black South African women is an under researched area. Presently,
Ms Lucia Motseki, is investigating this association in black women attending the Unit for Reproductive
Health in order to obtain data that may be used as baseline information for future studies and treatment
regimes in this regard. In another study Dr Walsh is investigating the current popular high protein diet
for weight reduction when compared to the traditional slimming diet.
The Glycaemic Index (GI) of foods and its application in the diets of obese people and type 2 diabetics
is a special field of interest of Prof Slabber and co-workers. The GI refers to the rate of digestion and
absorption of carbohydrate foods. Various health benefits including the prevention and treatment of
obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, have been linked to the consumption
of low-GI foods. The GI of different foods and combinations of foods, as well as inter- and intra
individual variations in blood glucose concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, are
some of the studies that have been undertaken.
NAVORSING
OOR VETSUG
Prof Marthinette Slabber
Departement Menslike Voeding
Vetsug is ‘n toenemende epidemie in Suid-Afrika en nou verwant aan leefstylsiektes soos kardiovaskulêre
siekte en Tipe 2 diabetes mellitus. In die Departement Menslike Voeding fokus die navorsing van prof
Slabber en medewerkers hoofsaaklik op aspekte van vetsug en verwante leefstylsiektes.
184

Liggaamsgroottepersepsies is kultureel gefundeerd en ‘n gebrek aan die persepsie van vetsug mag
veroorsaak dat mense minder geneig is om gewigsverliesprogramme te volg. Prof Slabber het ‘n
fotoreeks ontwikkel, gebaseer op die tegniek van misvorming, wat verskillende liggaamsgroottes
verteenwoordig as ‘n hulpmiddel om persepsies van liggaamsgrootte te meet. ‘n Kundige paneel het
hierdie foto’s geldig verklaar vir die evaluering van liggaamspersepsies . In samewerking met dr Corinna
Walsh van dieselfde departement en mev. Venter van die Sentrale Universiteit van Tegnologie, Free
State (voorheen, Technikon Vrystaat) an internationally is hierdie foto’s tydens individuele onderhoude
aan ‘n ewekansige steekproef van 500 swart vroue in Mangaung vertoon. Die fotos is weer ‘n keer
aan ‘n steekproef van 50 van die oorspronklike groep vroue vertoon en is as ‘n betroubare hulpmiddel
bewys. Dit kan dus gebruik word by swart Suid-Afrikaanse vroue om betroubare persepsies van
liggaamsgrootte, wat behandelingstrategieë by hierdie vroue kan vergemaklik, vas te stel.
Vetsug het ‘n negatiewe uitwerking op die voortplantingsfunksie van vroue. Hierdie effek kom hoofsaaklik
voor by vroue met vetverspreiding om die middel in kombinasie met verhoogde vastende insulienvlakke
en insulienweerstandigheid. Hoë insulienvlakke in die bloed het ‘n negatiewe effek op die produksie
van geslagshormone. Die behandeling van oormassa onvrugbare vroue sluit dieetkundige behandeling
om gewigsverlies teweeg te bring, in, wat ‘n belangrike verbetering in die hormonale profiel tot gevolg
het. Die verandering in die samestelling van die dieet om insulienweerstandigheid te verminder is
slegs in enkele navorsingstudies wêreldwyd ondersoek. Prof Slabber het ‘n navorsingstoekenning vir
drie jaar van die Mediese Navorsingsraad ontvang vir navorsing op hierdie gebied.
Tans word twee studies onderneem in die Departement Menslike Voeding in noue samewerking met die
Reproduktiewe sorgeenheid by Universitas Hospitaal. Mev Ronette Lategan ondersoek die effek van
leefstylverandering soos dieet, oefening en medikasie vir die behandeling van insulienweerstandigheid
in vroue met polisistiese ovariële-sindroom. Die resultate van hierdie navorsing mag moontlik
tot verbeterde behandeling van hierdie vroue lei. Basislyn inligting rakende die verband tussen
liggaamsgewig en reproduktiewe gesondheid in swart Suid-Afrikaanse vroue is nog min nagevors. Me
Lucia Motseki is tans besig om hierdie verband by swart vroue wat die Reproduktiewe sorgeenheid
besoek, na te vors, om sodoende data te verkry wat as basislyn kan dien vir toekomstige navorsing
en behandelingsmetodes in hierdie verband. In ‘ n verdere projek, ondersoek dr Corinna Walsh die
huidige gewilde hoë proteïn-dieet vir gewigsverlies in vergelyking met die tradisionele verslankingsdieet.
185

Die Glisemiese Indeks (GI) van voedsel en die toepassing daarvan in die diëte van persone met vetsug
of tipe 2-diabetes is ‘n besondere belangstellingsveld van prof Slabber en haar medewerkers. Die
GI verwys na die snelheid van vertering en absorpsie van koolhidrate. Verskeie gesondheidsvoordele
wat die voorkoming en behandeling van vetsug, tipe 2-diabetes mellitus en kardiovaskulêre siektes
insluit, word gekoppel aan die inname van lae-GI kosse. Die GI van verskillende voedselsoorte en
kombinasies van voedsel, sowel as inter- en intra-individuele variasies in die konsentrasie van die
bloedglukose van pasiënte met tipe 2-diabetes mellitus, is ‘n paar van die studies wat al onderneem
is.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
The Qwaqwa Campus.
The tt campus, which was formerly a campus of the University of the North in Polokwane, was incorporated into
the UFS on 1 January 2003 as part of the restructuring of higher education by the Minister of Education.
186

Above: Doreen Dikobe, a doctoral student,
prepares her polymer-wood powder.
Right: A scanning electron microscopic
photo of sisal fibre in a polyethyelene matrix
POLYMER RESEARCH
AT THE QWAQWA CAMPUS
Prof Riaan Luyt
Department of Chemistry – Qwaqwa Campus
Polymers are long-chain chemical compounds that exist naturally, for example plant material and animal
tissue (biopolymers), or can be prepared synthetically, for example plastics, rubbers and synthetic
fibres. There is a constant demand for polymer materials with new and improved properties, but it
is a lengthy process to develop new synthetic polymers. It is much easier to blend different existing
polymers, or to mix polymers with other substances like glass or natural fibre, or with inorganic
powders such as carbon or copper, in order to obtain new products with the desired properties. Prof
Luyt’s research on wax modification expanded into research on polymer/wax blends, where the aim
was to improve polymer processability without sacrificing the desired polymer properties.
When in 1993 Prof Riaan Luyt became head of the Chemistry Department at the Qwaqwa Campus,
formerly of the University of the North but currently part of Free State University, it had very little
infrastructure, and no postgraduate degrees were offered. He worked tirelessly to improve the
187
Prof Riaan Luyt

Department’s infrastructure and to establish research and postgraduate training within the Department.
Since his Ph.D. degree focused on the oxidation of waxes (oxidized waxes are used mainly in floor
and shoe polishes), he developed an affinity for wax research, which then became a research topic
at Qwaqwa. His first postgraduate student was Chris Nhlapo, who successfully finished his research
on wax cross-linking (aimed at developing stronger and tougher waxes), and who was awarded his
masters degree in Chemistry during 1996 (the first in the history of the Qwaqwa Campus). During this
time Prof Luyt also introduced an honours degree in Chemistry at the Qwaqwa Campus, and since
then a number of students completed their Chemistry honours and masters degrees at this campus.
Presently the Polymer Research Group consists of himself, Dr Nhlapo, ten masters students, three
doctoral students and two postdoctoral fellows.
The wax research still goes on, because there are remaining unanswered questions, for example
where exactly the wax is situated in the polymer structure, since waxes have much shorter chains
than plastics. Other research in the group includes polymer/polymer blends, polymer composites (the
mixing of one or more plastics with natural fibres or wood powder to form products with enhanced
strength that can for example be used in car parts), and nanocomposites (the introduction of small
amounts of extremely small metal or clay particles into plastics, which gives rise to products with
exceptional properties). They prepare the blends and composites in different ways, and determine
the structure and properties of the blends and composites using a variety of techniques. Dr Nhlapo
and his students concentrate more on the synthesis of new polymers or plastics, using different
catalyst systems. Although this research is relatively new at the Qwaqwa campus, it will add an
important new dimension to the existing research.
Over the years Prof Luyt and his students published more than 40 research papers in leading
international journals, and presented numerous papers at conferences all over the world. The
Department has strong collaborative links with European research groups in Germany, Slovakia and
Hungary. The Hungarian collaboration is funded by the National Research Foundation, and several of
his students have visited their Hungarian counterparts.
Prof Luyt gratefully acknowledges the enormous role played by the National Research Foundation
in helping to establish the infrastructure at the Qwaqwa campus, and in supporting the students to
proceed with their higher degrees.
188

POLIMEER NAVORSING
BY DIE QWAQWA KAMPUS
Prof Riaan Luyt
Departement Chemie – Qwaqwa Kampus
Polimere is lang-ketting chemiese verbindinge wat natuurlik bestaan, byvoorbeeld plantmateriaal en
weefsel van diere (biopolimere), of dit kan ook sinteties berei word, byvoorbeeld plastiek, rubber
en sintetiese vesels. Daar is ‘n voortdurende vraag na polimeerstowwe met nuwe en verbeterde
eienskappe, maar dit is ‘n langdurige proses om nuwe sintetiese polimere te ontwikkel. Dit is baie
makliker om verskillende bestaande polimere te vermeng, of om polimere te meng met ander stowwe
soos glas of natuurlike vesel, of met anorganiese poeiers soos koolstof of koper, ten einde nuwe
produkte met die verlangde eienskappe te verkry. Prof Luyt se navorsing oor was-modifikasie is
uitgebrei tot navorsing oor polimeer-/wasmengsels met die doel om die verwerkings-/prosesseringsmoontlikhede
van die polimeer te verbeter, sonder om die verlangde eienskappe van die polimeer in
te boet.
Toe prof Riaan Luyt in 1993 hoof geword het van die Departement Chemie aan die Qwaqwa Kampus,
voorheen van die Universiteit van die Noorde, maar tans deel van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat, was
daar geen infrastruktuur nie en geen nagraadse kursus is aangebied nie. Hy het onverpoosd gewerk
om die departement se infrastruktuur te verbeter en om navorsing en nagraadse opleiding in die
departement te vestig. Sedert hy sy Ph.D.-graad oor die oksidasie van was (geoksideerde was word
hoofsaaklik gebruik in vloer- en skoenpolitoer) behaal het, het hy ‘n liefde vir wasnavorsing ontwikkel,
wat toe ‘n onderwerp vir navorsing by Qwaqwa geword het. Sy eerste nagraadse student was Chris
Nhlapo, wat sy navorsing oor die kruisbinding by was (daarop gemik om sterker en duursamer was te
ontwikkel) suksesvol voltooi het en sy meestersgraad in Chemie in 1996 (die eerste in die geskiedenis
van Qwaqwa) ontvang het. Gedurende hierdie tyd het prof Luyt ook ‘n honneursgraad in Chemie by
die Qwaqwa Kampus ingestel. Sindsdien het ‘n hele aantal studente hulle honneurs in Chemie, sowel
as meestersgrade aan hierdie kampus verwerf. Teenswoordig bestaan die polimeer navorsingsgroep
uit prof Luyt, dr Nhlapo, tien meestersgraadstudente, drie doktorale studente en twee na-doktorale
persone.
Die was-navorsing gaan steeds voort, aangesien daar sekere onbeantwoorde vrae bestaan, byvoorbeeld
waar presies die was in die polimeerstruktuur geleë is, aangesien was baie korter kettings het as
plastiek. Ander navorsing in die groep sluit in polimeer/polimeer vermenging, polimeersamestellings
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(die meng van een of meer van die plastieksoorte met natuurlike vesels of houtpoeier om produkte te
vorm wat versterk is om byvoorbeeld as motoronderdele te gebruik), en nano-/dwergsamestellings
(die invoer van klein hoeveelhede van uiters klein deeltjies van metaal of klei in plastiek, wat aanleiding
gee tot produkte met uitsonderlike eienskappe). Hulle berei die mengsels en samestellings op
verskillende maniere en bepaal die struktuur en eienskappe van die mengsels en samestellings deur
‘n verskeidenheid tegnieke te gebruik. Dr Nhlapo
en sy studente konsentreer meer op die sintese
van nuwe polimere of plastiek, deur verskillende
katalisator-sisteme te gebruik. Alhoewel hierdie
navorsing relatief nuut by die Qwaqwa Kampus
is, sal dit ‘n belangrike nuwe dimensie aan die
bestaande navorsing gee.
Deur die jare het prof Luyt en sy studente meer as 40
navorsingsartikels in toonaangewende internasionale
tydskrifte gepubliseer en ook verskeie referate by
konferensies wêreldwyd gelewer. Die departement
het sterk samewerkingsooreenkomste met
Europese navorsingsgroepe in Duitsland, Slowakye
en Hongarye. Die Hongaarse medewerking word
befonds deur die Nasionale Navorsingstigting en
verskeie studente het hulle Hongaarse eweknieë
besoek.
Prof Luyt erken met dankbaarheid die rol wat die Nasionale Navorsingstigting gespeel het deur hulle
hulp om die infrastruktuur by die Qwaqwa Kampus tot stand te bring, asook in die steun aan die
studente om met hulle nagraadse studie voort te gaan.
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Kurutlele or Biddulphsberg near Senekal.
‘n Groep van Bloemfontein saam met lede van die Mayeyi-stam in Desember 2003
voor die museum by Sangwali.
SEBETOANE’S LONG MARCH
A HISTORY OF THE MAKOLOLO (1823-1851)
Mr Cobus Dreyer
Department of Anthropology
There is an old Basotho proverb which says “Ho khetha ka maoto” and means something like
“Emigration is a form of political resistance, like voting with one’s feet”. At the onset of the “difaqane”,
(wars of devastation) in the southern Highveld in 1822, the Bafokeng tribe of Sebetoane was uprooted
from their ancestral lands at Kurutlele, or Biddulphsberg, near the present day Senekal in the Free
State. Subsequently, Sebetoane led them on a journey that was to last for approximately sixteen years
and take them over nearly 5 000 kilometres across veld, desert and swamp, searching for a ‘place
of tranquillity’ in which to settle. Eventually known as the Makololo, the tribe reached the heart of
Barotseland. On the way they had to fight many battles, winning most, but occasionally losing all their
cattle. Despite these hardships and suffering, Sebetoane managed to hold his people together and
to enrich the tribe. Feared even by the Ndebele of the notorious Mzilikazi, Sebetoane became one of
the most powerful chiefs of his time in Southern Africa. 1
Mr Dreyer has spent several years researching the history of the Makololo Sebetoane, originally a
Bafokeng tribe of the Basotho people. He has co-authored an article with Stella Kilby of Thorpe Bay,
Essex, UK, who is a direct descendant of the Price family. They came to Southern Africa in about
1859 to work as missionaries amongst the people of Sebetoane.
At the outbreak of the difaqane, a group of Bafokeng was living at Kurutlele (Biddulphsberg), the
centre of about eight villages of the Mangole, a tribe under their chief Mangoane, the father of
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Sebetoane. They had the wild vine or morara as their emblem (seboko). Sebetoane was about 20
years of age when he became chief. He had been described as being brave and intelligent beyond
his years and having distinguished himself in many ways. He can be commemorated as exceptional
for being the only chief to establish a new state by integrating different peoples outside the traditional
Sotho culture area. According to one narrator Sebetoane ”became the greatest warrior of his day
between the Orange River and the Zambezi”. Outlined as a brave man “with vision and determination“,
his ruling skills are proven by the fact that he obtained the tribal leadership of the Bafokeng as a
member of a junior group. After his conquest of Barotseland he made no discrimination between
his own people and the Lozi, and by allowing participation in important decisions by his subjects,
persuaded his people to loyalty. Eventually he became one of the few chiefs to retain control over his
people after the wars.
The Makololo were not to enjoy peace for long. Mzilikazi was driven north by the European settlers
in 1837 and it is estimated that the Ndebele settled in the region south of the Zambezi and east of
Sebetoane’s domain in 1840. Mzilikazi had not forgotten their various clashes and the many defeats
Sebetoane had inflicted upon him. Consequently, with these two powerful chiefs as neighbours,
conflict was inevitable.
David Livingstone arrived at Sebetoane’s head quarters in June 1851 bringing his wife and family with
the clear aim of settling amongst the Makololo as their missionary. At the time Livingstone described
Sebetoane as being about forty-five, in manner cool and collected, and more frank in his answers
than any other chief he had ever met. Within days of Livingstone’s arrival, on 7 July 1851, Sebetoane
died of inflammation in the lungs after he had insisted on riding Livingstone’s horse and, and when
urging the creature to gallop, he fell and opened an old wound. Sebetoane’s grave is still found in
the Caprivi and is well tended by the Mayeyi people who live in the region. It lies about 4 km south of
Sangwali, which is the site of Sebetoane’s old capital Linyanti.
Sekeletu, the son of Sebetoane now became chief of the Makololo, residing at his capital, which he
also called Linyanti, situated about 20km south-east from his father’s old capital. When Sebetoane
invaded Barotseland in 1838 some chiefs had fled north, resulting in the creation of three small
kingdoms. Sipopa, one of the sons of their former king Mulambwa, who had remained with the
Makololo, subsequently slipped away and joined his cousins. He formed an army in exile and watched
events closely. Sekeletu’s death precipitated further conflict and infighting over leadership of the
already weakened Makololo. In 1864 Sipopa staged an ambush on the Makololo. All able-bodied men
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who did not manage to flee were killed. This was the final blow for the great tribe that Sebetoane had
built up and held together.
Sebetoane went a long way to find the land where he could dwell in peace with his people, but he
never did. As Livingstone once wrote: “He had led a life of war, yet no one apparently desired peace
more than he did.” He crushed all the tribes in his path on his long march and defeated even the
mighty Ndebele in battle on several occasions.
After the defeat of the Makololo the Lozi regained control of their territory. Since the demise of the
Makololo one hundred and forty years ago, the region has inevitably undergone further changes,
particularly during the period of British rule. However, Sebetoane’s influence remains, primarily in the
language, Silozi, or Lozi, which is the old Sesotho-based language of the Makololo. Little remains
of the great tribe that Sebetoane built up, but through oral history the present members are wellinformed
of him and his legacy. There is little doubt of the achievement of this one man, who held
his tribe together through extreme hardship and privation and also enlarged his tribe with his ability
to create a strong and united kingdom far from his ancestral home. Sebetoane’s exploits must surely
place him amongst the greatest of African chiefs.
SEBETOANE SE LANG PAD
‘N GESKIEDENIS VAN DIE MAKOLOLO
(1823-1851)
Mnr Cobus Dreyer
Departement Antropologie
Daar is ‘n ou Basoeto spreekwoord wat lui: “Ho khetha ka maoto” en dit beteken min of meer iets
soos “Emigrasie is ‘n vorm van politieke weerstand, soos om met jou voete te stem”. Met die begin
van die ‘difaqane’ (verwoestende oorloë) op die suidelike hoëveld in 1822, was die Bafokengstam
van Sebotoane ontwortel van die land van hul voorvaders by Kurutlele, of Biddulphsberg, geleë naby
die huidige Senekal. Daarna het Sebetoane hulle gelei op ‘n reis wat sowat sestien jaar sou duur
en hulle ongeveer 5 000 kilometers deur veld, woestyn en moeras geneem op soek na ‘n ‘plek van
kalmte’ waar hulle kon vestig. Uiteindelik bekend as die Makololo, het hulle die hart van Barotseland
bereik. Onderweg moes hulle baie oorloë voer, waarvan hulle die meeste gewen het, maar gereeld al
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hul beeste verloor het. Ten spyte van hierdie teenspoed en lyding, het Sebetoane daarin geslaag om
sy mense bymekaar te hou en die stam te verryk. Selfs gevrees deur die Ndebele van die berugte
Mzilikazi, het Sebetoane een van die magtigste hoofmanne van sy tyd in Suid-Afrika geword.
Mnr Dreyer het oor verskeie jare die geskiedenis van die Makololo-stam, oorspronklik ‘n Bafokengstam
van die Basoeto’s nagevors. Hy was mede-skrywer van ‘n artikel saam met Stella Kirby van
Thorpe Bay, Essez, UK, wat ‘n direkte afstammeling van die Price familie is. Hulle het in ongeveer 1851
na suidelike Afrika gekom om as sendelinge tussen die Makololo-stam van Sebetoane te werk.
Met die uitbreek van die “difaqane’, het ‘n groep van die Bafokeng-stam by Kurutlele (Biddulphsberg),
die middelpunt van ongeveer agt statte van die Mangole, ‘n stam onder hoofman Mangoane, die vader
van Sebetoane, gewoon. Hulle het die wilde rankplant of morara as hulle embleem (seboko) gehad.
Sebetoane was omtrent 20 jaar oud toe hy hoofman geword het. Hy is beskryf as dapperder en
intelligenter as sy jare en het hom op vele maniere onderskei. Hy kon as uitstaande en gedenkwaardig
bestempel word, omdat hy die enigste hoofman was wat ‘n nuwe staat tot stand kon bring deur
verskillende mense buite die tradisionele Sotho-kultuurgebied te integreer. Volgens ‘n verteller het
Sebotoane “die grootse krygsman van sy tyd tussen die Oranjerivier en die Zambezi” geword. In
hooftrekke is hy beskryf as ‘n dapper man “met visie en vasberadenheid”. Sy vermoë om te lei, is
bewys deur die feit dat hy die leierskap van die Bafokengstam as lid van ‘n junior groep verkry het. Na
sy verowering van Barotseland het hy nie gediskrimineer tussen sy eie mense en die Lozi nie, en deur
deelname aan belangrike besluite deur sy onderdane, het hy hulle tot lojaliteit oorgehaal. Uiteindelik
het hy een van die min hoofmanne geword wat beheer oor sy mense na die oorloë behou het.
Die Makololo kon nie vir lank vrede geniet nie. Mzilikatze is deur die Europese setlaars in 1837
noordwaarts gedryf en daar word geskat dat die Ndebele in 1840 in die gebied suid van die Zambezi
en oos van Sebetoane se domein gevestig het. Mzilikatze het nie hulle verskeie botsings en die baie
neerlae wat Sebetoane hom laat ly het, vergeet nie. Gevolglik was konflik, met hierdie twee magtige
hoofmanne as bure, onvermydelik.
David Livingstone het in Junie 1851 by Sebetoane se hoofkwartier aangekom, vergesel van sy vrou en
familie, met die duidelike doelwit om hom tussen die Makololo as hul sendeling te vestig. Livingstone
het Sebetoane op hierdie tydstip as ongeveer 45 jaar oud beskryf, met ‘n kalm en bedaarde houding
en meer openlik in sy antwoorde as enige ander hoofman wat hy ooit ontmoet het. ‘n Paar dae na
Livingstone se aankoms, op 7 Julie 1851, het Sebetoane gesterf aan inflammasie van die longe wat
gevolg het op die besering van ‘n ou wond. Sebetoane het daarop aangedring om op Livingstone
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se perd te ry en, met die aanspoor van die perd tot ‘n galop, het hy die wond oopgeval. Sebetoane
se graf word steeds in die Caprivi aangetref en word goed versorg deur die Mayeyi-stam wat in die
omgewing woon. Dit is ongeveer 4 kilometer suid van Sangwali, die terrein van Sebetoane se ou
hoofstad Linyanti, geleë.
Sekeletu, die seun van Sebetoane, het hierna die hoofman van die Makololo geword en was gesetel
in sy hoofstad wat hy ook Linyanti genoem het en wat omtrent 20 km suid-oos van sy vader se ou
hoofstad geleë was. Toe Sebetoane Barotseland in 1838 ingeneem het, het sommige hoofmanne
noordwaarts gevlug, wat tot die totstandkoming van drie klein koninkrykies gelei het. Sipopa, een
van die seuns van hul vorige koning, Mulambwa, wat by die Makololo gebly het, het vervolgens
weggesluip en by sy neefs aangesluit. Hy het ‘n leër in ballingskap gevorm en gebeure fyn dopgehou.
Sekelutu se dood het verdere konflik en binnegevegte oor leierskap van die alreeds verswakte
Makololo verhaas. In 1874 het Sipopa die Makololo in ‘n lokval gelei. Al die liggaamlik-weerbare
manne wat nie kon vlug nie, is doodgemaak. Dit was die finale slag vir die eens magtige stam wat
deur Sebetoane opgebou en bymekaargehou is.
Sebetoane het ‘n lang pad gestap om die land waar hy in vreedsaamheid met sy mense kon woon,
te vind, maar tevergeefs. Soos Livingstone eenkeer geskryf het: “Hy het ‘n lewe van oorlog gely, tog
het niemand oënskynlik vrede meer begeer as hy nie.” Hy het al die stamme in sy pad op sy lang tog
oorwin en selfs die magtige Ndebele by verskeie geleenthede verslaan.
Na die neerlaag van die Makololo het die Lozi beheer oor hulle gebied herwin. Sedert die uitsterf van
die Makololo eenhonderd en veertig jaar gelede, het die gebied onvermydelik verdere veranderinge
ondergaan, veral gedurende die periode van Britse heerskappy. Sebetoane se invloed was egter
blywend, hoofsaaklik in die taal, Silozi, of Lozi, wat die ou Sesotho-gebaseerde taal van die Makololo
is. Daar het min oorgebly van die sterk stam wat Sebetoane opgebou het, maar deur mondelinge
oorlewering is die huidige inwoners deeglik bewus van hom en sy nalatenskap. Daar is egter geen
twyfel oor die prestasie van een man, die behoud en uitbreiding van sy stam deur erge teenspoed
en ontbering oor ‘n lang afstand en oor sy vermoë om ‘n sterk en verenigde koninkryk ver van sy
voorvaderlike tuiste te skep nie. Sebetoane se prestasies moet hom verseker tussen die grootste
van Afrika se leiers plaas.
195

Mr Nico Scholtz and Johan Loock - a sample of uranium
ABOUT FISH FOSSILS, METEORITES,
DIAMONDS, MINES AND MOUNTAINS
Prof Willem van der Westhuizen
Department of Geology
Apart from the hosting of the Students’ Congress of the Geological Society of South Africa during June
2003 and the associated excursions to the world-famous Vredefort impact locality, gold mines and
fossil occurrences, research was conducted on numerous geological, geochemical, archaeological
and environmental aspects. The incidence of high-quality diamonds in ancient river systems, mineral
resources management, the incidence of radio-active material in experimental mining in the Karoo,
the Thuathe meteorite, that fell in Lesotho in July 2002, the structure of the Aggeneys mountains and
fish fossils in a rock layer near Philippolis were among the topics that were studied.
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Dr WP Colliston and Mr L Nel conducted research on paleo river channels. Erosion took place after
the invasion of kimberlites, and the area was drained by ancient rivers such as the Karoo river system
and the later ancient Orange River. Diamonds derived from the kimberlites were transported along
these rivers, and were deposited in the old gravels. In the transport process, boulders ground against
one another and destroyed all poor-quality diamonds. Only the best-quality diamonds were preserved,
and are found in the old terrace gravels today. Geologists are searching for these old riverbeds and
terrace gravels for mining purposes. Many miners make a living from mining these gravels.
Research on mineral resources management also gave rise to a publication and a paper at the 31st
International Symposium on the Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Minerals
Industries. This research is aimed at managing the mining process more cost-effectively. Aspects
such as LOM (Life of Mine) are addressed in this regard. Particular attention is paid to integrated
management of the total mining value chain, and there is a shift away from the isolated management
of the different mining units (geology, mining, planning and construction). New principles include the
classification of ore according to the behaviour throughout the mining process, rather than according
to geology. Attention is also given to condition-driven standards, and possible constraints in the
system are identified and measures are implemented to rectify such constraints.
During the Students’ Congress of the Geological Society of South Africa, staff and students of the
Geology Department delivered various presentations. Students from several African countries as well
as from the USA were present. Staff and students also delivered presentations at the congress of the
Society of South African Geographers, the 15 th Biennial Conference of the Southern African Society
for Quaternary Research and the Biennial Conference of the South African Historical Society.
Research on meteorites led to the discovery of antimony sulphides in the Thuathe meteorite, which
fell in Lesotho in July 2002. This is the first find of antimony sulphides in material from outer space.
Research on the incidence of radio-active material in experimental mining that took place in the late
70’s and early 80’s in the Karoo, indicates unacceptable contamination levels and high pollution. The
Department of the National Nuclear Regulator was informed, and possible clean-up measures are
being considered. Meanwhile, research on the impact of these radio-active incidences continues.
Other geological research includes unravelling the complex structure of the Aggeneys Mountains. In
order to facilitate future exploration for base metal sulphides it is imperative to recognise the macro
sheath fold structures and the regional thrust faults.
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A palaeontologist of the Geosciences Board named a new fish fossil after Mr Johan Loock from the
Geology Department. Mr Koos Viviers, a former student of the department, spotted this fish in a rock
layer near Philippolis a few years ago. Mr Loock identified the fish as belonging to the paleoniscoids,
a group of extinct fish that occurred all over the world, including the Karoo basin of Southern Africa.
In his description of the fossil, Dr Patrick Bender officially named the fish Polisichthys Loocki, stating
in motivation that Mr Loock showed an interest in Karoo fish over a period of many years, and
conducted research on them. In palaeontological circles, it is regarded as a great honour when a new
fossil species is named after a person.
About 20 years ago, a visiting American palaeontologist also named a small crustacean fossil after Mr
Loock, in acknowledgement of his assistance with fieldwork and the collection of fossils.
OOR VISFOSSIELE, METEORIETE
DIAMANTE, MYNE EN BERGE
Prof Willem van der Westhuizen
Departement Geologie
Benewens die aanbieding van die Studentekongres van die Geologiese Vereniging van Suid-
Afrika gedurende Junie 2003 en gepaardgaande ekskursies na die wêreldbekende Vredefortimpaklokaliteit,
goudmyne en fossielvoorkomste, is navorsing oor talle geologiese, geochemiese,
argeologiese en omgewingsaspekte gedoen. Die voorkoms van kwaliteitdiamante in oerrivierstelsels,
mineralehulpbronbestuur, die voorkoms van radio-aktiewe materiaal by proefmynbou in die Karoo, die
Thuathe-meteoriet wat in Julie 2002 in Lesotho geval het, die struktuur van die Aggeneysberge en
visfossiele in ’n rotslaag naby Philippolis, was van die onderwerpe wat bestudeer is.
Dr WP Colliston en mnr L Nel het navorsing gedoen oor paleorivierkanale. Na die indringing van
kimberliete het verwering plaasgevind, en oerriviere soos die Karooriviersisteem en die latere Oer-
Oranjerivier, het die gebied gedreineer. Diamante afkomstig van die kimberliete is met hierdie riviere
langs vervoer, en is in die oergruise afgeset. In die proses het rolstene teen mekaar gestamp en alle
swakkwaliteit-diamante vernietig. Net die beste diamante het behoue gebly, en kom vandag in die
ou terrasgruise voor. Geoloë soek na hierdie ou rivierlope en terrasgruise vir mynboudoeleindes. Baie
delwers maak ‘n lewe uit die delf van hierdie gruise.
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Navorsing oor Mineralehulpbronbestuur het ook aanleiding gegee tot ‘n publikasie en ‘n kongresreferaat
by die 31ste Internasionale Simposium oor die Application of computers and operations research in the
mineral industries. Die navorsing het ten doel om die mynbouproses meer koste-effektief te bestuur.
Hier word aspekte soos LOM (Life of Mine) aangespreek. Daar word veral gekyk na geïntegreerde
bestuur van die totale mynbouwaardeketting, en daar word wegbeweeg van die geïsoleerde bestuur
van die verskillende mynbou-eenhede (geologie, mynbou, beplanning en aanleg). Nuwe beginsels
is die klassifisering van erts volgens die gedrag regdeur die mynbouproses, eerder as volgens die
geologie. Daar word ook baie aandag gegee aan “condition-driven standards”, en dan word daar
ook voortdurend na moontlike beperkinge in die proses gesoek en stappe word gedoen om dit reg
te stel.
Tydens die Studentekongres van die Geologiese Vereniging van Suid-Afrika het personeel en studente
van die Departement Geologie ‘n verskeidenheid voordragte aangebied. Studente van verskeie ander
Afrika-lande en ook van die VSA was teenwoordig. Personeel en studente het ook voordragte gelewer
by die kongres van die Vereniging van Suid-Afrikaanse Geograwe, die 15 de Tweejaarlikse Kongres
van die Suider-Afrikaanse Vereniging vir Kwartêrnavorsing en die Tweejaarlikse Kongres van die Suid-
Afrikaanse Historiese Vereniging.
Navorsing oor meteoriete het gelei tot die ontdekking van antimoonsulfiedes in die Thuathe-meteoriet,
wat in Julie 2002 in Lesotho geval het. Dit is die eerste keer dat antimoonsulfiedes in ruimtemateriaal
gevind is.
Navorsing oor die voorkoms van radio-aktiewe materiaal by proefmynbou wat in die laat 70’s en
vroeë 80’s in die Karoo plaasgevind het, dui op onaanvaarbare vlakke van kontaminasie en hoë
besoedeling. Die Departement van die Nasionale Kernreguleerdeer is in kennis gestel, en daar word
aandag geskenk aan moontlike opruimingsaksies. Navorsing oor die impak van hierdie radioaktiewe
voorkomste gaan intussen voort.
Ander geologiese navorsing sluit die ontrafeling van die komplekse struktuur van die Aggeneysberge
in, vir toekomstige eksplorasie van basiese metaalsulfiedes is dit noodsaaklik om die groot skedeplooistrukture
en regionale stootverskuiwings te kan herken.
‘n Paleontoloog van die Raad vir Geesteswetenskappe het ‘n nuwe visfossiel na mnr Johan Loock
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van die Departement Geologie vernoem. Dié vis is enkele jare gelede deur mnr Koos Viviers, ‘n
oudstudent van die departement, in ‘n rotslaag naby Philippolis raakgesien. Mnr Loock het die vis
geïdentifiseer as behorende tot paleoniskoïedes, ‘n groep uitgestorwe visse wat wêreldwyd - ook
in die Karoo van Suidelike Afrika - voorgekom het. In sy beskrywing van die fossiel het dr Patrick
Bender die vis amptelik Polisichthys Loocki genoem, en as motivering aangevoer dat mnr Loock oor
‘n tydperk van baie jare ‘n belangstelling in Karoo-visse getoon het en navorsing oor hulle gedoen
het. In paleontologiese kringe word dit as ‘n groot eer beskou wanneer ‘n nuwe fossielspesie na ‘n
persoon vernoem word.
Sowat 20 jaar gelede het ‘n besoekende Amerikaanse paleontoloog ook ‘n klein skaaldierfossiel na
mnr Loock vernoem, uit erkentlikheid vir sy hulp met veldwerk en die versameling van fossiele.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
‘n Vooraansig van die hoofgebou UV-kampus 2003.
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Ms Annegret Lombard
Right: Photograph showing general appearance of
the Thuathe meteorite.
THE THUATHE METEORITE FALLS
IN LESOTHO
Ms Annegret Lombard
Department of Geology
On Sunday, 21 July 2002 at approximately 15:45 SAST, a fireball entered the atmosphere above
Southern Africa. The Thuathe meteorite, as it later became known, created much excitement and was
widely observed. It was the first reported meteorite from Lesotho.
After Nico Scholtz, an M.Sc. student at the Department of Geology, University of the Free State
(UFS), witnessed the meteorite entering the atmosphere, he immediately set out to investigate the
matter. Police stations, farmers, tour operators and numerous other persons were approached for
eyewitness reports within the southern and eastern Free State. Witnesses were asked to complete
a “meteorite reporting form”. This included the date and time of sighting, tremors and sounds. If
possible, latitude and longitude were recorded, together with direction of sighting. Other information,
including light intensity and colour, velocity, duration of light and sound as well as fragmentation, was
also collected.
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Frans-Willem van der Westhuizen (son of Prof WA van der Westhuizen of the Department of Geology,
UFS), witnessed the fall while travelling due east on the Petrusburg road. To him it seemed as if the
meteorite had fallen in the veld nearby, but in actual fact the site was about 200 km away. Another
interesting report came from Captain Jane Trembath, an airline pilot with South African Airways. She
was on her way to Port Elizabeth and travelling in a southerly direction when she encountered the
smoke trail left by the meteorite and plotted the position on her aviation charts.
A first-year student from Lesotho brought a piece of the meteorite to the department of Geology,
UFS, about two months after the fall. Researchers from the UFS immediately departed to Lesotho
to acquire samples, since this meteorite presented a wonderful research opportunity to complement
ongoing research on three meteorites from Malawi. Unfortunately, most of the samples were merely
chips broken off from bigger specimens, so that the locals had more pieces to sell. Luckily the
department was able to acquire some large specimens, the biggest of which weighed about 1.2 kg
and cost in the region of R150. The local community soon realised the monetary value of the “rocks
that fell from the sky”, and researchers had to buy samples from them. The price of the meteorite
fragments skyrocketed after collectors and dealers took an interest.
The Thuathe fall was a meteoric shower. About 600 meteorite samples of different sizes have been
recovered from the site by various academic institutions, as well as collectors, over a seven-month
period. The recovered samples range from a few grams to about 2.5 kg in weight, and are irregular in
shape. Characterisation of the meteorite in terms of its chemical composition and physical properties
is currently progressing well, and very interesting results are being obtained.
DIE THUATHE-METEORIET VAL
IN LESOTHO
Me Annegret Lombard
Departement Geologie
Op Sondag 21 Julie 2002 om ongeveer 15:45 SAST het ‘n vuurbal die atmosfeer bokant Suider-Afrika
binnegekom. Die Thuathe-meteoriet, soos wat dit later genoem is, het vir groot opwinding gesorg
en is deur baie mense waargeneem. Dit was die eerste opgetekende geval van ‘n meteoriet wat in
Lesotho geval het.
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Nadat Nico Scholtz, ‘n M.Sc.-student by die Departement Geologie, Universiteit van die Vrystaat (UV),
gesien het hoe die meteoriet die atmosfeer binnekom, het hy dadelik begin om ondersoek in te stel.
Polisiestasies, boere, toeroperateurs en nog talle ander binne die suidelike en oostelike Vrystaat is
genader vir ooggetuienis. Ooggetuies is versoek om ‘n “meteoriet-verslagdoeningsvorm” in te vul. Dit
het die datum en tyd van waarneming, skuddings en geluide ingesluit. Indien moontlik is breedte- en
lengtegrade ook aangeteken, tesame met die rigting van die waarneming. Ander inligting betreffende
aspekte soos ligintensiteit en -kleur, snelheid, duur van lig en klank, asook fragmentering, is ook
ingesamel.
Frans-Willem van der Westhuizen (seun van prof WA van der Westhuizen van die Departement
Geologie, UV), het die meteoriet sien val terwyl hy besig was om in ‘n oostelike rigting te reis op
die Petrusburg-pad. Vir hom het dit gelyk asof die meteoriet in die veld daar naby geval het, maar
in werklikheid was die terrein waar dit geval het, omtrent 200 km van daar af. Nog ‘n interessante
verslag is ontvang van Kaptein Jane Trembath, ‘n lugdiensvlieënier by die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens.
Sy was in ‘n suidelike rigting op pad na Port Elizabeth toe sy die rookspoor teëgekom het wat deur
die meteoriet agtergelaat is en die posisie op haar lugvaartkaarte aangedui het.
‘n Eerstejaarstudent van Lesotho het omtrent twee maande na die val van die meteoriet ‘n stuk daarvan
na die Departement Geologie by die UV gebring. Navorsers van die UV het onmiddellik na Lesotho
vertrek om monsters te bekom, aangesien hierdie meteoriet ‘n wonderlike navorsingsgeleentheid
verteenwoordig het om navorsing waarmee hulle reeds besig was oor drie meteoriete uit Malawi, aan
te vul. Ongelukkig was meeste van die monsters bloot splinters wat van groter stukke afgebreek is,
sodat die plaaslike inwoners meer stukke kon hê om te verkoop. Gelukkig kon die departement tog ‘n
paar groot stukke bekom, waarvan die grootste omtrent 1.2 kg geweeg het en in die omgewing van
R150 gekos het. Die plaaslike gemeenskap het gou die finansiële waarde besef van die “klippe wat uit
die lug geval het”, en navorsers moes by hulle monsters koop. Die prys van die meteorietfragmente
het die hoogte ingeskiet nadat versamelaars and handelaars belangstelling begin toon het.
Die Thuathe-val was ‘n meteorietreën. Oor ‘n tydperk van sewe maande is omtrent 600
meteorietmonsters van verskillende groottes van die terrein herwin deur verskeie akademiese
instellings, asook versamelaars. Die gewig van die monsters wat herwin is, wissel van ‘n paar gram
tot ongeveer 2.5 kg, en hulle is oneweredig gevorm. Goeie vordering word tans gemaak met die
karakterisering van die meteoriet in terme van sy chemiese samestelling en fisiese eienskappe, en
baie interessante resultate word verkry.
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FROM CRIME
TO STEM CELL RESEARCH AND CLONING
Prof Hennie Oosthuizen
Department of Criminal and Medical Law
Criminal and Medical Law are such fascinating areas of the legal system that they inspire and motivate
any academic to investigate and research them extensively. Prof Hennie Oosthuizen’s interest in
both these areas has resulted in a lot of research being done, especially in the field of medical law.
The adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 had a dramatic effect
on both Criminal and Medical Law, which is experienced in practice on a daily basis.
Research in Criminal Law
Amendments to acts, as well as the promulgation of new laws to address the wave of national
and international financial crime, are the order of the day. Our legal system has to find measures
to deal with serious economic crime like money laundering, corruption, fraud, drug trafficking and
gangsterism. Research on how the government is trying to curb this flood by way of the National
Prosecuting Authority, legislation for the prevention of organised crime, the establishment of special
units like the Scorpions and the Office for Serious Economic Crime (OSEC) , and the contribution of
the business sector like Business Against Crime, is also being done by Prof Oosthuizen.
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Prof Hennie Oosthuizen

Part of this legislation regulates international co-operation with other countries in criminal matters.
Procedures regarding deportation and the trial of criminals across our borders are simplified as a
result of this legislation. The recent establishment of the International Crime Court in the Hague will
also assist in simplifying cases of international terrorism, mass murder, drug dealing, genocide and
serious economic crimes. These matters, which are internationally regarded as priorities, also form
part of a new research project by this researcher.
Research in Medical Law
Medical science has developed and progressed astronomically over the past years. This is the result
of continuous and intensive research, of man’s unstoppable urge to develop, refine and perfect.
This medical progress has necessitated the introduction of guidelines for research. The protection
of both the individual and society and the urge to survive demand these guidelines. Rigid guidelines,
however, serve no purpose, as society and public norms are continually changing along with the
advancements in technology. HIV/AIDS, euthanasia, surrogate motherhood, human cloning, research
on embryos and stem cell research are currently a few of the interesting topics under discussion and
objects of research projects.
For the past few years Prof Oosthuizen has been concerned with research regarding several aspects
of the legal and ethical implications of HIV/AIDS. Together with Prof Teuns Verschoor he has discussed,
researched and critiqued the Department of Health guidelines, strategic plan, draft documents and
proposals, the mission and guidelines of the Health Professions Council of South Africa, the guidelines
and viewpoints of the South African Medical Association, the research reports and documents of the
South African Law Commission, and also court cases dealing with HIV/AIDS issues in several national
and international journals as well as at congresses. Proposals to overcome these problems and clarify
the grey areas form part of this research. Because of the seriousness of this pandemic in our country,
it is of vital importance that we continue with research for the protection of not only the patients, but
also all the health care workers who come into contact with AIDS every day.
Stem cell research, research on embryos and the cloning of human cells and particularly the legal
and ethical dilemmas surrounding these issues, are a very interesting part of Professor Oosthuizen’s
research. The most controversial research using human tissue at present is that of stem cells derived
from human embryos and foetuses.
What is stem cell research? A stem cell is an unspecialised cell at an early stage of development. The
term stem cell is used to refer to any cell which can renew tissue. Under certain conditions, stem cells
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can divide and differentiate into a large number of cell types that make up the tissue and organs of
the body. Stem cells can be successfully isolated and cultured in a laboratory from human embryos
and from foetal reproductive tissue. Embryonic stem cells retain the ability to develop into nearly
any cell type of the body. It is this potential of an embryonic stem cell that suggests the possibility of
new therapies. The potential to derive stem cells from umbilical cord blood, bone marrow and foetal
tissue, and for these cells to regenerate themselves has been known for some time. However, the
ability to extract stem cells from human embryos and grow them in culture is a more recent advance,
opening up a far wider range of treatment possibilities.
What is meant by the cloning of a human cell? After the birth of Dolly the sheep, there was a public
outcry and concern that the new cloning technique of cell nuclear replacement would be used in
human reproduction. The production of babies through cloning is seen worldwide as an ethically
unacceptable practice. No definite legislation or research guidelines exist in South Africa to regulate
either stem cell research or the cloning of human cells. The Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983 is the only
piece of legislation which can be used to regulate genetic manipulation. No other legislation exists
to regulate issues like stem cell research and the cloning of human cells. The South African Medical
Research Council’s Guidelines for Medical Research do not provide in any way for research on stem
cells or the cloning of human cells. However, the new Draft National Health Bill does make provision
for certain aspects of human cloning and stem cell research.
The main objective of this research project is to make a comparative study of the legislation and/or
guidelines that exist in different parts of the world. The emphasis of the research is to examine the
different legal and ethical/moral guidelines/legislation in the United States of America, the United
Kingdom, the different European countries and especially the European Community. Declarations and
codes by the different societies and associations will also be included in this investigation.
VAN MISDAAD
TOT STAMSELNAVORSING EN KLONING
Prof Hennie Oosthuizen
Departement Straf- en Geneeskundige Reg
Die Konstitusie van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika (108 van 1996) het ‘n dramatiese invloed op die
Straf- en die Geneeskundige Reg meegebring en die effek daarvan word daagliks in die praktyk
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ervaar. Die Straf- en die Geneeskundige Reg is twee areas in die reg, wat so fassinerend is dat dit
enige akademikus aanspoor om verdere ondersoek/navorsing daaroor te doen.
Navorsing in die Strafreg
Die bekamping moontlike vervolging van ernstige ekonomiese misdrywe soos geldwassery, korrupsie,
bedrog, dwelmsmokkelary en –sindikate, rampokkers en bendes het deel van ons regsisteem geword.
Wetswysigings en die daarstelling van nuwe wette om die vlaag van nasionale en internasionale
finansiële misdaad die hoof te bied, is aan die orde van die dag. Prof Oosthuizen doen navorsing
oor hoe die regering by wyse van die Nasionale Vervolgingsgesag en wetgewing (wat spesifiek op die
voorkoming van georganiseerde misdaad gerig is) poog om die probleem hok te slaan. Aansluitend
daarby is sy navorsing oor die daarstelling van spesiale eenhede soos die Skerpioene en die Kantoor
vir Ernstige Ekonomiese Misdaad (KEEM), asook organisasies uit die besigheidsektor soos Business
Against Crime.
Internasionale samewerking in strafsake maak ook deel uit van die nuwe wetgewing. Prosedures
met betrekking tot uitlewering, deportasie en verhoor van misdadigers oor landsgrense heen, word
hierdeur vergemaklik. Die onlangse daarstelling van die Internasionale Strafhof in Den Haag gaan
ook sake rakende internasionale terrorisme, massamoorde, volksmoorde en ernstige ekonomiese
misdrywe vergemaklik. Hierdie aangeleenthede, wat tans wêreldwyd as prioriteitsareas aandag
geniet, vorm ook deel van ‘n nuwe navorsingsprojek.
Navorsing in die Geneeskundige Reg
Ontwikkeling in die mediese wetenskap noodsaak riglyne waarbinne navorsing gedoen kan word.
Sodanige riglyne word deur die gemeenskap vereis. Rigiede riglyne dien geen doel nie, aangesien die
mediese tegnologie voortdurend verander en verfyn. MIV/VIGS, genadedood, surrogaatmoederskap,
menslike kloning, navorsing op embrio’s en stamselnavorsing is enkele aspekte wat tans ondersoek
en navorsing oor gedoen word.
Die bedreiging wat die MIV/VIGS-pandemie hier te lande teweeg bring, noodsaak volgehoue navorsing
om nie net aan pasiënte beskerming te bied nie, maar ook aan al die gesondheidswerkers wat daagliks
hieraan blootgestel word. Proff Oosthuizen en Verschoor is al jare gemoeid met navorsing oor die
regs- en etiese aspekte rakende MIV/VIGS. Die Departement van Gesondheid se riglyne, strategiese
planne, konsepdokumente en voorstelle, die Gesondheidsdiensberoepe Raad van Suid-Afrika se
beleid en riglyne, die Suid-Afrikaanse Mediese Vereniging se riglyne en sienings, die Suid-Afrikaanse
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Regskommissie se navorsing en verslae en ook hofsake wat oor MIV/VIGS handel, is onder meer in
verskeie nasionale en internasionale tydskrifte en kongresse voorgehou en gekritiseer.
Stamselnavorsing, navorsing op embrio’s en die kloning van menslike selle en in besonder die regsen
etiese aspekte daarvan, is tans baie interessant en aktueel en vorm deel van prof Oosthuizen
se navorsing. Die hoof oogmerk van hierdie navorsing is, om by wyse van ‘n regsvergelykende
studie, die verskillende wetgewing, regs- en eties/morele riglyne in die Verenigde State van Amerika,
die Verenigde Koninkryk, die verskillende state in Europa en veral dié van die Europese Unie, te
ondersoek. Deklarasies en kodes van die verskillende verenigings en assosiasies sal ook by die
ondersoek ingesluit word.
Die mees kontroversiële aspek tans, is die doen van navorsing op menslike weefsel en wel op
stamselle wat van menslike embrio’s en fetusse verkry is. Wat is stamselnavorsing? ‘n Stamsel
is ‘n ongespesialiseerde sel in ‘n vroeë stadium van ontwikkeling. Die term stamsel word gebruik
om na enige sel wat weefsel kan hernu, te verwys. Onder sekere omstandighede kan stamselle
in ‘n groot aantal seltipes verdeel wat weefsel en organe van die liggaam uitmaak. Die potensiaal
om stamselle van die naelstringbloed, beenmurg en fetusweefsel te verkry en vir hierdie selle om
hulself te herrangskik/organiseer, is al vir ‘n geruime tyd bekend. Die moontlikheid om stamselle
van menslike embrio’s te onttrek, en hulle dan te kultiveer, is ‘n heersende voordeel, wat ‘n veel
wyer deur vir behandelingsmoontlikhede open. Stamselle kan met sukses van menslike embrio’s en
reproduktiewe fetusweefsel geïsoleer en in ‘n laboratorium gekultiveer word. Embrioniese stamselle
het die vermoë om in bykans enige tipe sel van die liggaam te ontwikkel. Dit is juis hierdie potensiaal
van embrioniese stamselle wat die moontlikhede vir nuwe terapieë skep.
Wat word bedoel met die kloning van ‘n menslike sel? Na die geboorte van Dolly, die skaap, was
daar wye uitroepe en besorgdheid uit die gemeenskap dat hierdie nuwe kloningstegniek, naamlik die
vervanging van die nukleus van ‘n sel, in menslike voortplanting gebruik gaan word. Die reproduksie
van babas by wyse van kloning word wêreldwyd as onetiese praktyk beskou. Daar bestaan geen
definitiewe wetgewing of navorsingsriglyne wat stamselnavorsing of kloning van menslike selle in Suid-
Afrika reguleer nie. Die Wet op Menslike Weefsel 65 van 1983, is die enigste stuk wetgewing wat vir
genetiese manupulering gebruik kan word. Die bestaande Riglyne van die Suid-Afrikaanse Mediese
Navorsingsraad bevat ook geen voorskrifte in dié verband nie. Die Wetsontwerp op Nasionale
Gesondheid bevat wel riglyne en regulasies wat die kloning van menslike selle en navorsing op
stamselle sal reguleer.
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CHESD
SYNONYMOUS WITH PROF KALIE AND
HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH
Prof Annette Wilkinson
Head: Higher Education Studie and Research
Over the years, research at the Centre for Higher Education Studies and Development (CHESD)
has become synonymous with Prof Kalie Strydom’s pioneering work to establish and develop higher
education studies as a research field. He already established the Higher Education Research Unit
in 1990. Initially, the unit concentrated particularly on research regarding institutional and strategic
planning. In co-operation with persons such as Dr Louis van der Westhuizen and others, the focus
shifted to quality assurance during the second half of the nineties. However, over the past two years
the focus of research was placed on human resources development, and performance management
and measurement in particular. In addition, regional co-operation increasingly became a factor in
projects.
THE 2003/2004 NRF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT
This project, funded jointly by the National Research Foundation and by CHESD funds, was launched
Prof Annette Wilkinson
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Prof Kalie Strydom

at the beginning of 2003. The chief purpose of the project (with Prof Magda Fourie, Vice-Rector:
Academic Planning, as leader) is to undertake research that will lead to the creation of a model for
an effective performance management system for academic and educational staff at institutions for
higher and further education in the Free State region. The project team consists of 11 students (six
at Ph.D. level and five at M. level) and eight study leaders associated with various institutions in the
region. The project has a strong development component, which is aimed at developing the research
capacity of students as well as study leaders. The research findings are presently being finalised
for publication in book form. It is envisaged that this publication will be introduced and critically
evaluated during a national seminar on the UFS campus in June 2004. An international expert, Dr
Jim Kemper, has been especially invited to the UFS for this event to act as book selector for the
publication and to make expert contributions during the seminar.
RESEARCH AT POSTGRADUATE STUDY LEVEL
This programme has been developed under the guidance of Prof Driekie Hay since 1998 and research
of international quality has been produced, which also gave rise to a large number of publications.
During the March 2003 graduation ceremony, four of Prof Hay’s students obtained their Ph.D. degrees.
In May 2003, a great honour was bestowed on the UFS when the international Development Cooperation
Prize was awarded in Brussels to one of these students, Dr Arlys van Wyk, for her thesis
that was completed at CHESD. This prize, which is subjected to a very strict selection process,
is awarded annually by the Belgian government to outstanding researchers in developing countries
whose research has resulted directly in the empowerment of a disadvantaged group in that country.
The programme is being co-ordinated by Prof Annette Wilkinson since February 2003. A great deal
of attention is presently being devoted to developing the research capacity of postgraduate students
and staff members.
INFORMATION SERVICE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
The Information Service for Higher Education is a specialised service that functions as a library and
provides academic staff with information about higher education. The Information Service was already
established in 1980, and has built up a reputation over the years as an excellent (and also unique)
source of information about higher education matters. The head of the division, Ms Elrita Grimsley,
has already been involved in this service for the past 10 years, during which time she has come to the
rescue of researchers in their quest for information on numerous occasions. Nowadays, she is also
relying increasingly on electronic information in order to render a professional service to academics
and students.
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FUTURE RESEARCH AT CHESD?
Prof Kalie has been working at CHESD on a part-time basis since 2001. His energy is inexhaustible,
and he divides his time between CHESD and regional initiatives, as the acting director of the
Consortium of Higher Education Institutions in the Free State. Until his second “retirement”, Prof
Kalie will also be making a significant research contribution within the new Academic Planning Unit of
the Vice-Rector: Academic Planning.
We asked Prof Kalie about his vision for future research at CHESD. His reply reflects his wisdom
about higher education matters:
There are numerous crucial and strategic national and institutional matters in higher education that
create a need for the illuminating perspectives and balanced solutions that can be brought about
by research within CHESD. Themes for research within higher education range from the modern
concept (meaning or definition) of a university: academic freedom/institutional autonomy; altered
conceptions of knowledge that require curriculum changes; globalisation; changes in the social
expectations of higher education; the free market system as applied within higher education and
increasing competition from private institutions, to the five strategic priorities of the university (quality
and excellence; equity; diversity and equal opportunities; financial sustainability; regional co-operation
and involvement, as well as outward drive, both nationally and internationally). It would be wise
for CHESD to focus its research on the last-mentioned five priorities, and even on a more generic
theme that will be critically important to all five priorities. Research could, for instance, be directed
at the following research question: How should the University of the Free State (UFS, by means of
human resources management and development, attract and retain academic staff who will be able to
maximally address all the strategic priorities in the interest of the UFS’s clients and role players?
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SHOSO
SINONIEM MET PROF KALIE EN
HOËRONDERWYSNAVORSING
Prof Annette Wilkinson
Hoof: Hoëronderwysstudie en Navorsing
Deur die jare het navorsing by die Sentrum vir Hoëronderwysstudies en Ontwikkeling (SHOSO) sinoniem
geword met prof Kalie Strydom se baanbrekerswerk om hoëronderwysstudies as navorsingsterrein
te vestig en uit te bou. Reeds in 1990 het hy die Eenheid vir Navorsing in Hoër Onderwys tot stand
gebring. In die beginjare is daar veral op navorsing rakende institusionele en strategiese beplanning
gekonsentreer. In samewerking met persone soos dr Louis van der Westhuizen en andere het die
fokus gedurende die tweede helfte van die negentigerjare na gehalteversekering verskuif. Die afgelope
twee jaar was dit egter menslikehulpbronontwikkeling en veral prestasiebestuur en -meting wat die
fokus van navorsing uitgemaak het. Streeksamewerking het ook in toenemende mate ‘n rol in projekte
begin speel.
DIE 2003/2004 NNS-
PRESTASIEBESTUURSPROJEK
Hierdie projek, gedeeltelik deur die
Nasionale Navorsingstigting (NNS) en
deur SHOSO-fondse ondersteun, is aan
die begin van 2003 van stapel gestuur.
Die hoofdoel van die projek (met prof
Magda Fourie, Viserekor: Akademiese
Beplanning, as leier) is om navorsing te
onderneem wat sal lei tot die daarstelling
van ‘n model vir ‘n doeltreffende
prestasiebestuurstelsel vir akademiese
en opvoedkundige personeel aan
instellings vir hoër en verdere onderwys
in die Vrystaatstreek.
Die projekspan bestaan uit 11 studente (ses op Ph.D.- en vyf op M.-vlak) en agt studieleiers
verbonde aan verskillende instellings in die streek. Die projek het ‘n sterk ontwikkelingskomponent,
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met toespitsing op die ontwikkeling van die navorsingskapasiteit van studente sowel as studieleiers.
Die bevindinge van die navorsing word tans gefinaliseer om in boekvorm gepubliseer te word. Na
verwagting sal hierdie publikasie in Junie 2004 tydens ‘n nasionale seminaar op die UV-kampus
bekendgestel en krities geëvalueer word. ‘n Internasionale kenner, dr Jim Kemper, is spesiaal vir dié
geleentheid na die UV genooi om as keurder vir die publikasie op te tree en kundigheidsinsette tydens
die seminaar te lewer.
NAVORSING OP NAGRAADSE STUDIEVLAK
Onder leiding van prof Driekie Hay is die program sedert 1998 uitgebou en is navorsingswerk
van internasionale gehalte gelewer, wat ook tot ‘n groot aantal publikasies gelei het. Tydens die
gradeplegtigheid van Maart 2003 het vier van prof Hay se studente hul Ph.D.-grade behaal. In Mei
2003 het ‘n groot eer die UV te beurt geval toe die internasionale Development Co-operation Prize
in Brussels aan een van hierdie studente, dr Arlys van Wyk, toegeken is vir haar proefskrif, wat
by SHOSO voltooi is. Hierdie prys, wat aan ‘n baie streng keuringsproses onderworpe is, word
jaarliks deur die Belgiese regering toegeken aan uitstaande navorsers uit ontwikkelende lande wie se
navorsing direk tot die bemagtiging van ‘n benadeelde groep in daardie land gelei het.
Sedert Februarie 2003 word die program deur prof Annette Wilkinson gekoördineer. Tans word
baie aandag geskenk aan die uitbouing van die navorsingskapasiteit van nagraadse studente en
personeellede.
INLIGTINGSDIENS VIR HOëR ONDERWYS
Die Inligtingsdiens vir Hoër Onderwys is ‘n gespesialiseerde diens wat as biblioteek funksioneer en
akademiese personeel van inligting oor hoër onderwys voorsien. Die Inligtingsdiens het reeds in 1980
die lig aanskou, en het deur die jare ‘n reputasie opgebou as ‘n uitstekende (en ook unieke) bron van
inligting oor hoëronderwysaangeleenthede. Die hoof van die afdeling, me Elrita Grimsley, is reeds
die afgelope 10 jaar by hierdie diens betrokke, waar sy male sonder tal tot die redding van navorsers
gekom het in hul soeke na inligting. Sy steun deesdae toenemend ook op elektroniese inligting ten
einde ‘n professionele diens aan akademici en studente te kan lewer.
TOEKOMSTIGE NAVORSING BY SHOSO?
Sedert 2001 is prof Kalie op deeltydse basis by SHOSO werksaam. Met sy onuitputlike bron van
energie verdeel hy sy aandag tussen SHOSO en streekinisiatiewe, as die waarnemende direkteur van
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die Konsortium van Hoëronderwysinstellings in die Vrystaat. Tot en met sy tweede “aftrede” sal prof
Kalie ook ‘n daadwerklike navorsingsbydrae lewer binne die nuwe Akademiese Beplanningseenheid
van die Viserektor: Akademiese Beplanning.
Ons het prof Kalie gepols oor sy toekomsvisie vir navorsing by SHOSO. Sy antwoord reflekteer sy
wysheid oor hoëronderwysaangeleenthede:
Daar is ‘n magdom kritieke en strategiese nasionale en institusionele sake in hoër onderwys wat ‘n
behoefte skep aan die beligtende perspektiewe en gebalanseerde oplossings wat navorsing binne
SHOSO kan meebring. Temas vir navorsing binne die hoër onderwys wissel van die idee (betekenis
of definisie) van ‘n universiteit vandag: akademiese vryheid/institusionele outonomie; veranderende
begrippe van kennis wat kurrikulumhervorming vereis; globalisering; verandering in die sosiale
verwagtinge van hoër onderwys; die vryemarkstelsel soos binne die hoër onderwys toegepas en die
toenemende kompetisie van private instellings, tot die vyf strategiese prioriteite van die universiteit
(gehalte en uitnemendheid; billikheid; diversiteit en gelykberegtiging; finansiële volhoubaarheid;
regionale samewerking en betrokkenheid, en uitwaartse dryfkrag, nasionaal asook internasionaal).
Dit mag wys wees vir SHOSO om sy navorsing op laasgenoemde vyf prioriteite te fokus, en selfs op
‘n meer generiese tema wat van kritieke belang sal wees vir al vyf die prioriteite. Navorsing kan bv.
op die volgende navorsingsvraag gerig word: Hoe trek en behou die Universiteit van die Vrystaat (UV)
deur middel van Menslikehulpbronbestuur en –ontwikkeling akademiese personeel wat maksimaal al
die strategiese prioriteite in die belang van al die UV se kliënte en rolspelers kan aanspreek?
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Photo Nico Smit
Photos: Daryl Barnes
THE AFRICAN LARGE PREDATOR
RESEARCH UNIT (ALPRU)
Prof HO de Waal
Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences
The African lion (Panthera leo) is the flagship wildlife species on the African continent, and its unique
role in promoting wildlife tourism must be promoted with a view to ensuring and enhancing sustainable
utilisation of the natural resources. Such an initiative would also boost conservation efforts and create
much needed tangible wealth for the peoples of Africa. The African Large Predator Research Unit
(ALPRU) was founded at the University of the Free State, with its focus on the group of larger African
predators such as the lion, leopard (P. pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), caracal (Caracal caracal)
and black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas).
The lion has made a deeper and more lasting impression on mankind than any other animal. Although
lions once roamed most of the African continent, parts of southern Europe, the Middle East and Asia
as far as India, the rapid expansion of human populations and their activities reduced the former
range of lions. With the exception of a few hundred Asiatic lions (P. leo persica) in western India, freeranging
lions are presently confined exclusively to Africa.
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Prof HO de Waal

ALPRU is deliberately focusing on the large African predators since they are regarded as good
indicators of the well-being of the natural environment, particularly the habitat and prey species. In the
short period since its establishment on 4 March 2002, ALPRU has made major advances in several
areas of concern, some of which are highlighted below.
The ecology and social behaviour of the large African predators are generally well studied and
documented, but there is a paucity of information on quantitative aspects of wild carnivore nutrition.
This information is of great value for the sustainable management of large carnivores, both in situ (wild)
and ex situ (in captivity). ALPRU therefore launched an initiative in 2002 to conduct comprehensive
feed intake and digestibility studies with regard to captive lions, leopards and cheetahs. In these
trials, large chunks of unprocessed animal carcasses, consisting of the hind or fore limbs of donkeys
with the skin still attached, were fed to the large predators. This approach was unique and a first in
the world, since it mimicked in very specific ways the actual feeding process of the large carnivores.
Valuable quantitative information was obtained on aspects of nutrition, which can be used to develop
non-invasive techniques for the studying of free-ranging large African predators. In recognition of an
outstanding scientific contribution in this regard, Mr Dirk Borstlap was awarded the Chris Small prize
for presenting the best M.Sc. thesis in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences during 2003.
Since its establishment, ALPRU has created and maintained a database of the morphometric
measurements of large African predators. In an effort to standardise activities and reduce variation, a
comprehensive set of procedures was developed to measure the specimens and record morphometric
data collected from dead or immobilised animals. In the case of an adult male lion with a full mane, no
less than 47 variables are measured. In line with most of ALPRU’s activities, the aim is to develop noninvasive
techniques to determine whether wild animals have been subjected to subnormal growth and
development, primarily as a result of factors impacting on their habitat and food base. In view of the
growing livestock-predator conflict in various parts of the continent and its inevitable negative impact
on the large African predators, it is important to determine whether individuals in a specific population
are well developed for their age. The procedures proposed by ALPRU have been developed to suit all
large African predators and have been tested successfully with several species, namely immobilised
leopard and cheetah as well as dead black-backed jackal, caracal and Cape fox (Vulpes chama). The
procedures are available on the web site of ALPRU: MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor http://www.
uovs.ac.za/alpru.
The development of these procedures by ALPRU coincided with growing concerns expressed in
some quarters that the trophy quality of African lions is declining. In the absence of sufficient objective
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data, it has been suggested that lion skull size and body size should be recorded for all African lions
shot, and that a qualitative assessment of mane quality should also be made with regard to trophies.
Through its visionary efforts in creating new procedures to measure large African predators more
comprehensively, ALPRU is now offering the hunting fraternity the opportunity to participate and cooperate
in a project to register the trophy size of hunted animals more comprehensively. At the same
time, they are contributing to science and conservation by assisting across the continent with the
collection of relevant data that would otherwise have been lost. In response to the ALPRU initiative,
participation offers and requests for more information on how to measure legally hunted lion and
leopard have been received from scientists within South Africa, as well as from Namibia, Botswana,
Zambia, Zimbabwe and Tanzania. The morphometric data of trophy quality will be accompanied by
information on the specific area, habitat and prey availability yielded by the project. This information will
be evaluated and used, among other things, to advise countries and interested parties on formulating
and implementing integrated game management plans.
Any new initiative requires time to gain momentum and establish itself. However, two scientific articles
have already been published under the auspices of ALPRU in renowned international journals, namely
an article on the composition of lion milk (Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde) and another describing a
comprehensive method for measuring large African predators (Journal of Zoology, London). An oral
paper (Measuring large African predators) and a poster (composition of lion milk) were presented at
the 6th International Wildlife Ranching Symposium (6 - 9 July 2004) in Paris, France, and both were
well received.
DIE GROOTROOFDIER NAVORSINGS-
EENHEID VIR AFRIKA (ALPRU)
Prof HO de Waal
Departement Vee-, Wild- en Weidingkunde
Die Afrika-leeu (Panthera leo) is die bekendste wildsoort op die Afrika-kontinent, en sy unieke rol in die
bevordering van natuurtoerisme moet bevorder word ten einde volhoubare benutting van die natuurlike
hulpbronne te verseker en te verbeter. So ‘n inisiatief sal ook bewaringsmaatreëls ‘n hupstoot gee
en broodnodige tasbare rykdom skep vir die mense van Afrika. Die Grootroofdier-navorsingseenheid
vir Afrika (ALPRU), wat gestig is by die Universiteit van die Vrystaat, fokus op die groep groter Afrikaroofdiere
soos die leeu, luiperd (P. pardus), jagluiperd (Acinonyx jubatus), die rooikat (Caracal caracal)
217

en die rooijakkals (Canis mesomelas).
Die leeu het ‘n groter en meer blywende indruk op die mens gemaak as enige ander dier. Hoewel
leeus eens oor die grootste deel van die Afrika-kontinent, dele van suidelike Europa, die Midde-
Ooste en Asië tot so ver as Indië voorgekom het, het die vinnige groei van menslike bevolkings en
hulle aktiwiteite die voormalige verspreidingsgebied van leeus ingekort. Met die uitsondering van ‘n
paar honderd Asiatiese leeus (P. leo persica) in Wes-Indië, word loslopende leeus tans slegs in Afrika
aangetref.
ALPRU se fokus op die groot Afrika-roofdiere is spesifiek so beplan, aangesien hulle beskou word
as goeie aanduiders van die welstand van die natuurlike omgewing, veral die habitat en prooisoorte.
In die kort tydperk sedert sy stigting op 4 Maart 2002 het ALPRU reeds groot vordering gemaak op
verskeie belangrike gebiede, waarvan sommiges hieronder aangestip word.
Die ekologie en sosiale gedrag van die groot Afrika-roofdiere is oor die algemeen reeds deeglik
bestudeer en opgeteken, maar daar is ‘n gebrek aan inligting oor die kwantitatiewe aspekte van
wilde roofdiere se voeding. Hierdie inligting is baie waardevol vir die volhoubare bestuur van groot
karnivore, beide in situ (wild in die natuur) en ex situ (in gevangenskap). ALPRU het dus in 2002 ‘n
inisiatief geloods om omvattende studies te onderneem oor voedingsinname en verteerbaarheid met
betrekking tot leeus, luiperds en jagluiperds in gevangenskap. Tydens hierdie proewe is groot dele
van onverwerkte dierkarkasse, bestaande uit die agterste of voorste ledemate van donkies met die
vel nog daaraan, aan die groot roofdiere gevoer. Hierdie benadering was uniek en ‘n eerste in die
wêreld, aangesien dit op baie spesifieke wyses die werklike voedingsproses van die groot karnivore
nageboots het. Waardevolle kwantitatiewe inligting is bekom oor aspekte van voeding, wat gebruik kan
word om nie-ontwrigtende tegnieke te ontwikkel vir die bestudering van loslopende Afrika-roofdiere.
Ter erkenning van ‘n uitstaande wetenskaplike bydrae in hierdie verband is die Chris Small-prys vir
die voorlegging van die beste M.Sc.-verhandeling in die Fakulteit Natuur- en Landbouwetenskappe
gedurende 2003 toegeken aan mnr Dirk Borstlap.
Sedert sy totstandkoming het ALPRU ‘n databasis oor die morfometriese afmetings van groot Afrikaroofdiere
geskep en in stand gehou. In ‘n poging om aktiwiteite te standaardiseer en variasie te
verminder is ‘n omvattende stel prosedures ontwikkel om die diere te meet en morfometriese data wat
van dooie of geïmmobiliseerde diere verkry is, op te teken. In die geval van ‘n volwasse leeumannetjie
met ‘n volle maanhaar word altesaam 47 veranderlikes gemeet. In lyn met die meeste van ALPRU
se aktiwiteite is die doel om nie-ontwrigtende tegnieke te ontwikkel om te bepaal of wilde diere
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moontlik onderhewig is aan subnormale groei en ontwikkeling, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van faktore wat
‘n invloed uitoefen op hulle habitat en voedselbronne. In die lig van die toenemende konflik tussen
vee en roofdiere in verskeie dele van die kontinent en die onvermydelike negatiewe impak daarvan
op die groot Afrika-roofdiere, is dit belangrik om te bepaal of individue binne ‘n spesifieke bevolking
goed ontwikkel is vir hulle ouderdom. Die prosedures wat deur ALPRU voorgestel is, is ontwikkel om
geskik te wees vir alle groot Afrika-roofdiere en is suksesvol getoets op verskeie diersoorte, naamlik
geïmmobiliseerde luiperds en jagluiperds, asook dooie rooijakkalse, rooikatte en silwerjakkalse (Vulpes
chama). Die prosedures is beskikbaar op ALPRU se webwerf: MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor
http://www.uovs.ac.za/alpru.
Die ontwikkeling van hierdie prosedures deur ALPRU het saamgeval met toenemende kommer wat in
sommige kringe uitgespreek is dat die trofeegehalte van Afrika-leeus besig is om af te neem. In die
afwesigheid van voldoende objektiewe data is daar voorgestel dat skedelgrootte en liggaamsgrootte
opgeteken behoort te word vir alle Afrika-leeus wat geskiet word, en dat ‘n kwalitatiewe assessering
van maanhaargehalte ook gedoen behoort te word met betrekking tot trofeë. Deur middel van sy
visioenêre stappe om nuwe prosedures te skep vir die meer omvattende meting van groot Afrikaroofdiere,
gee ALPRU die jagsektor nou die geleentheid om deel te neem en saam te werk aan ‘n projek
om die trofeegrootte van gejagte diere op meer omvattende wyse te registreer. Terselfdertyd maak
hulle ‘n bydrae tot wetenskap en bewaring deur regoor die kontinent te help met die insameling van
relevante data wat andersins verlore sou gegaan het. In reaksie op die ALPRU-inisiatief is aanbiedinge
tot deelname en versoeke om verdere inligting oor hoe om wettig gejagte leeus en luiperds te meet,
ontvang van wetenskaplikes binne Suid-Afrika, asook van Namibië, Botswana, Zambië, Zimbabwe en
Tanzanië. Die morfometriese data ten opsigte van trofeegehalte sal vergesel wees van inligting oor
die spesifieke area, habitat en beskikbaarheid van prooi wat deur die projek opgelewer word. Hierdie
inligting sal geëvalueer word en onder andere gebruik word om lande en belanghebbende partye te
adviseer oor die formulering en implementering van geïntegreerde wildbestuurplanne.
Enige nuwe inisiatief het tyd nodig om momentum op te bou en homself te vestig. Twee wetenskaplike
artikels is egter reeds onder die vaandel van ALPRU gepubliseer in bekende internasionale tydskrifte,
naamlik ‘n artikel oor die samestelling van leeumelk (Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde) en ‘n ander
artikel wat ‘n omvattende metode vir die meet van groot Afrika-roofdiere beskryf (Journal of Zoology,
Londen). ‘n Mondelinge voordrag (Meet van groot Afrika-roofdiere) en ‘n plakkaat (Samestelling van
leeumelk) is aangebied by die 6de Internasionale Wildlife Ranching Symposium (6 - 9 Julie 2004) in
Parys, Frankryk, en albei is goed ontvang.
219

Prof Hennie van Coller
Right: Prof Hennie van Coller en Prof Herbert van Uffelen
FOCUS ON THE DEPARTMENT OF
AFRIKAANS AND DUTCH, GERMAN AND
FRENCH
Prof Hennie van Coller
Department of Afrikaans and Dutch, German and French
The Department of Afrikaans and Dutch, German and French has a proud record of team research. In
the eighties, a comprehensive HSRC research project on the Afrikaans of the Griquas was completed
under the guidance of Prof Christo van Rensburg, the head of department at the time. During the
same period, two works on pragmatics, to which several linguists and literators contributed, were
published under the editorship of Prof GJ van Jaarsveld. In 1984, Profs HP van Coller and GJ van
Jaarsveld were the editors of the first work to be published on pragmatics and literature, Woorde as
dade, for which they obtained the co-operation of academics across South Africa.
Furthermore, a publication in honour of Etienne Leroux (under the editorship of Van Coller and Charles
Malan) was completed in the eighties, as well as a special edition of Acta Academica (under the
220
Etienne Leroux en Prof Hennie van Coller

editorship of Van Coller) and a publication in honour of André P Brink (with Jan Senekal as editor).
Leading academics contributed to all these publications. Under the guidance of Prof Van Coller, the
prolific Etienne Leroux and André P Brink research projects eventually developed into documentation
centres (to which the Ingrid Winterbach library will also be added shortly), which have already given
rise to inter-university research and numerous accredited articles.
In the nineties, Prof Van Coller initiated a more comprehensive interdisciplinary HSRC research project
on Border Literature. Contributors from English and German literature, as well as history, juridical
sciences, etc. undertook research that was introduced during a seminar and included in the final
report, and also gave rise to numerous accredited articles and chapters in books.
Senior bursaries for research abroad were awarded to Van Coller on two occasions. He worked at
the University of Utrecht (where he had also completed his doctoral examination) and the Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, on canonisation in a diachronic and synchronic context within the literary field.
He delivered lectures at international professional congresses on both topics, and also contributed
to international publications in this regard. His interest presently lies in the relationships: literary field
/ canonisation / conceptions of literature.
In 1998 and 1999, Van Coller was the editor of Perspektief en profiel - ‘n Afrikaanse literatuurgeskiedenis,
in two parts; the third part (once again under his editorship) will be published this year. In accordance
with contemporary views of (literary) historiography, the intention is not to create one master discourse,
but to accommodate various perspectives on Afrikaans literature and the evolution thereof. Almost all
the leading Afrikaans-speaking literators participated in this project, in addition to five literators from
abroad. Several lecturers at the UFS also participated in this research project. On the basis of his
publications in the field of literary science and literary criticism, the Gustav Preller prize of the South
African Academy for Science and Arts was awarded to Van Coller in 2000, and the Elisabeth Eybers
scholarship in 2002.
In 2003, Van Coller was invited to act as the South African co-ordinator of a digital literature project
under the guidance of Prof Herbert van Uffelen, head of the Department of Dutch at the University of
Vienna (Austria). This project (www.univie.ac.za) endeavours to describe the relationships between
Dutch and Flemish literature and various European literatures. With the co-operation of Dr BJ Odendaal
and some seventy other Afrikaans literators, Van Coller now also intends to scientifically describe and
digitalise the relationships between Afrikaans literature and Dutch and Flemish literature. He also
received a larger research grant from the Dutch Language Union for this purpose.
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Van Coller is extremely sceptical about the notion that a culture of research can be created virtually
overnight, or that there are instant recipes for research. Research is a way of life, and all good
researchers have something in common with the classical detective whose curiosity is seldom
satisfied before he can offer abundant evidence as an explanation for what interests him. He is
increasingly working together with younger colleagues (including Drs BJ Odendaal, A van Niekerk and
V Teise) – even with proficient senior students – and finds this interaction a stimulating and valuable
experience.
FOKUS OP DIE DEPARTEMENT
AFRIKAANS EN NEDERLANDS, DUITS EN
FRANS
Prof Hennie van Coller
Departement Afrikaans en Nederlands, Duits en Frans
Die Departement Afrikaans en Nederlands, Duits en Frans het ‘n trotse rekord van spannavorsing. In
die jare tagtig word ‘n groot RGN-navorsingsprojek oor die Afrikaans van die Griekwas afgehandel
onder die leiding van die destydse departementshoof, prof Christo van Rensburg. In dieselfde tyd
verskyn twee werke oor die pragmatiek onder die redakteurskap van prof GJ van Jaarsveld waaraan
verskeie taal- en letterkundiges meewerk. Proff HP van Coller en GJ van Jaarsveld tree in 1984 op as
redakteurs van die eerste werk oor pragmatiek en letterkunde, Woorde as dade, en verkry daarvoor
die samewerking van akademici oor die hele Suid-Afrika.
In die jare tagtig verskyn daar voorts ‘n huldigingspublikasie (onder redaksie van Van Coller en Charles
Malan) oor Etienne Leroux, ‘n spesiale uitgawe van Acta Academica (onder redaksie van Van Coller) en
‘n huldigingspublikasie oor André P. Brink (onder redaksie van Jan Senekal). Aan al hierdie publikasies
werk toonaangewende academici mee. Die Etienne Leroux- en André P Brink-navorsingsprojekte
groei onder die leiding van prof Van Coller mettertyd uit tot dokumentasiesentra (waarby eersdaags
ook die Ingrid Winterbach-boekery gevoeg word) wat reeds gelei het tot inter-universitêre navorsing
en tientalle geakkrediteerde artikels.
In die jare negentig word ‘n groter interdissiplinêre RGN-navorsingsprojek oor Grensliteratuur deur
prof Van Coller begin. Medewerkers uit onder andere die Engelse en Duitse letterkunde, en ook die
222

geskiedenis, regswetenskappe, ensovoort onderneem navorsing wat tydens ‘n seminaar bekendgestel
word, opgeneem word in die eindverslag en ook neerslag vind in ‘n tiental geakkrediteerde artikels
en hoofstukke in boeke.
By twee geleenthede word ‘n senior beurs aan Van Coller toegeken vir navorsing in die buiteland.
Daar werk hy aan die Universiteit van Utrecht (waar hy ook vroeër sy doktorale eksamen afgelê het)
en die Katholieke Universiteit van Leuven oor kanonisering in diachroniese en sinchroniese verband
binne die literêre veld. Oor albei onderwerpe lewer hy lesings by internasionale vakkongresse en
publiseer hy in internasionale publikasies. Tans gaan sy belangstelling uit na die verbande: literêre
veld / kanonisering / literatuuropvattings.
In 1998 en 1999 tree Van Coller op as redakteur van Perspektief en profiel - ‘n Afrikaanse
literatuurgeskiedenis in twee dele; die derde deel (weer onder sy redaksie) verskyn vanjaar. In pas
met eietydse opvattinge van (literêre) geskiedskrywing word nie getrag om een meesterdiskoers
daar te stel nie, maar om ruimte te bied vir verskeie perspektiewe op die Afrikaanse literatuur en
die evolusie daarvan. Bykans alle toonaangewende Afrikaanstalige literatore neem deel aan hierdie
reuse-projek, naas ‘n vyftal buitelandse literatore. Verskeie dosente aan die UV neem ook deel aan
hierdie navorsingsprojek. Op grond van sy publikasies op die gebied van die literatuurwetenskap en
literêre kritiek word die Gustav Prellerprys van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns
in 2000 aan Van Coller toegeken, en die Elisabeth Eybersbeurs in 2002.
Van Coller word in 2003 uitgenooi om op te tree as Suid-Afrikaanse koördineerder van ‘n digitale
literatuurprojek onder die leiding van prof Herbert van Uffelen, hoof van die Departement Nederlands
aan die Universiteit van Wenen (Oostenryk). Hierdie projek (www. univie.ac.au) trag om die relasies
(verbande) tussen Nederlandstalige literatuur en ‘n verskeidenheid Europese literature te beskrywe.
Met die samewerking van dr BJ Odendaal en ‘n sewentigtal ander Afrikaanse literatore gaan Van Coller
nou ook die relasies tussen die Afrikaanse en Nederlandstalige literatuur wetenskaplik beskrywe en
digitaliseer. Hiervoor ontvang hy ook ‘n groter navorsingstoekenning van die Nederlandse Taalunie.
Die opvatting dat ‘n navorsingskultuur feitlik oornag geskep kan word of dat daar kitsresepte bestaan
vir navorsing word deur Van Coller met argwaan bejeën. Navorsing is ‘n manier van lewe en elke goeie
navorser het iets gemeen met die klassieke speurder wie se nuuskierigheid selde bevredig word
voordat hy ten minste ‘n string bewyse as verklaring kan aanbied vir dit wat hom interesseer. Hy werk
toenemend saam met jonger kollegas (o.a. met drr BJ Odendaal, A van Niekerk, V Teise) - selfs met
knap senior studente - en vind hierdie wisselwerking stimulerend en ‘n leerskool, óók vir homself.
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Prof Engela Pretorius
Prof Engela Pretorius
Department of Sociology
Left: Prof Dirk Groenewald
Above: Traditional Healer
RESEARCH
IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
The Department of Sociology has a rich tradition of socially-relevant research. It is involved in both
basic and applied research. The main areas of specialisation within the Department are population
studies, gender studies, social ecology (including resource scarcity and environmental sociology), as
well as health, disease and health care (including the social and developmental impact of HIV/Aids).
Prof Engela Pretorius (Departmental Chairperson) specialises in the sociology of health and illness.
Her research has focused in the main on complementary/alternative healing and the indigenous
health care system in South Africa. Her research into the latter field since 1987 has established her
224

as an expert on this topic. Over the years she has studied many aspects of this type of health care
and supervised several dissertations. She has published widely and delivered several papers on
this topic, both nationally and internationally. Currently her research revolves around the intellectual
property rights of these indigenous healers, in particular issues such as the rights and needs of both
traditional healers and their patients in respect of providing safe, quality health care, while ensuring
the preservation and continuation of their practices. Her other research interest is in the field of
gender studies, especially gender in higher education. She has combined her interests in gender,
human rights and health and illness in a study on virginity testing - a traditional practice that has been
revived as a way of addressing the HIV/Aids pandemic.
The Department is also involved in several community projects. One such project, in which Prof Dirk
Groenewald is involved, funded by the Water Research Commission, entails the application of a new
technique with a view to promoting food security and sustainable food production among smallholder
farmers in the Thaba Nchu agricultural district. Low rainfall, high evaporation and poor productivity
soils are major constraints to crop production in this
district. This in-field rainwater harvesting technique
was developed by the Agricultural Research Council
Institute for Soil, Climate and Water and has the
potential to increase crop yields by up to 50%. As
this technique represents changes to the traditional
way of growing crops, it entails extra work and
different ways of performing tasks. It was women in
particular who accepted this challenge. At present
400 households in 37 of the 42 villages in the district
are successfully applying this technique. Whereas in
the past only a few households used their backyards
to cultivate crops, many have been enabled by
this initiative to provide for their own food needs or to buy food with money obtained from selling
their produce. The next phase in empowering these smallholder farmers entails providing them with
marketing skills.
Another community programme is one of the national electricity supplier in which Prof André Pelser is
involved. The Eskom Wired to Win Rewards Programme is a customer loyalty reward programme for
paying their Eskom accounts, or for regularly buying Eskom prepaid vouchers. The ultimate aim is to
increase consumers’ payment levels of electricity accounts. A pilot programme has been implemented
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in Eskom’s North East Region, comprising the Pretoria, Khanyamanzane, Witbank and Nelspruit areas.
Depending on the success of the programme in this region, it will be rolled out nationally. Prof Pelser,
together with Prof Lucius Botes (Director of the Centre for Development Support, UFS) will, inter alia,
be responsible for monitoring changes in customer behaviour and perceptions for the duration of the
pilot programme.
NAVORSING
IN DIE DEPARTEMENT SOSIOLOGIE
Prof Engela Pretorius
Departement Sosiologie
Die Departement Sosiologie het ‘n ryke tradisie van sosiaal-relevante navorsing. Die Departement is
betrokke by sowel basiese navorsing, as toegepaste navorsing. Die belangrikste spesialisasieterreine
in die Departement is bevolkingstudie, genderstudie, sosiale ekologie (waaronder hulpbrontekorte
en omgewingsosiologie),asook gesondheid, siekte en gesondheidsorg (waaronder die sosiale en
ontwikkelingsimpak van MIV/Vigs).
Prof Engela Pretorius (departementele voorsitter) spesialiseer in die sosiologie van gesondheid en
siekte. Die belangrikste fokus van haar navorsing is op komplementêre/ alternatiewe genesing en die
inheemse gesondheidsorgsisteem in Suid-Afrika. Haar navorsing op laasgenoemde gebied sedert
1987 het haar as ‘n kundige op hierdie onderwerp onderskei. Deur die jare het sy baie aspekte van
hierdie soort gesondheidsorg bestudeer en verskeie verhandelings is onder haar leiding gedoen. Haar
werk is wyd gepubliseer en verskeie referate oor die onderwerp is beide nasionaal en internasionaal
gelewer. Tans handel haar navorsing oor die intellektuele eiendomsreg van hierdie inheemse genesers,
in besonder kwessies soos die regte en behoeftes van sowel tradisionele genesers, as hulle pasiënte,
wat betref die verskaffing van veilige, kwaliteit gesondheidsorg, tesame met die versekering van die
behoud en voortsetting van hulle praktyke. Haar ander navorsingsbelangstelling is op die gebied
van genderstudie, veral gender in hoër onderwys. Sy het haar belangstelling in gender, menseregte
en gesondheid en siekte gekombineer in navorsing oor die toets van maagdelikheid – ‘n tradisionele
praktyk wat herleef het as ‘n wyse om die MIV/Vigs-pandemie aan te spreek.
Die Departement is ook betrokke by verskeie gemeenskapsprojekte. Een van die projekte waarby
prof Dirk Groenewald betrokke is en wat deur die Waternavorsingsraad befonds word, behels die
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aanwending van ‘n nuwe tegniek ten einde die voedselsekuriteit en volhoubare voedselproduksie van
kleinboere in die Thaba Nchu-landboudistrik te bevorder. Lae reënval, hoë verdamping en onvrugbare
grond is die vernaamste beperkinge vir produksie van gewasse in hierdie distrik. Hierdie op-die-land
reënwateropgaringstegniek is deur die Landbounavorsingsraad se Instituut vir Grond, Klimaat en
Water ontwikkel en het die potensiaal om die opbrengs van gewasse met tot 50% te vermeerder.
Omdat hierdie tegniek veranderinge aan die tradisionele verbouing van gewasse meebring, beteken
dit ekstra werk en andersoortige werkwyses. Dit was veral vroue wat hierdie uitdaging aanvaar
het. Tans pas 400 huishoudings in 37 van die 42 dorpies in die distrik hierdie tegniek met sukses
toe. Waar slegs ‘n paar huishoudings in die verlede hul agterplase gebruik het om gewasse te
verbou, het hierdie inisiatief talle nou in staat gestel om in hul eie behoeftes te voorsien, of om
kos te koop met geld wat verkry is deur die verkoop van hulle produkte. Die volgende stap in die
bemagtiging van hierdie kleinboere behels opleiding
in bemarkingsvaardighede.
‘n Ander gemeenskapsprogram is die een van
die nasionale elektrisiteitsvoorsiener, waarby prof
André Pelser betrokke is. Die Eskom Wired to Win
Rewards Programme is ‘n beloningsprogram vir
lojale verbruikers vir die betaling van hul Eskomrekeninge,
of vir die gereelde aankoop van Eskom se
voorafbetaalde koopbewyse. Die uiteindelike doel is
‘n verhoging in die betalingsvlakke van verbruikers
se elektrisiteitsrekeninge. ‘n Loodsprogram is in
Eskom se noordoostelike streek, wat die Pretoria-,
Khanyamanzane-, Witbank- en Nelspruitgebiede insluit, geïmplementeer. Afhangende van die sukses
van die program in hierdie streek, sal dit nasionaal uitgebrei word. Prof André Pelser, saam met prof
Lucius Botes (Direkteur van die Sentrum vir Ontwikkelingsteun, UV) sal onder andere verantwoordelik
wees om veranderinge in verbruikersgedrag en -persepsies vir die duur van die loodsprogram, te
moniteer.
227

Prof Paul Wessels
SUBFERTILITY
AND THE ROLE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS
IN HUMANS
Prof Paul Wessels
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Endometriosis, a condition that affects the inner lining of the uterus, is a relatively common
gynaecological condition with a prevalence of about 40% in women who visit the Reproductive Care
Unit of the Universitas Hospital. The exact pathogenesis of endometriosis is not yet known, although
retrograde (inwardly directed) menstruation represents the most likely mechanism. Due to the high
incidence of this condition, research was conducted with a view to determining the connection
between tampon use and endometriosis. A significant association was found between tampon use
and the incidence of endometriosis in subfertile patients. These findings provide data to be used in
counselling programmes for young people as well as subfertile couples.
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Subfertility is one of the most common conditions occurring in man. It directly or indirectly affects
about 20% of all couples. Male and female causes of subfertility each contribute about 50% towards
the incidence thereof. In women, endometriosis constitutes one of the most important contributing
factors and is one of the most common known gynaecological conditions. It is characterised by the
presence of functional endometrial tissue in ectopic locations outside the uterine cavity. The peak
age during which endometriosis is diagnosed is during the reproductive years, and 75% of all cases
occur between the ages of 25 and 45 years. The most common symptoms with which a patient with
endometriosis presents are pelvic pain and subfertility. The exceptionally high incidence has given
rise to interest in the possible pathogenesis of the condition.
The first published reference to endometriosis dates as far back as 1860. In 1921, John Sampson
postulated that retrograde menstruation was the most likely cause of endometriosis. There are several
other theories regarding the origin of endometriosis, but it is the Transport Theory, or Sampson’s
theory of retrograde menstruation with implantation of endometrial cells on the peritoneal surface,
which stimulated research in this field in the local unit. It is a known fact that retrograde menstruation
takes place in most women with normal, open Fallopian tubes. However, it is not clear why only some
women develop endometriosis. One possibility is the fact that the volume of retrograde menstruation
is generally acceptable in a normal woman with a normal immune system, and that any increase
in this could give rise to endometriosis. Furthermore, the period during which regular monthly
menstruation takes place without any interruption such as a pregnancy could play an important role.
There is a connection between the incidence of endometriosis and so-called cumulative exposure
to menstruation, or menstrual frequency, as well as the volume of the menstrual flow over a certain
period of time. A combination of the above-mentioned factors probably provides the best explanation
for the origin of endometriosis. It is generally accepted in the medical community that obstruction of
the normal, gravity-controlled menstrual flow by factors such as the use of vaginal tampons during
menstruation exacerbates retrograde menstruation, which could then result in a higher incidence of
endometriosis. Research in the local unit has revealed a statistically significant association between
the presence of endometriosis and the use of vaginal tampons during menstruation.
The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology is also intensively involved in research regarding the
non-surgical treatment of uterine myomas, specialised treatment techniques for subfertility, HIV/AIDS
in pregnancy and hypertension in pregnancy, as well as the development of screening programmes
for cervical cancer.
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SUBFERTILITEIT
EN DIE ROL WAT ENDOMETRIOSE
BY DIE MENS SPEEL
Prof Paul Wessels
Departement Obstetrie en Ginekologie
Endometriose, ‘n siektetoestand wat die belyning van die binnekant van die baarmoeder affekteer,
is ‘n relatief algemene ginekologiese toestand, met ‘n prevalensie van nagenoeg 40% in vroue wat
die Reproduktiewesorgeenheid in die Universitas Hospitaal besoek. Die presiese patogenese van
endometriose is tot nog toe onbekend, alhoewel retrogade (na binne gekeerde) menstruasie die mees
waarskynlike meganisme daarstel. Weens die hoë voorkoms van hierdie siekte is navorsing gedoen
met die doel om tampongebruik se assosiasie met endometriose te probeer vasstel. ‘n Betekenisvolle
assosiasie is tussen tampongebruik en die voorkoms van endometriose in subfertiele pasiënte gevind.
Hierdie bevindings voorsien data om in voorligtingsprogramme aan jongmense asook aan subfertiele
egpare te gebruik.
Subfertiliteit is een van die algemeenste toestande waaraan die mens ly. Nagenoeg 20% van alle
egpare word direk of indirek daardeur geraak. Manlike en vroulike oorsake van subfertiliteit dra elk
nagenoeg 50% by tot die voorkoms daarvan. By die vrou is endometriose een van die belangrikste
bydraende faktore, en is dit een van die algemeenste ginekologiese toestande bekend. Dit word deur
die teenwoordigheid van funksionele endometriële weefsel op ektopiese plekke buite die uteriene
holte gekenmerk. Die piekouderdom waartydens endometriose gediagnoseer word is tydens die
reproduktiewe jare, en 75% van gevalle kom tussen die ouderdom van 25 en 45 jaar voor. Die mees
algemene simptome waarmee ‘n pasiënt met endometriose presenteer, is bekkenpyn en subfertiliteit.
Die besonder hoë voorkomssyfer het daartoe gelei dat ‘n belangstelling in die moontlike patogenese
van die siekte ontstaan het.
Die eerste gepubliseerde verwysing na endometriose dateer so ver terug as 1860. In 1921 het John
Sampson gepostuleer dat retrograde menstruasie die mees waarskynlike oorsprong van endometriose
is. Verskeie ander teorieë vir die ontstaan van endometriose bestaan ook, maar dit is die Transportteorie
of Sampson se teorie van retrograde menstruasie met inplanting van endometriële selle op die
peritoneale oppervlakte, wat navorsing op die gebied in die plaaslike eenheid gestimuleer het. Dit
is welbekend dat retrograde menstruasie in die meerderheid vroue met normale, oop Fallopiusbuise
plaasvind. Dit is egter nie duidelik waarom slegs sommige vroue endometriose ontwikkel nie. Een
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moontlikheid is die feit dat die volume van retrograde menstruasie oor die algemeen aanvaarbaar is
in die normale vrou met ‘n normale immuunsisteem, en dat enige toename daarvan tot endometriose
aanleiding mag gee. Verder mag die tydperk waartydens maandelikse gereelde menstruasie plaasvind
sonder dat daar enige onderbreking soos byvoorbeeld ‘n swangerskap voorkom, ‘n belangrike rol
speel. ‘n Verband bestaan tussen die voorkoms van endometriose en sogenoemde kumulatiewe
menstruele blootstelling, naamlik menstruele frekwensie, asook die volume menstruele vloed oor ‘n
bepaalde tydperk. ‘n Kombinasie van bogenoemde faktore verskaf waarskynlik die beste verduideliking
vir die ontstaan van endometriose. Daar word algemeen in die mediese gemeenskap aanvaar dat
obstruksie van die normale swaartekragbeheerde menstruele vloei deur byvoorbeeld die gebruik van
vaginale tampons tydens menstruasie retrograde menstruasie vererger, wat op sy beurt weer tot ‘n
hoër voorkoms van endometriose aanleiding kan gee. Navorsing in die plaaslike eenheid het dan ook
bevind dat daar ‘n statisties beduidende assosiasie tussen die teenwoordigheid van endometriose en
die gebruik van vaginale tampons tydens menstruasie is.
Die Departement Obstetrie en Ginekologie is verder ook intensief betrokke by navorsing oor die
nie-chirurgiese behandeling van uteriene miome, gespesialiseerde behandelingstegnieke vir
subfertiliteit, MIV/VIGS in swangerskap en hipertensie in swangerskap, asook die ontwikkeling van
siftingsprogramme vir servikale kanker.
UFS CENTENARY EDITION
UF EEUFEESUITGAWE
The student centre, Thakaneng Bridge,
is the single biggest investment in the
campus in many years.
231

Prof André Jooste
FOCUS ON THE DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
Prof André Jooste
Department of Agricultural Economics
The Department of Agricultural Economics was established in 1958 and has since developed into
one of the leading departments of Agricultural Economics in South Africa. This growth is a result of
the Department’s capacity to capitalise on incentives, build on partnerships with leading international
counterpart departments and to combine an entrepreneurial approach to, and the multi-disciplinary
nature of, tuition and research in its efforts to address the challenges of a dynamic agricultural
environment.
A group of agricultural economists in this Department, specialising in agricultural risk management
and the development of decision support models, with particular reference to irrigation, have received
substantial recognition for the development of management strategies and technologies with the
potential of increasing economic returns and reduce risk in agricultural production. They are amongst
other things, represented on two international working groups on irrigation economics.
Efficient and sustainable use and management of water and land is the research focus area of
another group in the Department. More specifically, this group concentrates on the social and
economic impact of floods and water restrictions. More recently the research agenda of this group
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was broadened to include the economics and management of saline irrigation water, capacity sharing
in water use and rain water harvesting.
The Centre for Agricultural Management, which is now in its tenth year of existence, specialises
in technology transfer, strategic agricultural management and precision farming research at postgraduate
level. The latter is funded by New Holland SA. With financial support from donors (Afgri,
ARS, ENB and VKB), the Centre also developed a short learning programme package for commercial
and beginner farmers, consisting of various short learning programmes.
The Centre for Disaster Management (Dimtec) was instituted during 2002 to provide the first and
only Masters program in disaster risk management. The objective is to take a holistic approach by
implementing proactive disaster risk management strategies in terms of relevant legislation, policy and
directives and effectively co-ordinate relief and recovery programs.
The Chair of International Agricultural Marketing and Development conducts research on various
agro-economic variables such as agricultural policy, technology, development strategies, marketing,
competitive advantages and trade liberalisation. This group is also renowned for their work on
development economics, value chain and trade analysis.
Agricultural Engineering, another section of the Department, focuses on irrigation design, ranging
from flood irrigation to specialised drip irrigation. Central to the activities of this group is the emphasis
on studies relating to irrigation systems that are suitable for Africa and its specific climatic conditions.
In this group are leaders in research on sub-surface drip irrigation systems and much effort is put into
sustainable agricultural projects in rural areas.
FOKUS OP DIE DEPARTEMENT
VAN LANDBOU-EKONOMIE
Prof André Jooste
Departement Landbou-Ekonomie
Die Departement van Landbou-ekonomie is in 1958 gestig en het sedertdien in een van die voorste
departemente van Landbou-ekonomie in Suid-Afrika ontwikkel. Hierdie groei is die resultaat van die
departement se vermoë om op insentiewe te kapitaliseer, om te bou op vennootskappe met die
vernaamste internasionale eweknie departemente en om die entrepreneuriese benadering tot, en die
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multi-dissiplinêre aard van, onderrig en navorsing te kombineer in sy pogings om die uitdagings van
‘n dinamiese landbou-omgewing aan te spreek.
‘n Groep landbou-ekonome aan die departement wat spesialiseer in landboukundige risikobestuur en
die ontwikkeling van besluitnemingsondersteuning modelle, met spesifieke verwysing na besproeiing,
is bekend vir die ontwikkeling van bestuurstrategieë en tegnologie met die potensiaal om ekonomiese
voordeel te verhoog en risiko by landbouproduksie te verminder. Hulle is, onder andere, op twee
internasionale werksgroepe van besproeiings-ekonomie verteenwoordig.
‘n Ander groep aan hierdie departement fokus op die volhoubare gebruik en bestuur van die water- en
grondhulpbronne. Hulle konsentreer meer spesifiek op die bepaling en bestuur van die sosiale en
ekonomiese impak van vloede, droogtes en waterbeperkings. Die navorsingsagenda van hierdie groep
het onlangs uitgebrei na die ekonomie van versouting van die waterhulpbron, en kapasiteitsdeling van
besproeiingswater, asook die oes van reënwater.
Die Sentrum vir Landboubestuur, wat tans in sy tiende bestaansjaar is, spesialiseer op nagraadse
vlak in tegnologie-oordraging, strategiese bestuur in die landbou en presisieboerderynavorsing.
Laasgenoemde navorsing word befonds deur New Holland SA. Met die finansiële ondersteuning van
donateurs (Afgri, ARS, ENB en VKB), het die Sentrum ook ‘n kort leerprogrampakket vir kommersiële
en nuwelingboere ontwikkel wat uit verskeie kort leerprogramme bestaan.
Die Sentrum vir Rampbestuur (Dimtec) is gedurende 2002 in die departement gestig om die eerste en
enigste Meestersgraad-kursus in rampbestuur daar te stel. Die doel daarvan is ‘n holistiese benadering
deur die implimentering van pro-aktiewe bestuurstrategieë vir rampgevaar in terme van toepaslike
wetgewing, beleid en riglyne, asook die gelykwaardige noodleniging en herstelprogramme.
Die Leerstoel vir Internasionale Landbou-bemarking en -ontwikkeling lei die departement se navorsing
oor verskeie agro-ekonomiese veranderlikes soos landboubeleid, tegnologie, ontwikkelingstrategieë,
bemarking, mededingende voordele en handel. Hierdie groep is ook bekend vir hulle navorsing op
die gebied van ontwikkelings-ekonomie, waardekettingbestuur en internasionale handel.
Landbou-ingenieurswese, wat ook deel van die departement vorm, fokus op besproeiings-ontwerpe,
wat wissel van vloedbesproeiing tot gespesialiseerde drupbesproeiing. Die klem op besproeiingstelsels
wat geskik is vir Afrika en die spesifieke klimaatstoestande vorm die kern van hierdie groep se
aktiwiteite. Hulle is die toonaangewers in navorsing oor drupbesproeiing van die ondergrond en doen
baie moeite met volhoubare landbouprojekte in plattelandse gebiede.
234

Prof André Wessels
MILITARY HISTORY
IN PERSPECTIVE
Prof André Wessels
Department of History
History provides perspective and contextualises events. It enables us to accept responsibility and to
forgive, without the need to necessarily forget. The past must be ordered and understood. Those who
forget the past, are like people who suffer from (historical) amnesia. The University of the Free State’s
Department of History endeavours to raise the level of historical literacy and to ensure the future of
the shared past of South Africans by presenting several innovative under- and postgraduate modules
and courses, and also by supervising a large number of MA and doctoral students.
The proper study of military history does not imply the glorification of war, but rather the gaining
of insight into the terrible destruction caused by armed conflict – an insight that is a prerequisite
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for the successful elimination of conflict, and also for preventing the militarisation of a society and
the traumatisation of a country’s citizens. The tragic events of 11 September 2001, the wars in
Afghanistan and Iraq and the numerous unresolved conflicts in Africa accentuate the value of military
history. Strictly speaking, lessons cannot really be learnt from the past and the studying of history
also does not provide clear-cut solutions for contemporary problems. However, the knowledge and
insight gained through historical studies can contribute towards placing contemporary problems in a
better perspective, and indeed to finding solutions for these problems.
Prof André Wessels has a wide-ranging interest in a variety of historical topics, including South
African military history (particularly the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902), the history of the South African
National Defence Force (with special reference to the South African Navy), twentieth-century South
African political history (as well as the past and continuing role that trauma has played in the country),
aspects of the history of Africa (including the African Renaissance), and also cultural history (for
example the preservation of old buildings and other places of historical interest). In collaboration with
a former student and colleague of his, Dr Phia Steyn (now on the staff of the University of Stirling,
Scotland), he has also published on aspects of environmental history. However, the majority of Prof
Wessels’s nine books and smaller monographs, and more than 140 articles and book reviews, deal
with military history. His research in this regard has thus far taken him to ten countries where he has
consulted a great variety of documents and other sources at more than 50 archive depots, libraries
and other institutions.
At first glance it may seem strange that someone at the University of the Free State is doing research
on naval history. His interest in this regard goes back to the years spent in Durban, where he was
born and completed his entire school education. Thanks to his in-depth research with regard to
several military themes, including the controversial arms trade, he has, for more than fifteen years,
been a contributor for the Jane’s Information Group (in Coulsdon, England) and their authoritative
annual publication Jane’s fighting ships, as well as for the International Institute for Strategic Studies
(London) and their equally influential annual publication The military balance.
Prof Wessels has published regularly on the Anglo-Boer War – the most comprehensive and far-reaching
war fought thus far on South African soil. The Anglo-Boer War centenary elicited unprecedented
interest in this tragic conflict. Over and above the stream of academic as well as more popular
publications generated as part of the centenary, the conflict also found expression in literature. By
taking stock (academically and otherwise) of the history of the Anglo-Boer War, new perspectives
were also developed with regard to the history of South Africa in general – and a contribution was
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made to ensure the future of our past. After all, history is a discussion without end; a dialogue
between the people of today and those of the past; a mental exercise through which a cultural group
(such as a community or a nation) accounts for its past.
MILITÊRE GESKIEDENIS
IN PERSPEKTIEF
Prof André Wessels
Departement Geskiedenis
Geskiedenis verskaf perspektief en kontekstualiseer gebeure. Dit stel die mens in staat om
verantwoordelikheid te aanvaar en te kan vergewe, sonder om noodwendig te moet vergeet. Die
verlede moet georden en begryp word. Wie die verlede vergeet, is soos iemand wat aan (historiese)
geheueverlies ly. Die Universiteit van die Vrystaat se Departement Geskiedenis poog om deur middel
van ‘n verskeidenheid innoverende voor- en nagraadse modules en kursusse, asook studieleiding aan
‘n groot aantal MA- en doktorale studente, ‘n bydrae te lewer om die vlak van historiese geletterdheid
te verhoog en die toekoms van Suid-Afrikaners se gemeenskaplike verlede te verseker.
Die behoorlike bestudering van militêre geskiedenis beteken nie die verheerliking van oorlog nie, maar
juis die verkryging van begrip vir die vernietigende effek van gewapende konflik – begrip wat nodig
is vir die suksesvolle bekamping van konflik, en om te voorkom dat ‘n samelewing gemilitariseer en
die landsbewoners getraumatiseer word. Die tragiese gebeure van 11 September 2001, die oorloë in
Afghanistan en in Irak en die talle onopgeloste konflikte in Afrika beklemtoon die waarde van militêre
geskiedenis. Streng gesproke kan daar nie werklik lesse uit die verlede geleer word nie, en die
bestudering van geskiedenis bied ook geen klinkklare oplossings vir eietydse vraagstukke nie. Die
kennis en insig wat deur middel van historiese studie verwerf word, mag egter wel daartoe bydra dat
die probleme van die dag in beter perspektief gesien word en oplossings daarvoor gevind word.
Prof André Wessels het ‘n wye belangstelling in ‘n verskeidenheid historiese temas, insluitende
Suid-Afrikaanse militêre geskiedenis (veral die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1902), die geskiedenis van
die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (veral die Suid-Afrikaanse Vloot), twintigste-eeuse Suid-
Afrikaanse politieke geskiedenis (asook die deurlopende rol van trauma in die land), aspekte van die
geskiedenis van Afrika (insluitende die Afrika-Renaissance), en ook kultuurgeskiedenis (byvoorbeeld
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die bewaring van ou geboue en ander plekke van historiese belang). Saam met ‘n voormalige student
en kollega van hom, dr Phia Steyn (tans verbonde aan die University of Stirling, Skotland) het hy ook
al verskeie artikels oor aspekte van omgewingsgeskiedenis gepubliseer. Die meeste van prof Wessels
se nege boeke en kleiner monografieë, en meer as 140 artikels en boekresensies handel egter oor
militêre geskiedenis. Sy navorsing in hierdie verband het hom tot dusver al na tien lande geneem waar
hy ‘n groot verskeidenheid dokumente en ander bronne by meer as 50 argiefbewaarplekke, biblioteke
en ander instellings geraadpleeg het.
Met die eerste oogopslag mag dit vreemd lyk dat iemand aan die Universiteit van die Vrystaat oor
vlootgeskiedenis navorsing doen, maar prof Wessels se belangstelling in dié verband gaan terug
na sy jarelange verblyf in Durban, waar hy gebore is en sy hele skoolloopbaan voltooi het. Danksy
sy indringende navorsing oor ‘n verskeidenheid krygskundige temas, insluitende die omstrede
wapenbedryf, is hy reeds meer as vyftien jaar lank ‘n medewerker aan die Jane’s Information Group
(gesetel te Coulsdon in Engeland) se gesaghebbende jaarlikse publikasie Jane’s fighting ships, asook
die International Institute for Strategic Studies (London) se ewe invloedryke jaarlikse publikasie The
military balance.
Prof Wessels publiseer gereeld oor die Anglo-Boereoorlog – die omvangrykste en mees ingrypende
konflik tot dusver in Suid-Afrika. Die honderdjarige herdenking van die Anglo-Boereoorlog het gelei tot
‘n ongekende belangstelling in hierdie tragiese oorlog, en het naas ‘n stroom akademiese en populêrwetenskaplike
publikasies, ook in die letterkunde neerslag gevind. Deur akademies en andersins
bestek op te neem van die geskiedenis van die Anglo-Boereoorlog, is heelwat nuwe insigte ook
ontwikkel oor die geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika in die algemeen – en is ‘n bydrae gelewer om die
toekoms van ons verlede te verseker. Geskiedenis is immers ‘n diskussie sonder einde; ‘n gesprek
tussen die mense van vandag en dié van die verlede; ‘n geestelike vorm waarin ‘n kultuur (byvoorbeeld
‘n gemeenskap, of ‘n nasie) moet rekenskap gee van sy/haar verlede.
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Mrs Anneke van der Spoel van Dijk
Mrs Anneke van der Spoel van Dijk
Department of Medical Microbiology
Spoligotyping
DNA FINGERPRINTING
AND THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS
DNA fingerprinting has become an important tool in the control of tuberculosis (TB). For the last six
years, Ms Anneke van der Spoel van Dijk and her team of assistants and postgraduate students
have been investigating the transmission and spread of tuberculosis strains and antibiotic resistance
in tuberculosis in the Free State by using molecular fingerprinting techniques such as RFLP typing,
spoligotyping, MIRU-VNTR typing and gene mutation studies.
Tuberculosis is still a serious pandemic, and control is based mainly on good treatment practices
and the reduction of interpersonal transmission. The discovery of the IS6110 insertion sequences
was the basis for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing, followed by spoligotyping
and mycobacterial intergenic repetitive units – variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR)
typing. This paved the way for the differentiation of strains of mycobacteria isolated from different
239

tuberculosis patients. Thus, this process of molecular epidemiology enabled scientists to link identical
(clones) fingerprints with interpersonal transmission of the disease versus reactivation of old, latent
TB strains and reinfection by new strains. This made it possible to monitor the diversity and spread
of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) strains, and to test the effectiveness of
treatment regimens to ensure control of the disease.
Tuberculosis strains vary according to different countries and geographical areas. For instance,
the Beijing/W group of strains is prominent in Asia, but also in other countries. This strain caused
outbreaks in New York and in a prison in Durban, South Africa. It is also the most prevalent strain in
the Western Cape, where the subtype F29 in particular was responsible for high transmission rates
and large family groups.
Me Van der Spoel van Dijk and her research team found that the tuberculosis strains in the Free State
differ considerably from those in the Western Cape. Only small clusters (groups of identical strains)
caused by interpersonal transmission were found in the Free State, so that this province has a strain
transmission rate of only 20%, compared to 35% in the Western Cape. In the Western Cape, family
transmission of the Beijing strain is thought to be as high as 70%. However, this highly virulent strain
is not found in the Free State. This could be due to the high unemployment and low migration rates
in the Free State. Drug resistance in the Free State is only 6.3% for isionazid and 1.6% in the case
of multi-drug resistance. Resistance in the Free State seems to be mainly caused by patients not
completing their treatment or not complying with treatment schedules, causing new mutations of the
genes responsible for drug resistance.
On the basis of this research, Ms Van der Spoel van Dijk and her team can provide the government
with information that will enable them to implement more effective and timely control programmes
through constant co-operation and regular feedback.
This research is being done as part of the Joint research project on tuberculosis control in the
Free State (South Africa) – from infection to cure, and is part of an international, multidisciplinary
collaboration with the Flemish government, the Flemish-South African Scientific and Technological
Collaboration Programme, under the leadership of Prof Dingie van Rensburg of the Centre for Health
Systems Research and Development, in collaboration with Dr Leen Rigouts and Prof Francoise
Portaels of the Mycobacteriology Unit, Prince Leopold Institute for Tropical Medicine, the Universitaire
Instelling Antwerpen and the Universitaire Faculteiten St-Ignatius Antwerpen. The project is funded by
240

the Flemish and South African governments via the National Research Foundation. Other collaborators
include the Medical Research Council (MRC), various departments on the campus of the University of
the Free State and the Department of Health in the Free State. The MRC, as well as the Deans’ Fund
of the Faculty of Medicine, funded parts of the project.
DNA-VINGERAFDRUKKE
BEVORDER DIE BEHEER VAN TUBERKULOSE
Me Anneke van der Spoel van Dijk
Departement Mediese Mikrobiologie
DNA-vingerafdrukke het ’n belangrike hulpmiddel geword in die beheer van tuberkulose. Me Anneke
van der Spoel van Dijk en haar span assistente en nagraadse studente is reeds die afgelope ses jaar
besig om die oordrag en verspreiding van tuberkulosestamme en antibiotikaweerstand met betrekking
tot tuberkulose in die Vrystaat te monitor deur die gebruik van molekulêre vingerafdruktegnieke soos
RFLP-tipering, spoligo-tipering, MIRU-VNTR-tipering en geen-mutasiestudies.
Tuberkulose is steeds ’n pandemie wat nie onderskat moet word nie, en die beheer daarvan is hoofsaaklik
gebaseer op doeltreffende behandeling en die voorkoming van interpersoonlike verspreiding. Die
ontdekking van die IS6110-invoegingsekwensies was die grondslag vir beperkings fragment lengte
polimorfisme (RFLP) -tipering, gevolg deur spoligo-tipering en mikobakteriese intergeniese herhalings
eenhede – varieërende getalle opeenvolgende herhalings (MIRU-VNTR) -tipering. Dit het die weg
gebaan vir die onderskeiding van stamme van mikobakterieë wat uit verskillende tuberkulosepasiënte
geïsoleer word. Hierdie proses van molekulêre epidemiologie het wetenskaplikes dus in staat gestel
om identiese (klone) vingerafdrukke te koppel aan interpersoonlike oordraging van die siekte, teenoor
die reaktivering van ou, latente tuberkulosestamme of herinfektering deur nuwe stamMe Op hierdie
wyse word die diversiteit en verspreiding van tuberkulose en multiweerstandige tuberkulosestamme
bestudeer en die effektiwiteit van middels vir behandeling getoets om beheer van die siekte te
bevorder.
Tuberkulosestamme wissel na gelang van verskillende lande en geografiese gebiede. Die Beijing/Wtipe
stamme is byvoorbeeld prominent regoor die wêreld - veral in Asië, maar ook in ander lande.
241

In New York was hierdie stam verantwoordelik vir ‘n tuberkulose-uitbraak, asook in ‘n gevangenis in
Durban, Suid-Afrika. Dit is ook die stam wat die meeste voorkom in die Wes-Kaap, waar die subtipe
F29 veral vir hoë oordragingsyfers en groot familie groepe verantwoordelik was.
Me Van der Spoel van Dijk en haar navorsingspan het gevind dat die tuberkulosestamme in die Vrystaat
geweldig verskil van dié in die Wes-Kaap. In die Vrystaat is slegs enkele klone (groepe van identiese
stamme) gevind wat die gevolg van interpersoonlike oordraging is, sodat die oordragingsyfer in
hierdie provinsie slegs 20% is, teenoor die 35%-oordragingsyfer in die Wes-Kaap. In die Wes-Kaap
is die familie-oordrag van die weerstandige Beijing-stam vermoedelik so hoog as 70%. Hierdie hoogs
virulente stam word egter nie in die Vrystaat aangetref nie. Dit kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die
hoë werkloosheidsyfer en lae migrasiekoers in die provinsie. Weerstand teen middels in die Vrystaat is
maar 6.3% vir isoniasied en 1.7% ten opsigte van veelvuldige weerstand. Weerstand in die Vrystaat is
waarskynlik die gevolg van pasiënte wat nie hul behandeling voltooi nie, of hul medisyne nie volgens
skedule gebruik nie. Dit kan dan lei tot die vorming van mutasies in die gene wat verantwoordelik is
vir weerstand.
Op grond van hierdie navorsing kan Me Van der Spoel van Dijk en haar span die regering van
inligting voorsien wat hulle in staat sal stel om meer effektiewe en voortydige beheerprogramme te
implementeer deur voortdurende samewerking en gereelde terugvoering.
Navorsing in die groep word gedoen as deel van die Joint research project on tuberculosis
control in the Free State (South Africa) – from infection to cure, en vorm deel van internasionale
multidissiplinêre samewerking met die Vlaamse regering, die Flemish-South African Scientific and
Technological Collaboration Programme onder leiding van Prof Dingie van Rensburg van die Sentrum
vir Gesondheidsisteemnavorsing en Ontwikkeling. Dr Leen Rigouts en Prof Francoise Portaels van
die Mikobakteriologie-eenheid van die Prins Leopold Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde, die
Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen en die Universitaire Faculteiten St-Ignatius Antwerpen is die Vlaamse
medewerkers. Die projek word befonds deur die Vlaamse en Suid-Afrikaanse regerings via die
Nasionale Navorsingstigting. Ander medewerkers sluit in die Mediese Navorsingsraad (MNR), verskeie
departemente op die kampus van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat en die Departement van Gesondheid
in die Vrystaat. Die MNR, asook die Dekaansfonds van die Fakulteit Gesondheidswetenskappe, het
dele van die projek befonds.
242

DOCTORAL DEGREES COMPLETED
DOKTORSGRADE AFGEHANDEL
G FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
FAKULTEIT EKONOMIESE- EN BESTUURSWETENSKAPPE
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
DEPARTEMENT EKONOMIE
MOSTERT, Jacobus Willem
DIE PROBLEMATIEK RONDOM DIE REGULERING VAN BANKE/THE PROBLEMS REGARDING THE REGULATION
OF BANKS. PROMOTER: Prof H van Zyl
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
DEPARTEMENT OPENBARE BESTUUR
MINNAAR, Francois
PROMOTING THE GENERAL WELFARE: PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY. PROMOTER:
Prof JCO Bekker
VAN HOEYLANDT, Ritha Oscar Emelie Thomas
DIE TOEPASSING VAN ‘N VOORSIENINGSADMINISTRASIESTELSEL VIR OPENBARE HOSPITAAL- APTEKE EN
MEDIESE DEPOTS/THE APPLICATION OF A PROVISIONING ADMINISTRATION MODEL FOR PUBLIC HOSPITAL
CHEMISTS AND MEDICAL DEPOTS. PROMOTER/PROMOTER: Prof FP van Straaten CO-PROMOTER: Prof JCO
Bekker
VAN WYK, Hendrik Andreas
A PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT APPROACH TO IMPROVE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN PROVINCIAL
GOVERNMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA. PROMOTOR: Prof HJ Kroukamp
243

G FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
FAKULTEIT GESONDHEIDSWETENSKAPPE
DEAN’S OFFICE HEALTH SCIENCES
DEKAANSKANTOOR GESONDHEIDSWETENSKAPPE
Education Developing Division
Afdeling Onderwysontwikkeling
FRIEDRICH-NEL, Hesta
AN ASSESSMENT MODEL IN OUTCOMES-BASED EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR HEALTH SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGY. PROMOTER: Prof Dr MM Nel CO-PROMOTER: Prof Dr L de Jager
RAUBENHEIMER, Daleen
DEVELOPING A MODEL FOR GROUP WORK IN PHASE I AND II OF THE M.B.,CH.B.-LEARNING PROGRAMME AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE. PROMOTER: Prof MM Nel CO-PROMOTER: Prof SA Petersen
VAN VUUREN, Susanna
DIE ONTWIKKELING VAN ‘N RAAMWERK VIR PERSONEELONTWIKKELING IN DIE SKOOL VIR AANVULLENDE
GESONDHEIDSBEROEPE, UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT/THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR
STAFF DEVELOPMENT IN THE SCHOOL FOR ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE.
PROMOTOR/PROMOTER: Prof MM Nel MEDEPROMOTOR/CO-PROMOTER: Mev/Mrs SM van Heerden
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN NUTRITION
DEPARTEMENT MENSLIKE VOEDING
SEBOTSA, Masekonyela, Linono, Damane
EVALUATION OF THE IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS CONTROL PROGRAM IN LESOTHO. PROMOTER: Prof
A Dannhauser CO-PROMOTER: Prof PL Jooste
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
DEPARTEMENT INTERNE GENEESKUNDE
MOLLENTZE, Willem Frederik
DIABETES MELLITUS, HYPERTENSION AND RELATED FACTORS IN BLACK SUBJECTS RESIDING IN QWAQWA
AND BLOEMFONTEIN. PROMOTERS: Prof DJV Weich, Prof G Joubert CO-PROMOTERS: Dr K Steyn, Prof AF
Steyn
244

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT MEDIESE MIKROBIOLOGIE
PRETORIUS Anne-Marié
INVESTIGATION OF ARTHROPOD-BORNE BACTERIA OF EMERGING MEDICAL AND VETERINARY IMPORTANCE
IN SOUTH AFRICA. PROMOTER: Dr RJ Birtles CO-PROMOTER: Prof GHJ Pretorius
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL PHYSICS
DEPARTEMENT GENEESKUNDIGE FISIKA
DU PLESSIS, Frederik Carl Philippus
THE EFFECT OF COMPENSATOR-INDUCED SCATTER ON EXTERNAL BEAM DOSE CALCULATIONS. PROMOTER:
Prof CA Willemse
SKOOL VIR VERPLEEGKUNDE
SCHOOL FOR NURSING
KRAUSE, Maria Wichira
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF UNDERGRADUATE
PHYSIOTHERAPY STUDENTS. PROMOTER: Prof MJ Viljoen CO-PROMOTER: Prof MM Nel
MYBURGH, Marionette
DIE FAKTORE WAT DIE MENSLIKE-IMMUNITEITSGEBREK-VIRUS-POSITIEWE-MOEDER SE BESLUIT RAKENDE
BABAVOEDING BEÏNVLOED: ‘N VERKENNENDE STUDIE/THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-POSITIVE MOTHER’S DECISION REGARDING INFANT FEEDING: AN EXPLORATORY
STUDY. PROMOTOR/PROMOTER: Dr RH van den Berg MEDEPROMOTOR/CO-PROMOTER: Prof E Pretorius
245

G FACULTY OF NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
FAKULTEIT NATUUR- EN LANDBOUWETENSKAPPE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
DEPARTEMENT LANDBOU-EKONOMIE
BEKELE, Abate
EFFECT OF FARM SIZE ON TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY: A CASE STUDY OF THE MORETNA-JIRRU DISTRICT IN
CENTRAL ETHIOPIA. PROMOTER: Prof MF Viljoen CO-PROMOTER: Dr Gezahegn Ayele
GUDETA ALEMU, Zerihum
AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY RESPONSE IN ETHIOPIA. PROMOTER: LK Oosthuizen, CO-PROMOTER: Prof HD van
Schalkwyk
WORSEME, Hassen Ibrahim
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAND USE: THE CASE OF EAST HARARGHE ADMINISTRATIVE ZONE IN ETHIOPIA.
PROMOTER: Prof MF Viljoen CO-PROMOTER: Prof JA Groenewald
DEPARTMENT ANIMAL-, WILDLIFE AND GRASSLAND SCIENCES
DEPARTEMENT VEE-, WILD- EN WEIDINGKUNDE
BEYENE, Solomon Tefera
RANGELAND EVALUATION AND PERCEPTIONS OF THE PASTORALISTIS IN THE BORANA ZONE OF SOUTHERN
ETHIOPIA. PROMOTER: Prof HA Snyman CO-PROMOTER: Prof GN Smit
BOTHA, Philippus Rudolf
DIE PRODUKSIEPOTENSIAAL VAN OORGESAAIDE KIKOEJOEWEIDING IN DIE GEMATIGDE KUSGEBIED VAN DIE
SUID-KAAP/THE PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF OVER SOWN KIKUYU PASTURE IN THE TEMPERATE COASTAL
AREA OF THE SOUTHERN CAPE. PROMOTOR/PROMOTER: Prof HA Snyman
KEBEDE WOLDEMICHAEL, Mulugeta
AN EVALUATION OF REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF HORRO CATTLE IN ETHIOPIA. PROMOTER: Prof JPC
Greyling CO-PROMOTER: Dr LMJ Schwalbach
OMBIONYO, Messine
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF ZEBU CATTLE IN CAMEROON. PROMOTER:
Prof JPC Greyling CO-PROMOTER: Dr LMJ Schwalbach
THERON, Johannes Frederick
FARMREC: ‘N GEïNTEGREERDE EKSTENSIEWE VEEBOERDERY REKORDHOUDINGSTELSEL/FARMREC: AN
INTEGRATED EXTENSIVE STOCK-FARMING RECORD-KEEPING SYSTEM. PROMOTER: Prof GN Smit
246

VAN DER WESTHUIZEN, Hermias Cornelius
DIE GEBRUIK VAN DEGRADASIEGRADIËNTE VIR WEIVELDEVALUERING IN ‘N SEMI-ARIEDE GEBIED/THE USE OF
DEGRADATION GRADIENTS FOR PASTURE EVALUATION IN A SEMI-ARID AREA. PROMOTOR/PROMOTER: Prof
HA Snyman
YOUSUF KURTU, Mohammed
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE DAIRY SYSTEMS IN THE HARAR MILKSHED, EASTERN ETHIOPIA. PROMOTER: Prof
HO de Waal CO-PROMOTER: Dr LMJ Schwalbach
ZELEKE, Mekuriaw Zeleke
IMPROVING THE REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN SMALL STOCK BY CONTROLLED BREEDING. PROMOTER:
Prof JPC Greyling CO-PROMOTER: Dr LMJ Schwalbach
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
DEPARTEMENT GEOGRAFIE
MARAIS, Johann Georg Lochner
LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN THE POST-APARTHEID ERA: TOWARDS A POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR THE FREE
STATE. PROMOTER: Dr DS Krige CO-PROMOTERS: Prof EP Beukes Prof G du T de Villiers
INSTITUTE OF GROUNDWATER STUDIES
INSTITUUT VIR GRONDWATERSTUDIES
BEAN, John Alexander
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF RECHARGE ESTIMATION METHODS USED IN SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: Prof G van
Tonder
DZANGA, Panganai
THE SEISMO-DEFORMATION OF KAROO AQUIFERS INDUCED BY THE PUMPING OF A BOREHOLE. PROMOTER:
Prof JF Botha CO-PROMOTER: Prof AHJ Cloot
FOURIE, Francois Daniel
APPLICATION OF ELECTROSEISMIC TECHNIQUES TO GEOHYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN KAROO
ROCKS. PROMOTER: Prof JF Botha
USHER, Brent Herbert
THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HYDROGEOCHEMICAL PREDICTION TECHNIQUES IN SOUTH
AFRICAN COALMINES. PROMOTER: Prof. FDI Hodgson
247

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS
DEPARTEMENT WISKUNDIGE STATISTIEK
MOKGATLHE, Lucky
A BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE INTERVAL-CENSORED FAILURE TIME EVENTS WITH APPLICATION TO AIDS
DATA. PROMOTER: Prof PCN Groenewald CO-PROMOTER: Prof DJ de Waal
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT MIKROBIESE, BIOCHEMIESE EN VOEDSELBIOTEGNOLOGIE
DE WIT, Maryna
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LYPOLYSIS AND PROTEOLYSIS IN CHEDDAR CHEESE AND YEAST-INOCULATED
CHEDDAR CHEESES DURING RIPENING. PROMOTER: Prof G Osthoff CO-PROMOTER: Prof BC Viljoen
KOTZÉ, Annie Dorethea
THE SURVIVAL OF YEASTS AND PROBIOTICS AS ADJUNCT STARTERS IN CHEESE. PROMOTER: Prof BC
Viljoen
VAN DRIESSEL, Brian
BIOREMEDIATION OF A BLEACH PLANT EFFLUENT FROM THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. PROMOTER: Prof
LP Christopher
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES
DEPARTEMENT PLANTWETENSKAPPE
ALI, Shimelis Hussein
A COMPARISON OF MONOSOMIC AND DISOMIC SUBSTITUTION LINES IN THE CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION OF
LEAF RUST RESISTANCE GENES IN TETRAPLOID WHEATS. PROMOTER: Prof JJ Spies CO-PROMOTERS: Prof
MT Labuschagne, Prof ZA Pretorius
ASSEFA GEBEYANEH, Alemayehu
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND BREEDING POTENTIAL OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) LANDRACES FROM
NORTH SHEWA IN ETHIOPIA. PROMOTER: Prof MT Labuschagne CO-PROMOTER: Dr H Maartens
BESHIR MOHAMED. Tesfaye
BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF BEAN ANTHRACNOSE IN ETHIOPIA. PROMOTER: Prof ZA PRETORIUS CO-
PROMOTER: Dr H Assefa
248

FITE, Geleta Legesse
STUDIES ON GENETIC VARIABILITY, INHERITANCE AND HETEROSIS IN PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)
PROMOTER: Prof MT Labuschagne CO-PROMOTER: Dr CD Viljoen
GELETA SHARGIE, Nemera
MORPHO-ARGRONOMICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKER BASED GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS AND QUALITY
EVALUATION OF SORGHUM [SORGHUM BICOLO (L) MOENCH] GENOTYPES. PROMOTER: Prof MT Labuschagne
CO-PROMOTERS: Dr CD Viljoen Prof G Osthoff
HOLDER, Francisca
A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPRESENTATIVES OF THE TRIBE ANDROPOGONEAE
(POACEAE). PROMOTER: Prof JJ Spies
JACOBY, Angeline
GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THE SOLANUM NIGRUM L. COMPLEX AND RELATED SPECIES IN SOUTH AFRICA.
PROMOTOR: Prof MT Labuschagne
KEBEDE FEKYBELU, Solomon
ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN DURUM WHEAT (TRITICUM TURGIDUM VAR. DURUM L) GENOTYPES.
PROMOTER: Prof MT Labuschagne CO-PROMOTER: Dr CD Viljoen
KENA, Mapotso Anna
ORGANICALLY BASED STRATEGIES USED BY SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN LESOTHO FOR THE SUSTAINABLE
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL-BORNE DISEASES. PROMOTER: Prof WJ Swart CO-PROMOTER: Dr S Ralitsoele
KOEKEMOER, Francois Petrus
GENETIC VARIABILITY OF SOUTH AFRICAN SPRING WHEATS FOR MILLING AND BREADMAKING QUALITY.
PROMOTER: Prof CS van Deventer
LIEBENBERG, Merion Margaret
BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO RUST OF DRY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) IN SOUTH AFRICA. PROMOTER:
Prof ZA Pretorius CO-PROMOTER: Dr CD Viljoen
MOHASE, Lintle
BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH RUST RESISTANCE IN SUNFLOWER PROMOTER: Prof AJ van der
Westhuizen CO-PROMOTER: Prof ZA Pretorius
ROODT, Rouvay
PALEOPOLYPLOIDY AND MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN CHLORIDOIDEAE. PROMOTER:
Prof JJ Spies
249

VENTER, Charl Albertse
GENOTYPIC RESPONSE AND HERITABILITY OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM RESISTANCE IN TOMATO. PROMOTER:
Prof CS van Deventer CO-PROMOTER: Prof WJ Swart
WOLDEGIORGIS, Tadesse Dessalegn
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND COMBINING ABILITY FOR QUALITY PARAMETERS IN ETHIOPIAN WHEAT CULTIVARS.
PROMOTER: Prof CS van Deventer CO-PROMOTER: Prof MT Labuschagne
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL-, CROP AND CLIMATE SCIENCES
DEPARTEMENT GROND-, GEWAS EN KLIMAATSWETENSKAPPE
AHMED, Mohammed Assen
LAND SUITABILITY EVALUATION IN THE JELO CATCHMENT, CHERCHER HIGHLANDS, ETHIOPIA. PROMOTER:
Dr PAL le Roux CO-PROMOTOR: Dr CH Barker
GHIZAW AMANU, Amare
RESPONSE OF ETHIOPIAN FIELD PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.) CULTIVARS TO PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION OF
NITOSOLS. PROMOTER: Prof. CC du Preez CO-PROMOTER: Dr T Bekele
OGINDO, Harun Okello
COMPARING THE PRECIPITATION USE EFFICIENCY OF MAIZE-BEAN INTERCROPPING WITH SOLE CROPPING
IN SEMI-ARID ECOTOPE. PROMOTER: Prof S Walker
SCHMIDT, Christiaan Jan Jacob
CHANGES IN THE PHOSPHORUS STATUS OF SOILS AND THE INFLUENCE ON MAIZE YIELD. PROMOTER: Prof
CC du Preez CO-PROMOTER: Dr FG Adriaanse
VAN HUYSSTEEN, Cornelius Wilhelm
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WATER REGIME AND MORPHOLOGY OF SOILS IN THE WEATHERLY
CATCHMENT, NORTHERLY EASTERN CAPE. PROMOTER: Dr PAL le Roux CO-PROMOTER: Dr M Hensley
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT DIERKUNDE EN ENTOMOLOGIE
PRICE, Roger Edward
ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF CONTROLLING THE BROWN LOCUST, LOCUSTANA PARDALINA (WALKER).
Promoter: Dr MC van der Westhuizen
REED, Cecile Catharine
FISH MYXOSPOREANS FROM THE OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA AND THE SOUTH COAST SOUTH AFRICA.
PROMOTER: Prof L Basson CO-PROMOTER: Dr LL Van As
250

G FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES
FAKULTEIT GEESTESWETENSKAPPE
DEPARTMENT OF AFRIKAANS AND DUTCH, GERMAN AND FRANCE
DEPARTMENT AFRIKAANS EN NEDERLAND, DUITS EN FRANS
VAN DEN BERG, Johannes Petrus Cilliers
MOONTLIKHEDE EN BEPERKINGE VAN “LITTÉRATURE ENGAGÉEE”: HANS MAGNUS ENZENSBERGER.
PROMOTOR: Prof K von Delft
DEPARTMENT OF AFROASIATIC STUDIES, SIGN LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE PRACTICE
DEPARTEMENT AFRO-ASIATIESE STUDIES, GEBARETAAL EN TAALPRAKTYK
MATU, Peter Maina
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF NEWSPAPER REPORTING OF THE RUN-UP TO THE 1997 KENYAN
GENERAL ELECTION. PROMOTER: Prof HJ Lubbe
CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT
SENTRUM VIR HOËR ONDERWYSSTUDIES EN - ONTWIKKELING
REDELINGHUYS, Jacobus Nicolaas
A STAFF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME FOR MERGED AND INCORPORATED SOUTH AFRICAN HIGHER
EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS. PROMOTER: Prof D Hay
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION
DEPARTEMENT KOMMUNIKASIEKUNDE
PEPLER, Elizabeth Magrietha
AN EXPLORATION OF MEDIA LITERACY IN SOUTH AFRICA AND A MODEL FOR TERTIARY EDUCATION.
PROMOTER: Dr. A van Deventer CO-PROMOTER: Prof JD Froneman
DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE EDUCATION AND EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT VERGELYKENDE OPVOEDKUNDE EN ONDERWYSBESTUUR
PII, Joel Seeiso
JOB SATISFACTION AMONG ACADEMIC STAFF AT INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING IN LESOTHO.
PROMOTER: Prof RR Brazelle
251

DEPARTMENT OF DRAMA AND THEATRE ARTS
DEPARTEMENT DRAMA EN TONEELKUNDE
VAN NIEKERK, Daniël Erasmus
BENADERINGSWYSES VIR VERSKILLENDE TONEELGENRES/METHODS FOR APPROACHING DIFFERENT DRAMA
GENRES. PROMOTER: Prof NJ Luwes CO-PROMOTER: Dr A van Jaarsveld
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND CLASSICAL LANGUAGE
DEPARTEMENT ENGELS EN KLASSIEKE TALE
TOLMIE, Donald Francois
A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LETTER TO THE GALATIANS. PROMOTER: Prof JV Cronjé
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
DEPARTEMENT GESKIEDENIS
STEYN, Maria Sophia
OIL POLITICS IN ECUADOR AND NIGERIA: A PERSPECTIVE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY ON THE
STRUGGLES BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS, MULTINATIONAL OIL COMPANIES AND NATIONAL
GOVERNMENTS. PROMOTER: Prof A Wessels
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
DEPARTEMENT POLITIEKE WETENSKAP
MAKHETHA, Kelebogile Choice
ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AS A MECHANISM OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE – A SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE.
PROMOTER: Prof DP Wessels
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT SIELKUNDE
BRAND, Albertus
DIE INTRAPSIGIESE FUNKSIONERING VAN DIE KIND MET ASMA IN DIE MIDDELKINDERJARE/THE INTRAPSYCHIC
FUNCTIONING OF THE CHILD WITH ASTHMA IN THE MID-CHILDHOOD YEARS. PROMOTER: Dr. RBI Beukes
COSTANDIUS, Anthony John
STRESS AND COPING IN FATHERS WITH SEVERELY DISABLED INSTITUTIONALISED CHILDREN. PROMOTER:
Prof PM Heyns
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DE VOS, Hendrik Möller
DIE EFFEK VAN TWEE SIELKUNDIGE INOEFENINGSPROGRAMME OP DIE AKADEMIESE PRESTASIE, SELFKONSEP
EN ANGSVLAK VAN STUDENTE/THE EFFECT OF TWO PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS PROGRAMMES ON THE
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, SELF-CONCEPT AND ANXIETY LEVELS OF STUDENTS. PROMOTOR/PROMOTER:
Prof DA Louw
HILL, Amanda
DIE VERBAND TUSSEN PSIGOLOGIESE WELSTAND EN KOGNITIEWE BUIGSAAMHEID BY ADOLESSENTE/
THE RELATION BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AND COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY IN ADOLESCENTS.
PROMOTER: Dr RBI Beukes
JOUBERT, Emmerentia
DIE TOEKOMSVERWAGTINGE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE SKOOLVERLATER: ‘N KRUISKULTURELE ONDERSOEK/
THE FUTURE EXPECTATIONS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCHOOL-LEAVER: A CROSS-CULTURAL INVESTIGATION.
PROMOTER: Dr R.B.I. Beukes CO-PROMOTER: Dr KGF Esterhuyse
POTGIETER, Johannes Cornelis
TYDSPERSPEKTIEF AS POTENSIËLE PSIGOFORTIGENE KONSTRUK BY DIE ROU PROSES VAN VERSORGERS
VAN ALZHEIMER-PASIËNTE/TIME PERSPECTIVE AS POTENTIAL PHYCHO-FORTIFYING CONSTRUCT IN THE
MOURNING PROCESS OF CARERS OF ALZHEIMER’S PATIENTS. PROMOTOR/PROMOTER: Prof PM Heyms
STRÖH, Glaudina
DIE ONTWIKKELING EN EVALUERING VAN ‘N KREATIEWE PROBLEEMOPLOSSINGS-PROGRAM VIR
ADOLESSENTE/THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A CREATIVE PROBLEM-SOLVING PROGRAMME FOR
ADOLESCENTS. PROMOTER: Dr RBI Beukes CO-PROMOTER: Dr KGF Esterhuyse
STRYDOM, Christoffel Cornelius
DIE VOORSPELLING VAN GEVAARLIKHEID: ‘N PSIGO-FORENSIESE STUDIE/THE PREDICTION OF
DANGEROUSNESS: A PSYCHO-FORENSIC STUDY. PROMOTER: Prof DA Louw
VASSILIOU, Colleen Patricia
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICS PROFICIENCY TEST FOR ENGLISH-, AFRIKAANS- AND SESOTHO-
SPEAKING LEARNERS. PROMOTER: Dr AA Grobler CO-PROMOTER: Dr KGF Esterhuyse
VENTER, Arnót
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN VARIABLES ON THE RELIABILITY OF EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY. PROMOTER: Prof DA
Louw
253

DEPARTMENT OF PSCYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION
DEPARTEMENT PSIGO-OPVOEDKUNDE
KOEN, Magaretha Paulina
DIE OPSTEL EN EVALUERING VAN ‘N LEES- EN SPELPROGRAM VIR SESOTHO-SPREKENDE GRAAD 1-LEERDERS/
COMPILING AND EVALUATING A READING AND SPELLING PROGRAMME FOR SESOTHO-SPEAKING GRADE 1
LEARNERS. PROMOTER: Prof CJ Kotzé CO-PROMOTERS: Dr KGF Esterhuyse Dr GS Kotzé
G FAKULTEIT TEOLOGIE
FACULTY OF THEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHURCH HISTORY AND POLITY
DEPARTEMENT EKKLESIOLOGIE
CELLIERS, Albertus
SKRIF EN KERKORDE – ENKELE KONSTANTES VANUIT ‘N VEELKANTIGE BEELD/SCRIPTURE AND CHURCH
ORDER – SOME CONSTANTS FROM A MANY-FACETED IMAGE. PROMOTOR/PROMOTER: Prof P Strauss
MEDEPROMOTOR/CO-PROMOTOR: Prof DF Tolmie
DEPARTMENT OF NEW TESTAMENT
DEPARTEMENT NUWE TESTAMENT
NTHUPING, Michael
THE CHARACTERISATION OF PONTIUS PILATE IN THE FOUR GOSPELS. PROMOTER: Prof DF Tolmie
DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL THEOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT PRAKTIESE TEOLOGIE
BOTHMA, Jan Daniël
PASTORALE TERAPIE MET DIE MIV/VIGS GEAFFEKTEERDE FAMILIE. ‘N NARRATIEWE BENADERING/PASTORAL
THERAPY WITH THE HIV/AIDS-AFFECTED FAMILY. A NARRATIVE APPROACH. PROMOTOR: Prof J Janse van
Rensburg
254

CILLIERS, Johannes Hendrik Jordaan
PASTORAAT AAN ADOLESSENTE WAT BY OKKULTIESE SUBKULTURE BETROKKE IS – ‘N PASTORAAL-
TERAPEUTIESE BENADERING/PASTORAL CARE TO ADOLESCENTS WHO ARE INVOLVED IN OCCULT
SUBCULTURES – A PASTORAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH. PROMOTOR/PROMOTER:
Prof J Janse van Rensburg
KETA, Tsotetsi David
THE SPIRITUALITY OF A PREACHER IN AFRICAN CONTEXT: REFLECTIONS FROM THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF
THE APOSTLE PAUL. PROMOTER: Prof JS Kellerman CO-PROMOTER: Prof HC van Zyl
SCHEEPERS, Phillip Johan
DIE VERKONDIGING VAN DIE EVANGELIE VAN CHRISTUS AAN SUID-AFRIKAANSE MOSLEMS – ‘N
GEMEENTEGEBASEERDE MODEL/PREACHING THE GOSPEL OF CHRIST TO SOUTH AFRICAN MOSLEMS
– A CONGREGATION-BASED MODEL. PROMOTOR/PROMOTER: Prof JS Kellerman MEDEPROMOTOR/CO-
PROMOTER: Prof P Verster
DEPARTMENT OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT DOGMATOLOGIE
BUYS, Abraham Lodewikus Adriaan
DIE MOEDER VAN ONS ALMAL. DIE EKKLESIOLOGIE VAN KLAAS SCHILDER/THE MOTHER OF US ALL. THE
ECCLESIOLOGY OF KLAAS SCHILDER. PROMOTOR/PROMOTER: Prof SA Strauss
SONG, Taeheon
THE CHURCH IN KOREA AS A COMMUNIO IN CONTEXT. PROMOTER: Prof SA Strauss
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