Activity Report 2005 - International Foundation High Altitude ...

International Foundation 

High Altitude Research Stations 

Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat 

Activity Report 2005

International Foundation 

High Altitude Research Stations 

Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat 

Sidlerstrasse 5 

CH-3012 Bern / Switzerland 

Telephone +41 (0)31 631 4052 

Fax +41 (0)31 631 4405 

URL: http://www.ifjungo.ch 

February 2006

International Foundation HFSJG 

Annual Report 2005 

Table of contents 

Message of the President.............................................................................................. i 

Report of the Director .................................................................................................. iii 

High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch 

Statistics on research days 2005 ......................................................................... 1 

Long-term experiments and automatic measurements ....................................... 3 

Activity reports: 

• High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry, 

Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere (Institut 

d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, Belgium) .......... 5 

• Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and temperature by 

LIDAR (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland) ............ 13 

• Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements (MeteoSwiss, 

Payerne, Switzerland)................................................................................... 17 

• Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches 

Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland) .................... 21 

• Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV photovoltaic 

plant at 3453 m (Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik 

und Informatik HTI, Photovoltaik Labor, Switzerland) ............................... 23 

• Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases (EMPA, Switzerland)........... 25 

• National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL, 

(EMPA, Switzerland) ................................................................................... 31 

• Carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen at Jungfraujoch, 

(EMPA, Switzerland) ................................................................................... 35 

• Emissions of Non-Regulated Oxidized Volatile Organic Compounds by 

advance GC-MS Technology (ENOVO), (EMPA, Switzerland)................. 39 

• Aerosol Monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch (RADAIR) 

(Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Switzerland).................................. 41 

• The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the 

Jungfraujoch (Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, 

Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland).............................................................. 45 

• Automated GPS Network in Switzerland AGNES (Bundesamt 

für Landestopographie swisstopo, Switzerland)........................................... 53 

• CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European Terrestrial Carbon 

Balance (Abteilung für Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches 

Institut, Universität Bern) ............................................................................. 57 

• Long-term observations of 14 CO 2 at Jungfraujoch (Institut für 

Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg, Germany)...................................... 61 

• Measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) in the free troposphere 

(Physikalische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany)......... 63 

• Atmospheric physics and chemistry, (Belgian Institute for Space 

Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, Belgium) ............................................................... 77 

• 

85 Kr activity determination in tropospheric air (Bundesamt für 

Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br., Germany, and Climate and 

Environmental Physics, Universität Bern, Switzerland) .............................. 83



• Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols with 14 C 

(Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, 

University of Bern, Switzerland).................................................................. 85 

• Measurements at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch to study 

the long range transport and in-situ photochemistry (ETH Institute 

of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Switzerland)..................................... 87 

• Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice particles and 

from supercooled cloud droplets during CLACE 4 (Max Planck Institute 

for Chemistry, Particle Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany).............. 89 

• Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals and 

super-cooled droplets at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch 

during CLACE 4 (Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Universität 

Frankfurt, Germany)..................................................................................... 93 

• CLACE-4 (University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmosphere 

and Environmental Sciences, UK)................................................................ 97 

• Sampling and physio-chemical characterization of ice nuclei 

in mixed phase clouds (Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 

Leipzig, Germany ......................................................................................... 101 

• Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric aerosol in 

mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron microscopy 

(Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Umweltmineralogie, 

Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany) ............................................. 105 

• Composition Control in the Lower Free Troposphere 

(University of Leicester, UK)....................................................................... 113 

• Air ion concentrations, dynamics and their relation to new particle 

formation in Jungfraujoch (Department of Physical Sciences, 

University of Helsinki, Finland)................................................................... 115 

• Temporal variation of stable isotopes in Alpine precipitation 

(Climate and Environmental Physics, Universität Bern, Switzerland)......... 119 

• Neutron Monitors – Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays 

(Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) .............................. 121 

• Study of detector to measure cosmic ray flux at large zenith angles, 

(Department of Physics, University of Rome “La Sapienza, Italy).............. 127 

• Measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally 

(Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica and IFNF, 

Pavia University, Italy)................................................................................. 129 

• Neutron background measurements at Jungfraujoch 

(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Torino, Italy)................................... 131 

• Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power semiconductor 

devices (ABB Switzerland Ltd., Semiconductors, Switzerland).................. 135 

• Development of a seeing monitor for astronomical applications 

(Institut d’automatisation Industrielle, Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et 

de Gestion, Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland) .............................................. 137 

• Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of a 23 cm 

voice repeater station, study of high frequency propagation conditions 

(Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern, Switzerland)............................................ 139



• Solar UV irradiance (Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck 

Medical University, Austria) ........................................................................ 141 

• Short-term acclimatization of high altitude in children 

(Exercise Physiology, ETH-University of Zürich, Switzerland).................. 145 

• Change of peripheral lung function parameters in healthy subject 

acutely exposed to 3454 m (Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, 

University of Munich, Germany) ................................................................. 151 

• VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual 

resolution (Labor für Radio- und Umwelt Chemie der Universität 

Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts, Switzerland) ...................................... 153 

• Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher (Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, 

Hydrologie und Glaziologie, VAW, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) .......... 157 

• The weather in 2005 (MeteoSchweiz Zürich, Switzerland) ......................... 159 

High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat 

Statistics on research days 2005 ......................................................................... 167 

Activity reports: 

• KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie 

(I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln; 

Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn Germany) ......................... 169 

• Italian national infrared telescope TIRGO (INAF – Istituto di 

Radioastronomica, Sezione di Firenze, Italy)............................................... 173 

• SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and 

the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions 

at the Sun (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ............. 181 

• Glacier outburst floods: A study of the processes controlling the 

drainage of glacier-dammed lakes (Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, 

Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zentrum)................................................ 185 

The International Foundation HFSJG in the news ................................................... 191 

Publications ................................................................................................................... 193 

Index of research groups / institutes ........................................................................... 207 

Index of projects ........................................................................................................... 210 

Review of 2005: Pictures of the month from http://www.ifjungo.ch ....................... 215 

Establishment of a Global GAW Station at Jungfraujoch ....................................... 221 

TIRGO 1980 - 2005: 25 Years of History ................................................................... 223 

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 229


Annual Report 2005


Activity Report 2005 

Message of the President 

It is hard to believe that I am writing already my second foreword to an annual report 

of our Foundation. And yet another year has passed, and a busy one it was! As usual 

it was a year of impressive research activities in both stations, as the contributed 

reports of our “customers” amply demonstrate. 

But we also celebrated the 75th anniversary of the Foundation this year with a special 

dinner after our board meeting, in the company of distinguished guests, representing 

sponsors, science, and politics. The evening was made especially memorable by the 

music ensemble “Lundi Soir”. I would like to thank Louise Wilson and Erwin 

Flückiger for arranging this small but distinguished celebration. I also thank Prof. 

Tammann, my predecessor, for his witty after-dinner speech, in which he reminded us 

of the really remarkable history of the Foundation, which has over the years always 

managed to adapt the infrastructures to the needs of the varying scientific 

communities. 

One of the most noteworthy adaptations was, of course, in 1973, with the extension of 

the Jungfraujoch activities to Gornergrat, where a truly competitive astronomical 

observatory was established. It so happens that in 2005 the Gornergrat observatory 

required a lot of attention because of the renovation of the Kulmhotel, the planning of 

which I have described in my last message. A few flaws occurred, but the 

constructive spirit between the Burgergemeinde, the German and Italian astronomers, 

the staff of the Foundation, and last but not least, the construction teams on site 

prevailed and always led to a good solution. After some difficult months, the Köln 

observatory is again in action, and the Italian telescope has been dismantled and 

shipped back to Italy. I would like to thank our Italian colleagues for a long and 

scientifically valuable collaboration. 

The very positive experience of my first year has been consolidated in the second. 

Our very able staff, our custodians, and all the helping hands from the railways and 

hotels are maintaining a positive atmosphere that stimulates and enables the scientific 

output, the summary of which you find in this report. During the upcoming 75th 

anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch we want to inform a wider public on 

the achievements of high altitude research by organising a scientific conference from 

September 11-13, 2006, in Interlaken. 

I would like to finish by gratefully acknowledging the continued support of the Swiss 

National Science Foundation and the Foundation’s various foreign and national 

members. Their financial contributions are of course the basis without which “the 

high altitude research spirit” could not survive. 

Bern, March 28, 2006 

Hans Balsiger 

i



ii



Report of the Director 

It gives us great pleasure to summarize with this new issue in our series of annual 

reports the major events that characterized the year 2005 within the International 

Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG). 

Again, we can look back on a year rich in successful scientific activity at the research 

stations, as documented by the individual reports that have been prepared by the 

respective research groups. The year 2005 was, at the same time, a very special year 

for the Foundation HFSJG, its administration, and the operation of the scientific 

stations. 

The Foundation HFSJG 

On October 21, 2005, the Board of the Foundation HFSJG met at the Grand Hotel 

Victoria-Jungfrau in Interlaken for its regular meeting held every odd numbered year. 

This meeting was at the same time the jubilee meeting to celebrate the 75 th 

anniversary of the Foundation. The president, Prof. Hans Balsiger, had the honor to 

welcome the members of the board, the Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss 

Academy of Sciences scnat, the Astronomic Commission HFSJG, and a number of 

distinguished guests. The annual activity reports 2003 and 2004 as well as the 

statement of accounts for both years were approved unanimously and with no 

abstentions. The extensive and excellent scientific output that resulted from the 

research at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat was recognized with great pleasure and 

satisfaction. Belgium was formerly represented in the Foundation by two members, 

the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and the Fonds voor 

Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen (FWO). The FWO resigned its 

membership because no further work is being done at Jungfraujoch by Flemish 

researchers. As a result the FNRS has graciously assumed the responsibility of full 

membership. Italy's representative in the Foundation changed from CNR (Consiglio 

Nazionale delle Ricerche) to the newly formed INAF (Istituto Nazionale di 

Astrofisica). In response to new laws governing the auditing of foundations, the 

administration of the Foundation HFSJG made a changeover to fully professional 

auditing. Treuhand Cotting AG, Bern, was elected for the auditing in the years 2006- 

2007. Finally, the board HFSJG elected Prof. Gustav Andreas Tammann, its former 

president, as Corresponding Member of the Foundation, honoring thus his meritorious 

service to the Foundation. As usual, a number of interesting scientific reports 

concluded the meeting. On Saturday, October 22, 2003, a small group of delegates 

visited the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. 

The Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, scnat, which looks 

after the interests of Swiss research within the Foundation, held no meeting in 2005. 

The Astronomic Commission, which acts as a users’ and science advisory committee 

to strengthen the Foundation’s internal and external communication, had its regular 

spring and autumn meetings (April 15 and October 21, 2005). 

The meeting of the Board and the General Assembly of the Sphinx AG took place at 

Jungfraujoch on March 11, 2005. 

The Foundation was invited to make a contribution to the management plan of the 

UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (JAB). 

iii



Starting in spring 2005, the buildings at Gornergrat that are the property of the 

Burgergemeinde Zermatt and the Gornergrat Bahn underwent a complete refurbishing 

to make the entire site more attractive for tourists and as well as for science. The 

extended renovation work necessitated closing the Kulm Hotel and both observatories 

from April through December. Upon the announcement of the renovation and the 

ensuing interruption of all operations, INAF decided that this was an appropriate time 

to conclude the present contract for Gornergrat North (which was due to expire in 

2005 anyway) and to completely dismantle TIRGO. This leaves the future of 

Gornergrat North open, but discussions are ongoing, although no final solutions have 

been found. The Burgergemeinde would like for us to use Gornergrat North to embed 

science in public outreach and tourism. Since January 1, 2006, there has been no one 

at the Observatory Gornergrat North. 

The High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch will celebrate its 75th anniversary 

in the summer of 2006. From its beginnings as an astronomical observatory and a 

station where acute mountain sicknesses were studied, the Scientific Station 

Jungfraujoch has evolved during its 75 year history into one of the most renowned 

centers in Europe for environmental sciences. To celebrate this important event 

several special projects are planned. One of them is an international scientific 

conference to be held from September 11-14, 2006, at the Casino-Kursaal in 

Interlaken. A scientific committee, headed by Prof. Heinz Hugo Loosli and the 

director HFSJG, is in the process of organizing the conference. An extraordinary 

meeting of the board HFSJG is scheduled for September 14, 2006. 

The High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch 

As documented by the individual reports and the lists and statistics, the High Altitude 

Research Station Jungfraujoch continued to be a place of exceptionally lively and 

exciting research. In 2005, 36 teams were active at Jungfraujoch. Among a total of 41 

research projects, 20 were primarily based on automatic measurements around the 

clock. In February, in response to a proposal by Mr. Daniel Keuerleber, director of 

MeteoSchweiz, the research station Jungfraujoch was named the 23 rd global GAW 

(Global Atmosphere Watch) station by the World Meteorological Organisation 

(WMO). Please see the WMO announcement on page 221. 

All member countries of the Foundation benefited from the excellent research 

conditions (Figure 1). By number of projects, Germany was again the second largest 

user after Switzerland. Scientists spent a total of 1432 person-working days at 

Jungfraujoch. As shown in Figure 2, this number is well above the long-term average. 

Figure 3 illustrates the relative number of person-working days for 2005 by country. 

Leading in presence at Jungfraujoch were the Institut d’Astrophysique et 

Géophysique de l’Université de Liège (350 person-working days), the Institute for 

Human Movement Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), 

and Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich (247), the Paul Scherrer Institut 

(123), and the School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University 

of Manchester (101). Participants of the Cloud Aerosol Characterisation Experiment 

4 (CLACE 4) spent more than 540 days at the research station. Complementing the 

automatic meteorological measurements, our custodians continued the daily weather 

observations for the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss). 

The custodians also provide the updates for the internet weather report of the 

Jungfraubahnen. 

iv

25 

20 

15 

23 



Research Projects 

at Jungfraujoch 

2005 

10 

8 

Total = 41 

5 

0 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Switzerland 

Germany Italy Belgium United 

Kingdom 

France Finland Austria 

Figure 1: 

1600 

1479 

1400 

1200 

1000 

800 

Number of research projects at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by 

country. 

1095 

1278 

1032 

1197 

922 

906 

1500 

881 

967 

Working Days 

at Jungfraujoch 


1027 

910 

686 

976 

1432 

600 

400 

200 

0 

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Figure 2: 

Number of working days spent by scientists at the High Altitude Research Station 

Jungfraujoch during the past years. 

3.7% 

1.0% 

1.7% 0.3% 

12.2% 

11.2% 

45.5% 

Switzerland 

Belgium 

Germany 

United Kingdom 

Austria 

Italy 

Finland 

France 

24.4% 

Figure 3: 

Relative number of person-working days in 2005 at the High Altitude Research Station 

Jungfraujoch by country. 

v



The extensive research conducted at Jungfraujoch during 2005 resulted in 125 

scientific publications, conference contributions, and data reports, many of them by 

young scientists. Three Ph.D. theses were based on work conducted at Jungfraujoch. 

Due to the unique location and the unspoiled environment as well as the quality of the 

scientific work, Jungfraujoch has maintained its role as a center for environmental 

research. The site plays a significant role in a number of nationally and internationally 

coordinated research programs. Jungfraujoch is a key station in the following major 

networks: 

NDSC Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change 

Primary Site 

GAW Global Atmosphere Watch 

Global GAW Station 

SOGE System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases 

in Europe 

EARLINET European Aerosol Research Lidar Network 

CHARM Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring Program 

ANETZ Automatic Measuring Network of MeteoSwiss 

RADAIR Swiss Automatic Network for Air Radioactivity 

Monitoring 

NADAM Netz für automatische Dosis-Alarmierung und -Meldung 

NABEL Nationales Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe 

(National Air Pollution Monitoring Network) 

ASRB Alpine Surface Radiation Budget Network 

AGNES Automated GPS Network for Switzerland 

CarboEuro-IP Assessment of the European Terrestrial Carbon Balance 

TOUGH 

VITA 

Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity 

Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual 

resolution 

Jungfraujoch, however, is not only a center for atmospheric and environmental 

research. The high alpine surroundings are of equal importance, as demonstrated e.g. 

by the research project conducted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 

Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, Zürich (permafrost temperature 

monitoring in alpine rock walls). These long-term temperature measurements are of 

utmost importance for the evaluation of the consequences of the general warming to 

the high alpine environment in general, and in particular for the region of the 

UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (JAB). As in previous years, 

the extraction of climate information from archives within the JAB was again the goal 

of ice drilling campaigns in the Fiescherhorn/Jungfraujoch area conducted by a joint 

team of the University of Bern, Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, 

and the Paul Scherrer Institute within the NCCR Climate project VITA (NCCR 

Climate: National Centre of Competence in Research on Climate; VITA: Varves, Ice 

cores, and Tree rings - Archives with annual resolution). 

Material sciences are a further topic where the high altitude site Jungfraujoch is 

becoming increasingly important. As in the years before, several experiments were 

again conducted addressing the problem of soft errors on electronic devices due to 

cosmic rays. 

We were particularly pleased to host again an extensive medical experiment. During 

the months of July and August a medical team from ETHZ and University Zurich 

vi



headed by Dr. Susi Kriemler studied the effects of high altitude and mountaineering 

on children in the age group 9-12 by monitoring nine father and son/daughter teams. 

As part of the Einstein year celebrations, a spark chamber was built by the Laboratory 

of High Energy Physics, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern (Prof. Klaus 

Pretzl and his team), in collaboration with CERN. The spark chamber, installed with 

support by the Jungfraubahn in the tourist area of the Sphinx, is monitored via 

Internet to the Historisches Museum in Bern, as part of the Einstein exhibition. 

Figure 4: 

Tourists watching the spark chamber at the Sphinx. 

Within a further action of public outreach students from the Kantonsschule Zürcher 

Unterland in Bülach spent part or their “Research in Switzerland” project week at 

Jungfraujoch with the director HFSJG and tutor Mr. Kuno Strassmann from the 

University of Bern (see Picture of the Month, May 2005). 

As stated in previous reports, the role of the Research Station Jungfraujoch within the 

new UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn, JAB, has yet to be 

defined in detail. In 2005, the Foundation was invited to contribute to the 

management plan of JAB. 

The Research Station, the scientific activity, and the unique environment of the 

UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn attracted a number of 

visitors throughout the year. Several organizations initiated meetings of national and 

international scientific committees in the Jungfrau region and combined these 

meetings with an excursion to Jungfraujoch, e.g. 

- Climate Group Meeting, University of Fribourg (Prof. M. Beniston, April 4, 

2005) 

- Workshop on Solar Variability and Planetary Climates, (International Space 

Science Institute, ISSI, Bern, June 11, 2005) 

- European Physical Society Meeting EPS-13 (July 10, 2005) 

- Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL), Abteilung 

Internationales (August 10, 2005) 

- Paul Scherrer Institute, Board of Directors (September 2, 2005) 

vii



- Wengen Workshop “Climate, climatic change, and human health” (Prof. 

M. Beniston, September 15, 2005) 

- Bundesamt für Statistik, Neuchâtel (September 18, 2005) 

- The 23 rd Pediatric Work Physiology Meeting, Gwatt (Dr. S. Kriemler, 

September 26, 2005) 

- Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz, 

verantwortlich für die Umwelt Forschungsstation Schneefernerhaus 

auf der Zugspitze (Ministerialdirigent Prof. Dr. S. Specht, December 12, 

2005) 

It was a very special pleasure for the director HFSJG to welcome Mrs. Elisabeth von 

Muralt, the daughter of the Foundation’s former president Prof. Alexander von 

Muralt, and her family (July 1, 2005). 

The administration HFSJG also received a number of requests for visits to the 

Research Station from representatives of news media and non-scientific groups. 

Thanks to the help of the researchers and the custodians, more than 70 visits could be 

realized, and all were extremely well received. Life in the mountains, the high alpine 

environment, and the research activity were reflected in about 30 contributions in the 

news media (for details please see the lists at the end of this report). The scenery of 

the Jungfraujoch and the scientific station also served as a main subject for several 

reports on Swiss and foreign TV channels. 

For a period of several months, the scientific station was also subject of the art 

performance “Imachination” (http://www.imachination.net/next100/press/index.htm) 

by German artist Tim Otto Roth. 

In order to provide the researchers with optimal working conditions, continuous effort 

is made to keep the environment clean and the infrastructure in good condition. As in 

previous years, several coordination discussions took place with the management of 

the Jungfraubahnen. The annual coordination meeting at Jungfraujoch, a platform for 

the discussion of such items, took place on October 25, 2005, and was attended by the 

director HFSJG and Mr. Fischer. Prime topics from our point of view were again the 

measures to avoid or minimize disturbances of the scientific measurements by 

emissions in connection with construction work or by apparatus defects, as well as 

problems with high temperatures in the Sphinx buildings. The continuous support by 

Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance division of the 

Jungfraubahnen at Jungfraujoch, of Mr. Fritz Jost and Mr. Heinz Schindler is 

gratefully acknowledged. 

Maintenance work on the infrastructure of the Research Station included repairs on 

water and waste water pipes. A much faster data connection and broadband access of 

the scientific station to Internet was put into operation at the beginning of the year 

thanks to the support of the management of the Jungfraubahnen and the technical 

assistance of the Division for Information Services of the University of Bern 

(Informatikdienste, Dr. Fritz Bütikofer). A new administration software was 

developed by Mr. Urs Jenzer, our PC and network coordinator. 

Unfortunately, Mrs. Joan Fischer had a ski accident in spring and had to undergo 

surgery. Mr. and Mrs. Hemund and Mrs. Therese Staub, former custodian, were so 

kind to help out during Mrs. Fischer’s recovery phase. 

There was a major emergency on August 22, due to serious flooding in the entire 

region of Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, and Grindelwald. As illustrated in Figure 5, in 

viii



only 48 hours approximately 200mm of rain were recorded in several regions in 

Switzerland. Severe damage was done in particular to the track of the Bernese 

Oberland Railway, BOB, between Interlaken and Grindelwald. Fortunately nothing 

happened to the infrastructure of the research station; there was only a temporary 

disruption in electricity (as illustrated in Figure 6) and of the communication 

facilities. The Jungfraubahnen did a truly marvelous job of restoring communication 

and immediately organizing bus transportation where needed. 

Figure 5: 

Sum of 48-hour rainfall (in mm) on August 21/22, 2000. (Mr. C. Frei, MeteoSwiss; 

please see also the report by MeteoSwiss in this volume on page 159). 

Figure 6: The AC power outage (green curve) during the flooding period of August 22 nd /23 rd , 

2005 as recorded by the photovoltaic power plant operated in the High Altitude 

Research Station Jungfraujoch by the Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik 

und Informatik, Burgdorf (courtesy Prof. Heinrich Häberlin). 

ix



The High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat 

Due to its unique location, its clean environment, and the good infrastructure, the 

High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat, which includes the two astronomical 

observatories Gornergrat South and Gornergrat North as well as a container 

laboratory, continues to be an excellent basis for astrophysical research. 

Since 1974 the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat North was subleased to the 

Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). In 1979 it was equipped with a 

1.5m Cassegrain-Infrared (IR) Telescope (TIRGO). The telescope and related 

instrumentation were run by the Istituto di Radioastronomia (IRA-CNR), sezione di 

Firenze, with the assistance of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri and the 

Dipartimento di Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio of the Università di Firenze. In 

the near-infrared wavelength range (1-2.5 micron) both images and spectra could be 

obtained by the camera ARNICA, while the camera TIRCAM2 allowed observations 

in the mid-IR regime (3-20 micron). 

The Observatory Gornergrat South is subleased to the Universität zu Köln. Here, the 

I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln has installed the 3m radio telescope 

KOSMA (Kölner Observatorium für Submillimeter und Millimeter Astronomie). The 

central topic of the research with KOSMA, conducted jointly with the 

Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, is the spectrally resolved observation 

of the global distribution of interstellar matter in the Milky Way and nearby external 

galaxies, using the important mm-, submm-lines of CO, and atomic carbon. The most 

advanced technical equipment combined with the excellent observing conditions at 

Gornergrat allow astronomical observations up to the highest frequencies accessible 

to ground-based instruments. 

Since 1998, the Space Research and Planetary Sciences Division of the University of 

Bern has been operating a solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) on the Belvedere 

plateau. This detector is the European cornerstone of a worldwide network initiated 

by the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory of the Nagoya University for the 

study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun. 

As already mentioned above, the year 2005 was a year of construction at Gornergrat. 

Starting in spring, the buildings that are the property of the Burgergemeinde Zermatt 

and the Gornergrat Bahn underwent a complete refurbishing to make the entire site 

more attractive for tourists and as well as for science. The Gornergrat Bahn and the 

Burgergemeinde Zermatt invited the Foundation to information meetings to discuss 

the planning. Because a universal renovation was to be carried out, all operations at 

Gornergrat were suspended during the summer months, i.e. no hotel, no astronomic 

observations. With the exception of a few interruptions, the cosmic ray experiment in 

the laboratory container, however, could be operated throughout the year. Gornergrat 

South now has newly renovated rooms and a new kitchen, and KOSMA was back in 

operation by the end of November 2005. New rent contracts for Observatory 

Gornergrat South will be forthcoming for January 1, 2006. Upon the announcement 

of the renovation and the ensuing interruption of all operations, INAF decided that 

this was an appropriate time to conclude the present contract for Gornergrat North 

(which was due to expire 2005) and to completely dismantle TIRGO. As Dr. Filippo 

Mannucci states in his final report (please see page 173) “the telescope had a great 

impact on Italian astronomy as, in the late ‘70s, it was one of the first five telescopes 

in the world capable of infrared observations. The development of this telescope and 

of its instrumentation had the consequence of creating a competitive group of infrared 

x



astronomers and technicians.” Part of the former Observatory Gornergrat North, i.e. 

the living quarters, have been transformed into hotel rooms. The end of the TIRGO 

era leaves the future of Gornergrat North open, but discussions are ongoing although 

no final solutions have been found. The Burgergemeinde Zermatt would like the 

Foundation HFSJG to use Gornergrat North to embed science in public outreach and 

tourism. Negotiations with a first interested party were not successful, however. 

Therefore, since January 1, 2006, there has been no one at the Observatory 

Gornergrat North. 

Figure 7: Construction scene at Gornergrat, 

May 2005. 

Figure 8: 

Dr. Martin Miller in the new kitchen of 

the Observatory Gornergrat South. 

Despite the interruptions during the major part of the year, the number of working 

days at Gornergrat is still remarkable. Figure 9 shows the statistics for Gornergrat 

South. However, a large fraction of the working days of the I. Physikalisches Institut 

der Universität zu Köln was related to the construction work and not to scientific 

observations. 

500 

450 

400 

350 

469 

94.5% 

300 

250 

4.0% 

1.5% 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

1. Physikal. Inst 

Universität zu Köln 

45 

Astron. Inst. 

Universität Bonn 

22 

Observatoire 

Bordeaux 

8 

University of 

Peking 

Germany 

France 

China 

Figure 9: 

Statistics of the person-working days at the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South. 

xi



During the last couple of years the region of the Gorner glacier became increasingly 

interesting to the glaciologists of the Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und 

Glaziologie (VAW) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ). 

In 2005, the teams under the leadership of Prof. Martin Funk spent about 400 working 

days near and at the Gornersee in order to study the processes controlling the drainage 

of glacier-dammed lakes (see the corresponding report on page 185). 

In 2005, nine scientific papers were published based on work at Gornergrat, and two 

PhD theses were completed. Details can be found in the individual reports. 

An extremely important help for the operation of the observatories and the successful 

scientific work at Gornergrat is the continued support provided by the 

Burgergemeinde Zermatt as the owner of the Gornergrat Kulm Hotel, by the 

Gornergrat Bahn, and locally by Mrs. Marianne Schwall and Mr. Uli Schwall as the 

directors of the Kulm Hotel, and their crew. We very much regret that Mr. and Mrs. 

Schwall left their position for a new challenge at the end of the year 2005. 

The Foundation HFSJG is confident with the improved infrastructure and the 

prospective new use of the observatory Gornergrat North the site will strengthen its 

position as an attractive site both for science and tourism. 

Summary and Acknowledgements 

As documented by the individual activity reports, the large number of publications, 

and the feedback from meetings, scientific work at the High Altitude Research 

Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat during the report period 2005 continued to be 

extensive and of high international standard. Due to the unique observational and 

measuring conditions, the Jungfraujoch station has maintained its position as a key 

station in a number of European and global measuring networks for climate and 

environmental studies. For the same reasons, and even more so after the refurbishing, 

Gornergrat continues to be a center for astronomical and astrophysical research. The 

Foundation HFSJG confirmed its role as a provider of excellent research 

infrastructure. The hard work and the efforts of all who contributed to this success are 

highly appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. We also thank all members of the 

Foundation and their representatives for their support. In particular, we thank the 

Swiss National Science Foundation for the most significant funding of the Swiss 

contribution, and in particular Prof. Hans Rudolf Ott (President Division II), Dr. Paul 

Burkhard (Head secretariat Division II), and Dr. Jean-Bernard Weber (Vice Director), 

for the excellent and benevolent collaboration. 

Operation of the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat would 

not be possible without the help and support of many individuals and organizations. 

For the Jungfraujoch station, our thanks go to our custodians, Mr. and Mrs. Fischer, 

Mr. and Mrs. Hemund. With their devotion to duty, their competence, and their 

ability to create a comfortable atmosphere in the station, they are providing the basis 

for all scientists to do good research work. A special thanks goes to the Jungfrau 

Railway Holding Ltd and to the Jungfrau Railways. Without their goodwill and their 

substantial support the Research Station at Jungfraujoch could hardly be operated. 

Both the Board of the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd under its president Mr. Riccardo 

Gullotti, as well as the management and personnel of the Jungfraubahnen under Chief 

Executive Officer Walter Steuri, are always open and positive toward our needs, 

which quite often conflict with touristic objectives. We gratefully acknowledge the 

x



generous direct and indirect support and appreciate the continued interest in the 

research activity and the scientific output. At Jungfraujoch we are particularly 

grateful to Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance, and his 

team, and to Mr. Fritz Jost, chief Zugförderung und Werkstätte (ZfW). Our thanks 

also include Mr. Urs Zumbrunn, and the personnel of the Restaurant Top of Europe. 

The great efforts of all these individuals and institutions would, however, be 

worthless if the research facilities would not be used adequately. We therefore would 

like to express our sincere gratitude to all scientists for their dedicated work and good 

collaboration, demonstrating through the excellence of their research that the High 

Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch continues to fulfill an undisputed need of the 

scientific community. 

In this sense, for Gornergrat our thanks go first to all the scientists of the Istituto di 

Radioastronomia (IRA-CNR), sezione di Firenze, of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di 

Arcetri and the Dipartimento di Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio of the Università 

di Firenze (Prof. Gianni Tofani, Dr. Filippo Mannucci), the I. Physikalisches Institut 

der Universität zu Köln (Prof. Juergen Stutzki, Dr. Martin Miller), of the University 

of Bern, and of all collaborating institutions. We are also grateful to the scientists of 

the Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) of the Swiss 

Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ). We then thank the Brig-Visp- 

Zermatt Bahn (BVZ Holding AG) and, in particular, the Gornergrat Bahn with its 

president of the board, Mr. René Bayard. The substantial continuous support provided 

by the Gornergrat Bahn, by its Chief Executive Officer Hans-Rudolf Mooser as well 

as the entire crew, has been essential for the success of the scientific work. During the 

construction work we appreciated the good collaboration with all those involved, in 

particular with Mr. Kurt Haene, project manager, Mr. Pierre Gurtner, architect, Mr. 

Paul-Marc Petrig, Mr. Gerhard Mooser, and Mr. Roland Julen. We thank them for 

their commitment to make the impossible possible. Finally, we are extremely grateful 

to the Burgergemeinde Zermatt under the presidency of Mr. Andreas Biner, the 

members of the Burgerrat, and to Mr. Fernando Clemenz, director of the Matterhorn 

Group Holding AG. Without their goodwill and support it would not be possible to 

operate a world-famous astrophysical observatory at Gornergrat. 

At the administrative office in Bern I would like to thank Dr. Urs Jenzer, the technical 

assistant HFSJG for electronics and computers, for his proficient work and his 

unlimited patience in struggling with an increasing number of obstacles (i.e. 

firewalls) affecting free flow of scientific data. Continued assistance by the 

Informatikdienste of the University of Bern in networking and data transfer is also 

gratefully acknowledged. We have greatly appreciated the competent services of our 

treasurer, Mr. Karl Martin Wyss, and the knowledgeable support and auditing by Mr. 

Christian Gasser. Last, but not least, I would like to thank our secretary, Mrs. Louise 

Wilson. Her devotion to the Foundation HFSJG, her competence and flexibility in 

running the administrative affairs is most gratefully acknowledged. But her kindness 

in the daily contacts with staff and scientists is equally appreciated. It is indeed the 

combination of professional competence and human touch that make her so unique 

and so precious for the Foundation. 

Bern, February 25, 2006 

Erwin O. Flückiger 

xi



xii



Research statistics for 2005 

High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch 

Institute Country Research with 

overnight stay 

Institut d’Astrophysique et 

Géophysique, Université de Liège 

Institute for Human Movement 

Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of 

Technology and Institute of 

Physiology, University of Zurich 

Paul Scherrer Institut, Laboratory of 

Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen 

Atmospheric and Environmental 

Sciences, University of Manchester 

Institute for Atmospheric and Climate 

Science, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich 

Department of Chemistry, University 

of Leicester 

Eidg. Materialprüfungs- und 

Forschungsanstalt, Dübendorf 

Division for Biomedical Physics, 

Innsbruck Medical University 

Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 

Leipzig 

Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, 

Mainz 

Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, 

J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt 

Belgium 350 

Research during 

the day only 

Switzerland 240 7 


UK 101 

Switzerland 69 

UK 59 


Austria 53 

Germany 52 

Germany 43 

Germany 41 2 

Technische Universität, Darmstadt Germany 29 

Division of Atmospheric Sciences, 

University of Helsinki 

Department of Physics, University of 

Rome „La Sapienza“ 

Geographisches Institut, Universität 

Freiburg 

Haute école d’ingéniérie et de gestion 

du canton de Vaud 

Physikalische Chemie, Bergische 

Universität Wuppertal 

Gruppe Kosmische Strahlung, 

Physikalisches Institut, Universität 

Bern 

Finland 14 

Italy 14 6 

Switzerland 9 

Switzerland 7 

Germany 6 


1



Institute Country Research with 


Klima- und Umweltphysik, 

Physikalisches Institut, Universität 

Bern 

Kantonsschule Zürcher Unterland, 

Bülach 

Laboratoire de Pollution 

Atmosphérique et Sol, 

École Polytechnique Fédérale de 

Lausanne, Lausanne 

Research during 

the day only 


Switzerland 6 


VAW Glaziologie, ETH Zürich Switzerland 5 9 

Departement für Chemie und 

Biochemie, Labor für Radio- und 

Umweltchemie, Universität Bern 

INFN Istituto Nazionale de Fisica 

Nucleare, Torino 


Italy 4 

iRoC Technologies Corp., Grenoble France 4 

Baader Planetarium GmbH, 

Mammendorf 

Germany 2 

Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Freiburg Switzerland 2 4 

Eco Physics AG, Dürnten Switzerland 2 

MétéoSuisse, Payerne Switzerland 1 16 

MeteoSchweiz, Zürich Switzerland 10 

ABB, Lenzburg Switzerland 3 

Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie, 

Paul Scherrer Institut 

SPAESRANE High Altitude 

Experiments 

Switzerland 3 

UK 1 

TOTAL 1308 124 

Overnight stays 

Days with no 


Workers, Jungfrau railway, and visitors 61 

Media / film / TV and radio 49 22 

HFSJG administration 3 28 

Total including researchers 1421 174 

2

Long-term experiments and automatic measurements 

at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch 



Institute 


de Géophysique 

de l'Université de Liège 

B-4000 Liège 

Belgian Institute for 

Space Aeronomy 

B-1180 Brussels 

MétéoSuisse 

Station Aérologique 

CH-1530 Payerne 

Schweiz. Bundesamt 

für Landestopographie 

CH-3084 Wabern-Bern 


CH-5232 Villigen PSI 

Eidg. Materialprüfungs- und 

Forschungsanstalt EMPA 

CH-8600 Dübendorf 

Physikalisches Institut 

Universität Bern 

CH-3012 Bern 

Institut für Angewandte Physik 


CH-3012 Bern 

Hochschule für Technik und 

Architektur 

CH-3400 Burgdorf 

ABB Switzerland Ltd. 

Semiconductors 

CH-5600 Lenzburg 

École Polytechnique Fédérale de 

Lausanne EPFL 

CH-1015 Lausanne 

Experiment / Measurements 

Atmospheric physics and solar physics 

Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry 


(radiation measurements) 

Global Positioning System 


(aerosol measurements) 

Atmospheric chemistry 

(O 3 - and NO x measurements) 

Astrophysics (cosmic ray measurements) 


Photovoltaic 

Materials research 

LIDAR 

3



Institute 

MeteoSchweiz 

CH-8044 Zürich 

Universität Heidelberg 

Institut für Umweltphysik 

D-69120 Heidelberg 

Institut für atmosphärische 

Radioaktivität, D-Freiburg i.B. 

and 

Climate and Environmental 

Physics, University of Bern 

Bundesamt für Gesundheit 

CH-1700 Freiburg 

VAW 

Laboratory of Hydraulics, 

Hydrology and Glaciology 

ETH Zürich 


Physikalisch-Meteorologisches 

Observatorium Davos 

World Radiation Center 

CH-7260 Davos Dorf 

Abteilung für Klima- und 

Umweltphysik, Physikalisches 

Institut, Universität Bern 

Experiment / Measurements 

Weather observations 

CO 2 and 14 CO 2 measurements 

Weekly collection Krypton samples 

Krypton 85 measurements 

Measurements of radioactivity: 

RADAIR 

NADAM 

Glacier measurements 

Solar and terrestrial radiation measurements 

CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European 

Terrestrial Carbon Balance 

4



Name of research institute or organization: 

Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège 

Title of project: 

High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry. Application to the 

study of the Earth atmosphere 

Project leader and team: 

Luc Delbouille (em.), Philippe Demoulin, Pierre Duchatelet, Emmanuel Mahieu, 

Ginette Roland (em.), Christian Servais (project leader), Rodolphe Zander (em.) 

Jacqueline Bosseloirs, Guy Buntinx, Olivier Flock, Vincent Van De Weerdt, Diane 

Zander 

Project description: 

The main activity of the Liège group at the Jungfraujoch was the continuation of the 

long-term monitoring of the Earth atmosphere. The observations achieved by the two 

high-performance infrared spectrometers allow to routinely derive abundances of 

more than 20 constituents related to the erosion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere 

(HCl, ClONO 2 , HNO 3 , NO, NO 2 , HF, COF 2 , O 3 …), monitored in the frame of the 

Kyoto protocol (N 2 O, CH 4 , CO 2 , SF 6 , CCl 2 F 2 , CHClF 2 , CCl 3 F…) or affecting the 

oxidization processes in the troposphere (CO, C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 , OCS, HCN, H 2 CO…). 

The resulting databases allow the determination of the short-term variability, seasonal 

modulations, as well as long-term changes affecting most of these species. 

During 2005, Liège observers spent 247 days at the Jungfraujoch. Good weather 

conditions enabled observations on 124 days. 

For a number of the species listed above, a complete re-analysis of the archived 

spectra is currently under way with SFIT-2, a recent retrieval algorithm that provides 

in most cases information on the distribution of the molecules versus altitude. This 

algorithm allows determining partial columns (e.g. to distinguish between 

tropospheric and stratospheric contents) as well as more accurate total columns. 

In the frame of the EC project UFTIR (http://www.nilu.no/uftir), a homogenised 

optimal retrieval strategy has been developed for the inversion of O 3 , N 2 O, C 2 H 6 , 

HCFC-22, CO and CH 4 . The corresponding Jungfraujoch spectra between 1995 and 

2004 have been reprocessed, after implementation of this new strategy, and the 

resulting time series are being archived on the UFTIR database at NILU. The UFTIR 

outcomes are shared with the NDSC infrared community. 

As an example, Figure 1 shows the results of the FTIR retrievals for carbon monoxide 

CO, compared to the Jungfraujoch in situ CO measurements by EMPA. 

The agreement between both datasets is rather good, showing similar seasonal and 

short term variations. CO anomalies observed in the northern hemisphere in 1998- 

1999, 2002 and 2003 are clearly visible. These anomalies have recently been 

investigated [Yurganov et al., 2005] and the corresponding extra CO emissions have 

been evaluated to 95 and 130 Tg, respectively in 2002 and 2003. Strong boreal fires 

that occurred in Russia during these two years are the most likely causes for the 

observed CO burden increases. 

5



Figure 1: Daily mean carbon monoxide volume mixing ratio (VMR) at the 

Jungfraujoch, derived from FTIR spectra (circles) and from EMPA in situ 

measurements (triangles). FTIR data correspond to the mean VMR retrieved in the 

lowest layers (i.e. between 3.58 and 5.5 km, corresponding to one independent piece 

of information). EMPA data have been obtained from the WDCGG (World Data 

Centre for Greenhouse Gases, http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/wdcgg.html). 

Within the context of the Montreal Protocol, monitoring of chlorinated source gases 

has been part of our activities. Time series of CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ) and HCFC-22 

(CHClF 2 ) have been updated while modifications implemented to the SFIT-2 retrieval 

algorithm have allowed to perform retrievals of two additional species, i.e. CFC-11 

(CCl 3 F) and CCl 4 . Current monthly mean time series of three of these source gases 

are shown in Figure 2. Although year round data points are reproduced here, only 

averaged total columns of the quietest June to November months (i.e. exhibiting less 

variability, see filled symbols) have been used to characterise the long-term 

evolutions of these compounds. Corresponding trends and annual column changes are 

available in Zander et al. [2005]. It is interesting to point out here the contrasted 

evolutions of these source gases: (i) the Montreal-controlled CFC-11 and CFC-12 are 

decreasing/stabilising as expected from their respective lifetimes (45 and 100 years); 

(ii) progressive phase out of HCFC-22 (an important CFC substitute) has begun in 

2004 and its production is supposed to reach zero in developed countries in 2030; its 

concentration is expected to continue rising until about 2010 before stabilisation and 

rapid decrease thereafter. Our measurements indicate a steady increase of the HCFC- 

22 total columns with recent rate of change on the order of 3 %/year. 

Comparisons of the above results with findings deduced from in situ measurements 

performed by the AGAGE and NOAA/CMDL networks indicate very good 

agreement in terms of trends and atmospheric concentrations for these various 

species. 

6



Figure 2: Contrasted evolutions of the monthly mean total vertical column 

abundances of CFC-12, CFC-11 and HCFC-22 above the Jungfraujoch. 

In addition to the important greenhouse gases regulated by the Montreal Protocol, the 

1997 "Kyoto Protocol on climate change" specifically targets CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O and SF 6 

which present characteristic infrared absorption features allowing to quantify their 

atmospheric abundances. Regular analyses of all Jungfraujoch observations have 

resulted in updates of their temporal evolutions [Zander et al., 2005]. Related time 

series, which cover now two decades, are reproduced in Figure 3. 

The first obvious feature is the regular growth for three of these gases over the 1985- 

2004 time period, only methane exhibiting a stabilisation over recent years. 

Comparisons with abundances derived from pioneering observations performed in 

1950-1951 at the same site by M. Migeotte indicate that the total columns of CO 2 , 

CH 4 and N 2 O have been respectively multiplied by 1.25, 1.35 and 1.17. More 

specifically, trend determinations have indicated a yearly increase of 0.42 % for CO 2 , 

in excellent agreement with in situ surface measurements (e.g. www.cmdl.noaa.gov). 

The very long-lived nitrous oxide (120 years) shows a similar behaviour, with an 

annual linear build up of 1.06 x 10 16 molec./cm 2 ; this corresponds to an increase of 

0.26 %/year, commensurate with in situ trend data. 

Rapid increase of the total column abundance of SF 6 has been confirmed over recent 

years, with an annual load increase still exceeding 4 %/year in 2004. It is important to 

limit emissions of this compound to the atmosphere because it combines a very strong 

7



absorption of infrared radiation on a per-molecule basis with a very long lifetime of 

several thousand years. 

Extrapolation of the Jungfraujoch data predicts tropospheric SF 6 concentrations of 

about 15 pptv in 2050 and about 25 pptv in 2100 (compared this to the 2.0 pptv 

concentration measured in 1988) [Krieg et al., 2005]. These values are significantly 

lower than those reported in recent scenarios [WMO 2003], justifying future 

monitoring of this species to determine its effective future evolution and related 

climatic impact. 

A striking feature of this figure is the stabilisation of the CH 4 loading during recent 

years, that will deserve future comparisons with models, to identify the relative 

contributions of changes in sources and sinks leading to this stabilisation. 

Figure 3: Long-term evolution of four species targeted by the Kyoto Protocol as 

derived from ground-based remote observations conducted at the Jungfraujoch 

station. Notice the different vertical axis units for each frame. 

During 2005, we provided additional data for the calibration/validation of 3 

instruments (MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS) aboard the European satellite 

Envisat. On the whole, we supplied to the calibration team 12784 total column 

abundances of O 3 , N 2 O, CO, CH 4 , NO, NO 2 , HNO 3 and CO 2 , deduced from 

Jungfraujoch observations between July 2002 and December 2004. More elaborated 

products consisting in 4329 vertical distributions and related partial columns of 

HNO 3 , CH 4 and N 2 O for 201 days between July 2002 and March 2004 were also 

produced for specific validation of MIPAS profiles and SCIAMACHY columns. 

The Canadian ACE-FTS instrument was launched in August 2003 and has been in 

"post commissioning" operation since February 2004 [Bernath et al., 2005]. Specific 

observational campaigns were organized at the Jungfraujoch in support to the 

8



validation of the ACE-FTS spectrometer to record as many coincident measurements 

as possible. 

Scientific and validation papers using the first "Version 1" of level 2 data have been 

published recently in a GRL special issue. In particular, a study dealing with 

comparisons between stratospheric columns of HCl and ClONO 2 measured up to 

October 2004 by ACE and by ground-based FTIR instruments operated at five 

northern latitude NDSC sites (including the Jungfraujoch) has been led by ULg 

[Mahieu et al., 2005]. Main conclusions were that: (i) ACE is able to identify for both 

targeted gases distribution features characteristic of geographical, dynamical, 

seasonal and chemical changes occurring in the atmosphere; (ii) excellent agreement 

was found when considering the only sets of coincident measurements obtained 

around the Thule site (76.5ºN), with mean partial column ratio (ACE/Thule) equal to 

1.04 and 0.99 respectively for HCl and ClONO2; (iii) good agreement is generally 

found for other sites (in particular for the Jungfraujoch), even if systematic 

differences between some data sets deserve further investigations based on additional 

coincident ACE "Version 2.2" and ground-level remote FTIR measurements. 

On the hardware side, the opening of the heliostat has been electrified, a first step 

towards its complete automation. The previously tedious manual opening of the 

heliostat is now performed with a simple remote control. 

Key words: 

Earth atmosphere, ozone layer, greenhouse gases, long-term monitoring, infrared 

spectroscopy 

Internet data bases: 

http://www.nilu.no/nadir/, ftp://ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/ndsc/jungfrau/ftir/ 

Collaborating partners/networks: 

Main collaborations: IASB (Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique) / NDSC 

(Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change) / SOGE partners (e.g. EMPA) 

[http://www.nilu.no/soge/] / NASA Langley Research Center / NASA JPL / 

University of Oslo / University of Leeds / IMK (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) / 

satellite experiments: MOPPIT, ENVISAT and ACE validation / … 

Scientific publications and public outreach 2005: 

Refereed journal articles 

Barret, B., D. Hurtmans, M.R. Carleer, M. De Mazière, E. Mahieu, and P.-F. Coheur, 

Line narrowing effect on the retrieval of HF and HCl vertical profiles from groundbased 

FTIR measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 95, 499-519, 2005. 

Bernath, P.F., C.T. McElroy, M.C. Abrams, C.D. Boone, M. Buttler, C. Camy-Peyret, 

M. Carleer, C. Clerbaux, P.-F. Coheur, R. Colin, P. DeCola, M. De Mazière, J.R. 

Drummond, D. Dufour, W.F.J. Evans, H. Fast, D. Fussen, K. Gilbert, D.E. Jennings, 

E.J. Llewellyn, R.P. Lowe, E. Mahieu, J.C. McConnell, M. McHugh, S.D. McLeod, R. 

Michaud, C. Midwinter, R. Nassar, F. Nichitiu, C. Nowlan, C.P. Rinsland, Y.J. Rochon, 

N. Rowlands, K. Semeniuk, P. Simon, R. Skelton, J.J. Sloan, M.-A. Soucy, K. Strong, P. 

Tremblay, D. Turnbull, K.A. Walker, I. Walkty, D.A. Wardle, V. Wehrle, R. Zander, 

and J. Zou, Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): mission overview, Geophys. 

Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005. 

9



De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, P. Woods, K. Ellingsen, 

M. Gauss, I. Isaksen, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Chelin, 

E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J. 

Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, and A. Rockmann, The exploitation of groundbased 

Fourier transform infrared observations for the evaluation of tropospheric 

trends of greenhouse gases over Europe, Environmental Sciences, 2 (2-3), 283-293, 

June-September 2005. 

Krieg, J., J. Notholt, E. Mahieu, C.P. Rinsland, and R. Zander, Sulphur hexafluoride 

(SF 6 ): comparison of FTIR-measurements at three sites and determination of its trend 

in the northern hemisphere, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 92, 383-392, 2005. 

Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Duchatelet, J.W. Hannigan, M.T. Coffey, S. Mikuteit, F. 

Hase, T. Blumenstock, A. Wiacek, K. Strong, J.R. Taylor, R. Mittermeier, H. Fast, 

C.D. Boone, S.D. McLeod, K.A. Walker, P.F. Bernath, and C.P. Rinsland, 

Comparisons between ACE-FTS and ground-based measurements of stratospheric 

HCl and ClONO 2 loadings at northern latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S08, 

doi:10.1029/2005GL022396, 2005. 

Rinsland, C.P., C. Boone, R. Nassar, K. Walker, P. Bernath, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, J.C. 

McConnell, and L. Chiou, Trends of HF, HCl, CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 3 F, CHClF 2 (HCFC-22), and 

SF 6 in the lower stratosphere from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) and 

Atmospheric Trace MOlecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) measurements near 30ºN 

latitude, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16S03, doi:10.1029/2005GL022415, 2005. 

Rinsland, C.P., A. Goldman, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, L.S. Chiou, J.W. Hannigan, S.W. 

Wood, and J.W. Elkins, Long-term evolution in the tropospheric concentration of 

chlorofluorocarbon 12 (CCl 2 F 2 ) derived from high-spectral resolution infrared solar 

absorption spectra: retrieval and comparison with in situ surface measurements, J. 

Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 92, 201-209, 2005. 

Yurganov, L.N., P. Duchatelet, A.V. Dzhola, D.P. Edwards, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E. 

Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, P.C. Novelli, A. Rockmann, H.E. Scheel, M. 

Schneider, A. Schulz, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, H. Tanimoto, V. Velazco, J.R. 

Drummond, and J.C. Gille, Increased Northern Hemispheric carbon monoxide burden 

in the troposphere in 2002 and 2003 detected from the ground and from space, Atmos. 

Chem. Phys., 5, 563-573, 2005. 

Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, G. Roland, L. 

Delbouille, M. De Mazière and C.P. Rinsland, Evolution of a dozen non-CO 2 

greenhouse gases above Central Europe since the mid-1980s, Environmental 

Sciences, 2 (2-3), 295-303, June-September 2005. 

Conference papers 

Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, C.P. Rinsland, and M. 

De Mazière, Recent evolution of atmospheric OCS above the Jungfraujoch station: 

Implications for the stratospheric aerosol layer, in Proceedings of "Atmospheric 

Spectroscopy Applications, ASA Reims 2005", Reims, September 6-8, 2005, pp.235- 

238, 2005. 

10



Magazine and Newspapers articles 

"La couche d'ozone se reconstruit. Des chercheurs de l'ULg étudient la composition 

chimique de l'atmosphère depuis un sommet suisse", with Pierre Duchatelet, Groupe 

Sud Presse, 17 March 2005. 

Radio and television 

"La sentinelle du soleil", interview of Pierre Duchatelet, Belgian Local Television No 

Télé (Hainaut), 19 October 2004. 

Address: 

Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège 

allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a 

B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique) 

Contacts: 

Luc Delbouille Tel. +32 4 342 2594 e-mail: delbouille@astro.ulg.ac.be 

Philippe Demoulin Tel. +32 4 366 9785 e-mail: demoulin@astro.ulg.ac.be 

Pierre Duchatelet Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: duchatelet@astro.ulg.ac.be 

Emmanuel Mahieu Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: mahieu@astro.ulg.ac.be 

Ginette Roland Tel. +32 4 342 2594 e-mail: roland@astro.ulg.ac.be 

Christian Servais Tel. +32 4 366 9784 e-mail: servais@astro.ulg.ac.be 

Rodolphe Zander Tel. +32 4 366 9756 e-mail: zander@astro.ulg.ac.be 

URL: http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/ 

11



12




École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 


Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water, ozone and temperature by LIDAR 


Dr. Valentin Simeonov, project leader 

Prof. Hubert van den Bergh, head of the Laboratory for Air and Soil Pollution 

Dr. Marian Taslakov, Marcel Bartolome, Pablo Ristori, Todor Dinoev 


In 2005, the EPFL lidar group continued the work on the upgrade of the multiwavelength 

elastic-Raman scattering lidar with an ozone channel. The work was 

interrupted for more than 6 months because of a serious damage to the laser. The 

damage was caused by frozen cooling water due to below zero temperatures in the 

Coude room. Because of difficulties with repairing the original laser (discontinued 

from production by Coherent) a new laser was installed. The new laser is Continuum 

8000 Powerlite with 1.2 J energy per pulse and repetition rate of 10 Hz. To allow 

ozone and aerosol measurements, the laser was modified at the EPFL so as to produce 

four wavelengths simultaneously (1064, 532, 355 and 266 nm).To achieve this, to the 

original configuration producing fundamental (1064 nm), second (532 nm) and fourth 

(266 nm) harmonics, a third harmonic (355 nm) crystal was added. The third 

harmonic is produced from the residual (after producing fourth harmonic) 

fundamental and second harmonics generation. The additional nonlinear crystal is a 

KDP type and to attain maximum conversion efficiency, a special phase adjusting 

device was designed and built at the EPFL. 

After the installation at Jungfraujoch, it became obvious that the laser could not be 

operated at high altitudes because of the high-voltage arching due to the low 

atmospheric pressure. When consulted the producer acknowledged that their lasers 

were not designed and tested for such operational conditions. Because of luck of 

experience, the producer could not assist us in any way and we had to redesign the 

laser heads. At the end of September, the laser was successfully put in operation. 

To complete the transmission part of the lidar, a special Raman converter for 

producing two additional wavelengths (284 and 304 nm) from the 266 nm radiation 

was designed, built and installed on the lidar. The two additional wavelengths, 

together with the 266 nm, are needed for ozone measurements since they will be 

performed by the DIAL method. 

In its final configuration the new transmitting part of the lidar consists of two separate 

lines (see Fig. 1). In the first line the three wavelengths (1064, 532, and 355 nm) are 

transmitted coaxially to the 20 cm (short range) receiving telescope after passing 

through a five-times multi-wavelength beam expander. These wavelengths are used 

in the aerosol, temperature and water vapour observations. The UV wavelengths used 

for ozone measurements are transmitted into the atmosphere directly after the Raman 

converter and off-axis to the receiving telescopes. 

The lidar will be put in operation at the end of March after solving the problems 

related to the protection of the laser from a possible freezing of the cooling water. 

13



266, 284 304 nm 

RAMAN 

CELL 

1064, 532, 355 nm 

To the aerosol, humidity, T° 

spectral unit 

Telescope 

Short range 

Laser 

266 nm 

1 

2 3 

5 X beam 

expander 

1064, 532, 355 nm 

1064 nm 1064 + 532 nm 1064 + 532 + 266 nm 

Figure 1. Schematic of the new transmitting part of the EPFL lidar, 1-second 

harmonic generator, 2-fourth harmonic generator, 3-third harmonic generator. 

Key words: 

Multi-wavelength lidar, Raman lidar, pure rotational Raman scattering, aerosols, 

backscatter and extinction coefficients, troposphere, water-vapor mixing ratio, 

temperature, Jungfraujoch site, EPFL, ozone 


http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html 


EARLINET -European Aerosol Research LIdar NETwork 

Paul-Scherrer Institute 

ISM: Payerne station 

Institute of Atmospheric Optics-Tomsk, Russia 



M. Taslakov, V. Simeonov, and H. van den Bergh, “Open-path ozone detection by 

Quantum Cascade Laser”, Applied Physics B, 82, 501-506, (2006). 

M.Taslakov, V.Simeonov, and H.van den Bergh, “Open path atmospheric 

spectroscopy using room temperature operated pulsed quantum cascade laser”, 

accepted for publishing in Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular 

Spectroscopy, SAA-D-05-00145R1. 

14



Book section 

B. Calpini, V. Simeonov, “Trace gas species detection in the lower atmosphere by 

lidar from remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants to possible air pollution 

abatement strategies”, Chapter 4 in “Laser Remote Sensing” Optical Engineering 

series Volume: 97, T. Fuji and T. Fukuchi eds., Taylor and Francis/CRC Press, 2005. 


V. Simeonov,P. Ristori, M. Taslakov,T. Dinoev, L. T. Molina, M. J.Molina, and H. 

van den Bergh, “Ozone and aerosol distribution above Mexico City measured with a 

DIAL/elastic lidar system during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area ( MCMA) 2003 

field campaign”, in Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5984 59840O-1, Remote Sensing 2005,19–22 

September 2005 Bruges, Belgium, in print. 

P Ristori, M. Froidevaux, T. Dinoev, I. Serikov, V. Simeonov, M. Parlange, H. Van 

den Bergh, “Development of a temperature and water vapor Raman LIDAR for 

turbulent observations, in Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5984 59840F-1, Remote Sensing- 

2005,19–22 September 2005 Bruges, Belgium, in print. 

M. Taslakov, V. Simeonov, H. van den Bergh, and J. Feist, “Ammonia and Ozone 

Open Path.Measurements Using Quantum Cascade Laser Technology”, in the 

proceedings of The First International Conference on Environmental Science and 

Technology January 23-26, 2005, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, in print. 

Taslakov M., Simeonov V, van den Bergh H, “System for a Remote Read out of 

Multiple Passive Sensors Using 28 THz Quantum Cascade Laser”, in the proceedings 

2005 Joint IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Precise Time and 

Time Interval (PTTI) 29-31 August 2005, Vancouver, BC, Canada, in print. 

Address: 

EPFL ENAC LPAS 

Station 6 

CH 1015 Lausanne 

Contacts: 

Valentin Simeonov 

Tel.: +41 (0) 21 693 61 85 

Mob. +41 (0) 79 277 61 76 

Fax: +41 (0) 21 693 36 26 

e-mail: valentin.simeonov@epfl.ch 

15



16




MeteoSwiss, Payerne 


Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements 


Dr. Laurent Vuilleumier, project leader 

Dr. Stephan Nyeki, Armand Vernez 


Long-term monitoring of surface radiation flux at the Jungfraujoch in the framework 

of the GAW Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring program (CHARM) was 

conducted in 2005 with a high degree of data availability considering the challenging 

conditions at Jungfraujoch: only 6.3% of data were lost or of bad quality, mainly due 

to some sun-tracking problems during the summer, and the loss of power and 

communication resulting from flooding in central Switzerland. Such continuous 

monitoring implies a constant effort to sustain the highest achievable accuracy, 

stability and continuity in the measurements. The observations were performed in the 

configuration described in the 2002 HFSJG Activity Report. 

Surface radiation flux measurements at Jungfraujoch are included in the dataset of the 

Alpine Surface Radiation Budget network (ASRB). The ASRB data were used to 

analyze the evolution of the radiation flux over the Alps, and demonstrated a strong 

increase of total surface absorbed radiation, concurrent with rapidly increasing 

temperature [Philipona et al, 2005]. Such an increase was attributed in major part (70 

percent) to a strong water vapor feedback, the remaining part being most likely 

directly linked to increasing manmade greenhouse gases. This research was the object 

of a press release from the American Geophysical Union and received a strong echo 

in the media. 

Our 2004 report emphasized the progress accomplished in deriving secondary 

information on the atmospheric content of water vapor and aerosol from CHARM 

measurements of direct spectral irradiance using sunphotometers. In 2005, the 

analysis of the Integrated Water Vapor density (IWV) time series from Jungfraujoch 

(JFJ) and Davos was finalized. 

The analysis was performed on data measured continuously from 1995 to 2005 at 

Davos and from 1999 to 2005 at JFJ (although sporadic JFJ data available for the 

period 1993–1999 were also included in some analyses), and is reported by Nyeki et 

al. [2005]. The IWV time series exhibited clear annual cycles at both Davos and 

Jungfraujoch with a maximum in summer and minimum in winter (see Figure 1). 

They also showed a decrease in absolute values with increasing station altitude. The 

annual mean IWV at Davos is 6.7 (±3.9; 1 std) kg m -2 , and 2.2 (±1.5) kg m -2 at JFJ. 

Respective monthly averages range from ~13.3 (Davos) and 3.9 kg m -2 (JFJ) in 

August to ~3.5 (Davos) and 1.0 kg m -2 (JFJ) in January, representing a factor 3.8 and 

3.9 variation in maximum to minimum. Low and stable IWV values from January to 

April are observed at both stations, which are then followed by a large increase in 

May (by a factor ~2). 

17



An IWV trend analysis was conducted for both Davos and JFJ, and the JFJ linear 

trend and sinusoidal fits of the seasonal cycle, based on monthly values, are shown in 

Figure 1a. The resulting 

linear trends were found 

to be -3.6 x 10 -4 and 3.4 x 

10 -4 kg m -2 per year for 

Davos and Jungfraujoch 

(95% confidence limits: 

-0.003 to 0.004 kg m -2 and 

-0.002 to 0.003 kg m -2 ). 

As such, both trends are 

compatible with zero. 

IWV is strongly correlated 

with atmospheric temperature 

(T) and specific 

humidity (q). In a study of 

the trends in ground temperature 

T2 (at 2 m) and 

q, Philipona et al. [2004] 

found increases of 1.32°C 

and 0.51 g m -3 for the 

1980–2002 period over 

Switzerland. Part of the 

Figure 1. Time-series of 1-hr IWV averages at 

Jungfraujoch: (a) PFR-derived values with superposed 

seasonal and linear trend analyses, and (b) GPS – PFR 

IWV bias with superposed 60-day running mean. 

Periods 1–2 correspond to use of different sun 

photometers. (From [Nyeki et al., 2005]) 

reason for such difference with our results may lie in our analysis giving a higher 

weight to periods of the year when clear-sky period are more frequent, but statistical 

analysis disproved this idea. The other restriction to the data set is clearly its 

limitation to clear-sky periods. Restricting the analysis of Philipona et al. [2004] to 

the same periods gave much smaller increases (R. Philipona, personal communication, 

2005). This observation is therefore a likely explanation for the absence of 

discernible trends in our analysis. The question of interest is whether IWV is 

increasing as a consequence of increasing ground temperature during all-weather conditions, 

which may be resolve when long GPS IWV time series at Davos and the JFJ 

will be available. 

In the framework of the GAW CHARM program, UV erythemally-weighted 

broadband irradiance is measured at JFJ using SolarLight 501A UV broadband 

radiometers (biometers). In 2004, a project was initiated for setting up yearly 

calibration checks of CHARM biometers. These checks are done by comparison to 

measurements obtained with reference biometers whose response dependence on 

ozone and solar zenith angle are well characterized by international reference centers. 

Such procedures are developed in order to follow guidelines that are being elaborated 

in a joint project between WMO and the action 726 of the European Co-operation in 

the field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST). Such procedures should allow 

a standardization of UV erythemal observations at the European level. 

Three instruments (SL1903, SL1904 and SL1905) were chosen to be used as 

reference for the CHARM program based on the availability of past characterizations 

and stability. One instrument (SL1903) was sent for characterization to the European 

Reference Centre for Ultraviolet Radiation measurements (ECUV) from the Joint 

Research Centre at Ispra, Italy, while the two others were sent to the U.S. Central UV 

18



Calibration Facility 

(CUCF) at Boulder, 

U.S.A. These reference biometers 

were then used to 

check the calibration of 

the biometers installed at 

JFJ. 

After applying in October 

2005 the calibration check 

procedure mentioned 

above, comparisons of UV 

erythemal irradiances 

measured concurrently at 

JFJ by two biometers 

showed good agreement 

compatible with the 

expected uncertainty of 

about 5% (see Figure 2). 

This represents a significant 

improvement of the 

accuracy of the JFJ UV 

erythemally-weighted 

Figure 2. Comparisons of concurrent erythemallyweighted 

irradiance measurements by two collocated 

biometers at Jungfraujoch (26/10/2005-31/12/2005). 

broadband irradiance 

measurements and of the derived quantities such as the UV index. 

References: 

Nyeki, S., L. Vuilleumier, J. Morland, A. Bokoye, P. Viatte, C. Mätzler, and N. 

Kämpfer (2005), A 10-year integrated atmospheric water vapor record using 

precision filter radiometers at two high-alpine sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23803, 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024079 

Philipona, R., B. Dürr, C. Marty, A. Ohmura, and M. Wild (2004), Radiative forcing, 

measured at Earth’s surface, corroborate the increasing greenhouse effect, Geophys. 

Res. Lett., 31, L03202, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018765. 

Philipona, R., B. Dürr, A. Ohmura, and C. Ruckstuhl (2005), Anthropogenic 

greenhouse forcing and strong water vapor feedback increase temperature in Europe, 

Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023624. 

Key words: 

Solar irradiance, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, spectral irradiance, precision filter 

radiometer (PFR), pyranometer, pyrheliometer, UV biometer, total aerosol optical 

depth (AOD), integrated water vapor (IWV). 


http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/startwave_dbs.html 

(IWV STARWAVE data) 

http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/ (World Radiation Data Centre – WRDC) 

19




• Integrated water vapor data submitted to the NCCR Climate P2.4 STARTWAVE 

database at the Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern. 

• Radiation data submitted to the World Radiation Data Centre (WRDC, 

St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) within the framework of the Global 

Atmosphere Watch 

• Standardization of UV erythemal measurement program within the framework of 

the action 726 of the European Co-operation in the field of Scientific and 

Technical Research (COST). 

• Inter-comparison of AOD data from sunphotometers operated at Jungfraujoch by 

MeteoSwiss, the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Kipp & 

Zonen, Delft, the Netherlands, and the Word Radiation Center / Physikalisch- 

Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos 




Kämpfer (2005), A 10-year integrated atmospheric water vapor record using 

precision filter radiometers at two high-alpine sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23803, 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024079 

Morland J., B. Deuber, D. G. Feist, L. Martin, S. Nyeki, N. Kämpfer, C. Mätzler, P. 

Jeannet, and L. Vuilleumier (2005), The STARTWAVE atmospheric water database, 

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 5, pp 10839-10879 


Knap, W. H., S. Nyeki, A. Los and P. Stammes (2005), Aerosol optical thickness 

measurements at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, EGU 

General Assembly 2005, Vienna, 24-29 April 2005, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 

7, 04838. 

Vuilleumier, L. and J. Gröbner (2005) Operational mode uncertainty for broadband 

erythemal UV radiometers, Proceedings of the 9 th international conference on new 

developments and applications in optical radiometry, 11-19 October, 2005, Davos, 

Switzerland, pp 71-72. 

Data books and reports 

“Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2004 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich 

(July 2005) pp. 126-129. 

Address: 

MétéoSuisse 

Station Aérologique 

Les Invuardes 

CH-1530 Payerne 

Contacts: 

Laurent Vuilleumier 

Tel.: +41 26 662 6306 

Fax: +41 26 662 6212 

e-mail: laurent.vuilleumier@meteoswiss.ch 

URL: http://www.meteoswiss.ch 

20




Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, 



Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth 


Christoph Wehrli, project leader 


Aerosol optical depths (AOD) are derived from solar spectral irradiance 

measurements at Jungfraujoch since 1998. These measurements are made in the 

context of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the WMO by the World 

Optical depth Research and Calibration Center (WORCC) in collaboration with 

MeteoSwiss. Quality controlled results are fed into the World Data Center Aerosols 

(WDCA) for public access. 

In addition to above monitoring activity, Jungfraujoch serves also as calibration site 

for master instrument within a global network of precision filter radiometers 

maintained by WORCC. 

Key words: 

Solar radiation, Aerosol optical depth monitoring, calibration 


http://www.pmodwrc.ch, 

http://wdca.jrc.it/ 


MeteoSwiss (MCH) 

Global Atmosphere Watch AOD network 


Conference paper 

Wehrli, C., GAWPFR: A network of Aerosol Optical Depth observations with 

Precision Filter Radiometers. In: WMO/GAW Experts workshop on a global surface 

based network for long term observations of column aerosol optical properties, GAW 

Report No. 162, WMO TD No. 1287 (2005) 

Address: 

Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos 


Dorfstrasse 33 

CH-7260 Davos Dorf 

21



Contacts: 

Christoph Wehrli 

Tel.: +41 81 417 5137 

Fax: +41 81 417 5100 

e-mail: christoph.wehrli@pmodwrc.ch 

URL: http://www.pmodwrc.ch 

22




Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik und Informatik 

(HTI), Photovoltaik-Labor 


Long-term energy yield and reliablity of a high alpine PV (photovoltaic) plant at 

Jungfraujoch (3454 m) 

Project leader and team 

Prof. Dr. Heinrich Häberlin, project leader 

Christof Geissbühler 


PV plant Jungfraujoch (1.152 kWp, 3454 meters above sea level) was planned and 

realised by HTI Burgdorf during summer and fall 1993. At the time of its erection it 

was (and perhaps it still is) the highest grid connected PV plant in the World. 

Purpose and Goals of the project: 

• Test of PV components: Operation in high altitudes is a very hard stress for all 

components due to extremely high irradiance peaks of more than 1.7 kW/m², 

heavy storms and thunderstorms, and large temperature differences. PV 

components surviving in such a harsh environment should perform more reliably 

under normal operating conditions. 

• Long-term operating experience: Experimental demonstration that high PV 

energy yields for high alpine PV plants that can be not only be simulated, but can 

actually be obtained in practical operation over many years. 

• Intensive analytical monitoring with redundant sensors to ensure maximum 

reliability in order to get long-term data about energy yield and reliability. 

• Maximum availability of energy production and monitoring data 

(AMD ≈ 100%). 

In 2005, the PV plant on Jungfraujoch (rated peak power 1.152kWp, effective peak 

power 1.13 kWp, 3454 m above sea level), has established a new all-time record for 

normalised annual energy production. Despite a line interruption of one day 

(23.8.2005) due to flooding in the valley, in 2005 1537 kWh/kWp were produced 

with a winter energy fraction of 48.5%. Thus the old record dating from 1997 

(1504 kWh/kWp) was trespassed considerably. Without the line interruption, in 2005 

the production would have been even 1540 kWh/kWp. This record production was 

due to the highest annual in-plane irradiation since 1994 and at the same time very 

low snow coverage of the two PV arrays over the whole year. 

In the average of 1993 to 2005, PV plant Jungfraujoch has produced 1407 kWh/kWp 

with a winter energy fraction of 46.3%. 

Y f 

(kWh/kWp/a) 

PR = Y f /Y r 

in % 

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Average 

1994- 


1272 1404 1454 1504 1452 1330 1372 1325 1400 1467 1376 1537 1407 

81.8 84.1 84.7 85.3 87.0 84.8 84.6 78.6 85.2 84.9 86.2 86.9 84.2 

23



Table 1: Annual energy production (referred to effective STC-power) and performance 

ratio PR from 1994 – 2005. Twelve-year average values are also indicated. 

Fig. 1: 

Normalized monthly 

energy production for 

2005. In this year, a 

new all time record for 

specific annual energy 

production was 

reached. Production is 

distributed quite 

evenly over the whole 

year. 

A detailed description of the plant, measurement results of earlier years and 

definitions used can be found in earlier annual reports (2000, 2002, 2003, 2004) and 

in several publications under www.pvtest.ch (many publications can be downloaded). 

Diagrams similar to fig. 1 for the years 1994 – 2004 can be downloaded under 

www.pvtest.ch > PV monitoring data. 

Key words: 

Grid-connected PV plants, energy yield, high alpine 


http://www.pvtest.ch 


As in 2003 the 10 th aniversary of the plant was reached, several contributions were 

written in 2004 discussing the results of the first 10 years of operation (see annual 

report 2004). As a consequence, in 2005 there were no specific publications about PV 

plant Jungfraujoch after only one more year. 

Address: 

Hochschule für Technik und Informatik 

Fachbereich Elektro- und Kommunikationstechnik 

Photovoltaiklabor 

Jlocweg 1 

CH-3400 Burgdorf 

Contacts 

Prof. Dr. Heinrich Häberlin 

Tel.: +41 34 426 68 53 

Fax: +41 31 426 68 13 

e-mail: heinrich.haeberlin@hti.bfh.ch 

URL: http://www.pvtest.ch 

24




EMPA Materials Science and Technology 


Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases 


Martin Steinbacher, Martin K. Vollmer, Stefan Reimann (project leader) 


In-situ measurements of the complete dataset of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases are 

continuously running at the Jungfraujoch since 2000 for halocarbons and since 

February 2005 for methane, nitrous oxide and sulphur hexafluoride. When combining 

these data with other long-term time series of greenhouse gases, our long-term 

measurements allow to evaluate the current radiative forcing of the species and to 

assess the effect of the replacement of ozone-depleting substances due to their 

restriction within the Montreal Protocol. 

A large number of gases that are at least partly emitted by human activities do change 

the Earth’s radiation balance. Besides CO 2 , other greenhouse gases (GHGs) like 

methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) as well as 

halocarbons also have a considerable potential to alter the Earth’s radiation balance. 

Whereas the chlorinated halocarbons such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 

hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) also contribute to the stratospheric ozonedepletion, 

chlorine-free species like hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons 

(PFCs) do only affect the surface climate. 

Since these chlorinated species were identified as the major players in the stratospheric 

ozone depletion, regulations were negotiated to regulate the use and the 

emissions of these species. As a result, the Montreal Protocol on substances that 

deplete the ozone layer became legally binding in 1987. It regulated the phase out of 

halons (bromine-containing halocarbons) for developed countries by the end of 1993 

and CFCs, carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform by the end of 1995, 

respectively. The CFCs were replaced by either HCFCs or HFCs, i.e. compounds 

with only minor (HCFCs) or even no ozone depletion potential (HFCs). Thus, negative 

trends are measured in the last years for methyl chloroform (Reimann et al., 

2005) and CFC-11 (Reimann et al., 2004), and at least a change from increasing to 

stagnant concentrations is detected for CFC-12, CFC-113 (decreases world-wide) and 

CCl 4 (decreases world-wide). At the same time, positive trends in the background 

concentrations were observed for the CFC-substitutes (HCFCs, HFCs) (Reimann et 

al., 2004). 

As the Montreal Protocol-regulated species as well as their replacement products are 

greenhouse gases but with different radiative efficiencies, their regulation influences 

climate change, too. In the present work, we tried to identify and quantify these 

effects by means of continuous measurements at the Jungfraujoch in comparison with 

long-term datasets from known databases. 

Our long-term measurements show that ozone-depleting substances were partly 

replaced by chlorine-free species (i.e. HFCs), which do not only reduce the atomspheric 

ozone depletion but also do improve the situation in terms of global warming. 

25

concentration 



We extrapolate the observed trends of CFCs before the Montreal Protocol became 

legally binding (Prinn et al., 2000), assuming a business-as-usual scenario and 

compare the extrapolated concentrations with the observed values (see Figure 1). The 

recent difference between the extrapolated and the observed concentration is defined 

as the prevented increase for each species. 

linear 

extrapolation 

} prevented 

increase 

X 

recent 

concentration 

~ 1980 ~ 1990 2004 

year 

Figure 1: Sketch illustrating the concept of the prevented increase (data before the 

Montreal protocol became legally binding can be taken e.g. from the 

ALE/GAGE/AGAGE network (Prinn et al., 2000). 

Table 1 shows the trends for the most important halogenated greenhouse gases 

observed at the Jungfraujoch. The trends for the major GHGs are northern hemispheric 

averages for the last 15 years (IPCC, 2001 and WDCGG, 2005). Additionally, 

the prevented increases of the Montreal Protocol regulated species are listed, too. We 

multiply the observed trends of the major GHGs and the replacements products as 

well as the prevented increases with the radiative efficiencies of the respective gases. 

We consider the radiative efficiencies rather than their global warming potentials 

(GWPs) since we investigate the changes on the current situation. The radiative 

efficiencies denote the instantaneous change of the radiative forcing due to the 

increase of a specific compound whereas the GWPs represent the integral of the 

radiative efficiency for a chosen time horizon. Subsequently, the GWPs imply a 

decision regarding the climate processes and impacts of interest. 

26



Table 1: Trends of greenhouse gases, prevented increases for the Montreal Protocol 

regulated species as well as trends of the radiative and the prevented radiative 

forcing, respectively. Trends of CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 are taken from IPCC, 2001 and 

WDCGG, 2005. Other trends are extracted from measurements at the Jungfraujoch. 

Radiative efficiencies are taken from IPCC, 2001. 

Species 

Trend 

[ppt yr -1 ] 

prevented 

increase 

[ppt yr -1 ] 

Radiative 

efficiency 

[W m 2 ppb -1 ] 

trend: 

radiative 

forcing 

[Wm -2 yr -1 ] 

trend: 

prevented 

radiative 

forcing 

[W m -2 yr -1 ] 

Major GHGs + SF 6 

CO 2 +1‘560‘000 1.54E-5 2.31E-2 

N 2 O + 800 3.70E-3 2.96E-3 

CH 4 + 7‘000 3.70E-4 2.59E-3 

SF 6 + 0.3 0.52 1.56E-4 

HCFCs, HFCs 

HFC134a + 4 0.15 6.00E-4 

HCFC142b + 0.6 0.2 1.20E-4 

HCFC22 + 3.5 0.2 7.00E-4 

HFC125 + 0.47 0.23 1.08E-4 

CFCs + CH 3 CCl 3 + CCl 4 

CFC11 - 1.5 - 9 0.25 - 2.25E-3 

CH 3 CCl 3 - 5 -12 0.06 - 7.20E-4 

CFC113 0 - 5 0.3 - 1.50E-3 

CFC12 0 - 11 0.32 - 3.52E-3 

CCl 4 0 - 2 0.13 - 2.60E-4 

sum: 

radiative 

forcing per 

class 

2.88E-2 

1.53E-3 

-8.25E-3 

The presented approach using the unique comprehensive dataset of Montreal and 

Kyoto regulated species measured at the Jungfraujoch results in a prevented yearly 

increase of the radiative forcing of 8.25⋅10 -3 W m -2 due to the phase-out of CFCs and 

the chlorinated solvents. It is to approximately 18.5% compensated by the increase of 

CFC-replacement compounds (HCFCs and HFCs). The net effect due to the Montreal 

regulations counterbalances around 23% of the rising greenhouse effect related to the 

major greenhouse gases CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, and also SF 6 that are part of the Kyoto 

Protocol. 

We conclude that long-term measurements of halocarbons can be used to assess the 

consequences of international treaties regulating their emissions. The Montreal 

Protocol did not only succeed to reduce the ozone depletion but also contributed to 

lower the increasing atmospheric greenhouse effect already before the Kyoto Protocol 

came into force. 

References 

IPCC, (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, pp. 881. Cambridge 

University Press, New York. 

Prinn R. G., Weiss R. F., Fraser P. J., Simmonds P. G., Cunnold D. M., Alyea F. N., 

O'Doherty S., Salameh P., Miller B. R., Huang J., Wang R. H. J., Hartley D. E., Harth 

C., Steele L. P., Sturrock G., Midgley P. M., McCulloch A., (2000) A history of 

chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from 

ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (D14), 17751-17792. 

Reimann S., Manning A. J., Simmonds P. G., Cunnold D. M., Wang R. H. J., Li J., 

McCulloch A., Prinn R. G., Huang J., Weiss R. F., Fraser P. J., O'Doherty S., Greally 

B. R., Stemmler K., Hill M., Folini D., (2005) Low European methyl chloroform 

emissions inferred from long-term atmospheric measurements. Nature 433 506-508. 

27



Reimann S., Schaub D., Stemmler K., Folini D., Hill M., Hofer P., Buchmann B., 

Simmonds P. G., Greally B. R., O'Doherty S., (2004) Halogenated greenhouse gases 

at the Swiss High Alpine Site of Jungfraujoch (3580m asl): continuous measurements 

and their use for regional European source allocation. Journal of Geophysical 

Research 109 D05307, 10.1029/2003JD003923. 

WDCGG, (2005) World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases, 

http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/wdcgg.html. 

Key words: 

Air pollution, long-term measurements, halocarbons, Kyoto Protocol, Montreal 

Protocol 


http://www.empa.ch/abt134 

http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/700/*/---/l=2 

http://www.nilu.no/soge/ 


Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) 

Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) 

SOGE (System for observation of halogenated greenhouse gases in Europe) 

AGAGE (http://agage.eas.gatech.edu/home.htm) 

This research was financially supported by the EU 5 th Framework Program (SOGE) 

and the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN). 







Li, Y., Campana, M., Reimann, S., Schaub, D., Stemmler, K., Staehelin, J. and Peter, 

T. (2005), Hydrocarbon concentrations at the Alpine mountain sites Jungfraujoch and 

Arosa, Atmospheric Environment 39, 1113-27. 

Prinn, R.G., Huang, J., Weiss, R.F., Cunnold, D.M., Fraser, P.J., Simmonds, P.G., 

McCulloch, A., Harth, C., Reimann, S., Salameh, P., O'Doherty, S., Wang, R.H.J., 

Porter, L.W., Miller, B.R. and Krummel, P.B. (2005), Evidence for variability of 

atmospheric hydroxyl radicals over the past quarter century, Geophysical Research 

Letters 32, L07809, doi: 10.1029/2004GL022228. 

Conference contributions 

Reimann, S., Folini, D., Vollmer, M.K., Ubl, S., Buchmann, B., Stemmler, K., 

O'Doherty, S. European Emission Estimates of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases from 

Conituous Measurements at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Invited talk at the ACCENT 

symposium, Urbino, 2005. 


O'Doherty, S. European Emission Estimates of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases from 

Continuous Measurements at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Invited talk at the ACCENT 


28



Reimann, S., Stemmler, K., Vollmer, M.K. Evaluation of Emissions Halocarbons 

from Mobile Air Conditioning Systems, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases Conference, 

Utrecht (NL), 2005. 

Steinbacher, M., Vollmer, M. K., Stemmler, K. and Reimann, S., Global Warming 

Budget of non-CO 2 Trace Gases at the High Alpine Site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, 

ACCENT Symposium ‘The Changing Chemical Climate of the Atmosphere’, Urbino, 

Italy, September 12 – 16, 2005. 

Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., and Folini, D. Foaming the North: HFC-365mfc as a 

promising atmospheric tracer for interhemispheric transport. 32 nd Meeting of AGAGE 

scientists and Cooperating Networks, Florence, Italy, October 24 – 28, 2005. 

Vollmer, M. K., Folini, D., Stemmler K., Reimann, S. European Emissions of HFC- 

245fa and HFC-227ea using continuous atmospheric measurements from the highaltitute 

observatory at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases 

(NCGG-4), Utrecht, The Netherlands, July 4 – 6, 2005. 

Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Folini, D. Buchmann, B., and Hofer, P. Trends in 

halogenated trace gases derived from observations at the high-altitute observatory at 

Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Global Atmospheric Watch International Symposium & 

Ten-Year Anniversary of Waliguan Observatory, Xinin, China, August 15 – 17, 2005. 


Buchmann, B., Reimann, S. and Hüglin, Ch., The GAW-CH Greenhouse and 

Reactive Gases Programme at the Jungfraujoch, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70, 

MeteoSchweiz (Editor), ISSN: 1422-1381, 2005. 

Magazine and Newspaper articles 

Tages-Anzeiger, 03.02.2005, Ozon-Schadstoff über Europa 

NZZ, 03.02.2005, Europa emittiert noch immer verbotene Ozonabbaustoffe 

Walliser Bote, 03.02.2005, Deutlich tiefer – Emissionen von Ozon-Abbaustoff 

Handelsblatt, 03.02.2005, Ozonkiller geringer als angenommen 

NZZ am Sonntag, 06.02.2005, Abschied vom Ozonloch 

Umwelt Focus, Februar 2005, Trichlorethan-Emissionen korrigiert 

Gesundheit und Umwelttechnik Nr. 1, April 2005 (Organ der Schweiz. Vereinigung 

für Gesundheits- und Umwelttechnik SVG), Trichlorethan-Emissionen in Europa 

nach unten korrigiert. Neuste Resultate der Empa 


MTW, SF1, 03.02.2005, Eine gute Nachricht für unsere Ozonschicht: Weniger 

Trichlorethan 

DRS2 aktuell am Abend, DRS2, 03.02.2005, Wider das Ozonloch 

29



Address: 

EMPA 

Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology 

Ueberlandstrasse 129 


Contacts 

Stefan Reimann 

Tel.: +41 1 823 4654 

Fax: +41 1 821 6244 

e-mail: stefan.reimann@empa.ch 

URL: http://www.empa.ch/abt134 

30






National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL) 


Martin Steinbacher, Martin K. Vollmer, Stefan Reimann, Christoph Hüglin (project 

leader) 


The national air pollution monitoring network NABEL is a joint project of the Swiss 

Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU/FOEN) and EMPA. The NABEL 

network consists of 16 monitoring stations that are distributed all over Switzerland. 

The monitoring stations represent the most important air pollution levels. The 

NABEL site at Jungfraujoch is a very low polluted site, representing a background 

station for the lower free troposphere in central Europe. 

The measurement programme at Jungfraujoch includes continuous in-situ analyses of 

ozone (O 3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide 

(NO 2 ), and the sum of nitrogen oxides (NO y ). In addition, an extended set of 

halocarbons and a selection of VOCs (alkanes, aromatics) are measured with a time 

resolution of four hours. Daily samples are taken for determination of gaseous SO 2 

and for particulate sulphur. The concentrations of total suspended particles are 

continuously observed as well as measured as 48-hour bulk samples. 

A custom-built gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and an electron 

capture detector (GC-FID/ECD) is operated since February 2005 to quasicontinuously 

measure CH 4 , CO, N 2 O, and SF 6 . One measurement sequence takes 15 

minutes and each ambient air sample is bracketed with calibration runs using real-air 

standards with concentrations representative for Northern Hemisphere tropospheric 

concentrations resulting in a time resolution of 30min. On the one hand, these 

measurements enable CO observations with a higher precision compared to the 

current commercial CO monitor based on the NDIR technique. On the other hand, the 

CH 4 , N 2 O, and SF 6 observations complete our extended set of non-CO 2 greenhouse 

gases so that the whole set of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases is now continuously 

monitored at the Jungfraujoch. 

Figure 1 shows CO measurements for a 10-day period in summer 2005. The 

comparison of the CO time series measured with the two different techniques 

illustrates that the NDIR monitor exhibits a larger noise than the GC-FID even when 

considering 10-min averages. This is well visible during the last two days of the 

presented period when the CO mixing ratios were low and little short-term variability 

was observed. Whereas the measurement uncertainty of the commercial NDIR 

monitor is estimated to be ±5% (1σ) (Forrer et al., 2000; Zellweger et al., 2000) 

recurrent real-air standard analyses at the Jungfraujoch resulted in a standard 

deviation of 0.3% (at 300.9 ppb) using a 10ml sample loop for the new custom-built 

gas chromatograph. 

31



Jungfraujoch 

CO [ppb] 

100 150 200 250 

GC 

NDIR monitor 

07/26 07/28 07/30 08/01 08/03 08/05 

time (mm/dd) 

Figure 1: Time series of in-situ measured, high time resolution (monitor 10min 

averages; instantaneous ambient air samples every 30 min for the GC) CO mixing 

ratios. 

Furthermore, short term pollution episodes can only be seen by the GC-FID as no 

averaging interval is needed and instantaneous concentrations are measured. The 

observed spikes in the CO time series might be most likely related to the transport of 

polluted air masses from forest fires on the Iberian Peninsula that happened at the end 

of July. Since short-term pollution events can now be better detected, the new 

measurement technique will also improve regional source allocations for Europe. The 

slight offset between the two techniques might be related to the different calibration 

standards used since the presented data are preliminary and the final corrections are 

not yet made. 

Figure 2 illustrates the whole available dataset for CH 4 , CO, N 2 O, and SF 6 . Daily 

averages were chosen for the sake of clarity. No distinct seasonal cycle and no 

positive trend were observed for CH 4 in agreement with other observations that 

recently revealed a decline of the positive trend and a high variability from year to 

year. Also no significant trend was observed for CO. The seasonal variation in both 

OH concentrations and CO emissions resulted in a slight seasonal cycle with 

enhanced CO levels in winter. A small seasonal cycle and a positive trend were 

observed for N 2 O in agreement with reported datasets due to annual variability in 

natural emissions and large-scale transport as well as human activities, respectively. 

SF 6 exhibits a positive trend on a low concentration level. However, it is an effective 

greenhouse gas, mostly due to its long lifetime and its high global warming potential. 

Some SF 6 data had to be excluded due to local contamination. 

We conclude that the successful implementation of the new GC-FID/ECD system 

completes the extended data set of quasi-continuously measured non-CO 2 greenhouse 

gases and considerably improves the quality of the ambient in-situ CO determination. 

32



Jungfraujoch, daily averages 


CH4 [ppb] 

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 

2005/02 2005/04 2005/06 2005/08 2005/10 2005/12 

time (yyyy/mm) 

CO [ppb] 

100 150 200 250 



GC-FID 

NDIR monitor 



N2O [ppb] 

320.0 320.5 321.0 321.5 322.0 322.5 323.0 



SF6 [ppt] 

5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 



Figure 2: Time series of daily averages from February 02 to December 31, 2005 for 

methane (top left), carbon monoxide (top right), nitrous oxide (bottom left), and 

sulphur hexafluoride (bottom right) (preliminary data). 

References 

Forrer J., Rüttimann R., Schneiter D., Fischer A., Buchmann B., Hofer P., (2000) 

Variability of trace gases at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch caused by 

meteorological transport processes. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (D10), 

12241-12251. 

Zellweger C., Ammann M., Buchmann B., Hofer P., Lugauer M., Rüttimann R., Streit 

N., Weingartner E., Baltensperger U., (2000) Summertime NOy speciation at the 

Jungfraujoch, 3580 m above sea level, Switzerland. Journal of Geophysical Research 

105 (D5), 6655-6667. 

Key words: 

Air pollution, long-term measurements, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, 

sulfur hexafluoride 

33




http://www.empa.ch/nabel 

http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index.html 



Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) 

Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut 

Meteo Schweiz 
















Technischer Bericht zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe 

(NABEL), EMPA, 2005. 

NABEL, Luftbelastung 2004, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 388 Luft, Bundesamt für 

Umwelt Wald und Landschaft, Bern 2005. 

Buchmann, B., Reimann, S. and Hüglin, Ch., The GAW-CH Greenhouse and Reactive 

Gases Programme at the Jungfraujoch, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70, MeteoSchweiz 

(Editor), ISSN: 1422-1381, 2005. 

Address: 

EMPA 




Contacts: 

Martin Steinbacher 

Tel.: +41 1 823 4654 

Fax: +41 1 821 6244 

e-mail: martin.steinbacher@empa.ch 

URL: http://www.empa.ch/nabel 

34




EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and 

Technology 


Carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen at Jungfraujoch 


Dr. Martin K. Vollmer, project leader 

Dr. Martin Steinbacher, Dr. Stefan Reimann 


Molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) has recently become a trace gas of wider scientific interest 

for various reasons among which is the ongoing discussion on switching our fossilfuel 

based economy to a hydrogen-based economy. Such a potential change may 

result in drastic changes of the atmospheric H 2 budget. However to better predict the 

impacts of enhanced anthropogenic H 2 usage to the atmospheric H 2 budget, better 

constraints on the currently poorly known budget are a prerequisite. For this reason 

attempts are being made to better understand and quantify sources and sinks of H 2 to 

the atmosphere. 

Starting in early 2005, an instrument for the measurement of H 2 and carbon monoxide 

(CO) was installed at Jungfraujoch. The instrument is a modified RGA-3 (reduction 

gas analyzer 3, trace analytical) and uses a technique based on gas chromatographic 

separation followed by mercury oxide reduction and ultra-violet light absorption 

detection. The modifications of the instrument include the installation of a 

multiposition selector valve, a nafion drier, a thermally-insulated sample loop, and an 

internal pressure reducer. Custom-made software is used to control this fullyautomated 

instrument and to store the data. Air sample measurements are currently 

made every 30 min and are bracketed by standard gas measurements. Nonlinear 

instrument response was characterized using a dynamic dilution technique coupled 

with control CH 4 measurements (Vollmer and Steinbacher, internal note) and our 

results are corrected accordingly. Measurement precisions are about 1.2 % for H 2 and 

~1.0 % for CO. Results for CO are linked to the Empa-2001 calibration scale while 

for H 2 , a set of standards is currently used to define an internal scale which we plan to 

link to an absolute scale. As for CO, our measurements complement two other CO 

measurement techniques currently operative at Jungfraujoch (Steinbacher et al., 

2005). 

H 2 results for Aug – Dec 2005 at Jungfraujoch are shown in Figure 1. These data 

exhibit moderate variability with occasional pollution events which coincide with CO 

pollution. However there are some events where H 2 (high concentrations) and CO 

(low concentrations) show opposite behavior indicating transport of CO-depleted air 

masses. The timeseries is still too short to see any potential interannual trend or a 

seasonal variability. 

CO results are also shown in Figure 1 (right) for the same time period. They show 

some pollution events and a general increase towards the end of 2005 as part of the 

seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO. Comparison with CO measurements using GC- 

35



FID (after converting CO to CH 4 via nickel catalyst) technique show good agreement 

with our RGA-3 results. 

540 

H2 [ ppb ] 

520 

500 

480 

460 

Aug05 Sep05 Oct05 Nov05 Dec05 Jan06 

Date in 2005 

CO [ ppb ] 

220 

200 

180 

RGA−3 

FID CO 

160 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

Aug05 Sep05 Oct05 Nov05 

Date in 2005 

Dec05 Jan06 

Fig. 1. Atmospheric molecular hydrogen (left) and carbon monoxide (right) at 

Jungfraujoch given as a mixing ratio in ppb. Data were averaged in 12 hr bins. The CO 

data are compared with results from a GC FID equipped with a CO-methanizer. 

Key words: 

Molecular hydrogen, H 2 , carbon monoxide, CO 



Steinbacher, M., M.K. Vollmer, and S. Reimann, CO measurements at the highalpine 

site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Proc. Joint WMO/GAW-Accent Workshop on 

the Global Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Observation System, Quality Assurance 

and Applications, Dubendorf, Switzerland, 24 -- 26 October 2005, Empa Dubendorf, 

49-51, 2005. 

Address: 

EMPA, Section 134 


8600 Dubendorf 

36



Contacts: 

Martin K. Vollmer 

Tel.: +41 44 823 4242 

Fax: +41 44 821 6244 

e-mail: martin.vollmer@empa.ch 

URL: http://empa.ch/abt134 

37



38






Emissions of Non-Regulated Oxidized Volatile Organic Compounds by advance GC- 

MS Technology (ENOVO) 


Geir Legreid, Stefan Reimann, Johannes Stähelin, and Martin Steinbacher 


Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOCs) were analyzed during four 

seasonal measurement campaigns at both a background site (High Alpine Station 

Jungfraujoch) and an urban site (Zürich) in Switzerland. The campaigns lasted for 

about one month each. OVOCs are toxic to human health and precursors for ozone 

and secondary organic aerosols, and data on their emissions is limited. For the 

analysis a newly developed double adsorbent sampling system coupled to a GC-MS 

was used. The high Alpine station at Jungfraujoch is located at 3580 m a.s.l. in the 

Swiss Alps and is a unique location for studying the chemistry of the lower free 

troposphere and transport phenomena. The compounds of main interest were C1-C5 

alcohols, C2-C6 carbonyls and selected VOCs. The seasonal differences were of 

interest as well as the different sources for the OVOCs. The OVOCs are not only 

emitted from anthropogenic and biogenic sources, but also produced by oxidation 

processes in the atmosphere [1] which complicates the interpretation. Source profiles 

from the urban measurements in Zurich were used to distinguish the influence of 

primary and secondary OVOCs at the high Alpine background site. 

Primary source regions for these compounds will be identified from back-trajectory 

analysis, and their source strengths will be calculated from average ratio of the 

OVOCs versus carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations during pollution events [2]. 

References: 

[1]: Singh, H. B., L. J. Salas, et al. (2004). Journal of Geophysical Research- 

Atmospheres 109(D15): art. no.-D15S07. 

[2]: Reimann, S., D. Schaub, et al. (2004). Journal of Geophysical Research- 

Atmospheres 109(D5): art. No. –D05307. 

Key words: 

Air pollution, Seasonal measurements, Oxidized Volatile Organic Compounds 

(OVOCs) 



Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut 

University of Bristol, School of Chemistry 

39





Legreid, G., Reimann, S, Steinbacher, M. and Stähelin, J., “OVOCs at the high alpine 

station Jungfraujoch: In-Situ measurements and assessment of anthropogenic 

sources”, Urbino, Italy, September 12 – 16, 2005. 

Address: 

EMPA 




Contacts 

Geir Legreid 

Tel.: +41 1 823 4945 

Fax: +41 1 821 6244 

e-mail: geir.legreid@empa.ch 

40




Section of Environmental Radioactivity, Radiation Protection 

Division of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health 


Aerosol Monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch (RADAIR) 


Prof. H. Völkle, Section Head, Pierre Beuret, project responsible 


An automatic aerosol radioactivity monitor FHT59S is operated at Jungfraujoch 

research station by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. It has the following 

particular features: 

- To detect rapidly any increase of air radioactivity at the altitude of 3400 m 

above sea level, 

- A detection limit for artificial radioactivity of less than 0.1 Bq/m 3 . This 

extremely low value - five times lower than on the Swiss Plateau - is made 

possible due to the very low Radon concentration at this altitude. 

41



Comments on the measurement of 2005: 

Graph 1 shows the contribution to the alpha radioactivity during 2005. 

- Alpha radioactivity - Radon daughter products - is transported mainly up to 

the Jungfraujoch by air masses from the lowlands; 

- During the period January 1 st to December 31 maximal values were observed 

every 5 days; 

- This maximal values are approximately 3 to 9 times lower at the Jungfraujoch 

than those on the Swiss Plateau; 

- The highest values are normally observed in summer time, but there are two 

additional maxima in February and December due to meteorological effects; 

- The missing values are explained in the “Comments on technical aspects”. 

M a x i m a l v a l u e s o f t h e n a t u r a l a l p h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n 

J u n g f r a u j o c h : j a n - d e c 2 0 0 5 

Natural alpha concentration [ Bq / m3 ] 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

01.01.05 

01.02.05 

01.03.05 

01.04.05 

01.05.05 

01.06.05 

01.07.05 

01.08.05 

01.09.05 

01.10.05 

01.11.05 

01.12.05 

01.01.06 

Graph 1 

42

Graph 2 shows the calculated net beta radioactivity for 2005. 



- No artificial beta concentration above the detection limit was observed; 

- As the subtracted value for the natural radioactivity was to high, the 

histogram is slightly shifted towards negative values. At the Jungfraujoch 

natural radioactivity is extremely low, and so a precise determination of this 

value is important for a correct calibration of the monitor but is rather 

difficult; 

- As shown in the histogram below some 95 percent of the values of 2005 were 

below 0.08 Bq/m 3 . 

Histogram of the artificial beta mean concentration 

Jungfraujoch : jan - dec 2005 

2500 

Number of measures [ -- ] 

2000 

1500 

1000 

500 

Mean value: -1.2E-3 ± 2E-4 

0 

-0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 

Mean beta concentration [ Bq / m 3 ] 

Graph 2 

For normal situations, i.e. with no artificial radioactivity in the air, the calculated net 

Beta radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch, using the Alpha-Beta compensation technique 

(See below), is less than 0.1 Bq/m 3 . At the top of Europe, a radiation incident causing 

an increase of the artificial beta radioactivity in the atmosphere of as low as 0.1 

Bq/m 3 could therefore be detected. 

The automatic α/β-compensation technique applied by our aerosol monitoring 

stations is based on the simultaneously measured gross Alpha (A G ) and gross Beta 

(B G ) radio-activity of the aerosols collected on the filter. The net (artificial) Beta 

radioactivity (B N ) is calculated by the following formula: B N = B G - f . A G . The 

constant factor f can be adapted either by the software program or by the operator. 

43



Comments on technical aspects: 

The missing data (graph 1) during the period of February and March are due to 

technical problems with the filter transport mechanism. The missing data during 

August are due do power failure caused by extreme meteorological situations 

(thunderstorm). 

Apart from some minor telecommunication troubles, no major breakdown at the 

aerosol monitor was registered during 2005. 

The new «INAIR» project of the Swiss Federal 

Office of Public Health plans to install an aerosol 

collector «DIGITEL» at the same room as the 

FHT59S monitor. 

The air output line for both instruments had to be 

modified in order to evacuate the heat produced by 

the two pumps and the old heating head for the air 

inlet had to be restored and reactivated. 

Key words: 

Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring 

Address: 

Sektion Überwachung der Radioaktivität, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, 

Abt. Strahlenschutz, 

Ch. du Musée 3 

CH-1700 Fribourg 

Contacts: 

Prof. H. Völkle 

Tel.: +41 26 300 9161 

Fax: +41 26 300 9743 

http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/surveillance/d/surveiller.php 

44




Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 


The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch 


PD Dr. Urs Baltensperger, project leader 

Dr. Ernest Weingartner, co-leader 

Dr. Bart Verheggen, Julie Cozic, Günther Wehrle, Staffan Sjögren, Stefan van 

Ekeren, Dr. Martin Gysel, 

Dr. M. Collaud Coen, MeteoSwiss, Payerne 


Airborne aerosols affect our climate primarily by influencing the atmospheric energy 

budget through direct and indirect effects. Direct effects refer to the scattering and 

absorption of radiation and their influence on planetary albedo and the climate 

system. Indirect effects refer to the increase in available cloud condensation nuclei 

(CCN) due to an increase in anthropogenic aerosol concentration. This could lead to 

an increase in cloud droplet number concentration and a decrease in cloud droplet 

effective radius, when the cloud liquid water content (LWC) remains constant. The 

resulting cloud droplet spectrum could lead to reduced precipitation and increased 

cloud lifetime. The overall result would be an increase in cloud albedo which cools 

the Earth’s climate. Despite the uncertainty, it is believed that in regions with high 

anthropogenic aerosol concentrations, aerosol forcing may be of the same magnitude, 

but opposite in sign to the combined effect of all greenhouse gases. 

The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program is an activity overseen by the World 

Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is the goal of GAW to ensure long-term 

measurements in order to detect trends and to develop an understanding of these 

trends. With respect to aerosols, the objective of GAW is to determine the spatiotemporal 

distribution of aerosol properties related to climate forcing and air quality up 

to multi-decadal time scales. Since the atmospheric residence time of aerosol particles 

is relatively short, a large number of measuring stations are needed. The GAW 

monitoring network consists of 23 Global (including now the Jungfraujoch, which 

was upgraded from a Regional to a Global station) and some 300 Regional stations. 

While Global stations are expected to measure as many of the key variables as 

possible, the Regional stations generally carry out a smaller set of observations. 

The Jungfraujoch aerosol program is among the most complete ones worldwide. The 

current GAW instrumentation that is continuously run by PSI consists of 

• CPC (TSI 3010) Particle number density (particle diameter D p >10 nm) 

• Nephelometer (TSI 3563) Scattering coefficient at various wavelengths 

• Aetalometer (AE-31) Absorption coefficient at various wavelengths; 

black carbon (BC) concentration 

• MAAP Absorption coefficient; black carbon (BC) conc. 

• Filter packs Aerosol major ionic composition (PM1 and TSP) 

• Betameter and HiVol Aerosol mass (PM1 and TSP) 

45



For these measurements, ambient air is sampled via a heated inlet (25 °C), designed 

to prevent ice build-up and to evaporate cloud particles at an early stage, ensuring that 

the cloud condensation nuclei and/or ice nuclei are also sampled. This is called the 

total inlet. 

In warm months, the site is influenced by injection of planetary boundary layer air 

into the free troposphere during sunny afternoons due to thermal convection, while in 

winter it is usually in the undisturbed free troposphere. This causes the concentration 

of pollutants, including the aerosol loading, to be higher in summer than in winter 

(see Figure 1). 

1E-4 

daily mean 

monthly mean 

annual mean 

1E-5 

bs [m -1 ] 

1E-6 

1E-7 

Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan 

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 

Date 

Figure 1. Long-term measurements of the light scattering coefficient bs (at 550 nm). 

The data set was used to determine long-term trends for each month and for 

meteorological seasons (Collaud Coen et al., in preparation). The most significant 

trend is the increase (2-4% per year) of the aerosol light scattering coefficients at 450, 

550 and 700 nm. This autumn increase can be explained by a greater background 

aerosol load, which relates to long-range transport of air masses, and can be 

compared to the similar increase of background ozone concentration in autumn and 

winter at high elevation sites (Ordòñez et al., in preparation). In general, the summer 

months, which are strongly influenced by the PBL, do not show any significant longterm 

trend. It seems therefore that the measured decrease of anthropogenic aerosol 

emissions in Europe is compensated by other effects on a larger scale. 

The fourth Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE 4) took place 

from February 15 to March 15, 2005, with participation from ten different research 

groups. During this campaign, additional instrumentation was employed to 

characterize the aerosol size distribution (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, SMPS; 

Optical Particle Counter, OPC). The University of Manchester (UMIST) and the Max 

Plank Institute in Mainz (MPI) operated two Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers 

(AMS) to measure the size segregated chemical composition. Other measured 

parameters were the particles hygroscopic properties (Hygroscopicity Tandem 

46



Differential Mobility Analyzer, H-TDMA), cloud microphysics (Particulate Volume 

Monitor, PVM; Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe, FSSP; Cloud Particle 

Imager, CPI), and particle morphology (Environmental Scanning Electron 

Microscope, ESEM). 

New in comparison with previous CLACE campaigns was the contribution of more 

chemical analyses (several GC/MS techniques, TEM), and the operation of an Air Ion 

Spectrometer (AIS) and of an outdoor SMPS. The latter two instruments are 

especially well suited to measure very small particles (charged particles and sum of 

neutral and charged particles, respectively) in order to elucidate their formation 

mechanisms and rates. In addition, a nano-SMPS was being operated for 10 days, on 

loan from TSI Inc., Germany. 

Two additional inlets were used for these instruments: An interstitial inlet operated 

with a PM2 cyclone impactor removed all cloud particles from the ambient air. 

Within a cloud the sampled air thus represents the interstitial (or unactivated) aerosol 

fraction. In addition, the Institute for Tropospheric Research (IfT) operated a 

Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI). The CVI was part of a new prototype sampling 

system (Ice-CVI) that allows for the separation of small ice particles from large ice 

crystals, cloud droplets and interstitial aerosol particles. The extracted ice particles 

are dried airborne in the system and the remaining residual particles which 

correspond to the former ice nuclei were analyzed with a variety of different 

instruments. 

Differencing the response downstream of the different inlets provides insight in the 

fractionation of aerosol particles between the cloud phase and the interstitial phase. 

The activated fraction is defined as the fraction of the total particle number (D p >100 

nm) that is activated into cloud droplets (obtained from total minus interstitial). Based 

on more than 900 hours of in-cloud measurements from winter and summer 2004 and 

winter 2005, this activated fraction has been related to several environmental factors 

such as liquid water content, number concentration of particles, temperature and ice 

mass fraction of the cloud. These analyses revealed that the black carbon (BC) 

component of the ambient aerosol is activated into cloud droplets to the same extent 

as the bulk aerosol. Such behaviour is not expected for freshly emitted soot particles 

because they have a hydrophobic nature. The soot particles on the Jungfraujoch 

experienced aging processes which transformed them into an internally mixed 

hygroscopic aerosol (Cozic et al, manuscript in preparation). 

During wintertime this activated fraction is generally low (below 20%), because the 

presence of ice crystals causes liquid droplets to evaporate, thus transforming cloud 

droplets back into interstitial aerosol particles, as described by the Wegener- 

Bergeron-Findeisen process. When the cloud exists almost exclusively of liquid 

droplets (i.e. ice mass fraction approaching zero), the activated fraction increases to 

similar values as those encountered in summer (approximately 50%) (Weingartner et 

al., Verheggen et al., manuscripts in preparation). This is shown in Figure 2. 

47



1.0 

0.8 

activated fraction 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

-0.2 

0 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 

ice mass fraction 

Figure 2. Activated fraction of particles as a function of ice mass fraction in the 

cloud. Circles denote the average, while horizontal stripes denote the 25 and 75 

percentile values. 

Incorporation of the observed relation between number of ice crystals, particle 

number concentration and ice mass fraction into a global climate model suggests that 

the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen mechanism may have a dampening effect on the 

indirect effect of aerosols on climate (Weingartner et al., manuscript in preparation). 

Nucleation events were frequently observed during CLACE 4. The number of 

particles produced is relatively small in comparison with nucleation events in the 

Planetary Boundary Layer, but they typically last multiple hours, suggesting that they 

are regional-scale phenomena. These nucleation events will be analyzed in more 

detail to reveal information on their formation mechanism and on the rates of 

nucleation. As an example, nucleation rates of up to 1 cm -3 s -1 are estimated for one 

such event. 

Key words: 

Atmospheric aerosol particles, aerosol-cloud interactions, aerosol climatic effects, 

radiative forcing, cloud condensation nuclei, hygroscopic growth, particle nucleation 


http://www.psi.ch/gaw 

http://www.psi.ch/lac 

http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch 


Dr. P. Viatte, MeteoSwiss, Payerne 

Dr. C. Hüglin and Dr. S. Reimann, EMPA, Dübendorf 

Prof. H. Burtscher, Institut für Sensoren und Signale der Fachhochschule Aargau 

(FHA), Windisch 

Prof. U. Lohmann and Prof. T. Peter, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, 

ETH Zürich 

Prof. J. Heintzenberg, Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany 

48



Dr. A. Petzold, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany 

Dr. H. Coe and Prof. T. Choularton, University of Manchester, Institute of Science 

and Technology (UMIST), Atmospheric Physics, Manchester, England 

Dr. J. Schneider and Prof. S. Borrmann, University of Mainz, Particle Chemistry 

Department, Mainz, Germany 

Prof. S. Weinbruch, Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Mineralogie, Darmstadt, 

Germany 

Prof. M. Kulmala, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 

Dr. E. Fries, J. W. Goethe University, Institute for Atmosphere and Environment, 

Frankfurt, Germany 



Henne, S., J. Dommen, B. Neininger, S. Reimann, J. Staehelin, and A.S.H. Prevot, 

Ozone production following export of European emissions by mountain venting in 

the Alps, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22307, doi:10.1029/2005JD005936, 2005. 

Henne, S., M. Furger, and A.S.H. Prévôt, Climatology of mountain venting-induced 

elevated moisture layers in the lee of the Alps, J. Applied Meteorology, 44 (5), 620- 


Hinz, K.P., A. Trimborn, E. Weingartner, S. Henning, U. Baltensperger, and B. 

Spengler, Aerosol single particle composition at the Jungfraujoch, J. Aerosol Sci., 36 

(1), 123-145, 2005. 

McFiggans, G., P. Artaxo, U. Baltensperger, H. Coe, M.C. Facchini, G. Feingold, S. 

Fuzzi, M. Gysel, A. Laaksonen, U. Lohmann, T.F. Mentel, D.M. Murphy, C.D. 

O'Dowd, J.R. Snider, and E. Weingartner, The Effect of Physical & Chemical 

Aerosol Properties on Warm Cloud Droplet Activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 

Discuss., 5, 8507-8647, 2005. 

Nessler, R., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Adaptation of dry nephelometer 

measurements to ambient conditions at the Jungfraujoch, Environ. Sci.Technol., 39 

(7), 2219-2228, 2005. 

Nessler, R., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Effect of humidity on aerosol light 

absorption and its implications for extinction and the single scattering albedo 

illustrated for a site in the lower free troposphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 36 (8), 958-972, 

2005. 


Baltensperger, U. Aerosol hygroscopic growth closure by simultaneous measurement 

of hygroscopic growth and chemical composition at the high-Alpine station 

Jungfraujoch, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2005. 

Bower, K.N., M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, J. 

Crosier, P. Connolly, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, and S. Sjögren, 

Investigations of cloud-aerosol interactions at the Jungfraujoch mountain-top site in 

the Swiss Alps during summer and winter CLACE experiments, p. 133, EAC 2005, 

Ghent Belgium, 2005. 

49



Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Seasonality and diurnal 

cycles of aerosol parameters and of their wavelength dependence at the Jungfraujoch, 

p. 172, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Variability and trend of 

aerosol parameters and of their wavelength dependence at the Jungfraujoch, in 

Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Meteorologie (SGM), PSI, Villigen, 2005. 

Cozic, J., S. Mertes, B. Verheggen, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. Bower, A. Petzold, E. 

Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Activated fraction of black carbon in mixed phase 

clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE campaigns, p. 

506, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Crosier, J., K.N. Bower, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S. 

Sjögren, S. Mertes, J. Schneider, D.R. Worsnop, J.T. Jayne, and J.L. Jimenez, 

Comparing winter and summer submicron aerosol chemical composition and size 

distributions at the Jungfraujoch, p. 505, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Ebert, M., M. Inerle-Hof, S. Mertes, S. Walter, J. Schneider, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, 

E. Weingartner, and S. Weinbruch, Identification of the ice forming fraction of the 

atmospheric aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron 

microscopy, p. 504, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, J. Schneider, M. Ebert, S. Walter, A. Worringen, M. Inerle- 

Hof, J. Cozic, M.J. Flynn, P. Connolly, K.N. Bower, and E. Weingartner, Sampling 

and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds at the high 

alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE, p. 130, EAC 2005, 

Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Nessler, R., B. Verheggen, E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Effect of humidity 

on aerosol light absorption and its implications for extinction and single scattering 

albedo at the Jungfraujoch, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2005. 

Prévôt, A.S.H., Atmospheric Studies of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Central Europe, 

Aerodyne, Billerica, USA, 2005. 

Sjögren, S., R. Alfarra, J. Cozic, B. Verheggen, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, J. 

Crosier, K.N. Bower, M. Gysel, J.D. Allan, and H. Coe, Hygroscopic properties 

linked with chemical composition of aerosol particles at the high alpine site 

Jungfraujoch during the CLACE campaigns, p. 507, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 


Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. 

Connolly, K. Bower, M. Gallagher, J. Crosier, H. Coe, and A. Petzold, Activation 

behaviour of aerosol particles and black carbon in mixed-phase clouds, in EGU 

General Assembly, European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Austria, 2005. 

Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. 

Bower, M. Gallagher, and U. Baltensperger, Nucleation and activation of aerosol 

particles during CLACE campaigns (Jungfraujoch, 3580 metres a.s.l., Switzerland), 

in European Aerosol Conference, edited by W. Maenhaut, p. 131, Elsevier, Ghent, 

Belgium, 2005. 

Walter, S., J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner, 

B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, and U. Baltensperger, Mass spectrometric analysis of 

50



residuals from small ice particles and from supercooled cloud droplets during 

CLACE-3 and CLACE-4, p. 132, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 


B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, and U. Baltensperger, Mass spectrometric analysis of ice and 

supercooled cloud residuals during CLACE-3, European Geoscience Union, Vienna, 

Austria, 2005. 

Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjoegren, J.S.v. Ekeren, U. 

Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, J. Crozier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, S. 

Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. 

Inerle-Hof, and S. Weinbruch, An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol 

Characterization Experiments (CLACE) conducted at a high alpine site in the free 

troposphere (solicited), European Geoscience Union, Vienna, Austria, 2005. 

Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J. Duplissy, J.S. Van Ekeren, U. 

Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, M. 

Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. 

Borrmann, A. Petzold, S. Henning, T. Rosenorn, M. Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, 

A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, P. 

Aalto, A. Hiriskko, and M. Kulmala, An overview of the cloud and aerosol 

characterization experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station 

Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, p. 129, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 


Baltensperger, U. and E. Weingartner, Klimawirksamkeit von Partikeln, VCS- 

Magazin Leonardo, März 2005. 

Address: 

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry 

Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) 

CH-5232 Villigen 

Switzerland 

Contacts: 

Ernest Weingartner 

Urs Baltensperger 

Tel: +41 56 310 2405 Tel: +41 56 310 2408 

Fax: +41 56 310 4525 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 

e-mail: ernest.weingartner@psi.ch e-mail: urs.baltensperger@psi.ch 

51



52




Bundesamt für Landestopographie / Swiss Federal Office of 

Topography (swisstopo) 


Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES) 


Dr. Elmar Brockmann, 

Simon Grünig, Daniel Ineichen, Dr. Stefan Schaer, Dr. Urs Wild 


The permanently observing GPS (Global Positioning System) station at Jungfraujoch 

has been operating since autumn 1998. The station is part of the Automated GPS 

Network of Switzerland (AGNES) consisting presently of 30 sites. AGNES is a 

multipurpose network which serves as reference for surveying, real-time positioning 

services (swipos GIS/GEO) and for scientific applications (geotectonics and 

meteorology). 

Due to the extreme altitude, the station is not optimal for real-time positioning 

applications. Nevertheless, the station is monitored on a daily basis for reference 

frame purposes on a sub-cm accuracy level. 

For meteorological application the permanent operation at Jungfraujoch gives very 

interesting results, as shown in the last annual activity report. swisstopo contributes to 

the European project TOUGH (Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity) since 2002, 

which ends at the January 31, 2006. The goal is to use GPS-derived humidity 

information for numerical weather prediction. 

53



Results are shown and updated hourly at http://www.swisstopo.ch (in the geodesy 

section, subsection permanent networks and analysis center PNAC). 

In 2005, rigorous changes were made to the analysis of the data processing. The 

processing software was changed from Bernese 4.2 to Bernese 5.0. Furthermore, 

model improvements were introduced which lead to an improvement of the quality of 

the hourly zenith total delay (ZTD) estimates compared to the ZTD estimates derived 

on a daily basis. The differences for a 2-week period, in which the "old" and the 

"new" processing was done in parallel, show the following behaviour for 

Jungfraujoch (upper diagram: different ZTD estimates based on different processing 

strategies; center diagram: formal rms estimates of the ZTD estimates; lower 

diagram: Differences of the ZTD estimates with respect to the post-processed (PP 

5.0) solution based on daily observations): 

ZTD [m] 

RMS ZTD [mm] 

+1.62 

+1.60 

+1.58 

+1.56 

+1.54 

+1.52 

+1.50 

+1.48 

+3.00 

+2.50 

+2.00 

+1.50 

+1.00 

+0.50 

+0.00 

JUJO zenith total delays, rms and differences to PP 5.0 

PP 5.0 

+60 NRT 5.0 

+ 0 NRT 5.0 

-60 NRT 5.0 

NRT 4.2 

RRT swipos 

206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 

PP 5.0 

+60 NRT 5.0 

+ 0 NRT 5.0 

-60 NRT 5.0 

NRT 4.2 

RRT swipos 

206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 

Diff ZTD [mm] 

+30.0 

+20.0 

+10.0 

+0.0 

-10.0 

-20.0 

-30.0 

-40.0 

-50.0 

-60.0 

+60 NRT 5.0 

+ 0 NRT 5.0 

-60 NRT 5.0 

NRT 4.2 

RRT swipos 

206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 

DOY 2005 

The differences of the new hourly ZTD estimates with the post-processed solution are 

almost bias-free and show an agreement of the order of 4.8 mm ZTD (standard 

deviation). 

The results achieved every hour with a time delay of maximally 1 hour and 45 

minutes (solution type "+0 NRT 5.0") are continuously submitted to EGVAP 

(http://egvap.dmi.dk/), which is a project of EUMETNET (The Network of European 

Meteorological Services) started in March 2005 with the goal to make the GPS ZTD 

estimates operationally available for numerical weather prediction. This server 

collects the results of more than 400 sites all over Europe stemming from a dozen 

GPS analysis centers. 

Key words: 

GPS, Meteorology, Positioning, Intergrated Water Vapour, Zenith Path Delay, GPS 

Tomography 

54




http://www.swisstopo.ch; http://egvap.dmi.dk/ 


Astronomical Institute (AIUB), University of Berne 

MeteoSwiss, Zurich and Payerne 

Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), University of Berne 



Brockmann E., D. Ineichen und A. Wiget (2005): Neumessung und Auswertung des 

GPS-Landesnetzes der Schweiz LV95. Geomatik Schweiz 08/05, August 2005. 

Grünig S. und U. Wild (2005): swipos über Internet. Neue Entwicklungen bei der 

Echtzeit-Positionierung. Geomatik Schweiz 02/2005, März 2005. 

Guerova G., J.-M. Bettems, E. Brockmann and Ch. Mätzler (2005): Assimilation of 

COST-716 Near-Real Time GPS data in the nonhydrostatic area model used at 

MeteoSwiss. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. (MAP), June 30, 2005. 

Guerova G., E. Brockmann, F. Schubiger, J. Morand and C. Mätzler (2005): An 

Integrated Assessment of Measured and Modeled Integrated Water Vapor in 

Switzerland for the Period 2001–03, Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 44, No. 7, 

pages 1033–1044. 

Troller M., E. Brockmann, D. Ineichen, S. Lutz, A. Geiger and H.-G. Kahle (2005): 

Determination of the 3D Water Vapor Distribution in the Troposphere on a 

Continuous Basis Using GPS. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 7. 


Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, U. Marti, A. Schlatter (2005): Results of the 3rd 

observation of the Swiss GPS Reference Network LV95 and status of the Swiss 

Combined Geodetic Network CH-CGN. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): 

Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Vienna 2005, EUREF 

Publication in preparation. 

Brockmann E. and D. Ineichen (2005): TOUGH activities at swisstopo (LPT). 

TOUGH annual meeting, L'Aquilla, January 27-28, 2005. 


TOUGH semi-annual meeting, Exeter, September 29-30, 2005. 

Schaer S., D. Ineichen and E. Brockmann (2005): EUREF LAC Analysis at 

swisstopo/CODE Using Bernese Software V5.0. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): 



Schneider D., B. Vogel, A. Wiget, U. Wild, E. Brockmann, U. Marti and A. Schlatter 

(2005): EUREF'05: National Report of Switzerland: New Developments in Swiss 

National Geodetic Surveying. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission 

for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Vienna 2005, EUREF Publication No. 

in preparation. 

55



Address: 

Bundesamt für Landestopographie (swisstopo) 

Seftigenstrasse 264 

CH-3084 Wabern 

Contacts 

Elmar Brockmann 

Tel.:+41 31 963 2111 

Fax.:+41 31 963 2459 

e-mail: elmar.brockmann@swisstopo.ch 

URL: http://www.swisstopo.ch 

56




Abteilung für Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut, 



CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European Terrestrial Carbon Balance 


PD Dr. Markus Leuenberger, project leader 

Luca Valentino, Peter Nyfeler, Hans-Peter Moret 


The present concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere is higher than in 

the past 420,000 years or maybe even in the past 20 million years, and it continues to 

rise. The primary causes are fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. Globally, the 

land biosphere (excluding the part subject to deforestation) takes up 30% of the fossil 

fuel emissions and thus is presently reducing the speed of anthropogenic climate 

change. Yet our understanding of this carbon sink, which is mainly located north of 

the Tropics, its partitioning between Europe, North America, and Asia, its controlling 

mechanisms and its vulnerability to changes in climate and land management are still 

uncertain. Coupled climate models indicate that, in the near future, carbon release 

from existing carbon pools in the biosphere could be large enough to offset any 

attempts of technical CO 2 emission reduction. Meeting the scientific challenge of 

establishing the full carbon budget of a continent with acceptable accuracy has also 

high political relevance because the Kyoto Protocol includes carbon sources and sinks 

in the terrestrial biosphere. 

CarboEurope-IP aims to understand and quantify the present terrestrial carbon 

balance of Europe and the associated uncertainty at local, regional and continental 

scale. 

The key innovation of the CarboEurope-IP is in its conception as to apply single 

comprehensive experimental strategy, and its integration into a comprehensive carbon 

data assimilation framework. The observational and modelling programme will run at 

unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This will allow for the first time a 

consistent match of bottom-up and top-down estimates of the regional variation in 

carbon sources and sinks. 

The division of Climate and Environmental Physics at the Physics Institute of the 

University of Bern takes part in CarboEurope-IP through measurements of CO 2 , O 2 

and δ 13 C on CO 2 on three flask sites, namely Jungfraujoch (CH), Puy de Dome (F) 

and Griffin (UK). Continuous records of CO 2 and O 2 have to be analysed at 

Jungfraujoch combined with flask analyses for δ 13 C whereas at the other two 

locations only flask samples are determined. 

A system for continuous measurements of O 2 and CO 2 was installed at Jungfraujoch 

Station on December 7, 2004. The CO 2 concentration is measured by a conventional 

infrared analyser whereas the O 2 concentration is measured with two principles, a 

paramagnetic technique and a fuel cell technology. The flask analyses are made on 

dedicated mass spectrometers. 

57



Figure 1: Preliminary continuous CO 2 and O 2 results at Jungfraujoch. The CO 2 

concentrations are given in parts per million (ppm) in the upper panel whereas O 2 is 

given in per meg units in the lower panel. The purple squares show the flask values 

that were taken during the year 2005. 

500 

δO 2 

/N 2 

(per meg) 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

Jungfraujoch 

Puy de Dôme 

360 370 380 390 400 

CO 2 

(ppm) 

Figure 2: Correlation plot between O 2 /N 2 and CO 2 on flask samples taken at Jungfraujoch 

(Switzerland) and at Puy de Dome station (France). The brown area documents the range of 

oxidation factors for fossil fuel components (coal, oil and natural gas) whereas the green area 

represents exchanges between atmosphere and the biosphere. 

58



Key words: 

European carbon balance, high precision oxygen measurements, carbon dioxide, 

isotopes, atmospheric sampling, trace gases 


http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/CE-atmosphere 


Centrum voor IsotopenOnderzoek, Groningen, The Netherlands 

Laboratoire des Science du Climat et de l’Environnement, UMR CEA-CNRS, CE 

Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France 



Sturm, P., M. Leuenberger, and M. Schmidt, Atmospheric O 2 , CO 2 and δ 13 C 

observations from the remote sites Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, and Puy de Dôme, 

France, Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (doi:10.1029/2005GL023304), L17811, 


Sturm, P., M. Leuenberger, F.L. Valentino, B. Lehmann, and B. Ihly, Measurements 

of CO 2 , its stable isotopes, O 2 /N 2 , and 222Rn at Bern, Switzerland, Atmospheric 

Chemistry and Physics, 1680-7375/acpd/2005-5-8473, 2005. 

Address: 

Klima- und Umweltphysik 




CH-3012 Bern 

Contacts: 

Markus Leuenberger 

Tel.: +41 31 631 44 70 

Fax: +41 31 631 87 42 

e-mail: leuenberger@climate.unibe.ch 

URL: http://www.climate.unibe.ch 

http://www.carboeurope.org 


59



60




Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg 


Long-term observations of 14 CO 2 at Jungfraujoch 


Ingeborg Levin, project leader 

Bernd Kromer 


14 C is the natural radioactive carbon isotope which is produced in the atmosphere by 

cosmic ray induced reactions with atmospheric nitrogen. The radioactive half life of 

14 C is 5730 years. The natural equilibrium level of atmospheric 14 CO 2 has been 

disturbed by man’s activities in the last century, via the ongoing input of fossil fuel 

CO 2 into the atmosphere known as Suess effect, and through nuclear detonations in 

the atmosphere in the 1950s and early 1960s. CO 2 from burning of fossil fuels, due to 

its age of several hundred million years, is free of 14 C; adding fossil fuel CO 2 to the 

atmosphere, therefore, not only leads to an increase of its CO 2 mixing ratio but also to 

a decrease of the 14 C/ 12 C ratio in atmospheric CO 2 . From a 14 CO 2 measurement at a 

polluted sampling site, e.g. on the European continent, we can directly calculate the 

regional fossil fuel CO 2 surplus, if the undisturbed background 14 CO 2 level is known. 

Atmospheric 14 CO 2 observations at Jungfraujoch serve as this background for other 

observational sites in Central Europe. The measurements have been started in 1986 

and were continued without interruption until today. The Jungfraujoch background 

14 CO 2 level was used to calculate the fossil fuel CO 2 component at Schauinsland 

station as well as in Heidelberg from respective 14 CO 2 observations. These results are 

described in detail by Levin et al. [2003], and in a recently submitted manuscript by 

Gamnitzer et al. [2005]. All Jungfraujoch data until the end of 2003 have been 

published by Levin and Kromer [2004]. 

References: 

Gamnitzer, U., U. Karstens, B. Kromer, R. Neubert, H. Meijer, H. Schroeder and I. 

Levin, 2005. Carbon Monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO 2 ? 

submitted to J. Geophys. Res. December 2005. 

Levin, I., B. Kromer, M. Schmidt and H. Sartorius, 2003. A novel approach for 

independent budgeting of fossil fuels CO 2 over Europe by 14 CO 2 observations. 

Geophys. Res. Lett.30(23), 2194, doi. 10.1029/2003GL018477. 

Levin, I. and B. Kromer, 2004. The tropospheric 14 CO 2 level in mid-latitudes of the 

Northern Hemisphere (1959-2003). Radiocarbon 46(3), 1261-1272. 

Key words: 

carbon dioxide, Radiocarbon, fossil fuel CO 2 , climate, Kyoto Protocol 

61




http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ 

http://www.radiocarbon.org/IntCal04.htm 


CarboEurope-IP (http://www.carboeurope.org/) 


Refereed journal article 


Levin, 2005. Carbon Monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO 2 ? submitted 

to J. Geophys. Res. December 2005. 

Address: 

Institut für Umweltphysik 


Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 

D-69120 Heidelberg 

Contacts: 

Ingeborg Levin 

Tel.: +49 6221 546330 

Fax: +49 6221 546405 

e-mail: Ingeborg.Levin@iup.uni-heidelberg.de 

URL: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ 

62




Physikalische Chemie / FBC, Bergische Universität Wuppertal 


Measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) in the free troposphere 


PD Dr. Jörg Kleffmann 

Project description (summary): 

In the present DFG pilot study, an optimized LOPAP instrument (DL 0.2 pptV, time 

response 6-7 min) for the detection of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere was 

tested on the high alpine research station “Jungfraujoch” at 3580 m altitude. The 

excellent performance of the instrument was confirmed in this study also under 

extreme weather conditions. HONO concentrations in the range



photolysis of nitrate in the snow [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25], which is also suggested as 

the photolytic source of NO x emitted from snow surfaces (e.g. [26, 27, 28, 29]). An 

alternative mechanism to explain HONO formation during daytime was recently 

proposed by the photoenhanced reduction of NO 2 on organic surfaces, like e.g. fulvic 

and humic acids [30, 31]. Since these organic compounds are ubiquitous, this 

mechanism could probably also explain the observed HONO formation on snow 

surfaces. The proposed mechanism could also help to explain the high HONO/NO x 

ratio often observed in polar regions, which is in contrast to the expected ratio based 

on laboratory studies about the nitrate photolysis (see also [10]). 

Measurements of gaseous HONO have been made since many years in the 

atmosphere with various techniques (e.g. [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]). 

For measurements in the Arctic, dry carbonate denuders [4, 16], mist chambers with 

ion chromatographic detection [17, 18] and the HPLC technique [10, 19, 43] have 

been used. The common principle of these instruments is the sampling of HONO on 

humid or aqueous surfaces in the form of nitrite. Very recently, it was found that 

these chemical detectors could suffer from interferences by the reaction of different 

hydrocarbons with NO 2 [44], by which nitrite is efficiently formed on similar 

surfaces. In addition, in all polar HONO studies the air was sampled through 

Teflon/PFA tubes of up to 30 m length (e.g. [10]). Since it is well known that HONO 

is heterogeneously formed on surfaces (e.g. [45, 46]), the surfaces of the sampling 

lines could cause additional HONO formation and lead to incorrect results. 

Accordingly, there is an urgent need for the exact quantification of HONO 

concentrations in polar regions by an instrument for which interferences and sampling 

artefacts can be excluded finally leading to a better understanding of the impact of 

HONO on the oxidation capacity of the polar atmosphere. 

2 Aim of the study 

The proposed DFG pilot study was aimed to demonstrate that the recently developed 

LOPAP instrument for the detection of nitrous acid in the atmosphere is capable to 

work under polar conditions. In addition, it was planned to significantly improve the 

sensitivity of the instrument in order to quantify the expected extreme low 

concentrations in Antarctic regions. Thus, HONO measurements were performed 

with a modified HONO instrument in a field campaign on the high alpine research 

station “Jungfraujoch” in the period 02.-07.11.2005. 

3 Experimental 

Nitrous acid (HONO) was measured with a newly developed, ultra sensitive 

instrument (LOPAP), which is described in detail elsewhere [40, 41]. Briefly, HONO 

is sampled in a stripping coil by a fast chemical reaction and converted into an azo 

dye, which is photometrically detected by long path absorption in light conducting 

Teflon tubes. The two-channel set-up of the instrument suppresses interferences 

including those caused by mixtures of NO 2 and semi-volatile diesel exhaust 

components [44]. Artificial HONO formation in sampling lines by heterogeneous or 

photolytic processes [45, 46] is minimized by the use of an external temperature 

controlled sampling unit, in which the stripping coils are mounted and which can be 

directly installed in the atmosphere of interest. In recent intercomparison campaigns 

with the DOAS technique in the field and in a smog chamber, excellent agreement 

was obtained also for daytime conditions [47], which is in contrast to all other 

published intercomparison studies between chemical HONO instruments and the 

DOAS technique [48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. The detection limit of the instrument was 1-2 

64



pptV for a time response of 5 min [41]. Further modifications of the instrument to 

improve the sensitivity were performed as part of a recent DFG pilot study [53] and is 

summarized in chapter 0. 

4 Results and Discussion 

4.1 Modifications of the LOPAP instrument 

Prior to the field study on the “Jungfraujoch” the sensitivity of the LOPAP instrument 

was improved [53], which led to a detection limit of



4.2 Field campaign on the “Jungfraujoch” 

4.2.1 Location and weather conditions 

During the time period 02.-07. November 2005 a pilot field campaign was performed 

on the high altitude research station “Jungfraujoch”. The station is located in 3580 m 

altitude between the mountains “Jungfrau” and “Mönch” in Switzerland. 

Measurements were performed at the “Sphinx” building (see Fig. 2), which is build 

on a rock, above the basement of the “Jungfraujoch”. The station is surrounded by 

large snow and ice fields. Although the station is located in middle Europe, recent 

NO y measurements showed that the air reaching the station could be often compared 

with measurements at remote stations [54]. Caused by the large snow and ice fields 

around the station, the temperature range during the campaign (see below) and the 

low pollution levels, the “Jungfraujoch” is considered as an ideal test station for polar 

measurements. Especially, when southeasterly winds were prevailing during three 

days of the campaign, the air flow was from the large glacier “Aletschgletscher” 

directly to the sampling location of the LOPAP instrument and thus, were in contact 

with large ice surfaces and not influenced by possible local emissions from the 

station. 

Fig. 2 

“Sphinx”-station on the Jungfraujoch (northeast side). The external sampling 

unit of the LOPAP instrument is shown by the yellow arrow. 

The LOPAP instrument was installed in the GAW laboratory room below the roof of 

the “Sphinx” building (see Fig. 3). The external sampling unit was fixed on a plate in 

front of a window on the northeast side of the building (see Fig. 4). The instrument 

was calibrated two times, at the beginning and at the end of the campaign and zero 

measurements of 20 min duration were automatically performed every 4 h. 

66



Fig. 3 

LOPAP instrument in the GAW laboratory in the “Sphinx station” on the 

“Jungfraujoch”. 

Fig. 4 External sampling unit of the LOPAP instrument during strong frost 

formation caused by a super saturated cloud event on the 04.-05. November 


During the campaign the weather conditions varied significantly. On Nov. 02, 2005 

clouds covered the sky and the station was frequently inside clouds. On Nov. 03, 

2005 the weather was quite nice with maximum daytime temperatures around 0°C 

and low wind speed. However, at the afternoon strong winds from the southeast 

started while the weather was still nice up to the morning of Nov. 04, 2005. Then, the 

67



station was inside clouds and snowfall started, while the wind was still strong. The 

temperature significantly decreased and super saturated cloud droplets lead to the 

strong formation of frost needles on the building in the night Nov. 04.-05, 2005 (see 

also Fig. 4). On Nov. 05, 2005 the wind speed decreased, while it was still snowing. 

During the end of this day until Nov. 06, 2005 high clouds covered the sky and the 

slow wind was reaching the station still from the southeast. During the afternoon of 

Nov. 06, 2005 the high clouds became thinner, leading again to higher irradiation. In 

addition, during this day the wind direction again changed from southeast to 

northwest. During the night Nov. 06-07, 2005 the weather became very nice again 

until noon of Nov. 07, 2005, when first high clouds covered the sky. Later the station 

was again inside clouds with wind from the north. 

During the campaign, the temperature varied between -9.2 and +0.9 °C, the wind 

speed between 0-15 m/s and the pressure between 657-664 mbar. 

4.2.2 HONO measurements 

The HONO concentration varied between 40 pptV in between one hour around noon 

(see Fig. 5). At this time the wind direction changed from southeast (glacier 

“Aletschgletscher”) to northwest (Interlaken Valley). Probably the observed fast 

increase in the HONO concentration can be attributed to the different air masses 

arriving at the measurement site. 

For all data a mean diurnal HONO profile was calculated from the 10 min mean 

values of the instrument (see Fig. 6). Except some outliers, the mean HONO 

concentration varied between ~2 pptV in the night and ~17 pptV around noon. The 

variability of the data is much lower during the night compared to the day. This might 

be explained by a decreasing boundary layer height during the night and a much 

lower influence of variable pollution from the valleys around the measurement site 

68



during the night. Accordingly, the mean night time concentration of 3.5 pptV (6:00- 

18:00) might be considered as a typical value for the free troposphere in mid Europe. 

The high daytime concentrations are most probably caused by photolytic formation of 

HONO, since the diurnal HONO profile nicely matches with the variation of the light 

intensity. However, since photolytic HONO formation is most probably caused by 

heterogeneous processes on the surfaces around the station, these high values are not 

representative for the free troposphere during the day. The mechanism of the 

photolytic daytime formation, i.e. nitrate photolysis versus photoenhanced NO 2 

reduction, is still an open question, however, its clarification was not an objective of 

this pilot study. 

50 

40 

HONO [pptV] 

30 

20 

10 

Fig. 5 

0 

2/11/05 3/11/05 4/11/05 5/11/05 6/11/05 7/11/05 8/11/05 

date [d/mm/yy] 

HONO concentration during the field campaign on the “Jungfraujoch” in the 

time period Nov. 02-07, 2005. 

40 

mean HONO [pptV] 

30 

20 

10 

Fig. 6 

0 

00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 

time [hh:mm] 

Mean HONO concentration (10 min averages) during the field campaign on 

the “Jungfraujoch”. 

69



4.2.3 Performance of the instrument under “real world” conditions 

During the campaign on the “Jungfraujoch”, the weather conditions varied 

significantly. It was observed that the performance of the instrument, i.e. time 

response and detection limit, was not significantly effected by the different weather 

conditions. Especially during one night, super saturated clouds and high wind speed 

lead to the formation of ice needles on the sampling unit of the LOPAP instrument 

(see Fig. 4). However, the inlet of the temperature controlled stripping coil (20°C) 

was not affected by ice needles. Super saturated water droplets can easily form in 

clouds under remote conditions and thus are a typical problem for this mountain site 

[55], however, will be of less importance on ground stations. Thus, the field 

campaign on the “Jungfraujoch” demonstrated that the LOPAP instrument worked 

well even under extreme weather conditions. 

The time response of the instrument was tested during the regular zero measurements 

and is defined as the time of the change of the signal from 90-10 % or 10-90 % of 

maximum during start and end of the zero measurements, respectively. For the field 

campaign, a mean time response of 7 min was achieved (see Fig. 7), in good 

agreement with the laboratory experiments. 

The detection limit of the instrument was also determined during the campaign and is 

defined as two times the standard deviation of the signal from both channels during 

the zero measurements. For most of the zero measurements a detection limit of ~0.2- 

0.3 pptV was achieved (see Fig. 7), which is only slightly above the value determined 

in the laboratory. Thus, for most of the campaign the high performance of the 

instrument was confirmed also under extreme weather conditions. 

HONO [pptV] 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

-1 

2/11/05 20:00 3/11/05 0:00 3/11/05 4:00 3/11/05 8:00 

date time [dd/mm/yy hh:mm] 

Fig. 7 

Demonstration of the time response and sensitivity of the instrument during 

the field campaign. Each data point reflects a mean value of 30 s. 

While typically the correction of interferences was in the range 10-50 %, very high 

interferences of >100% were observed during one night of the campaign (see Fig. 8). 

In this case, the signal of the interference channel 2 was nearly as high as the one of 

channel 1. The reason for these high interferences is still unclear. The small known 

70



ozone and NO 2 interferences [41], can only explain a signal of ~1 pptV in channel 2 

under the conditions shown in Fig. 8. Thus, other unknown interferences like e.g. the 

one caused by NO 2 and oxidisable hydrocarbons [44] might explain the observed high 

signal in channel 2. This again highlights the importance of using a two channel 

system for the detection of nitrous acid in the atmosphere by a wet-chemical 

instrument. Since it can be expected that also other chemical instruments will suffer 

from these interferences [44], HONO measurements might be afflicted with large 

errors especially at low HONO concentrations. For example, during the night shown 

in Fig. 8, the HONO concentration would have been overestimated by a factor of up 

to three, if only a one-channel LOPAP instrument were used. Caused by the high 

interferences and the large correction of the HONO signal during this night, a 

detection limit of only 0.7-0.8 pptV was determined for this special situation. In 

contrast, for the rest of the campaign, the correction by interferences was much lower 

and thus, the determination of the detection limit only by the zero measurements was 

not significantly effected. For example, for the measurements shown in Fig. 7, 

interferences of only 15-20 % were measured in channel 2 of the LOPAP instrument. 

This small correction has no significant influence on the accuracy of the data. Since it 

can be expected that interferences are of lower importance in polar regions with 

typically lower concentrations of interfering compounds such as NO 2 and oxidisable 

hydrocarbons [44], a detection limit of ~0.2 pptV can be expected also for polar 

measurements with the LOPAP instrument. 

In conclusion, the high performance of the LOPAP instrument was also confirmed 

under the extreme weather conditions prevailing on the “Jungfraujoch” and thus, the 

aims of the pilot study were fully reached. 

20 

12 

channel 1 and 2 [pptV]. 

16 

12 

8 

4 

channel 1 

channel 2 

HONO 

8 

4 

0 

-4 

HONO [pptV] 

0 

5/11/05 18:00 6/11/05 0:00 6/11/05 6:00 6/11/05 12:00 

date time [dd/mm/yy hh:mm] 

Fig. 8 Example of high interferences observed in the night Nov. 05-06, 2005, 

leading to a somewhat higher detection limit of ~0.7-0.8 pptV for these 

conditions. 

-8 

71



5 Acknowledgements 

The financial support by the the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft”, Contract No. 

Wi-958/14, the “Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt” (DBU), Contract No. 19142 and 

the continuous technical support by QUMA Elektronik & Analytik GmbH during the 

development of the HONO instrument is gratefully acknowledged. I also gratefully 

acknowledge that the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations 

Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG), 3012 Bern, Switzerland, made it possible for 

me to carry out my experiments at the High Altitude Research Station at 

“Jungfraujoch”. In addition, the author is indebted to Mrs. Wilson for her uncomplicated 

help during the organisation of the field campaign. I would also like to thank 

Mrs. and Mr. Hemund for the technical help and familiar accommodation on the 

research station “Jungfraujoch”. DuPont is greatfully acknowledged for the license 

agreement for the scientific use of the Teflon ® AF. 

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Intercomparisons of the DOAS and LOPAP Techniques for the Detection of Nitrous Acid 

(HONO) in the Atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 2005, manuscript submitted. 

[48] Appel, B. R., Winer, A. M., Tokiwa, Y., Biermann, H. W.: Comparison of Atmospheric Nitrous 

Acid Measurements by Annular Denuder and Optical Absorption Systems, Atmos. Environ. 

1990, 24 A, 611-616 

[49] Coe, H., Jones, R. L., Colin, R., Carleer, M., Harrison, R. M., Peak, J., Plane, J. M. C., Smith, 

N., Allan, B., Clemitshaw, K. C., Burgess, R. A., Platt, U., Etzkorn, T., Stutz, J., Pommereau, 

J.-P., Goutail, F., Nunes-Pinharanda, M., Simon, P., Hermans, C., Vandaele, A.-C.: A 

Comparison of Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometers for Measurement of NO 2 , O 3 , 

SO 2 and HONO, in: Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium´96: Transport and 

Transformation of Pollutants, eds.: P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitaš, K. Kelly, W. Seiler, 

ISBN 1 85312 498 2, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, 1997, pp. 757-762. 

[50] Febo, A., Perrino, C., Allegrini, I.: Measurement of Nitrous Acid in Milan, Italy, by DOAS and 

Diffusion Denuders, Atmos. Environ., 1996, 30, 3599-3609. 

[51] Müller, Th., Dubois, R., Spindler, G., Brüggemann, E., Ackermann, R., Geyer, A., Platt, U.: 

Measurements of Nitrous Acid by DOAS and Diffusion Denuders: A Comparison, in: 

Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium´98: Transport and Chemical Transformation in the 

Troposphere, Volume I, eds.: P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, ISBN 1-85312-743-4, WITPress, 

Southampton, 1999, pp. 345-349. 

[52] Spindler, G., Hesper, J., Brüggemann, E., Dubois, R., Müller, Th., Herrmann, H.: Wet Annular 

Denuder Measurements of Nitrous Acid: Laboratory Study of the Artefact Reaction of NO 2 

with S(IV) in Aqueous Solutions and Comparison with Field Measurements, Atmos. Environ. , 

2003, 37, 2643-2662. 

[53] Kleffmann, J. and P. Wiesen: Final report to the DFG Pilot study: “Nitrous Acid (HONO) in 

Polar Regions”, in the DFG priority program: „Antarktisforschung mit vergleichenden 

Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten (SPP 1158)“, 2005. 

[54] Zellweger, C., J. Forrer, S. Syeki, B. Schwarzenbach, E. Weingartner, M. Ammann and U. 

Baltensperger: Partitioning of Reactive Nitrogen (NO y ) and Dependence on Meteorological 

Conditions in the Lower Free Troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2003, 3, 779-796. 

[55] Weingartner, E.: private communication, 2005. 

74



Key words: 

nitrous acid (HONO), OH radical source, photochemistry on ice surfaces 


Kleffmann, J. and P. Wiesen: Final report to the DFG Pilot study: “Nitrous Acid 

(HONO) in Polar Regions”, in the DFG priority program: „Antarktisforschung mit 

vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten (SPP 1158)“, 2005. 

Address: 

Physikalische Chemie / FB C 

Bergische Universität Wuppertal 

Gaußstr. 20 

42097 Wuppertal 

Germany 

Contacts: 

PD Dr. Jörg Kleffmann 

Tel.: +49 202 439 3534 

Fax: +49 202 439 2505 

e-mail: kleffman@uni-wuppertal.de 

75



76




Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) 


Atmospheric physics and chemistry 


Dr. Martine De Mazière: project leader FTIR 

Dr. M. Van Roozendael: project leader UV-Vis 

B. Dils, Caroline Fayt, François Hendrick, Christian Hermans, Jean-Christopher 

Lambert, Gaia Pinardi, Corinne Vigouroux, P. Olamba: team scientists 

Pierre Gérard, José Granville, T. Jacobs: team support engineers 


UV-Vis (main results, significance of results, progress in 2005) 

BIRA-IASB operates a zenith-sky looking UV-visible spectrometer installed on the 

Sphinx platform since June 1990. Of the French CNRS SAOZ (Système d’Analyse 

par Observations Zénithales) design, this instrument has been qualified for operation 

within the international NDSC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change). 

Twice daily at twilight, it provides measurements of the ozone and nitrogen dioxide 

total columns suitable for long-term climatological studies and for satellite validation. 

In 2004-2005, the SAOZ NO 2 and O 3 column data have been submitted to the NDSC 

and ENVISAT Cal/Val databases and used for the geophysical validation of NO 2 and 

O 3 column data from ERS-2 GOME and ENVISAT SCIAMACHY within the 

ESA/PRODEX CINAMON project (AOID158, coordinated by BIRA-IASB). SAOZ 

data have also been used in the context of the implementation of a new operational 

algorithm for the GOME instrument as part of the ESA UPAS/GDOAS GDP4.0 

project. The stratospheric NO 2 vertical profile inversion algorithm, developed in 2003 

as part of the EU project QUILT (http://nadir.nilu.no/quilt), has been applied to 

selected data sets from the Jungfraujoch. Its usefulness for the validation of NO 2 

profile measurements from space has been demonstrated in the framework of the 

ENVISAT validation. Instrumental developments have also taken place during 2004- 

2005, with the preparation of a new multi-axis DOAS spectrometer, which will be 

installed in the course of 2006 to complement SAOZ observations. In comparison to 

SAOZ, the new DOAS instrument has improved performances for NO 2 detection, and 

enhanced capabilities to derive vertical profile information in both the troposphere 

and the stratosphere. It also enables the detection of additional trace gases (HCHO, 

BrO, SO 2 ) relevant to the monitoring of air quality. 

FTIR solar absorption spectrometry (main results, significance of results, 

progress in 2005) 

BIRA-IASB participates in the observations and their analysis of the atmospheric 

composition by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry coordinated by the 

University of Liege (see report by ULg). 

In 2005, the EC project UFTIR (http://ww.nilu.no/uftir), coordinated by BIRA-IASB, 

went into its third year. The Jungfraujoch as well as all other European NDSC 

stations equipped with FTIR instruments are included in the project. The project aims 

at optimising the vertical inversion of 6 species, that are O 3 , CO, N 2 O, CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , 

and HCFC-22, re-analysing the existing time series, and comparing them with model 

77



results. After having defined a common retrieval strategy in the previous years of the 

project, a large part of 2005 has been devoted to the revision of the target timeseries. 

The BIRA-IASB team has been responsible for the revision of the FTIR ozone 

timeseries at Jungfraujoch, covering the period 1995-2005. Comparisons with CTM2 

from Oslo University show a good agreement, although the model slightly 

overestimates the total ozone amount. The discrepancy probably comes from the 

dynamics in the model that is taken from ERA40 and that includes a too fast Brewer- 

Dobson circulation. The long term trend of the ozone amount above Jungfraujoch has 

been evaluated using a bootstrap resampling method and indicates a non-significant 

trend in the troposphere, and a slightly positive annual trend in the total column 

(0.37%±0.21% of the 2000 value, per year) 

In 2005, the validation of ENVISAT SCIAMACHY and MIPAS data using 

Jungfraujoch and other ground-based NDSC FTIR data has continued in the frame of 

the ESA/PRODEX project FTIRval (AOID126, coordinated by BIRA-IASB) and in 

the frame of the EC project Evergreen (http://www.knmi.nl/evergreen). It has been 

demonstrated that the vertical profile information retrieved from the FTIR data can be 

very well exploited for the validation of MIPAS profiles, in particular for O 3 , HNO 3 

and N 2 O profiles. Comparisons have also been performed between the FTIR data and 

4D Var data assimilation analyses from the BIRA-IASB BASCOE system. They have 

highlighted the benefits and limitations of the present assimilation system (Vigouroux 

et al., 2006). It has also been shown that the FTIR total column data of CO, CH 4 , N 2 O 

and CO 2 represent a very valid contribution to the validation of the SCIAMACHY 

near-infrared products, and of comparable model data from TM4 and TM5. 

Key words 

atmospheric composition, long-term monitoring, optical remote sensing, vertical 

inversion methods, satellite validation 

Internet databases 

‣ The data are archived in the NDSC database (http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/), in the 

NADIR/NILU database (http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir). 

‣ Data processed for ENVISAT validation purposes are also submitted to the 

ENVISAT CAL/VAL database(http://nadir.nilu.no/calval/) 

‣ Revised FTIR timeseries in the frame of UFTIR have been submitted to 

NADIR/NILU in a dedicated database for UFTIR (see http://www.nilu.no/uftir). 

They will be copied to the NDSC database as soon as this one is upgraded to 

accept FTIR profile data. 


‣ Collaborations with University of Liège, NDSC partners and partners of the EC 

projects QUILT, UFTIR, Evergreen. 

‣ Collaboration with modellers, in particular M. Chipperfield of Univ. Leeds. 

‣ Both the UV-Vis and FTIR observations contribute to the international Network 

for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC), now re-baptized NDACC, 

Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes. 

‣ Collaboration with S. Reimann, B. Buchmann, and D. Fiolini of EMPA 

‣ Collaborations with A. Prévot (PSI) and I. Bey (EPFL) 

‣ Collaboration with the GOME, ACE and MetOp satellite communities. 

78





Bach M., S. Fally, P.-F. Coheur, M. Carleer, A. Jenouvrier, A. C. Vandaele Line 

parameters of HDO from High-Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy in the 11 

500 - 23 000 cm-1 Spectral Region, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 232(2), 341-350, 2005. 

Barret B., D.Hurtmans, M. Carleer, M. De Mazière, E. Mahieu and P.-F. Coheur, 


FTIR measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer., 95(4), 499-519, 


De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, P. Woods, K. Ellingsen, 

M. Gauss, I. Isaksen, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Chelin, 

E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J. 

Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, A. Rockmann, Evaluation of tropospheric trends 

of primary and secondary greenhouse gases over Europe from ground-based remote 

sensing observations and model analyses, Proceedings of the Fourth International 

Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4), Science, Control, Policy and 

Implementation, Utrecht (The Netherlands, 4-6 July 2005); also in Environ. Sciences, 

Special Issue 2 (2-3), 283-293 (2005). 

Denis, L., H.K. Roscoe, M.P. Chipperfield, M. Van Roozendael and F. Goutail 

(2004). A new software suite for NO2 vertical profile retrieval from ground-based 

zenith-sky spectrometers, JQSRT, 92, 321-333, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.07.030. 

Dils, B., M. De Mazière, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, P. Demoulin, P. 

Duchatelet, H. Fast, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, D. Griffith, N. Jones, T. 

Kerzenmacher, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, S. Mikuteit, R. L. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, H. 

Schrijver, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, W. Stremme, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J. Taylor, 

M. van den Broek, T. Wagner, T. Warneke, A. Wiacek, S. Wood, Comparisons 

between SCIAMACHY scientific products and ground-based FTIR data for total 

columns of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O, ACPD, 5(3), 2677-2717 (to be published in 

ACP), 2005. 

Hendrick, F., M. Van Roozendael, A. Kylling, A. Petritoli, A. Rozanov, S. Sanghavi, 

R. Schofield, C. von Friedeburg, T. Wagner, F. Wittrock, D. Fonteyn, and M. De 

Mazière (2005). Intercomparison exercise between different radiative transfer models 

used for the interpretation of ground-based zenith-sky and multi-axis DOAS 

observations, ACP 6, 93-108, 2006. 

Meijer, Y.J. , D. P. J. Swart, M. Allaart, S. B. Andersen, G. Bodeker, I. Boyd, G. 

Braathen, Y. Calisesi, H. Claude, V. Dorokhov, P. von der Gathen, M. Gil, S. Godin- 

Beekmann, F. Goutail, G. Hansen, A. Karpetchko, P. Keckhut, H. M. Kelder, R. 

Koelemeijer, B. Kois, R. M. Koopman, G. Kopp, J.-C. Lambert, T. Leblanc, I. S. 

McDermid, S. Pal, H. Schets, R. Stubi, T. Suortti, G. Visconti, M. Yela, Pole-to-pole 

validation of Envisat GOMOS ozone profiles using data from ground-based and 

balloon sonde measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23305, 

doi:10.1029/2004JD004834, 2004. 

Piters, A. J. M., K. Bramstedt, J.-C. Lambert, and B. Kirchhoff, Overview of 

SCIAMACHY validation: 2002-2004, Invited paper, ACP 6, 127-148, 2006. 

Spurr, R., W. Balzer, D. Loyola, W. Thomas, E. Mikusch, T. Rupper, M. Van 

Roozendael, J.-C. Lambert, V. Soebijanta, GOME Level 1-to-2 Data Processor 

79



Version 3.0: A Major Upgrade of the GOME/ERS-2 Total Ozone Retrieval 

Algorithm, accepted for publication in Appl. Optics, 2005. 

Tolchenov R., O. Naumenko, N. Zobov, O. Polyansly, J. Tennyson, M. Carleer, P.-F. 

Coheur, S. Fally, A. Jenouvrier, A. C. Vandaele, Water vapor line assignments in the 

9250 – 26000 cm-1 frequency range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 233(1), 


Vandaele, A. C., C. Fayt, F. Hendrick, C. Hermans, F. Humbled, M. Van Roozendael, 

M. Gil, M. Navarro, O. Puentedura, M. Yela, G. Braathen, K. Stebel, K. Tørnkvist, P. 

Johnston, K. Kreher, F. Goutail, A. Mieville, J.-P. Pommereau, S. Khaikine, A. 

Richter, H. Oetjen, F. Wittrock, S. Bugarski, U. Frieb, K. Pfeilsticker, R. Sinreich, T. 

Wagner, G. Corlett, R. Leigh, An intercomparison campaign of ground-based UV- 

Visible measurements of NO2, BrO, and OClO slant columns. Methods of analysis 

and results for NO2, J. of Geophys. Res., 110, D08305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005423, 


Zander, R. and M. De Mazière, Atmospheric composition changes: causes and 

processes involved (2004). Belgian Global Change Research 1990-2002, Assessment 

and Integration Report, Main Eds.: M. G. Den Ouden and M. Vanderstraeten, 

Scientific editors: R. Ceulemans, M. De Mazière, I. Nijs, J.-P. Vanderborght, J.-P. 

Van Ypersele, R. Wollast, R. Zander, Chapter 1, Belgian Science Policy 

(D/2004/1191/48). 


Delbouille, M. De Mazière, and C.P. Rinsland (2005). Evolution of a dozen non-CO2 

greenhouse gases above Central Europe since the mid-1980s, Proceedings of the 

Fourth International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4), 

Science, Control, Policy and Implementation, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 4-6 July 

2005; also in Environ. Sciences, Special Issue 2 (2-3), 295-303, 2005. 

Balis, D., J-C. Lambert, M. Van Roozendael, D. Loyola, R. Spurr, Y. Livschitz, P. 

Valks, V. Amiridis, P. Gerard, and J. Granville, Reprocessing the 10-year 

GOME/ERS-2 total ozone record for trend analysis: the new GOME Data Processor 

Version 4.0 – Paper 2: Product Validation, submitted to Journal of Geophysical 

Research – Atmosphere, 2005 

Neefs, E., M. De Mazière, F. Scolas, C. Hermans, and T. Hawat, BARCOS: a system 

for making atmospheric observations with a Bruker FTS in an automatic or remotely 

controlled way, submitted to Rev. Sci. Instruments, 2006. 

Vigouroux, C., M. De Mazière, D. Fonteyn, E. Mahieu, P. Duchatelet, S. Wood, D. 

Smale, S. Mikuteit, T. Blumenstock, N. Jones, Comparisons between ground-based 

FTIR and MIPAS N 2 O and HNO 3 profiles, before and after assimilation in BASCOE, 

ACP, to be submitted, 2006. 

Vaughan, G., P. T. Quinn, A. C. Green, J. Bean, H. K. Roscoe, M. Van Roozendael 

and F. Goutail SAOZ measurements of stratospheric NO2 at Aberystwyth, 1991- 

2004, submitted to Journal of Environmental Monitoring (JEM), 2005. 

80



Book sections 

Blumenstock, T., S. Mikuteit, F. Hase, I. Boyd, Y. Calisesi, C. DeClercq, J.-C. 

Lambert, R. Koopman, S. McDermid, S. Oltmans, D. Swart, U. Raffalski, H. Schets, 

D. De Muer, W. Steinbrecht, R. Stubi, and S. Wood (2004). Comparison of MIPAS 

O3 profiles with ground-based measurements, Proceedings of the Second Workshop 

on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-2) (Esrin, Italy, May 

3-7, 2004), SP-562 (ESA). 

De Clercq, C., J.-C. Lambert, Y. Calisesi, H. Claude, R. Stubi, et al. (2004). 

Integrated characterisation of Envisat ozone Profile data using ground-based network 

data, in Proceedings of Envisat & ERS Symposium, Salzburg, Austria, 6-10 

September 2004, ESA SP-572, 10. 

Kelder, H., A. Piters, R. Timmermans, K. Bramstedt, and J-C. Lambert (2004). 

SCIAMACHY Validation Summary, Proceedings of the Second Workshop on the 

Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-2) (Esrin, Italy, May 3-7, 

2004), SP-562 (ESA). 

Meijer, Y. J., D. P. J. Swart, M. Allaart, S. Andersen, G. Bodeker, I. Boyd, G. 

Braathen, Y. Calisesi, H. Claude, V. Dorokhov, P. von der Gathen, M. Gil, S. Godin- 

Beekmann, F. Goutail, G. Hansen, A. Karpetchko, P. Keckhut, H. Kelder, R. 

Koelemeijer, B. Kois, R. Koopman, J.-C. Lambert, T. Leblanc, I. S. McDermid, S. 

Pal, G. Kopp, H. Schets, R. Stubi, T. Suortti, G. Visconti, and M. Yela (2004). 

GOMOS Ozone Profile Validation Using Data From Ground-based and Balloonsonde 

Measurements, in Proc. Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT-2 

(ACVE-2) Conference, ESA/ESRIN, Italy, 3-7 May 2004, ESA SP-562, 9. 

Van Roozendael, M., I. De Smedt, C. Fayt, F. Hendrick, F. Wittrock, A. Richter, and 

O. Afe (2004). First validation of SCIAMACHY BrO vertical columns, Proceedings 

of the 2nd Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT 

(ACVE-2), ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 3-7 May 2004. 


Bach, M., Fally, S., Vandaele, A.C., Coheur, P.-F., Carleer, M., Jenouvrier, A. (2005) 

Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy of HDO in the visible and near-IR spectral 

regions, European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2005, Vienna (Austria), 24- 

29 April 2005. 

Fally S., M. Carleer, P.-F. Coheur, C. Clerbaux, L. Daumont, A. Jenouvrier, C. 

Hermans, A. C. Vandaele, M. Kiseleva (2005). Water vapor continuum absorption 

and O2-X collision-induced absorption by laboratory Fourier transform spectroscopy, 

CECAM workshop on water dimers and weakly interacting species in atmospheric 

modeling, Lyon (France), 25-27 April 2005. 

Jenouvrier A., L. Daumont, L. Regalia-Jarlot, Vl.G. Tyuterev, M. Carleer, S. Fally, 

A.C. Vandaele, S.N. Mikhailenko (2005). Long path Fourier Transform absorption 

Spectroscopy of water vapor in the 4200-6600 cm-1 spectral range, The 19th 

Colloquium on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy, Salamanca (Spain), 11-15 

Sept. 2005. 

Tashkun S. A., Schwenke D. W., Tyuterev Vl.G., Jenouvrier A., Mikhailenko S., 

Carleer M., Fally S., Vandaele A. C., Daumont L., Regalia L., Barbe A. (2005). 

Global modelling of rovibrational line intensities of the water vapour in the IR and 

visible range and extended comparisons with new long-path experimental spectra, 

81



European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, (Austria), 24-29 

April 2005. 


Lelieveld, J., M. De Mazière, S. Fuzzi, C. Granier, N. Harris, Ǿ. Hov, U. Schumann 

(2005). Atmospheric Change and Earth System Science - AIRES III: Research 

Challenges. 

Address: 

Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy 

Ringlaan 3 

B-1180 Brussels 

Belgium 

Contacts: 

Martine De Mazière 

Tel. +32 2 373 03 63 

Fax: +32 2 374 84 23 

e-mail: martine@oma.be 

Michel Van Roozendael 

Tel. +32 2 373 04 16 

Fax: +32 2 374 84 23 

e-mail: michelv@oma.be 

URL: 

http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ 

http://www.nilu.no/uftir 

82




Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br. 

Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern 


85 Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric Air 


Hartmut Sartorius, Clemens Schlosser and Sabine Schmid, Bundesamt für 

Strahlenschutz, D-79098 Freiburg 

Roland Purtschert, Heinz Hugo Loosli, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, CH- 

3012 Bern 


The collection of air samples for 85 Kr activity measurements has been continued at 

Jungfraujoch in 2005. A few cc of Krypton are collected in weekly samples from 

about 10 m 3 of air. These samples are sent to Freiburg i.Br. for Krypton separation, 

purification and for activity measurement. 

This isotope is unique because it contributes the major part to the present-day 

artificial activity in air. The radiation dose however is negligible compared to the 

dose components from internal and external radiation, including from cosmic rays. 

Figure 1: measured 85 Kr activities in weekly samples of air, collected at Jungfraujoch 

(3500 m a s l) and at Schauinsland (1000 m a s l) in the last two years. 

83



Jungfraujoch is preferred as sampling site because there the equilibrium 85 Kr activity 

in the northern troposphere can best be determined; at this altitude admixtures of 

contaminated air are less probable. This equilibrium tropospheric level corresponds in 

Figure 1 to the lowest measured values of about 1.4 Bq/m 3 . To compensate for the 

yearly loss of activity in the atmosphere by radioactive decay a yearly emission rate 

of 4 10 17 Bq from reprocessing plants can be estimated. 

Superimposed to the basic level are irregular spikes of higher activity. This happens 

when air masses from reprocessing plants reach the sampling site without enough 

dilution with uncontaminated air. Increased activity values up to 2.7 Bq/m 3 are 

measured in 2005 in samples collected at the low altitude station Schauinsland, 

whereas at Jungfraujoch the highest value reaches “only” 1.8 Bq/m 3 (end of January 

2005). Several increased values at Jungfraujoch correlate with high values in 

Freiburg; probably the origin of the excess 85 Kr is the same for both sampling sites. 

Forward and backward wind trajectories help to define the origin of the increased 

85 Kr activities; usually La Hague (France) and Sellafield UK) can be distinguished. 

From Figure 1 it can be seen that in both years no spikes occurred in August and 

September. It can be concluded that emissions were lower during the summer stop of 

operations. 

Key words: 

Krypton, 85 Kr, radioactivity in air, reprocessing plants 


HSartorius@bfs.de 


purtschert@climate.unibe.ch 


Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, 

Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2005 (in preparation). 

Address: 

Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz 

Rosastrasse 9 

D-79098 Freiburg 

Contacts: 

H. Sartorius 

e-mail: HSartorius@bfs.de 

84




Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, 



Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols with 14 C 

Project team: 

Dr. Sönke Szidat 

Dr. Margit Schwikowski 

Theo Jenk 

Matthias Ruff 


Carbonaceous particles are a major component of the fine aerosol. They originate 

from anthropogenic (mainly from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning) and 

biogenic emissions. For the identification and quantification of these sources, many 

elemental and organic molecular tracers have been employed, but their reliability 

often suffers from limited atmospheric lifetimes due to their chemical reactivity and 

highly variable emission factors. Thus, there is a large uncertainty about the 

importance of anthropogenic emissions for the total carbonaceous aerosol burden of 

the atmosphere. In contrast to these tracers, radiocarbon ( 14 C) determinations enable a 

direct distinction of contemporary and fossil carbon in ambient aerosols, because 14 C 

has decayed in the latter material. 

TSP (total suspended particles) samples were collected at the High Alpine Research 

Station Jungfraujoch during August/September 2004, January-April 2005, and June- 

September 2005 for source investigation of the carbonaceous aerosol. Furthermore, 

two shallow snow cores were drilled on the Jungfraufirn ~500 m south of the Sphinx 

in April 2005 for comparison of ambient airborne with precipitated particulate matter. 

The carbonaceous aerosol (total carbon, TC) was differentiated into elemental carbon 

(EC) and organic carbon (OC) with a temperature-programmed combustion, followed 

by 14 C measurements at the PSI/ETHZ accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facility. 

In the following, first results of the OC fraction are presented. 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

fM (fraction of modern) 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

All day (0000-2400) 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

All day (0000-2400) 

0.5 

05 Aug 04 02 Sep 04 30 Sep 04 

0.5 

19 Jan 05 16 Feb 05 16 Mar 05 13 Apr 05 

0.6 Nighttime (2330-0730) 

Daytime (0730-2330) 

0.5 

29 Jun 05 27 Jul 05 24 Aug 05 21 Sep 05 

Figure 1: f M values of airborne particulate OC at Jungfraujoch during three 

campaigns in 2004 and 2005. Horizontal bars mark sampling periods, vertical bars 

standard measurement uncertainties. 

85



Figure 1 shows 14 C determinations of airborne particulate OC under summer and 

winter conditions. Results are given in terms of fractions of modern (f M ) representing 

14 C/ 12 C ratios of a sample related to that present in the reference year 1950. 

Consequently, values can range from 0 for fossil substances to ~1.1 for contemporary 

material with the upper limit slightly exceeding the theoretical maximum of 1 as a 

consequence of the nuclear bomb excess. Results indicate a major influence of 

contemporary sources, which mainly comprise biogenic emissions of plants as well as 

biomass burning aerosols from forest fires and residential wood heating. Fossil 

sources, e.g. from traffic emissions, contributed ~35 % and ~20 % during winter and 

summer, respectively. Simultaneous daytime and nighttime sampling in summer 2005 

revealed comparable isotopic signals suggesting similar emission patterns for both 

conditions. This is remarkable as the Jungfraujoch is usually situated in the 

undisturbed free troposphere with a well-mixed European background aerosol during 

summer nights, while local particulate matter transported vertically from lower 

elevations may interfere during daytime. 

Key words: 

Carbonaceous aerosol, environmental radiocarbon, source apportionment 


Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut 

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut 

Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich 

Air Pollution Control and NIR Division, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment 

Address: 

Laboratory of Radio and Environmental Chemistry 


Freiestrasse 3 

CH-3012 Bern 

Contacts: 

Sönke Szidat 

Tel.: +41 31 631 4263 

Fax: +41 31 631 4220 

E-mail: szidat@iac.unibe.ch 

URL: http://lch.web.psi.ch/analytic/members/project_soenke.html 

86




ETH Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science 


Measurements at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch to study the long range 

Transport and in-situ Photochemistry 


Prof. Johannes Stähelin 

Jacob Balzani, Geir Legreid 


The high Alpine station at Jungfraujoch located at 3580 m a.s.l. in the Swiss Alps is a 

very suitable site to study intercontinental transport events of air masses polluted by 

primary emissions of the planetary boundary layer of North America and to study insitu 

photochemistry of the lower free troposphere over the European continent as 

documented by earlier studies. In the 2005, 4 different campaigns, one for every 

season, took place at the research station. During those campaigns Formaldehyde and 

Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compunds (OVOCs), referring to Geir Legreid, have 

been measured. Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) has been measured thorough all the year 

and it is still currently measured. 

Those field measurements extend and complement the continuous measurements 

performed in the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) project of the World 

Meteorological Station (WMO) performed by EMPA (NO, NO 2 , NO x , CO, O 3 and 

selected volatile hydrocarbons) and the particular aerosol measurements performed 

during the CLACE-4 campaign, during February-March 2005. 

The collected data (see fig. 1 and fig. 2) are currently under process and will be soon 

presented, including meteorological and trajectories analysis of different conditions. 

NO 

X 

4 

2 

0 

NO 

Y 

6 

4 

2 

0 

NO 

1 

0 

V.M.R. (ppb) 

NO 

2 

PAN 

CO 

O 

3 

4 

2 

0 

3 0 0 

2 0 0 

1 0 0 

7 5 

6 0 

4 5 

3 0 

0 . 9 

0 . 6 

0 . 3 

0 . 0 

HCHO 

1 . 2 

0 . 8 

0 . 4 

0 . 0 

15 Feb 

17 Feb 

19 Feb 

21 Feb 

23 Feb 

25 Feb 

27 Feb 

Fig. 1. Winter measurements of HCHO and PAN at Jungfraujoch, the other measurements are courtesy 

provided by EMPA. 

1 Mar 

3 Mar 

5 Mar 

7 Mar 

9 Mar 

11 Mar 

13 Mar 

15 Mar 

17 Mar 

87



The data will be then use as input for box-chemical models to study: 

- In situ photochemistry using, also peroxyradical measurements performed by 

the group of Paul Monks (University of Leeds, UK) at Jungfraujoch during 

summer. 

- Short range transport, from Swiss Plateau, for this purpose similar 

formaldehyde measurements have been performed in Zürich for summer and 

winter. 

- Long range transport. 

90 

Relative Humidity (%) 

60 

30 

0 

0 400 800 1200 1600 

HCHO - V.M.R. (ppb) 

Fig. 2. Relation between Relative Humidity and Formaldehyde concentration during winter 2005 

indicating the transport form the PBL 

Address: 

Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science 

ETH Zentrum 

Universitätsstrasse 16 


Contacts: 

Johannes Stähelin 

Tel. +41 44 633 2748 

Fax +41 44 633 1058 

johannes.staehelin@env.ethz.ch 

88




Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 

Particle Chemistry Department 


Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice particles and from supercooled 

cloud droplets during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments 

(CLACE) 


Dr. Johannes Schneider, Saskia Walter, Dr. Joachim Curtius 


The identification of ice nuclei is crucial for the understanding of heterogeneous ice 

nucleation in supercooled clouds, which is the main initiation process of precipitation 

in middle latitudes. Until today it is not well understood which chemical components 

(e.g. sulphuric acid, ammonium, nitrate, various organic substances, mineral dust, sea 

salt, soot, or other materials) contained inside or on the surface of aerosol particles 

enable a particle to act as an ice nucleus (IN). While water soluble compounds are 

expected to favour the formation of liquid cloud droplets, insoluble materials like 

mineral components may favour the formation of ice particles. 

During the 3rd and 4th Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments (CLACE-3, 

CLACE-4) in February/March 2004 and 2005, mass spectrometric measurements of 

residuals of supercooled cloud droplets and small ice particles were performed at the 

High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch. An Aerodyne Quadrupole Aerosol Mass 

Spectrometer (Q-AMS) was used to measure chemically resolved mass concentrations 

and size distributions of various non-refractory aerosol components (sulphate, 

nitrate, ammonium, organics) in the size range of 20 – 1500 nm. 

A novel sampling system for freshly formed ice particles (ICE-CVI, Institute for 

Tropospheric Research, Leipzig) was coupled to the Q-AMS. By pre-segregation of 

other mixed-phase cloud constituents and evaporation of the ice water fraction, the 

residual particles, which are expected to be the original IN, were made available for 

analysis with the Q-AMS. Depending on cloud type and ICE-CVI operation mode, 

the combination of Q-AMS and ICE-CVI allowed the analysis of residuals of ice 

particles as well as of supercooled cloud droplets. Alternatively, the interstitial and 

out-of-cloud aerosol was sampled and compared to the residual particles. 

Figure 1 gives the time series of mass concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and 

sulphate, measured for interstitial aerosol (during cloud events) and out-of-cloud 

aerosol. The concentrations during the cloud free time periods vary significantly and 

are relatively low, as expected for free tropospheric aerosol. 

Filter samples taken by the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, allowed an additional 

chemical characterization of the aerosol. Figure 2 shows a comparison between sulphate 

mass concentrations derived from the filter samples and from the Q-AMS. The 

data agree well within the uncertainties. 

89



Mass Concentration (µg m -3 ) 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

0.0 

-0.5 

Cloud Events: 

CLACE-4 

Mainz AMS 

interstitial and 

out-of-cloud 

aerosol 

NH 4 

NO 3 

SO 4 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

01.02.2005 11.02.2005 21.02.2005 03.03.2005 13.03.2005 

Date 

Figure 1: Time series of Q-AMS mass concentrations or interstitial and out-of-cloud aerosol 

Mass Concentration (µg m -3 ) 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

0.0 

-0.5 

CLACE-4 

Mainz AMS 

interstitial and 

out-of-cloud 

aerosol 

SO 4 

Filters 

SO 4 

AMS 

01.02.2005 11.02.2005 21.02.2005 03.03.2005 13.03.2005 

Date 

Figure 2: Comparison of SO 4 mass concentrations measured with the Q-AMS and filters 

Integrated mass concentrations for the transmission range of the AMS inlet system 

(vacuum aerodynamic diameter < 1000 nm) from both AMS and SMPS are given in 

Figure 3. The SMPS data were converted from mobility into vacuum aerodynamic 

diameter using densities inferred from comparison of the measured diameters 

(mobility and vacuum aerodynamic diameter), assuming spherical particles. For the 

shown time periods the densities were found to be 1.5 g cm -3 for both interstitial and 

out-of-cloud aerosol. For the ice residuals, a density of 2.0 g cm -3 was chosen. 

The unknown density of the ice residuals was varied between 1.5 and 2.5 g cm -3 , 

indicated by the error bar added to the SMPS value. The comparison of SMPS and 

AMS data indicates that the out-of-cloud aerosol was composed to about 80% of nonrefractory 

material. The interstitial aerosol was found to contain a larger fraction of 

refractory compounds than the out-of-cloud aerosol. The ice cloud residuals sampled 

by the CVI show very low mass concentrations detected by the AMS, although the 

total mass below 1 µm, as inferred from the SMPS, was well above the AMS detection 

limit. This implies that a large fraction of the ice residual mass (≈ 86%) could 

not be detected by the AMS. Since the amount of black carbon (not shown) does not 

account for this difference, this finding implies that preferably refractory particles like 

mineral dust act as ice nuclei. 

90



2.5 

Mass concentration (µg m -3 ) 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

EF = 5.8 

0.0 

Residuals Interstitial Out of cloud 

23.3., 20:30 - 24.3., 11:30 - 25.3., 18:00 - 

24.3., 09:40 25.3., 06:10 26.3., 00:00 

Figure 3: Mass concentrations measured by the AMS in comparison with mass concentrations inferred 

from the SMPS for ice cloud residuals, interstitial and out-of-cloud aerosol particles 

(CLACE-3). Note that the residuals are enriched by a factor of 5.8 compared to the other 

data. 

Results from measurements with a similar setup using additionally two single particle 

laser ablation mass spectrometers during a follow-up experiment (CLACE-5) in 

February/March 2006 will help to gain further insight into the chemical composition 

of ice cloud residuals. 

Key words: 

Aerosol mass spectrometry, Cloud-Aerosol interactions 


E. Weingartner et al., Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 

Villigen, Switzerland 

S. Mertes, Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany 

K. Bower et al., School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, 

University of Manchester, UK 

S. Weinbruch et al., Institut für Mineralogie, TU Darmstadt, Germany 

A. Petzold, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Centre, Germany 

E. Fries et al., Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, J.-W.-Goethe-Universität 


M. Vana et al., University of Helsinki, Finland 

J. M. Balzani-Lööv et al., ETH, Zürich, Switzerland 

G. Legreid et al., EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland 


Conference papers/contributions 

S. Walter et al., Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice particles and 

from supercooled cloud droplets during CLACE-3 and CLACE-4, oral presentation at 

the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 2005 

91



E. Weingartner et al., An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization 

Experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in 

Switzerland, oral presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 


S. Mertes et al., Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in 

mixed phase clouds at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) 

during CLACE, oral presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, 

Belgium, 2005 

B. Verheggen et al., Nucleation and activation of aerosol particles during CLACE 

campaigns (Jungfraujoch, 3580 metres a.s.l., Switzerland), oral presentation at the 

European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 2005 

M. Ebert et al., Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric aerosol in 

mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron microscopy, poster 

presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 2005 

J. Crosier et al., Comparing winter and summer submicron aerosol chemical 

composition and size distributions at the Jungfraujoch, poster presentation at the 

European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 2005 

E. Weingartner et al., An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization 

Experiments (CLACE) conducted at a high alpine site in the free troposphere, 

solicited oral presentation at the EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2005 

U. Baltensperger et al., Aerosol hygroscopic growth closure by simultaneous 

measurement of hygroscopic growth and chemical composition at the high-Alpine 

station Jungfraujoch, solicited oral presentation at the EGU General Assembly, 

Vienna, Austria, 2005 

J. Cozic et al., Aerosol - cloud interaction: highlights from the Cloud and Aerosol 

Characterization Experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station 

Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, oral presentation at the 1 st ACCENT Symposium, 

Urbino, Italy, 2005 

S. Walter et al., Mass spectrometric analysis of ice and supercooled cloud residuals 

during CLACE-3, poster presentation at the EGU General Assembly, Vienna, 

Austria, 2005 

Address: 

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry 

Particle Chemistry Department. 

Joh.-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27 

D-55128 Mainz 

Contacts: 

Dr. Johannes Schneider 

Tel.: +49 6131 305 586 

Fax: +49 6131 305 597 

e-mail: schneider@mpch-mainz.mpg.de 

URL: http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~clouds/ 

92




Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Universität Frankfurt, 

Germany 


Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals and super-cooled 

droplets at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4 


Dr. Elke Fries, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Jaeschke, Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Püttmann, project 

leaders 

Dr. Elena Starokozhev, Dr. Stefan Auras, Karsten Sieg 


Naturally occurring emissions and continuously rising levels of anthropogenic 

emissions are responsible for the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in 

the atmosphere. Due to vertical transport processes chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons 

were detected at higher altitudes (Prévot et al., 2000, Reimann et al., 2004). 

Secondary aerosols are formed from biogenic and anthropogenic VOC (Barthelmie & 

Pryor, 1997). An important process affecting the fate of VOC in the atmosphere is 

their removal by wet deposition (Czuczwa et al., 1988). Most of the precipitation 

falling to the surface at midlatitudines originates as ice in mixed phase clouds at 

higher altitudes. One possible uptake mechanism for VOC by ice crystals could be the 

uptake of gaseous VOC during crystal growth by vapour deposition (Huffmann & 

Snider, 2004). 

During the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment CLACE 4 in February- 

March 2005 quasi-continuous measurements of VOC in air, snow, ice crystals and 

super-cooled droplets were carried out at the Sphinx laboratory at the alpine research 

station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl). The measurements were focused on C 2 -C 12 

nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC). 

Air. VOC in air were measured with two different analytical methods. One method 

was based on an online-gas chromatographic system (AirmoVOC) with a temporal 

resolution of 240 min. The equipment was calibrated by a parent gas standard 

(National Physical Laboratory, UK) containing 28 VOC (alkenes, alkanes, aromatics) 

at a concentration of 5 ppb. The second method based on a preconcentration of VOC 

on activated charcoal followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). 

Outside air was passed through glass sampling tubes packed with activated charcoal 

(Dräger, Germany). Samples were taken simultaneously to the AirmoVOC measurements. 

Sampling time was 240 min. After trapping VOC the cartridges were 

transported to the laboratory. Subsequently, compounds were desorbed by adding 750 

µL of carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) to the activated charcoal. One-micro liter aliquot of each 

CS 2 extract was manually injected into the GC-injector kept at 260 °C. Quantification 

was done by adding 25 µl of octylchlorid (200 µg ml -1 ) as an internal standard. 

Snow and ice crystals, super-cooled droplets. Simultaneously to air sampling airborne 

snow and ice crystals and super-cooled droplets were collected during different snow 

events. Therefore, two self-constructed snow collectors were installed at the Sphinx 

laboratory. In addition, we installed a stain- less steel panel to collect super-cooled 

93



droplets. After four hours of sampling snow and ice crystals and super-cooled 

droplets were removed and filled into 10 ml glass vials sealed with an aluminium 

coated septum (Supelco). The frozen samples were transported to the laboratory in a 

freezing box and melted right before analysis. Toluene D8 was added to each sample 

as an internal standard. Concentrations of VOC in the melted ice were determined by 

a sensitive method based on a self-controlled Solid-Phase-Dynamic-Extraction 

(SPDE) followed by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS). VOC were 

allowed to adsorb on a syringe coated with a bonded organic phase. After extraction 

the syringe was drawn into the GC injector and analytes were desorbed thermally at 

260 °C. 

A sustainable monitoring allows us to evaluate the impact of biogenic and 

anthropogenic emissions on the free troposphere. Preliminary results during CLACE 

4 show that alkenes, alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons are present in the gas phase 

at the Jungfraujoch area at high altitudes. The results of our measurements are a 

contribution to the continuous gas phase measurements of the EMPA group at 

Jungfraujoch. The propane concentration variations match very well with the predicted 

propane concentrations by the weather forecast model MATCH developed by 

Lawrence et al (1993). The propane measurements at Jungfraujoch confirmed that the 

model is a useful tool to detect episodes with high hydrocarbon concentrations. 

Since we detected concentrations of VOC also in airborne snow and ice crystals our 

results are also a contribution to the evaluation of the role of the ice phase in the troposphere 

on the global transport of organic compounds. The occurrence of those 

compounds in precipitation at high altitudes is an indication for the importance of incloud 

scavenging on the removal of VOC by wet deposition from the atmosphere. 

With a comparison of the concentrations of VOC in snow, ice crystals and supercooled 

droplets we will be able to distinguish the uptake of VOC via riming from the 

uptake during vapor to ice growth by diffusion. 

Barthelmie, R.J., Pryor, S.C (1995). Sci. Total. Environ. 205, 169-178. 

Czuczwa, J, Leuenberger, C. and Giger, W. (1988). Atmos. Environ. 22, 907-916, 

1988. 

Huffman, W.A. and Snider, J.R. (2004). J. Geophys. Res, 109, D01302. 

Prévot, A.S.H., Dommen, J., Bäumle, M. (2000). Atmos. Environ., 34, 4719-4726. 

Reimann, S., Schaub, D., Stemmler, K., Folini, D., Hill, M. Hofer, P., Buchmann, B. 

J. (2004). Geophys. Res. 109, D05307 

Lawrence, M.G., Rasch, P.J., von Kuhlmann R., Williamns, J., Fischer, H., de Reus, 

M, Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P.J., Schultz, M. Stier, P., Huntrieser, H., Heland, J., Stohl, 

A., Forster, C., Elbern, H., Jakobs, H., Dickerson, R.R. (2003) Global chemical 

weather forecasts for filed campaigns plannuing: predictions and observations of 

lagre-scale features during MINOS, CONTRACE, and INDOWEX. Atmos. Chem. 

Phys. 3, 267-289. 

Key words: 

Organic compounds, SPDE, snow, GC/MS, air 


http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/b8.htm 

94


Universität Mainz, MPI Mainz, Technische Universität Darmstadt 





Fries, E., Starokozhev, E., Auras, S., Sieg, K., Püttmann, W and Jaeschke, W. 

Volatile organic compounds in air at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch 

during CLACE 4; in prep. For submission to Atmospheric Environment. 


E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann and W. Jaeschke Volatile organic compounds 

(VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals and super-cooled droplets at high alpine research 

station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4. Presented at the European Aerosol Conference 

(EAC). Ghent, 28 August - 2 September, 2005. 

Address: 

Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt 

Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität 

Georg-Voigt-Straße 14 

D-60325 Frankfurt am Main 

Contacts: 

Dr. Elke Fries 

Tel.: +49 69 798 22911 

Fax: +49 69 798 28548 

e-mail: E. Fries@kristall.uni-frankfurt.de 

95



96




University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmospheric and 

Environmental Sciences 


CLACE -4 


Professor T.W. Choularton, Dr. K.N. Bower, Dr. H. Coe, Dr. M.W. Gallagher, Dr. P. 

Connolly, Dr. M.J. Flynn 


Measurement of cloud and aerosol properties at the Sphinx laboratory on the summit 

of the Jungfraujoch mountain top ridge. Externally, measurements were made of the 

cloud microphysics, including the cloud liquid water content, ice water content, ice 

crystal habit and size distribution, droplet size distribution in mixed phase clouds, 

together with measurements of high frequency windspeed and direction and of the 

atmospheric visibility. In addition, internally within the laboratory (by sampling on 

the PSI switching inlet system) the size resolved chemical composition of the nonrefractory 

fraction of the atmospheric aerosol, from both the cloud residual and cloud 

interstitial particles was measured by means of an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass 

Spectrometer (AMS). 

It was found that mixed phase cloud was common at the site. On some occasions this 

was locally mixed, with cloud droplets and ice crystals co-existing in the same volume 

of cloud. This tended to occur in young clouds formed by local ascent. In older 

clouds it was often found that cloud which was on average mixed phase consisted of 

neighboring regions that were totally ice and regions that were predominantly supercooled 

liquid water. The boundary between these regions was often very sharp. These 

findings have important implications for the way in which mixed phase clouds are 

treated in global climate models. The aerosol measurements contributed to the joint 

work which has lead to the conclusion that the ice crystal residues consisted predominantly 

of refractory material and that dust aerosol were the dominant ice nuclei. This 

is despite the dominance of sulphate and organic aerosol particles in both the number 

concentration and mass loading. 

Key words: 

Mixed phase clouds, ice crystals, aerosol composition, aerosol mass spectrometry 

Collatorating partners/networks: 

PSI, IFT 


Conference Papers 

Coe, H, Allan, J.D. Alfarra, M.R., Williams., P.I. Bower, K.N., McFiggans, G, 

Gallgher, M.W. and Choularton T.W. 

97



2003 In situ Measurements of Cloud –Aerosol Interactions at a Mountain top site in 

the Swiss Alps. Proc 14 th Annual Conference of the Aerosol Society, 2 and 3 

April 2003 Univ of Reading pp2-5 

Keith N. Bower, M. R. Alfarra, M. J. Flynn, M. W. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. W. 

Choularton, E. Weingartner, C. Corrigan, M. Gysel, and U. Baltensperger 

2004 Measurements of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions in Warm Clouds at the 

Jungfraujoch Mountain Top Site in Switzerland. Proceedings of the 14 th 

International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation (ICCP), Bolgna, Italy, 

19-23 July 2004. Volume 1. pp. 20-23 

K.N. Bower, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, J 

Crosier, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S. Mertes and J. 

Schneider. 

2004 Cloud-aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch Mountain-top Site in the Swiss 

Alps. Proceedings of the 8 th International Global Atmospheric Chemistry 

Conference (IGAC), 4 - 9 th September 2004, Christchurch, New Zealand. 

Session 1: Effects of Aerosols on Clouds and the Hydrological Cycle. p30 

Keith Bower, Michael Flynn, Martin Gallagher, James Allan, Jonathon Crosier, 

Thomas Choularton, Hugh Coe, Rachel Burgess, Urs Baltensperger, Ernerst 

Weingartner , Stephan Mertes and Johannes Schneider 

2004 Measurements of Wintertime Cloud-aerosol Interactions At the Jungfraujoch 

Mountain-top Site in the Swiss Alps. Proceedings of the 23 rd Annual AAAR 

Conference, October 4 - 8 th , Hyatt Regency Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia. Special 

Symposium: Aerosols and Climate Change/Indirect Effects, Cloud Droplet 

Interactions, 1D4, pp10 

Keith N. Bower, H. Coe, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, 

J Crosier, P.Connolly, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S. Sjogren, 

and M.R. Alfarra 

2005 Wintertime Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch High Alpine Site 

in Switzerland. Proceedings of the 16th AGM of the UK Aerosol Society, 

Bristol University, April 14th-15 th , 2005. 

Keith N. Bower, T.W. Choularton, M.W. Gallagher, H. Coe, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, J 

Crosier, P.Connolly, I. Crawford, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S. 

Sjogren, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel and M.R. Alfarra 

2005 Investigations of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch Mountain- 

Top Site in the Swiss Alps during Summer and Winter CLACE Experiments. 

The proceedings of the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, August 28 th – 

September 2 nd , 2005. 

Keith Bower, Thomas Choularton, Hugh Coe, Michael Flynn, James Allan, 

Jonathan Crosier, Paul Connolly, Rachel Burgess, Ernest Weingartner 

2005 Summer and Wintertime Investigations of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the 

Jungfraujoch Mountain Top Site in Switzerland. Proceedings of the Royal 

Meteorological Society Conference, University of Exeter, Exeter, 11th – 16th 

September, 2005 

98

Address: 

School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences 

The University of Manchester 

Williamson Building 

Oxford Road 

Manchester 

M13 9PL 

UK 

Contacts 

Professor T.W. Choularton 

e-main: T.W.Choularton@manchester.ac.uk 

URL: http://www.seaes.manchester.ac.uk/ 



99



100




Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Deutschland 

(IfT) 


Sampling and physico-chemical characterization of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds 


Dr. Stephan Mertes, project leader 

Hartmut Haudek, Stefan Günnel, Peter Glomb, Alexander Schladitz, Kay Weinhold, 

Katrin Lehmann 


Ice nucleation in tropospheric, super-cooled clouds is the main initiation mechanism 

for precipitation in middle latitudes and moreover influences the radiative properties 

and the chemical multiphase processes of these mixed phase clouds. Heterogeneous 

ice nucleation that is induced by a special subset of atmospheric aerosol particles 

named ice nuclei plays the decisive role for ice particle formation in the middle and 

lower troposphere. But up to now, the physico-chemical properties of ice nuclei (size, 

number concentration, chemical composition) as well as the relevance of different 

heterogeneous freezing mechanisms (deposition, condensation, immersion or contact 

freezing) have been rather exclusively studied theoretically or in laboratory experiments 

but hardly inside real tropospheric clouds. 

A sampling system based on the principle of a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) has 

been developed (ICE-CVI) in order to characterize tropospheric ice nuclei that have 

formed ice particles in clouds. Inside mixed-phase clouds the ICE-CVI separates ice 

particles smaller than 20 µm by pre-segregating large ice crystals, super-cooled droplets 

and interstitial particles. The collected small ice particles remain airborne in the 

vertical sampling system and are completely sublimated in a dry and particle free 

carrier air stream. In this way, the contained non-volatile aerosol particles are released 

as dry residuals which can be analysed by instruments coupled to the ICE-CVI. The 

sampled small ice particles do not incorporate particles by riming or aerosol scavenging, 

i.e. the ice particle residuals can be considered as the original ice nuclei 

(IN). Only when ice formation takes place via droplet freezing (immersion and contact 

freezing), the aerosol particle that formed the liquid droplet, the so-called cloud 

condensation nuclei should be additionally detected. Using this information it should 

be possible to differentiate between ice formation via droplet freezing and ice deposition 

nucleation. 

The sampling properties of the novel ICE-CVI sampling system was successfully 

verified during the international field campaign CLACE-3 (cloud and aerosol 

characterization experiment) at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in 

February/March 2004. One year later the ICE-CVI was again operated at the 

Jungfraujoch during the international joint field campaign CLACE-4 in order to carry 

out more systematic measurements of IN. Downstream the ICE-CVI inlet several 

devices were connected to characterize the ice particle residuals in collaboration with 

other working groups. Number concentration and number size distribution of the ice 

nuclei were measured with a condensation particle counter (CPC, operated by IfT) 

and a combination of scanning mobility particle sizer and optical particle counter 

101



(SMPS and OPC, operated by the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen). By means of a 

filter-based particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP, IfT) the mass concentration 

of black carbon (BC) within the IN was determined. The mass concentration of major 

ions and organic matter (OM) of the collected ice nuclei was derived by an aerosol 

mass spectrometer (AMS, operated by the Max-Planck Institute Mainz, Germany). 

Furthermore, an impactor was connected for the off-line single particle analysis of the 

impactor samples using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM, operated 

by the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany). 

The physico-chemical properties of IN have been determined during several mixed 

phase cloud events during CLACE-4 by the combination of the ICE-CVI and the 

coupled instrumentation and related to the aerosol properties of the total aerosol 

population measured downstream an independent whole air inlet. From Fig.1 that 

shows number size distributions of the total and residual particles of four different 

events the variability in the shape and absolute number is obvious. 

1600 

E_4-2: 20.02.05 18:01 - 21.02.05 10:02 E_6-1: 27.02.05 06:30 - 27.02.05 18:30 

1.2 1600 

0.2 

dN/dlogd p 

(nm -1 cm -3 ) 

1200 

800 

400 

0.8 

0.4 

0 

0 0 

20 30 50 100 200 300 500 

20 30 50 100 200 300 500 

E_8-3: 07.03.05 17:41 – 08.03.05 09:55 E_10: 14.03.05 20:00 – 15.03.05 04:00 

500 

2 500 

400 

300 

1.6 

1.2 

1200 

800 

400 

400 

300 

total aerosol 

ice nuclei (right axis) 

0.16 

0.12 

0.08 

0.04 

0 

0.6 

0.4 

200 

0.8 

200 

0.2 

100 

0.4 

100 

Fig.1 

0 

20 30 

50 

100 200 300 500 

particle diameter d p 

(nm) 

0 

0 

20 

30 

50 

100 200 300 500 


(nm) 

Number size distribution of total aerosol (grey lines, left scale) and ice nuclei (black lines, 

right scale) of 4 different mixed phase cloud events during CLACE-4 

0 

On the other hand the scavenging fraction which is the ratio of residual to total 

aerosol number size distribution looks quite similar for all evaluated events, which is 

illustrated in Fig.2. The scavenging ratio increases for with particle diameter indicating 

that larger particles are preferred to act as IN. The increase of the scavenging 

fraction occurs between a particle size of 250 and 500 nm and at very different 

absolute levels. The single particle analysis with ESEM revealed a strong Si signature 

in the larger particles which implies that mineral dust particles are the main soured of 

IN. This is in agreement to the results of the aerosol mass spectrometer that did not 

102



detect non-refractory substances in the ice nuclei. The smaller ice nuclei that control 

the number of ice particles show signatures of C and O which implies a contribution 

of low volatile organic matter and BC. In agreement to this ESEM results, an enrichment 

of BC was found in the IN in comparison to the total aerosol particles. Whereas 

a fraction of 2 – 3 % of BC was found in the total aerosol mass, the fraction of BC in 

the IN mass was in the range of 10 to 14 %. 

0.05 

E_4-2: 20.02.05 18:01 - 21.02.05 10:02 E_6-1: 27.02.05 06:30 - 27.02.05 18:30 

0.05 0.005 

0.005 

0.04 

0.04 

0.004 

0.004 

0.03 

0.03 

0.003 

0.003 

0.02 

0.02 

0.002 

0.002 

scavenging fraction 

0.01 

0.01 0.001 

0 

0 0 

20 30 50 100 200 300 500 

20 30 50 100 200 300 500 

0.25 

E_8-3: 07.03.05 17:41 – 08.03.05 09:55 

0.25 0.08 

E_10: 14.03.05 20:00 – 15.03.05 04:00 

0.2 

0.2 

0.06 

0.001 

0 

0.08 

0.06 

0.15 

0.1 

0.15 

0.1 

0.04 

0.04 

0.05 

0.05 

0.02 

0.02 

Fig.1 

0 

20 30 

50 

100 200 300 500 


(nm) 

0 

0 

20 

30 

50 

100 200 300 500 


(nm) 

scavenging fraction of ice nuclei with regard to the abundant total aerosol population as a 

function of 4 particle size of 4 different mixed phase cloud events during CLACE-4 

0 

During CLACE-4 in 2005 the data base of ice nuclei measurements could be 

significantly enhanced. The results from the field experiment confirm that large 

particles are preferred to serve as IN. Mineral dust, non-volatile organic matter and 

BC were identified as ice nuclei substances. The latter ones imply an anthropogenic 

influence on ice nucleation in tropospheric supercooled clouds. 

Key words: 

aerosol cloud interactions, mixed-phase clouds, heterogeneous ice nucleation, ice 

nuclei 


http://www.tropos.de 


Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen (PSI); Max-Planck Institute Mainz (MPI); Technical 

University of Darmstadt (TUD); University of Manchester (SEAES) 

103






Hof, J. Cozic, M.J. Flynn, P. Connolly, K.N. Bower, E. Weingartner, Sampling and 

physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds at the high 

alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE, European Aerosol 

Conference 2005, Ghent, Belgium, August 28-September 2, 2005, Conference 

Proceedings, 130, 2005 

Address: 

Leibniz Institut für Troposphärenforschung 

Permoserstrasse 15 

D-04318 Leipzig 

Deutschland 

Contacts: 

Stephan Mertes 

Tel.: +49 341 235 2153 

Fax: +49 341 235 2361 

e-mail: mertes@tropos.de 

URL: http://www.tropos.de 

104




Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte 

Geowissenschaften, Umweltmineralogie 


Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric aerosol in mixed-phase 

clouds by environmental scanning electron microscopy 


Prof. Stephan Weinbruch, project leader 

Dr. Martin Ebert, Dr. Anette Worringen, Dr. Nathalie Brenker 


The main focus of this experiment was the study of aerosol-cloud interaction 

processes in mixed-phase clouds. The high altitude research station Jungfraujoch 

enables the unique feature for ground-based in situ sampling of mixed phase clouds. 

Our main focus was to identify the ice forming fraction of the total aerosol in mixedphase 

clouds. Most particles in the interstitial aerosol fraction were found to be 

carbon dominated, some are internally mixed with sulphates, nitrates, and/or silicates. 

For the ice crystal residuals we have found two maxima in the size distribution, one 

above and one below 1 µm. The smaller particles (< 1 µm) show a similar elemental 

composition as the interstitial particles, except that internal mixtures of nitrates and 

sulphates are less frequent. Above 1 µm additionally external silicates (soil material) 

are a main component. The observation that silicates are well suited to act as ice 

nuclei, while sulphate- and nitrate-particles (at the Jungfraujoch often observed as 

internal mixtures or coatings of carbon dominated particles) remain in the interstitial 

fraction is in good agreement with the results of other studies and our co-workers. 

Motivation 

In February/March 2004 an intensive Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment 

(CLACE-4) was conducted at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (JFJ, 3580 

m asl; 46.55 o N, 7.98 o E) in Switzerland. The main focus of this experiment was the 

study of aerosol-cloud interaction processes in mixed-phase clouds. The high altitude 

research station Jungfraujoch enables the unique feature for ground-based in situ 

sampling of mixed phase clouds. 

105



Sampling 

For this purpose, we have used two self constructed miniaturized two stage impactors 

(cut off diameter 1.8 µm and 0.1 µm) linked with two different inlet systems for the 

sampling of different fractions of the aerosol particles inside the mixed-phase clouds. 

Impactor housing 

jets 

substrate 

holder 

Figure 1: Self-constructed two-stage mini-cascade impactor (length ~ 8cm) for the 

sampling of ice nuclei and interstitial aerosol (in combination with the described inlet 

systems). 

First, for the sampling of the interstitial aerosol an interstitial inlet operated with a 

PM2 cyclone impactor was used. Second, we have used an ice-CVI (Counterflow 

Virtual Impactor) inlet, which was designed at the Institute for Tropospherical 

Research (IfT) in Leipzig, Germany (Mertes et al., 2005) to sample residual particles 

of small ice crystals (IN). 

Results and discussion 

The size, morphology and elemental composition of some hundred particles of 

selected interstitial- and IN- samples will be analyzed by environmental scanning 

electron microscopy (ESEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). 

Because of the use of nickel plates as impaction substrates, also hygroscopicity and 

volatility investigations are enabled by ESEM. 

Final results of the individual particle analysis of the CLACE-4 campaign cannot be 

presented at this time, but our preliminary results show the same trends as we have 

found in the CLACE-3 campaign at the Jungfraujoch station, in which we 

participated in 2004. During CLACE-3 the interstitial aerosol shows a maximum in 

the size distribution in the range of 100 – 300 nm. Most particles are carbon- 

106



dominated, sulphates, or mixtures of sulphates with nitrates, carbon-dominated 

particles or silicates. 

Figure 2: TEM brightfield image of sulphate droplets in an interstitial sample of the 

CLACE-4 campaign. 

a 

b 

Figure 3: Secondary electron images of ice crystal residuals (IN): (a) silicatic soil 

material; (b) carbon-dominated particles (images from the CLACE-3 campaign). 

107



Figure 4: Silicon- (green) and carbon- (blue) element distribution images, derived by 

EDX mapping in the ESEM, superimposed to the referring secondary electron image 

of an IN sample (CLACE-3: cloud event 13, March 21, 2004 – March 22, 2004). 

This false colour mapping identifies some external silicates and carbon rich particles 

besides a majority of internal mixed carbon/silicate particles. 

For the ice crystal residuals we have found two maxima in the size distribution, one 

above and one below 1 µm. The smaller particles (< 1 µm) show a similar elemental 

composition as the interstitial particles, except that internal mixtures of nitrates and 

sulphates are less frequent. Above 1 µm additionally external silicates (soil material) 

are a main component. 

108



Table 1: Particle group abundances [%] in three mixed cloud events for the ice-nuclei 

(IN) and for the interstitial aerosol particles during CLACE-3. 

There are two characteristics in particle composition during the CLACE-4 experiment 

in contrast to the CLACE-3 campaign. 

Firstly, there is a high abundance of irregular shaped aluminium oxides and mostly 

spherical calcium fluorides at some days, which were not detected in these 

concentrations during CLACE-3. These particle groups have no strong natural source 

in this region and are probably a sampling artifact. 

Secondly, externally mixed silicates are also found in the interstitial fraction during 

CLACE-4, which was also not the case during CLACE-3 (see Table 1). Maybe these 

particles have to be traced back to the rock blastings, which were done near the 

Jungfraujoch station during the whole campaign. For this reason, we are very thankful 

that it was possible to realize a stop of these blastings during the CLACE-5 campaign 

in 2006. 

Figure 5: Secondary electron images of ice crystal residuals (IN): (left) Calcium 

fluoride spheres; (right) aluminium oxide particle. 

109



The observation that silicates are well suited to act as ice nuclei, while sulphate- and 

nitrate-particles (at the Jungfraujoch often observed as internal mixtures or coatings 

of carbon dominated particles) remain in the interstitial fraction is in good agreement 

with the results of other studies and our co-workers. The source of the in the INfraction 

most abundant particle group, the “carbon dominated” -particles is not 

completely solved. EDX allows only the detection of carbon, not the classification as 

organic or elemental carbon. Based on morphology only single particles in the 

interstitial- and IN-fraction could definitely be identified as soot. Additional 

experiments in the ESEM showed no visible water uptake of the carbon dominated 

particles at a relative humidity of 95% and no volatilization of these particles, even at 

300°C and a water vapor pressure of 1.3 mbar. Because of these result and the fact 

that an aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer could not measure any significant organic 

signals in the IN-fraction it can be assumed that the carbon dominated particles, 

which were found in the IN-fraction, consist neither of highly volatile organics, nor of 

elemental carbon, but of low-volatility organics. One possible source for these 

particles could be found in oil combustion. 

References 

S. Mertes, B. Verheggen, J. Schneider, M. Ebert, S. Walter, A. Worringen, M. Inerle- 



alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 asl) during CLACE, Journal of Aerosol 

Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, 2005, S130. 

M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, S. Mertes, S. Walter, J. Schneider, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, 



microscopy, Journal of Aerosol Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, 2005, S504. 

Key words: 

Ice nuclei, ESEM, individual particle analysis, chemical composition 


Institute for Tropospherical Research, Leipzig, Germany 



J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, S. Sjögren, J. Duplissy, J.S. van Ekeren, U. 

Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flyn n , P. Connolly, J. Allan, J. Crozier, M. 

Gallagher, H. Coe, S. Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. 

Petzold, S. Henning, Thomas Rosenørn, M Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, 

A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, P. Aalto, A. 

Hirsikko, M. Vana, M. Kulmala, Aerosol – Cloud Interaction: Highlights From The 

Cloud And Aerosol Characterization Experiments (Clace) Conducted At The High 

Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch In Switzerland, Accent Conference In Urbino 

In September 2005. 

E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J.Duplissy, J.S. van Ekeren, U. 

Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crozier, M. 

Gallagher, H. Coe, S. Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. 

Petzold, S. Henning, Thomas Rosenørn, M Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, S. 

Weinbruch, E. Fries, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala, 

110



An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments (CLACE) 

conducted at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Journal of 

Aerosol Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, 2004, S129. 

Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J.S. van Ekeren, U. 

Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, J. Crozier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, S. 

Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. 

Inerle-Hof, S. Weinbruch, An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization 

Experiments (CLACE) conducted at a high alpine site in the free troposphere, EGU 


Ebert, M., M. Inerle-Hof und S.Weinbruch, Untersuchungen von Residuen von 

Eiskristallen sowie des Prozesses der Eiskeimbildung in einem Environmental 

Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM), the second workshop „Die troposphärische 

Eisphase“ TROPEIS II, Frankfurt, 2004. 

Mertes, S., A. Schwarzenböck, J. Schneider, S. Walter, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, B. 

Verheggen, J. Cozic und E. Weingartner, Ein Counterflow-Virtual Impactor (CVI) 

System zur Sammlung frisch gebildeter Eispartikel in Mischphasenwolken auf der 

hochalpinen Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch (3580 m): Funktionsweise und erste 

Ergebnisse des ICE-CVI, the second workshop „Die troposphärische Eisphase“ 

TROPEIS II, Frankfurt, 2004. 

Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, S. van Ekeren, N. Bukowiecki, 

U. Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, M.W. Gallagher, J. 

Crosier, H. Coe, T.W. Choularton, J. Schneider, S. Walter, S. Henning, T. Rosenhørn, 

M. Bilde, A. Petzold, M. Inerle-Hof, M. Ebert, S. Weinbruch, Wintermesskampagne 

CLACE-3 auf dem Jungfraujoch (3580 m.ü.M.) im Überblick, the second workshop 

„Die troposphärische Eisphase“ TROPEIS II, Frankfurt, 2004. 

Mertes, S., A. Schwarzenböck, J. Schneider, S. Walter, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, B. 

Verheggen, J. Cozic, and, E. Weingartner, Design and Operation of a Counterflow 

Virtual Impactor Inlet System to Collect Small Ice Particles out of Mixed Phase 

Clouds at the High Alpine Site Jungfraujoch (3580 M Asl), Journal of Aerosol 

Science, Abstracts of EAC, Volume I, Budapest, 2004, S167-168. 

Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, S. Sjögren, S. Van Ekeren, N. Bukowiecki, 

R. Schmidhauser, U. Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K. N. Bower, M. J. Flynn, J. D. Allan, 

M. W. Gallagher, J. Crosier, H. Coe, T. W. Choularton, J. Schneider, S. Walter, S. 

Henning, T. Rosenørn, M. Bilde, A. Petzold, E. Barthazy, M. Inerle-Hof, M. Ebert, 

and S. Weinbruch, Clace-3: Third Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment 

Conducted at a High Alpine Site in The Free Troposphere, Journal of Aerosol 

Science, Abstracts of EAC, Volume I, Budapest, 2004, S171-172. 

S. Mertes, B. Verheggen, J. Schneider, M. Ebert, S. Walter, A. Worringen, M. Inerle- 



alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 asl) during CLACE, Journal of Aerosol 

Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, 2005, S130. 

M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, S. Mertes, S. Walter, J. Schneider, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, 



microscopy, Journal of Aerosol Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, 2005, S504. 

111



Address: 

Dr. Martin Ebert 

TU-Darmstadt 

Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften 

Fachgebiet Umweltmineralogie 

Schnittspahnstr. 9 

64287 Darmstadt 

Contacts: 

Dr. Martin Ebert 

Tel.: 06151/165477 

Fax: 06151/164021 

e-mail: mebert@geo.tu-darmstadt.de 

112




University of Leicester 


Composition Control in the Lower Free Troposphere 


Dr. Paul S. Monks, project leader 

Alex E. Parker, Kevin P. Wyche 


Long-range transport of pollutants throughout the atmosphere and its consequences 

underlies many environmental problems that have arisen over the last 50 years. There 

are still quite large uncertainties in the budget of free troposphere trace gases. The 

importance of ozone and it's precursors in the free troposphere is now well 

established. However, the issue of the transport of anthropogenic pollutants from 

continental outflow and their potential coupling the natural cycles of the remote free 

troposphere is an issue of continuing concern. During the summer of 2005 the 

University of Leicester carried out a significant measurement effort at the highaltitude 

research station Jungfraujoch, aimed at investigating the control of composition 

and the effect of long-range transport (LRT) on free tropospheric chemistry. 

The combination of measurements provides an unique insight into LRT and lower 

free tropospheric chemistry. 

There has been significant progress over the last decade in the measurement of a 

variety of chemical species that control ozone, an integral component in the control of 

the oxidising ability of the troposphere and a key climate gas. According to 

photochemical theory, the relative importance of ozone production and loss processes 

in the background troposphere is highly sensitive to competition between reaction of 

peroxy radicals with NO and the cross- or self-reactions of the peroxy radicals, and 

therefore the local NO x and peroxy radical concentrations. The presence of peroxy 

radicals (HO 2 and RO 2 ) leads to net ozone production in the presence of NO x (NO 

and NO 2 ) by allowing oxidation of NO to NO 2 without the consumption of ozone. 

The local ozone production P(O 3 ) is proportional to the product of the local NO and 

peroxy radical concentrations while hydroperoxy radicals (HO 2 ) are also involved in 

the local destruction of ozone through the reaction between HO 2 +O 3 . In the very dry 

and cold conditions of the free troposphere this loss term can be dominant because the 

direct loss by photolysis of ozone and reaction of O 1 D with water vapour is getting 

smaller. Hence, peroxy radical measurements are essential in order to provide further 

insight into the fast photochemistry that controls tropospheric ozone production and 

loss. 

The aims of the experiment were by way of peroxy radical and supporting 

measurements, 

1. To investigate the role of in-situ photochemistry in the control of lower free 

tropospheric composition in summer 

2. To assess European export and transatlantic import via long-range transport, 

using trajectory analysis over the Swiss Alps 

3. To quantify transport from pollutant sources in Swiss plateau and Po valley to 

the lower free troposphere. 

113



4. To test and develop instrumentation used for aircraft-based studies 

The University of Leicester team deployed 

a) A four-channel peroxy radical chemical amplifier for the determination of 

HO 2 +ΣRO 2 and ΣRO 2 [1]. 

b) Photolysis rate measurements using a diode-array based spectral radiometer 

[2]. 

The measurements from ETHZ include: NO, NO 2 , NO y , CO, O 3 and six selected 

volatile hydrocarbons: Routine high quality measurements of a range of trace species 

provided by EMPA. Measurements of PAN, formaldehyde and other volatile 

oxygenated hydrocarbons from 2 PhD students of ETHZ, one working at EMPA. 

In the course of the experiment the University of Leicester succesfully made high 

quality measurements of the sum of peroxy radicals (HO 2 +Σ i R i O 2 ) and a range of 

photolysis rates. These, in addition to the measurements made by ETH and EMPA, 

shall be used to provide an unique insight into the control of the chemistry and the 

impact of long range transport over Europe during Summer. A significant data set 

has been collected and analysis of the data is ongoing, leading to publication of a 

scientific paper in a high impact journal. 

References 

[1] Salisbury, G., P.S. Monks, S. Bauguitte, B.J. Bandy and S.A. Penkett, 

J.Atmos.Chem., 41, 163-187, 2002. 

[2] Edwards, G.D. & Monks, P.S., J.Geophys.Res., 108, 8546, 

10.1029/2002JD002844, 2003. 

Key words: 

Peroxy Radicals, Troposphere, Ozone production, Composition control 


ETHZ 

EMPA 

Address: 

Department of Chemistry 

University Of Leicester 

University Road 

Leicester 

LE1 7RH 

United Kingdom 

Contacts: 

Dr. Paul S. Monks 

Tel.: +44 116 252 2141 

Fax: +44 116 252 3789 

e-mail: paul.s.monks@le.ac.uk 

URL: http://www.le.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/psm7.html 

114




Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, 



Air ion concentrations, dynamics and their relation to new particle formation in 

Jungfraujoch, Switzerland 


Dr. Pasi Aalto, project leader 

Dr. Marko Vana, Anne Hirsikko, Toivo Pohja, Prof. Markku Kulmala 


The Air Ion Spectrometer (AIS) was installed at the high-alpine research station 

Jungfraujoch. The measurements of air ion mobility distributions in the mobility 

range about 0.002 – 3 cm 2 V -1 s -1 were carried out during 02.02.2005 – 16.04.2005. 

These were our first experiments at Jungfraujoch. 

We had the following scientific objectives for our experiments: 

1) to characterize of the formation and growth events of intermediate air ions 

(charged aerosol particles in the diameter range 1.6 – 7.4 nm) in high altitude 

conditions; 

2) to study the variability of concentration of cluster air ions (mobility 3 – 0.5 cm 2 V - 

1 s -1 ); 

3) to study the particle mobility, diameter and mass relations in low pressure 

conditions; 

4) the research station is lots of time in cloud and so is also an excellent location for 

ground based cloud – air ions interaction studies. 

During the measurement period several concentration bursts of intermediate air ions 

were observed. These nucleation events occurred during daytime with high diurnal 

variations in temperature and relative humidity, low wind speed and high global 

radiation, i.e. in conditions which favor nucleation and growth of atmospheric aerosol 

particles observed in many other places around the world. One of the events is 

depicted in Figure 1. We can see the formation of 1 – 2 nm intermediate air ions and 

their growth to 20 nm. Cluster ions were found to be around almost all the time. 

From the measurements of air ion mobility distributions at Jungfraujoch research 

station, we have observed two special effects, which cause formation or fate of air 

ions. Firstly, during the periods when the station was in cloud, the concentration of air 

ions was found to be extremely low. This effect can be seen from Figure 1, it 

happened just before the nucleation event during the night and early morning. 

Secondly, during the periods with high wind speed, the formation of 2 – 6 nm 

intermediate air ions was observed. The high concentration of these particles can last 

from several hours to two days. The last effect may be connected to ice crystals 

suspended during high wind speeds. These described phenomena need further 

investigation and measurements. 

115



Figure 1. The surface plots of the size distribution of positive and negative air ions 

measured by the AIS at Jungfraujoch research station on March 25, 2005. 

These are preliminary results. The further data analysis will concentrate on 

characterization of the formation and growth events of intermediate air ions in high 

altitude conditions. 

Key words: 

Mobility distribution of air ions, ion spectrometer, particle formation 


The internet data base is not established yet. 

116




Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland 



Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J. Duplissy, J.S. van Ekeren, U. 



Borrmann, A. Petzold, S. Henning, T. Rosenørn, M. Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, 


Aalto, A. Hirsikko and M. Kulmala, An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol 


Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Proc. of the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, 

Belgium, 28 August – 2 September, 2005, p. 129. 

Verheggen, B., J. Cozic , E. Weingartner, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M. 

Kulmala and U. Baltensperger, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the 

lower free troposphere, Proc. of EGU, Vienna, Austria, 2-7 April, 2006. 

Vana, M., A. Hirsikko, E.Tamm, P.P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, Verheggen, B., J. Cozic , E. 

Weingartner and U. Baltensperger, Characteristics of air ions and aerosol particles at 

the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Proc. of the International Aerosol 

Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, 2006. 

Verheggen, B., J. Cozic , E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. 

Hirsikko and M. Kulmala, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the 

lower free troposphere, Proc. of the International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, 

Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, 2006. 

Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjögren, J.Duplissy, U. 

Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. 

Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S. 

Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. 

Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, 

P. Aalto and M. Kulmala, Aerosol-cloud interactions in the lower free troposphere as 

measured at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Proc. of the 

International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, 2006. 

Address: 

Division of Atmospheric Sciences 

Department of Physical Sciences 

P.O. Box 64 

FI-00014 University of Helsinki 

Finland 

Contacts: 

Pasi Aalto 

Tel.: + 358-9-19150755 

Fax: + 358-9-19150860 

e-mail: pasi.p.aalto@helsinki.fi 

URL: http://www.atm.helsinki.fi 

117



118




Climate and Environmental Physics, Universität Bern 


Temporal variation of stable isotopes in Alpine precipitation 


Ulrich Schotterer, Markus Leuenberger, Hansueli Bürki, Peter Nyfeler, Willibald 

Stichler 


During the last 20 years of the 20 th century, Switzerland went through the most 

substantial climatic change since the national climate measurement and observation 

network was established in 1864. Summer and winter half-years experienced a sudden 

warming, the precipitation amounts temporarily increased and a higher frequency 

of heavy precipitation events during the summer half-year was recorded (1). Stable 

isotopes in precipitation (δD, δ 18 O) are influenced by these changes and have already 

been proven to provide additional information to the understanding of changes in the 

water cycle (2). Of special interest is the deuterium excess d (the scaled difference of 

both isotopes), namely in relation to the condition at the origin of water vapour that 

forms precipitation. However, secondary effects such as cloud processes, evaporation 

from falling raindrops etc. cause local noise that overlies the original signal from the 

source region. The yearly averages of d recorded at NISOT, the Swiss network for the 

observation of isotopes in the water cycle (3), vary between 6 and 14‰ and no systematic 

trend with altitude can be observed. For example, the values at the Jungfraujoch 

research station (3580 m) are on the average 2‰ lower than at the Grimsel 

station (1960 m). Our ongoing research aims at a better understanding of the main 

processes influencing the stable isotope in precipitation (and thus the deuterium 

excess) on local to regional scales to extract the signal of climate variability from the 

data series of stable isotopes in precipitation. In this context, the data obtained from 

precipitation at the Jungfraujoch Research Station are of increasing importance. 

119



The deuterium excess d in monthly composites of precipitation stations selected for differences 

in altitude. NISOT stations are denoted with a star. The influence of secondary processes (i.e. 

evaporation of falling raindrops) on the spread of the data is currently being investigated. 

(1) Bader, S., Bantle, H., 2003: Das Schweizer Klima im Trend. Temperatur- und Niederschlagsentwicklung 

1864-2001. Meteo Schweiz, Veröffentlichung Nr. 68. 

(2) Rozanski, K., Araguas-Araguas, L.,Gonfiantini, R., 1993: Isotope patterns in modern global 

prcipitation, in Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records, AGU, Washington DC 1-37. 

(3) Schürch, M., Kozel, R., Schotterer, U., Tripet, J.P. 2003: Observations of isotopes in the water cycle 

– the Swiss National Network (NISOT), Environmental Geology, 45-1-11, DOI 10.1007/s00254- 

003-0843-9. 

Key words: 

Isotopes, precipitation, climate variability 


Willibald Stichler, Physicist, GSF-Institute for Groundwater Ecology Neuherberg, 

Germany 

Address: 


Abteilung für Klima und Umweltphysik 



CH-3012 Bern 

Contacts 

Ulrich Schotterer 

Tel.: +41 31 631 4484 

Fax: +41 31 631 8742 

e-mail: schotterer@climate.unibe.ch 

120




Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern 


Neutron Monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays 


Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader 

Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, Michael R. Moser 


The Cosmic Ray Group of the Division for Space Research and Planetary Sciences of 

the Physikalisches Institut at the University of Bern, Switzerland, operates two 

standardized neutron monitors (NM) at Jungfraujoch: an 18-IGY NM (since 1958) 

and a 3-NM64 NM (since 1986). NMs provide key information about the interactions 

of galactic cosmic radiation with the plasma and the magnetic fields in the 

heliosphere and about the production of energetic cosmic rays at the Sun, as well as 

about geomagnetic, atmospheric, and environmental effects. They ideally 

complement space observations. The NMs at Jungfraujoch are part of a worldwide 

network of standardized cosmic ray detectors. By using the Earth's magnetic field as a 

giant spectrometer, this network determines the energy dependence of primary 

cosmic ray intensity variations in the GeV range. Furthermore, the high altitude of 

Jungfraujoch provides good response to solar protons ≥ 3.6 GeV and to solar neutrons 

with energies as low as ~250 MeV. 

In 2005, operation of the two NMs at Jungfraujoch was pursued without major 

problems. No significant technical modifications were necessary. The recordings are 

published in near-real time on the webpage (http://cosray.unibe.ch), and in special 

reports after processing. In addition, the data are submitted to the World Data Centers 

in Boulder and Tokyo in electronic form. 

Figure 1 shows daily counting rates of the IGY NM for 2005. The overall count rate 

of the NMs at Jungfraujoch shows a clear tendency to increase, in anticorrelation with 

solar activity. Although the sunspot activity cycle 23 is still on its decreasing phase 

approaching minimum, the Sun again had phases of very high activity e.g. in January 

and in September 2005. Between January 15 and 20, the solar active region NOAA 

10720 produced five powerful solar flares. In association with this major solar 

activity, several pronounced variations in the ground-level cosmic ray intensity were 

observed. After a magnetic storm sudden commencement (ssc) on January 17, 2005, 

at 0748 UT the worldwide network of NMs recorded a significant global decrease in 

cosmic ray intensity, a so-called Forbush decrease (Fd). The IGY NM at Jungfraujoch 

observed a maximum decrease in the count rate of about -15 %, as can be seen in 

Figure 2. Three days later, on January 20, 2005, i.e. still during the Fd, NOAA AR 

10720 produced its fifth flare, a X7.1 solar burst with onset time at 0636 UT and peak 

time at 0952 UT. The flare position on the Sun was at 14°N, 67°W, i.e. near the west 

limb, and therefore the Earth was well connected to the flare site along the interplanetary 

magnetic field lines. Less than 15 minutes after the observation of the flare 

onset, the first relativistic solar particles arrived near Earth and a solar cosmic ray 

ground level enhancement (GLE) was observed by the worldwide network of NM 

stations. This GLE is ranked the second largest in fifty years with gigantic count rate 

121



increases at the south polar NM stations McMurdo (almost 3000 %) and South Pole 

(more than 5000 %). The two NMs at Jungfraujoch observed an increase in the 

counting rate of about 10 % in the 1-minute values. Both NMs at Jungfraujoch also 

observed a significant pre-increase in the time interval 0647-0649 UT. Figure 3 

shows the relative 1-minute count rates of the IGY NM at Jungfraujoch for January 

20, 2005, 0400-1200 UT, and Figure 4 the GLE observed by the NM stations South 

Pole, Inuvik, Barentsburg, and Jungfraujoch. Figure 4 clearly illustrates the 

complexity of the event. 

Figure 1: Relative pressure corrected daily counting rates of the IGY NM at 

Jungfraujoch for 2005. 

Figure 2: Relative pressure corrected hourly counting rates of the IGY NM at 

Jungfraujoch for the time interval 15-25 January 2005. 

122



Figure 3: Relative pressure corrected 1-minute counting rates of the IGY NM at 

Jungfraujoch for January 20, 2005, 0400-1200 UT. 

Figure 4: Relative pressure corrected 1-minute counting rates of the NM stations 

South Pole, Inuvik, Barentsburg and Jungfraujoch (IGY and NM64 combined) for 

January 20, 2005, 0400-1200 UT. 

From the recordings of the Swiss cosmic ray detectors and of the worldwide network 

of NMs, we determined the characteristics of the solar particle flux near Earth 

(spectral form, amplitude, pitch angle distribution). Due to the fact that the ground- 

123



based cosmic ray detectors around the world measured significantly different and 

complex intensity-time profiles, the determination of the GLE parameters has proved 

rather difficult. This GLE was characterized by a very narrow beam of solar cosmic 

ray particles (protons) during the first minutes of the event, but already some minutes 

after the event onset the particle flux was clearly less anisotropic. The energy 

spectrum changed from very hard at the beginning of the GLE to a very soft spectrum 

within ~10 minutes. However, it seems that the spectrum became again somewhat 

harder later in the event. This may be an indication for a second population of solar 

cosmic rays that was accelerated during a second phase of the event. In Figure 5 the 

directional solar proton flux, J ║ , in the presumed source direction, is plotted for the 

initial, the main, and the decay phase as recorded by the south polar stations. For 

comparison the galactic cosmic ray spectrum as of January 2005 is also shown. The 

detailed analysis of this unique event is still in progress. First findings have been 

reported at three international conferences. 

Figure 5: Solar cosmic ray (J ║ ) and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) spectra near Earth 

during the giant solar particle event on January 20, 2005. 

Key words: 

Astrophysics, cosmic rays, neutron monitors; solar, heliospheric and magnetospheric 

phenomena 


http://cosray.unibe.ch 


International Council of the Scientific Union's (ICSU) Scientific Committee on Solar- 

Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) 

World Data Centers A (Boulder), B (Moscow), C (Japan), International GLE database 

124





Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Cosmic Ray 

Ground Level Enhancement and the Forbush Decrease in January 2005 - Analysis of 

the Swiss Cosmic Ray Observations, contributed paper 58-ST-A1500, 2 nd Annual 

Meeting of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS), Singapore, 2005. 


Ground Level Enhancement during the Forbush Decrease in January 2005, 29 th 

International Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India, August to be published in the 

conference proceedings, 2005. 

Belov, A. V., L. Baisultanova, R. Bütikofer, E. Eroshenko, E. O. Flückiger, G. 

Mariatos, H. Mavromichalaki, V. Pchelkin and V. G. Yanke, Geomagnetic effects on 

cosmic rays during the very strong magnetic storms in November 2003 and 

November 2004, 29 th International Cosmic Ray Conference, to be published in the 


Yanke, V. G., L. Baisultanova, A. V. Belov, R. Bütikofer, E. Eroshenko, E. O. 

Flückiger, G. Mariatos and H. Mavromichalaki, Variations of geomagnetic cutoff 

rigidities during the series of geomagnetic storms in January 2005: observations and 

modeling, 29 th International Cosmic Ray Conference, to be published in the 


Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Extreme Cosmic 

Ray Ground Level Enhancement on January 20, 2005, Solar Extreme Events 2005 

(SEE-2005), International Symposium at Nor Amberd, Armenia, to be published in 

scientific journal Sun and Geosphere, 2005. 

Flückiger, E. O., Extreme events and super storms, Invited Talk, Solar Extreme 

Events 2005 (SEE-2005): Fundamental Science and Applied Aspects, International 

Symposium at Nor Amberd, Armenia, 2005. 


Bütikofer, R., and E.O. Flückiger, Neutron Monitor Data for Jungfraujoch and Bern 

during the Ground-Level Solar Cosmic Ray Event on 20 January 2005, internal 

report, Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physikalisches Institut, University of 

Bern, 2005. 

Address: 




CH-3012 Bern 

Contacts: 

Rolf Bütikofer 

Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 

Fax: +41 31 631 4405 

e-mail: rolf.buetikofer@phim.unibe.ch 

URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch 

125



126




University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Department of Physics 


Study of detector to measure cosmic ray flux at large zenith angle 


Prof. Maurizio Iori, project leader 

Dr. A. Sergi, Prof. D. Fargion 


Measurements were performed at High Altitude Jungfraujoch Station to understand 

detector characteristics and performance. These studies also aimed at the understanding 

of the possible source of background from inclined atmospheric showers at 

large zenith angles. Towers with different tile sizes have been installed: two are 

instrumented with scintillating tiles of dimension of 12.5x12.5x2 cm 3 and placed 

parallel to each other about 50 cm apart, while another tower has tile of 20x20x1.4 

cm 3 and was installed at a distance of 20 m. With this setup a measurement of cosmic 

ray flux was performed using two towers pointing at different zenith angles between 

80-100 degrees and compared to results from other experiments at sea level. 

At large zenith angles our measurements are unique, only one other experiment at sea 

level has investigated this region. These results have been also used to write a Proposal, 

to be submitted on February 2006, of a large surface detector array designed to 

detect Ultra high Energy tau neutrino fluxes. 

Key words: 

Cosmic rays, tau neutrino flux 


Journal articles 

M. Iori, A. Sergi, D. Fargion, M. Gallinaro and M. Kaya, Study of a detector array 

design to measure Ultra High Energy, tau neutrino fluxes, astro-ph/ and submitted to 

Physics Journal G 

Seminar 

M. Iori, Detection of UHE tau neutrinos with a surface detector array, Carnegie 

Mellon University, December 12, 2005 

Address: 

University of Rome “La Sapienza“ 

P.zza A. Moro 5 

00198 Rome Italy 

Contacts: 

Maurizio Iori 

Tel.: +39 06 49914422 

Fax: +39 06 4957697 

e-mail: Maurizio.iori@roma1.infn.it 

127



128




Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica and INFN, 

Pavia University 


Measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally 


Prof. Gianluigi Boca 


My activity at the Jungfraujoch in 2005 was concentrated in two periods of time spent 

at the end of May and in June, for an approximate length of 2 weeks total. 

I worked with a group of 2 people from Dipartimento di Fisica of University 'La 

Sapienza' in Rome, Italy, Maurizio Iori and Antonino Sergi, on a project of experiment 

on cosmic rays. 

The experiment aims at measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally, 

at about 92 degrees azimuthal angle, from an observation point high (a 

mountain) from sea level. In this way one can detect particle showers caused by very 

high energy tau neutrinos scraping the crust of earth for aproximately 200-300 Km 

and producing a tau lepton that escapes the earth crust and induces a high energy 

shower in air. This shower will be detected by towers placed almost horizontally at 

about 92 degrees of azimuthal angle (~ 500 towers). Each tower is made by two 

square tiles (20cm x 20cm) of scintillator material, read out by a fast phototube. The 

two tiles are approximately 1.5m far apart and this will allow to measure the direction 

of arrival of the particles crossing the tower. 

During my stay at the Jungfraujoch I tested three prototypes of towers placed inside 

the scientific station, read out by standard NIM and Camac electronics. The three 

towers were placed at approximately 95 degrees azimuthal angle and they were put in 

coincidence. Data were taken to check if the towers and electronics were working and 

to assess the amount of background existing, caused both by electronic noise and by 

regular vertical cosmic rays at such high level above sea. 

The tests were satisfactory and gave us a preliminary sense on the feasibility of the 

full experiment with 500 towers. 

Address: 

Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica and INFN 

Pavia University 

Italy 

Contacts: 

Gianluigi Boca 

Tel : +39-0382987522 

Fax : +39-0382526938 

e-mail: Gianluigi.Boca@pv.infn.it 

129



130




Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Torino (Italy) 


Neutron background measurements at Jungfraujoch Research Station 


Alba Zanini, Project leader 

A.Ferrantelli, P.Morfino, L.Visca, O.Borla 


From 21st of May 2005 until 28th of May 2005 a short time neutron cosmic ray background 

measurement was carried out at the Sphinx laboratory, located at Jungfraujoch 

research station, 3580 m geographical co-ordinates 7° 59' 2" E, 46° 32' 53" N. The 

experimental set up included a set of 10 integral neutron dosimeter (BD-PND) 

working in the energy range 100 keV-20 MeV, a bubble detector spectrometer able to 

detect neutron in the energy range 10 keV-20 MeV, available by the BTI Inc., 

(constituted by 18 dosimeter). The bubble detector readings are elaborated by using 

the unfolding code BUNTO especially developed for this application [1] 

Results 

The data collection was carried out with two different instruments in such a way to 

cross-check the results. 

The measurements were stopped after 576000 seconds (160 h). 

Table 1 lists the neutron dose equivalent rate obtained using two different methods. 

The BD-PND dose is measured counting the tracks in the dosimeter and using the 

conversion coefficients provided by BTI. The BDS dose equivalent rate is obtained 

coupling the dosimeter readings with the BUNTO unfolding code. 

Detector Energy range H rate 

BD-PND 100 keV- 20 MeV (9E-02±2 E-02) µSv/h 

BDS 10 keV to 20 MeV (5E-02±1 E-02) µSv/h 

Table 1: Neutron dose equivalent rate measured at Jungfraujoch. 

As it can be noticed the dose rate calculated using the BDS spectrometer is different 

from the dose rate measured with BD-PND integral dosimeters. The difference is due 

to the fact that the BDS dose rate is calculated applying the conversion coefficients to 

the reconstructed spectrum shown in figure 2. The same neutron background 

measurements have been carried out during the year 2003 in the high mountain 

laboratory (Testa Grigia, Matterhorn 3480m), using the same detection system, in 

figure 1 the two spectra are shown together. 

131



As it can be noticed, the expected 1 MeV peak in cosmic rays neutron spectrum is not 

correctly reconstructed by the unfolding procedure for Jungfraujoch spectrum. The 

reason is probably due to the fact that the BDS system was not inserted into a 

pressure box (while it was during Testa Grigia experiments) so that the readings are 

affected by the high altitude pressure conditions. 

Fig. 1: Jungfraujoch and Testa Grigia neutron spectra. 

Due to the short time exposure and the lack of pressurized container, the 

measurements are to be considered as a preliminary test. It is necessary to repeat the 

measure using the pressure box in such a way to cross check the neutron spectrum 

with the data from other high altitude laboratories. The pressure box will be provided 

by ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana). 

This device is realized by Kayser Italia Factory and is in use for ASI balloon flights 

and is able to maintain pressure and temperature in extreme conditions as encountered 

at 40000 meters of altitude. By using this device, it should be possible to perform the 

neutron measurements outside the laboratory, avoiding the neutron background due to 

the concrete walls of the building. 

References 

[1] A Zanini, F Fasolo, L Visca, E Durisi, M Perosino, J R M Annand and K W Burn, 

Test of a bubble passive spectrometer for neutron dosimetry, Phys. Med. Biol. 50 No 

18 (2005) 4287-4297. 

Key words: 

Neutron spectra, bubble detectors. 


www.to.infn.it/~zanini 


Marisa Storini IFSI-INAF Roma 



Akkurt,I, J.O. Adler, J.R.M. Annand, F.Fasolo, K. Hansen, C.Ongaro, A.Reiter, G. 

Rosner, A. Zanini , Photoneutron Yields from Tungsten in the Energy range of the 

Giant Dipole Resonance, Physics in Medicine and Biology 48, 3345-3352, 2003 

132



Zanini,A, E. Durisi, F. Fasolo, C. Ongaro, L. Visca, U. Nastasi, K.W. Burn, G: 

Scielzo, J.O. Adler, J.R.M. Annand, G. Rosner, Monte Carlo Simulation of the 

Photoneutron Field in LINAC Radiotherapy Treatments with Different Collimation 

Systems, Phys. Med. Biol. 49 (4) 571-582, 2003 

Rosi,G,, G. Gambarini, V. Colli, S. Gay, L. Scolari, O. Fiorani, A. Perrone, E. Nava, 

F. Fasolo, L. Visca, A. Zanini, Dose Measurements in the Thermal Column of the 

TAPIRO reactor, Rad. Prot. Dosim. 110, 651-654, 2004 

Zanini, A., E. Durisi, F. Fasolo C. Ongaro, U. Nastasi, K.W. Burn, J.R.M. Annand, 

Neutron Spectra in a Tissue-Equivalent Phantom during Photon Radiotherapy 

Treatment by linacs, Radiation Protection Dosimetry 110, 1-4, 157-160, 2004 

Zanini, A., E. Durisi, F. Fasolo, M. Storini, O. Saavedra, L. Visca, M. Perosino, 

Neutron Spectrometry at High Mountain Observatories, Journal of Atmospheric and 

Solar-Terrestrial Physics, (2005) 67 8-9, 755-762, 2005 

Zanini,A., F Fasolo, L Visca, E Durisi, M Perosino, J R M Annand and K W Burn, 

Test of a bubble passive spectrometer for neutron dosimetry, Phys. Med. Biol., (2005) 

50 18, 4287-4297. 

Book sections 

Esposito, D., C. Faraloni, F. Fasolo, A. Margonelli, G. Torzillo, A. Zanini and Maria 

Teresa Giardi, in Biotechnological Applications of Photosynthetic Proteins: Biochips, 

Biosensors and Biodevices, Maria Teresa Giardi and Elena V. Piletska (eds.), 

Biodevices for Space Research, Springer Science+ Business Media, New York, New 

York U.S.A. 212-215, 2005. 

Manfredotti, C., C.Ongaro, L.Tommasino and A.Zanini in Researcher’s Reference 

Manual and Data Book, Peter KF Grieder (ed.) Neutron spectra, Elsevier Science, 

ISBN 0444507108, 110-112, (2001). 


Zanini, A., M. Pelliccioni, E. Durisi, F. Fasolo, L. Visca, C. Ongaro, O. Saavedra, 

Differential Neutron Flux in Atmosphere at Various Geophysical Conditions, 28 th 

International Cosmic Ray Conference Tsukuba (Japan), 31 st July – 7 th August 2003. 

Durisi, E., F. Fasolo, C. Ongaro, O. Saavedra, P.P.Trapani, L. Visca, A.Zanini, High 

Mountain Observatory Network for studying the role of cosmoc ray flux variability 

on the atmospheric processes, Proc.International Conference on Cosmic Rays and 

Dark Matter, July 28-30,2003, Nagoya, Japan.Universal Academy Press Inc. Frontier 

Science Series 42, ISSN 0915-8502 

Edited books 

Zanini,A. (ed.) Radiation Dosimetry: basic technologies, medical applications, space 

applications, Frascati Physics Series 29, 2002 (ISBN 88-86409-36-2) 

Ongaro. C., A.Zanini (eds.) Neutron Spectrometry and Dosimetry: experimental techniques 

and MC calculations, OTTO editore. 2004 (ISBN 88-87503-86-9) 

Theses 

Perosino M., Biosensor for radiation detection in space application, Thesis, Università 

Torino, 2004 

133



Iannarelli R., Evaluation of radiation damages to instrumentation in Bepi Colombo 

mission to Mercure, Università Torino, 2005 

Durisi E., Study of a compact Neutron Source based on D-D fusion reaction for NCT 

application, PhD Thesis Universita’ Torino, 2005 


“Sugli aerei un fantoccio antiradiazioni” Il Tempo, 6 Marzo 2003 

“Radiazioni in volo”, Le Scienze, Italian edition of Scientific American, 417, May 

2003 


“Jimmy, the flying phantom “spazio12, Interview for the Scientific program 

Leonardo, RAI 3 on Jimmy, the anthropomorphic phantom used on Alitalia flights for 

neutron dose evaluation. July 2003. 

Address: 

INFN Sezione Torino 

Via Pietro Giuria n.1 

10125 Torino 

Italy 

Contacts: 

Alba Zanini 

Tel.: 039 011 6707378 

Fax: 039 011 6699579 

e-mail: zanini@to.infn.it 

134




ABB Switzerland Ltd, Semiconductors 


Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power semiconductor devices 


Thomas Stiasny 


Biased high power semiconductor devices like diodes, thyristors or IGBTs might fail 

suddenly without any previous device wear-out or electrical overload condition. This 

phenomenon is explained by cosmic rays where one particle triggers inside the biased 

silicon bulk a localized breakdown event, finally destroying the devices [1-4]. 

Accelerated tests reducing costs and time are feasible at locations with enhanced 

cosmic ray fluxes (e.g. at Jungfraujoch) or with particle beams. 

The test setup was located on a platform (area 0.7 m 2 ) just below a wooden roof of 

the Sphinx observatory. About 10 to 500 devices of one or two different types or 

designs were tested in parallel. Failed devices due to cosmic rays were identified by 

observing a constant leakage current until the occurrence of the failure and by 

characteristic defects like small spots somewhere on the silicon chip [5,6]. The 

measured failure rates and the characteristic defects of the chips depended on the 

device types and the applied biases but were in first order independent on the incident 

particle type (neutron or proton beams and cosmics). 

The sharp drop of the failure rates below a characteristic bias U c was observed for all 

device types but so far only with proton and neutron beams (Fig. 1). The poor 

statistics with cosmic tests did not allow to reproduce this drop-off. The predictions 

for most of the device types were in fair agreement with the test results except for the 

sharp drop of the failure rates [4]. 

The biases for typical device applications are normally below U c . Typical applications 

of high power semiconductors demand failure rates of power devices due to 

cosmics lower than one failure every 10 9 hour and every 1 cm 2 device area. Thus it is 

of vital interest to know if the failure rates due to cosmics exhibit a similar drop-off 

behaviour similar to those due to neutron or proton beams. 

In 2002 a test sequence with an increased number of devices was started to clarify the 

possible drop of the failure rates due to cosmics below U c . This experiment was 

continued in 2005. The data evaluation is ongoing. 

Glossary 

IGBT: Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor; voltage controlled power transistor. 

References 

[1] H. Kabza et al., Proc IEEE Intern. Symp. Power Semicond. Devices and ICs, 

Davos, pp. 9-12, 1994 

[2] H.R. Zeller, Proc IEEE Intern. Symp.Power Semicond. Devices and ICs, Davos, 

pp. 339-340, 1994 

H.R. Zeller, Solid State Electronics, 38, No.12, 2041-2046, (1995) 

135



[3] P. Voss et al., Proc IEEE Intern. Symp. Power Semicond. Devices and ICs, 

Weimar, pp. 169-172, 1997 

[4] H.R. Zeller, Microelectron. Reliab., Vol. 37, No. 10/11, pp. 1711-1718, 1997 

[5] Ch. Findeisen et al., Microelectron. Reliab., Vol. 38 (1998), pp. 1335-1339 

[6] Ch. Findeisen et al., Annual report of the Foundation HFSJG, 1998, 2000, 2001 

1.E+05 

1.E+04 

IGBT 

cosmics 

failure rate [FIT/cm 2 ] 

1.E+03 

1.E+02 

1.E+01 

protons (PIF) 

neutrons 

(LANSCE) 

1.E+00 

ABB Switzerland Ltd 


prediction 

1.E-01 

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 

blocking bias (V) 

Fig. 1: Failure rates of a certain IGBT device due to cosmics, protons (PSI-PIF, 300 

MeV) and neutrons (LANSCE, energy spectrum proportional to 1/E and with E < 800 

MeV). Here the application bias was well below the characteristic bias U c = 1500 V. 

All failure rates were normalized to New York City and to a temperature of 25 °C. 

One FIT/cm 2 corresponded to one failed chip every 10 9 chip⋅hour normalized to one 

cm 2 silicon area. 

Key words: 

cosmics, power semiconductor devices, failures 

Address: 

ABB Switzerland Ltd 


Fabrikstrasse 3 

CH-5600 Lenzburg 

Contacts 

Thomas Stiasny 

Tel.: +41 58 586 14 79 

Fax: +41 58 586 13 09 

e-mail: Thomas.Stiasny@ch.abb.com 

136




Institut d’automatisation Industrielle, Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et de 

Gestion 


Development of a seeing monitor for astronomical applications 


Prof. François Wildi, project leader 

Léonard Dal-Magro, Sébastien Mamin, graduating students 


Our goal is to develop a versatile and easy to use seeing monitor to offer real time 

dynamic atmospheric parameters characterization to smaller observatories that do not 

have a permanent facility of this type available 

This project was only initiated in 2005 and is still in infant phase. 

Key words: 

High resolution imaging, turbulence description, adaptive optics 


Theses 

L. Dal Magro, S. Mamin, Development of a seeing monitor of type DIMM. Diploma 

thesis, HEIG-VD, 2005. 

Other 

This project was presented in the frame of the “Journées Techniques 2006”, an 

exhibit that highlights the technological capabilities of the the Haute Ecole 

d’Ingénierie et de Gestion du canton de Vaud. 

Address: 

Institut d’automatisation Industrielle 

Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et de Gestion 

1, route de Cheseaux 

CH-1400 Yverdon-les-bains 

Contacts: 

François Wildi 

Tel.: +41 24 55 76 326 

Fax: +41 24 55 76 326 

e-mail: francois.wildi@heig-vd-ch 

URL: http://iai.eivd.ch/profs/fwi 

137



138




Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern 


Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of a 23 cm voice repeater 

station, study of high frequency propagation conditions. 


Roland Moser, HB9MHS (project leader); Jürg Furrer, HB9APG; Christian 

Schmocker, HB9DUU; Heinz Burkhard, HB9MOA; Ruedi Wyss, HB9BEN 


The “Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern” has been operating two amateur radio stations 

at the Sphinx observatory, one of them for more than 25 years. 

A 70cm beacon was installed in 1980 and has been working without any interruption 

at 432.432 MHz (formerly 432.984 MHz) for more than two years now. 

In 1992 the 23cm repeater at Tx 1258.900 MHz and Rx 1293.900 MHz completed the 

repeater network of the “Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern”. Due to the high reliability 

of the used components also the 23cm repeater did not need any maintenance during 

the past two years. 

Detailed information on technical equipment and further activities of the group can be 

found on our group website http://www.relais-hb9f.ch. 

Furthermore, reports on radio reception are still welcome by e-mail to 

hb9mhs@relais-hb9f.ch. 

For the kind hospitality during the last decades the “Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern” 

expresses its sincere thanks to the International Foundation HFSJG. 

Key words: 

Amateur radio beacon, repeater 


URL: http://www.relais-hb9f.ch, WAP: http://wap.relais-hb9f.ch 


USKA – Union of Swiss Short Wave Amateurs, Section Bern 

Address: 

Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern 

c/o Roland Moser 

Zeerlederstrasse 2 

CH-3006 Bern 

Contacts 

Roland Moser 

phone: +41 31 3 510 510 

mobile: +41 79 3000 311 

e-mail: hb9mhs@relais-hb9f.ch 

URL: http://www.relais-hb9f.ch 

139


Activity Report 2004 

140




Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University 


Solar UV irradiance 


Prof. Dr. Mario Blumthaler, project leader 

Prof. Dr. Monika Ritsch-Marte, Dr. Josef Schreder, Dr. Barbara Schallhart, 

Michael Schwarzmann, Dr. Roland Silbernagl 


Since 1980 variability and long-term trend of solar UV irradiance have been observed 

at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch in annual campaigns of about 8 

weeks duration. Especially the erythemally weighted UV-irradiance is of high 

interest, as it can be taken as a general indicator of harmful reactions of UV radiation 

on humans. The erythema dose is measured with broadband detectors, and long-term 

variations are investigated within our long-term project. 

Additionally, spectral measurements of solar global irradiance between 280 nm and 

500 nm with a resolution of 0.25 nm are carried out with a double-monochromator 

spectroradiometer. Total ozone column and spectral extinction by aerosols is derived 

from spectral measurements of direct sun irradiance. Close international cooperation 

guarantees high quality of the UV measurements. The spectral measurements allow 

the quantitative determination of the effects of individual parameters like ozone, 

albedo and aerosols, because each parameter has a different spectral effect on UV 

radiation. 

In 2005, the measurements at Jungfraujoch took place between 06.04.2005 and 

10.05.2003. During the whole period at least one scientific co-worker from the 

Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck, was taking care of the measurements at 

Jungfraujoch for continuous quality control and for manual ancillary measurements 

on clear sky days. With the spectroradiometer, spectral global irradiance and actinic 

flux density were measured continuously under all weather conditions. Measurements 

of direct sun irradiance with the spectroradiometer and with hand-held detectors 

during cloudless days allowed verifying the absolute calibration of these instruments 

by applying the Langley-method. Furthermore, on clear sky days, measurements of 

sky radiance in the vertical plane of the sun and in the almucantar were carried out for 

320 nm, 350 nm and 450 nm with a field of view of about 1.6°. At each selected point 

on the sky, a UV-polarising filter in front of the input optics was rotated in 4 steps 

over 135°. This allows to determine the degree and the direction of polarisation of the 

diffuse sky radiance in the UV wavelength range. These data will be analysed in 

combination with radiative transfer models. The measurements at Jungfraujoch can 

serve as a base line for such measurements, as the amount of aerosols is there 

extremely small and therefore their effect on polarisation can almost be neglected. 

However, the inhomogeneous distribution of snow coverage in the surrounding up to 

a distance of about 20 km has a significant influence on the diffuse sky radiance and 

also on its degree of polarisation. This makes the interpretation of the measurements 

quite complicate. 

141



Figure 1: Installation of the radiation detectors on the roof of the Sphinx observatory, 

looking towards Mönchsjoch. On the right, detectors for global, UVA and UVB 

irradiance and in the middle the respective detectors covered by a shadow band to 

measure the diffuse component only. On the left on the pole the sun tracker with the 

input optics of the spectroradiometer for direct sun and diffuse sky measurements. 

Figure 2: Further radiation detectors: on the left input optics of the spectroradiometer 

for global irradiance (dark blue) and actinic flux density (black) All input optics of the 

spectroradiometer are connected with quartz fibres (6 m) to the spectroradiometer 

itself, which is installed in the laboratory just below the terrace. The 3 white detectors 

are broadband instruments for global, UVA and UVB irradiance. 

142

Key words 

UV, erythemal irradiance, ozone, aerosols, albedo effects, polarisation 


http://www.uv-index.at 




Close contact to Meteo Schweiz concerning radiation measurements and to BUWAL 

concerning ground level ozone measurements. International cooperation in several 

EC-funded projects concerning spectral solar UV measurements. 


Refereed journal article: 

Huber M., M. Blumthaler, J. Schreder, B. Schallhart and J. Lenoble, Effect of 

inhomogeneous surface albedo on diffuse UV sky radiance at a high altitude site, J 

Geophys Res, 109, D08107, 10.1029/2003JD004013, 1-7, 2004. 

Schallhart B., M. Huber and M. Blumthaler,Semi-empirical method for the conversion 

of spectral UV global irradiance data into actinic flux, Atm Env 38, 4341-4346, 2004. 

Thesis: 

Schallhart B., Spectral global and actinic UV radiation – measurements and 

correlations. PhD Thesis, University Innsbruck, 2004. 

Address: 

Division for Biomedical Physics 

Innsbruck Medical University 

Müllerstrasse 44 

A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria 

Contacts: 

Mario Blumthaler 

Tel.: +43 512 507 3556 

Fax: +43 512 507 2860 

e-mail: Mario.Blumthaler@i-med.ac.at 

URL: http://www.uv-index.at 

143



144




Exercise Physiology, ETH-University of Zürich 


Short-term acclimatization to high altitude in children 


Dr. med. Susi Kriemler, project leader 

Dr. med. M. Kohler, Dr. med. HP Brunner, M. Zehnder, E. Handke 


Background: 

There is very little known about the short-term adaptation of children to high altitude, 

despite the fact that more and more children travel to those altitudes for recreational 

reasons such as skiing or trekking. The physiological characteristics at rest and 

exercise in a child are different from those in an adult mainly due to smaller body 

dimensions, hormonal and metabolic differences. Upon acute exposure to high 

altitude, the body adapts through different mechanism to the lower partial pressure of 

oxygen, a process called acclimatization, but very few data exist in children. Based on 

the different physiological characteristics in children at low altitude, we also expect 

differences in acclimatization between children and adults. 

The general objectives of this study were therefore to determine short-term (3-day 

exposure) altitude-related (3450m above sea level) 1. changes of pulmonary, 

cardiovascular functions at rest, during exercise and sleep, and 2. the tolerance of 

altitude and occurrence of AMS of prepubescent children. Specifically, we compared 

function between low altitude (LA) and day 1-3 in high altitude (HA) among the 

children, and in comparison to their fathers. 

Methods: 

Clinical examinations. Each subject had a physical examination of the cardiopulmonary 

system at LA and daily at HA to ensure a good general health. Tanner 

stage and height was assessed once at LA, weight was measured at LA and daily at 

HA. 

Acute mountain sickness score. In 1991, the Lake Louise Consensus Committee 

agreed on diagnostic criteria and a scoring system for the symptoms and signs of 

acute mountain sickness (Roach et al. 1993). It consists of a short self-report 

questionnaire, which is sufficient in itself, and to which an additional clinical 

assessment may be added, consisting of three signs: mental status, ataxia and 

peripheral edema. A diagnosis of AMS is based on a recent gain in altitude, at least 

several hours at the new altitude, and the presence of at least 5 score points. At LA 

and in the evenings and mornings of each day at HA, a questionnaire regarding 

symptoms and signs of AMS was filled out by each subject. Signs of AMS were 

evaluated by the investigator. One of the limitations in comparing prevalence and 

incidence of AMS among the studies is the fact, that there were different criteria in 

definition of the diagnosis. We therefore also included an ESQ questionnaire 

(Sampson et al. 1983) which was previously used to be able to compare AMS scores 

with the adult data from previous studies. 

145



Resting pulmonary function. Pulmonary function testing was performed at LA and on 

each day at HA. Each subject performed at least three forced expiratory maneuvers in 

a sitting position (Vmax 2900, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA, USA). The trial with 

the largest vital capacity is used to determine functional vital capacity (FVC), forced 

vital capacity in 1 sec (FEV 1 ), peak expiratory flow (PEF), single breath diffusion 

capacity (DL CO ), and closing volume by single breath nitrogen washout tests (CV) 

according to standard technique. For DLCO, unadjusted values, and those adjusted 

for altitude and alveolar ventilation are reported. Calibration of the flow meter and the 

gas analyzers was performed several times per day. Values will be compared to 

reference values (Sherill et al. 1992) and expressed as measured values and in percent 

change compared to LA. 

Doppler Echocardiography. Echocardiography was performed at LA and on each day 

at HA. It has previously been shown, that echocardiographic and invasive measurements 

of pulmonary artery pressure closely correlated at high altitude (Allemann et 

al. 2000). The echocardiographic recordings were performed by an experienced 

investigator using a portable ultrasound system (Cypress, Accuson Inc, USA). The 

recordings were stored together with data from a peripheral electrocardiographic lead 

on a videotape and analyzed off line. Systolic pulmonary-artery pressure was evaluated 

from the pressure gradient between the right ventricle and atrium using 

continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography and the clinically determined mean 

jugular venous pressure. In tricuspid regurgitation, as indirect parameter of pulmonary 

artery pressure, the continuous-wave Doppler beam was superimposed on the 

regurgitant jet into the right atrium by means of color Doppler, to obtain the maximal 

velocity within the Doppler spectrum. The trans-tricuspid pressure gradient was then 

calculated from the maximal velocity within the tricuspid jet of at least three beats, by 

a modification of the Bernoulli equation (trans-tricuspid pressure gradient equals four 

times the square of the velocity in the tricuspid jet). 

Aerobic exercise test. Each subject performed a graded exercise test on a cycle 

ergometer (Ergoline er800s, Pilger, Switzerland) to determine maximal oxygen 

uptake (VO 2 ), maximal aerobic capacity and submaximal V, . O2-HR relationship 

during exercise at LA and on day 1 and 3 of HA. A McMaster protocol was applied 

for the children (Bar-Or 1983). The initial load and the increments were based on the 

child's height. Load was increased after each 2 min stage until the child could no 

longer pedal at the prescribed cadence of 50 rpm, in spite of encouragement by the 

investigator. Maximal aerobic capacity (V, . O2-test) for men will be performed with 

an initial load of 70 W and an increase by 30 W every 2 minutes until volitional 

exhaustion of the subject. All subjects breathed through a face mask from which 

expired gas concentrations were continuously monitored (Quark b2, Cosmed, Rome, 

Italy). Minute ventilation, V, . O2 , CO 2 production and respiratory exchange ratio were 

then calculated. Heart rate was measured by Polar Vantage XL 4000 Sporttester 

(Leuenberger, Switzerland) at an interval of 5 seconds. Oxygen saturation was 

monitored by pulse oximetry throughout the test by forehead oximetry (OxiMax N- 

595, Nellcor, Leuag AG, Stans, Switzerland). 

Fluid balance. Fluid balance was assessed at HA only. The participants of the study 

continuously noted their fluid intake and output at all days of HA. All fluid was taken 

by a single bottle which was filled up by the investigators only. Urine was collected 

in a bottle which never left the subject. Daily weight measurements were taken in the 

evenings and mornings at HA. The meals were standardized to ensure an adequate 

intake for sodium (65 mmol/d) and to cover sodium sweat losses in individuals who 

146



are moderately active (RDA standard). Subjects adhered to a standardized diet with 

known composition in which calorie and sodium intake was measured individually. 

Hypoxic ventilatory response. Hypoxic ventilatory response was measured at LA and 

at days 1 and 2 of HA. For the ventilatory response tests, subjects sat comfortably in 

an armchair situated in a quite room with temperatures between 20 and 24°C. The 

subjects breathed through a face mask connected to a metabolic cart (Quark b2, 

Cosmed, Rome, Italy); V E , P ET CO 2 and P ET O 2 were continuously measured breathby-breath. 

Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was monitored by an oximeter using a 

finger probe (OxiMax N-595, Nellcor, Leuag AG, Stans, Switzerland). An initial 10- 

min hyperoxic period (F I O 2 =0.59) was used before all ventilatory response tests 

performed at HA to eliminate possible depression caused by ambient hypoxia at HA 

and to measure HVR over the same saturation range as that measured at LA (Sato et 

al. 1992). Each subject was familiarized with the testing prior to the first 

measurement at LA. The acute isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) was 

measured by a method previously described by Severinghaus et al (1976). Initially, 

resting minute ventilation was assessed until minute ventilation, end-tidal CO2 and 

heart rate were stable. End-tidal oxygen pressure was then randomly reduced to three 

different levels (60, 50, 40 Torr) within 90-180sec and kept for 3 min. End-tidal CO2 

was maintained at a 2 Torr higher level than during room air breathing within 0-2 

Torr. 

Respiratory plethysmography. These measurements were taken at LA and on both 

nights at HA. Nocturnal breathing pattern was recorded by computerized devices 

incorporating a respiratory inductive plethysmograph, a pulse oximeter, an ECG, and 

a position sensor (Somnostar, SensorMedics, Yorba Lainda, CA, USA). Displacement 

of inductance sensors was avoided by taping them directly to the skin and securing 

them with an elastic net (Somnostar). The Qualititative Diagnostic Calibration 

method was applied during natural breathing in supine position over 5 min. It 

provided relative gains of rib cage and abdominal inductive plethysmograph signals. 

Their sum was subsequently calibrated in absolute units (l) for 5-10 breaths with the 

nose clipped. Accuracy of calibration was verified in the mornings after the sleep 

studies, and regarded as acceptable if inductive plethysmographic tidal volumes were 

within 20% of the calibration bag volume. P ET CO 2 was continuously measured 

throughout the night by a transcutaneous PCO 2 43°C electrode mounted on the volar 

forearm which was calibrated in vivo after 15 min of stabilization to equal P ET CO 2 . 

Rest/activity pattern during the nights was recorded by an accelerometer placed at the 

wrist as an indirect measure of sleep/wakefulness (Actiwatch, Cambridge 

Neurotechnology, Cambridge, UK). 

147



Preliminary results and significance: 

In Table 1 you find the characteristics of the study participants. 

Adults 

Age Height Weight BSA FVC FVC, %pred 

Mean 44.0 179.0 73.9 1.92 5.33 105.8 

SD 4.2 6.8 7.5 0.13 0.60 10.6 

Min 36.6 169.0 61.0 1.72 4.24 89.4 

Max 57.1 190.0 91.3 2.20 6.25 136.0 

Children 

Mean 10.7 142.3 33.0 1.14 2.45 100.3 

SD 1.1 7.7 6.1 0.13 0.44 9.8 

min 9.2 129.5 24.3 0.95 1.54 77.5 

max 12.4 158.0 49.5 1.42 3.21 118.3 

* n=20 fathers and 20 children (4 girls, 16 boys) 

BSA=body surface area, FVC=forced vital capacity 

All children and adults showed a normal FVC compared to reference values. One 

child and two adults were slightly overweight. Children and adults were also well 

matched in respect to fitness. 

The cumulative incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) was similar when 

measured with the Lake Louise score, but was higher in children when measured with 

the AMS-C-Score. All children and their fathers were sick within 30 hours of altitude 

exposure, on day 3 of HA all participants were healthy again. These results have to be 

interpreted with caution, since 1. adult questionnaires were used in a population of 

children who might have problems to read and interpret the questionnaires as well as 

give appropriate responses. Nevertheless, it makes sense to be very cautious when 

taking children to HA, and make sure to adhere to recommendations regarding ascent 

rate and prompt descent in case of symptoms. 

Maximal aerobic exercise performance at LA was similar in children and adults, 

respectively, when corrected per bodyweight. Both reduced there VO2max similarly 

by about 20% on day 1 and 3 of HA. But the heart rate behaved differently. While it 

stayed at equal levels throughout the altitude exposure in children, it decreased 

significantly from LA to HA in adults on both days at HA. It seems, therefore, that 

the cardiovascular response to HA is different in children and adults, but mechanism 

behind have to be determined. Possible differences could be a different cardiac output 

or a different arterio-venous oxygen content in the peripheral vascular system. 

148



60 

55 

VO 2 max, ml*kg -1 *min -1 

50 

45 

40 

35 

30 

adults 

children 

25 

LA HA1 HA3 

Fig 1: Maximal oxygen uptake corrected for body weight (VO2max) at low altitude (LA) and 

on day 1 and 3 at high altitude (HA1 and HA3) 

During sleep, ascent to 3450m induced proportional increases of ventilation in 

children and fathers and similar reductions of SpO2. Breath rate increased more in 

children than adults. Periodic breathing was marked in fathers, but much less 

pronounced in children. It is still a matter of debate, whether periodic breathing plays 

a role in the occurrence of AMS. If so, it might explain part of the differences in 

AMS incidence we found between the two generations. 

Resting ventilation was higher in children than in adults at LA and HA, and 

significantly rose at HA to the same extent. Children mainly increased ventilation by 

increasing respiratory frequency, adults increased ventilation by a parallel increase in 

respiratory frequency and tidal volume. The decrease in oxygen saturation between 

LA and HA was prominent and similar in both groups. Again, the extent of 

respiratory adaptations to HA seems to be similar between children and adults, but the 

mechanisms by which ventilation is increased are different, mainly due to the smaller 

lung volumes in children. Whether the inherited higher ventilation per kg bodyweight 

in children plays a role in the acclimatization process has to be determined. 

Isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is higher in children than in adults at 

LA and HA. Both groups increase their HVR with HA, but adults seem to increase 

their HVR more than children. HVR is a measure of hypoxia induced respiratory 

drive of a person. Whether the extent of the drive at LA, or the extent of increase at 

HA is important for the protection against AMS, is still controversial even among the 

adult population. 

With HA, pulmonary artery pressure seems to increase more in children than in 

adults. This could be one important factor why children become more sick at HA than 

adults. The main postulated mechanism why a high pulmonary artery pressure leads 

to more AMS, is an inhomogeneous vasoconstriction in the pulmonary arteries 

leading to a diffusion limitation of oxygen into the blood. 

Fluid balance is still in investigation. In an adult population, the literature postulates 

that those who become sick show more water retention and consequently increase 

bodyweight, due to renal and hormonal alterations, but whether this is true is also a 

matter of debate in the literature. 

149



In 2006, we will finish data analysis and statistics, and several papers are prepared to 

be published in peer-reviewed international physiological or medical journals. 

Acknowledgment: 

We thank all the children and adults who took part in this demanding but also 

challenging project. We also thank the foundation HFSJG, with a special thank for 

Prof. E. Flückiger, L. Wilson, J. and M. Fischer, G. and K. Hemund for the excellent 

support to run the study. 

Key words: 

High altitude, children, high altitude illness 


University Hospital of Zürich, Dept of Pneumology (Prof. K. Bloch) 

University Hospital of Basle, Dept of Cardiology (PD Dr. HP Brunner) 



Kohler, M., Kriemler, S., Handke E., Zehnder, M., Bloch, K.E. Adaptation of 

ventilation to acute altitude exposure in prepubertal children. International 

Conference of the American Thoracic Society, San Diego, 2006. 

Kriemler, S., Zehnder, M., Kohler M., Brunner, H.P., Boutellier, U. Maximal aerobic 

performance of prepubertal children upon fast ascent to high altitude. 53 rd Annual 

Meeting of American College of Sports Medicine, Denver, 2006. 


MTW-Spezial vom Jungfraujoch: Forschung zwischen Himmel und Erde, Pioniere 

und Abenteuer, Bedrohung aus dem Kosmos, medizinisches Hoehen-Experiment, 

Geheimnisse im Weltraum, Hoechstgelegener Arbeitsort, Menschen Technik 

Wissenschaft, SF1, Januar 12, 2006. 

Address: 

Exercise Physiology 

ETH-University of Zürich 

Winterthurstr. 190 

8057 Zürich 

Contacts: 

Susi Kriemler 

Tel.: +41 44 635 5006 

Fax: +41 44 493 53 54 

e-mail: Kriemler@access.unizh.ch 

URL: www.unizh.ch/physiol 

150




Pneumology, Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, University of Munich 


Change of peripheral lung function paramaters in healthy subject acutely exposed to 

3454 m 


Dr. med. Rainald Fischer 


It has been shown that interstitial lung edema evolves in healthy subjects acutely 

exposed to altitudes above 4500 m. However, it is not known whether these changes 

occur also at lower altitudes. 

The goal of our study was to monitor peripheral lung function changes by measuring 

resistance and reactance at different frequencies with impulse oscillometry. 

In 22 healthy, non-smoking subjects, baseline measurements (flow-volume-loop, 

impulse oscillometry) were obtained at Grindelwald (943 m) before exposure to high 

altitude at Jungfraujoch (3454 m). After 6 h (T1) and 18 h (T2) at high altitude, 

measurements were repeated. 

We found a significant reduction of vital capacity (mean delta 105 ml, p=0.11), 

reactance at 5 Hz (mean delta 0.016, p=0.001) and low frequency reactance area (AX, 

mean delta -16.5, p



Address: 

Pneumologie 

Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, Universität München 

Ziemssenstrasse 1 

80336 München 

Contacts: 

Dr. med. Rainald Fischer 

Tel.: +49 89 5160 2111 

Fax: +49 89 5160 4953 

e-mail: Rainald.fischer@med.uni-muenchen.de 

URL: http://www.bexmed.de 

152




Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie der Universität Bern und des 

Paul Scherrer Instituts 


VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution 


Prof. Heinz W. Gäggeler 

Dr. Margit Schwikowski 

Dr. Sönke Szidat 

Theo Jenk 


VITA (Varves, Ice cores and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution), the 

subprogram of the National Center of Competence in Research on Climate (NCCR 

Climate) aims to compare proxy climate records obtained from trees, lakes, peat bogs 

and glaciers (http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/). The site selected for ice coring was 

the Fiescherhorn glacier in the Berner Oberland (FH, Swiss Alps, 46°33’3.2’’N, 

08°04’0.4’’E; 3900 m asl.), close to the Jungfraujoch. Samples from this ice core 

were analysed to obtain a first long-term record of the two main fractions, organic 

carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) of carbonaceous particle concentrations in 

ice along with the fraction of modern carbon derived from 14 C analysis. Long-term 

concentration records of carbonaceous particles are of increasing interest in climate 

research due to their not yet completely understood effects on climate. We analysed 

33 samples of 0.4 to 1 kg ice, covering the time period ~1670-1940. Details of sample 

preparation and analysis can be found elsewhere (Jenk et al., submitted). 

Since analysis of standard parameters like stable isotopes (δ 18 O, δD) and chemical 

species, e.g. ammonium, used for dating of ice cores by annual layer counting (ALC), 

is not completed yet for the Fiescherhorn glacier core, dating of the presented samples 

was performed by ALC back to 1880 (uncertainty: ± 2 years) and by a Nye ice flow 

model for the time before (± 10, rising to the end). Ice samples were obtained by 

cutting slices along the recovered core sections of about 70 cm length and were 

prepared as described in (Jenk et al., submitted). 

Concentrations of OC, EC and total carbon (TC) in µg/kg ice are presented in Fig. 1, 

representing the water insoluble amount. OC, as a tracer of biogenic emissions, shows 

a high variability in concentrations. An influence from anthropogenic emissions is not 

obvious for the examined time period, since high concentrations were already 

observed around 1700. The relatively low levels during the early 19 th century are 

unexpected. A possible explanation might be a change in bioactivity due to colder 

conditions around 1800. EC concentrations, as a tracer of anthropogenic emissions 

show less variability. In contrast to OC, the anthropogenic influence due to 

industrialisation and the use of fossil fuels (hard coal, later oil and gasoline) is clearly 

reflected in EC concentrations, which began to increase around 1880. 

153



1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 

80 

OC conc. [µg/kg ice] 

60 

40 

"Year (ALC / Nye Ice flow model)" vs u (fM) 

"Year (ALC / Nye Ice flow model)" vs Col 4 

20 

"Year (ALC / Nye Ice flow model)" vs "fM OCVB Abzug" 

"Year (ALC / Nye Ice flow model)" vs Col 8 

0 

EC conc. [µg/kg ice] 

100 0 

80 

TC conc. [µg/kg ice] 

60 

40 

20 

0 

1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 

year 

40 

30 

20 

10 

Fig. 1: OC, EC and TC concentrations as µg/kg ice from 1670 to 1940 (solid lines) 

with measurement uncertainties (1 σ, shaded areas). The dashed line was obtained by 

smoothing of the data. 

14 C analysis has shown to be a powerful tool for source apportionment of 

carbonaceous particles (Szidat et al., 2006). In Fig. 2, results of 14 C analysis are 

presented for OC and EC as fraction of modern carbon (f M ) corrected for the decay by 

accounting for the age of the sample. The f M thus indicates the level of 

biogenic/anthropogenic contribution to the sample. Accordingly, a sample with a f M = 

1 originated to 100% from biogenic sources. The record for the f M of OC shows - 

similar to the EC record in Fig.1 - a rising of anthropogenic emissions after 1880. The 

level for 1940 is already comparable to recent aerosol samples with an anthropogenic 

contribution of around 40% [3]. A very strong peak of anthropogenic emissions 

between 1880 and 1900 is interesting for further investigation. Before 1850, OC was 

almost purely of biogenic origin. This is an important finding as we intend to use OC 

for radiocarbon dating of the oldest sections of ice cores. The f M of EC reflects a more 

and more dominating contribution of anthropogenic sources after 1900 until reaching 

about 80% of the total EC emissions in 1940, comparable to what is observed in 

recent aerosol samples (Szidat et al., 2006). Interesting but without explanation yet is 

the f M for the sample from around 1850. EC seems to be influenced by 14 C extinct 

sources even around 1850. 

1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 

1.0 

biogenic 

OC [f M 

] 

0.5 

recent aerosol samples, Zürich 

0.0 

1.0 

anthropogenic 

biogenic 

EC [f M 

] 

0.5 

recent aerosol samples, Zürich 

anthropogenic 

0.0 

1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 

year 

Fig. 2: f M of the OC and EC fractions derived from 14 C AMS analysis (solid lines) 

with measurement uncertainties (1 σ, shaded areas). The dashed line was obtained by 

smoothing of the data. The dotted line represents 100% biogenic origin. 

154



Acknowledgements: 

This study was conducted in the frame of the NCCR-Climate project VITA. Financial 

support from the Swiss National Science Foundation is acknowledged. The 

possibility to use the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch as base camp is 

highly acknowledged. 

References: 

Jenk, T.M., S. Szidat, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, D. Bolius, L. Wacker, H.-A. 

Synal, M. Saurer, Microgram level radiocarbon ( 14 C) determination on carbonaceous 

particles in ice, submitted to Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B. 

Szidat, S., T.M. Jenk, H.-A. Synal, M. Kalberer, L. Wacker, I. Hajdas, A. Kasper- 

Giebl, U. Baltensperger, Contribution of fossil fuel, biomass burning and biogenic 

emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zürich as traced by 14 C, J. Geophys. Res. 

Atmos., in press. 

Key words: 

carbonaceous particles, radiocarbon, aerosol effect 


http://lch.web.psi.ch/ 

http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/ 


Brigitta Ammann, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern 

Martin Grosjean, Jürg Luterbacher, Heinz Wanner, Geographical Institute, University 

of Bern. 

Lukas Wacker, Hans-Arno Synal, Martin Suter, ETH Zürich. 



Sodemann, H., A.S. Palmer, C. Schwierz, M. Schwikowski, H. Wernli, The transport 

history of two Saharan dust events archived in an Alpine ice core, Atmos. Chem. 

Phys. Discuss. 5, 7497-7545 (2005). 

Address: 


Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie 

CH-5232 Villigen 

Switzerland 

Contacts: 

Margit Schwikowski 

Tel.: +41 56 310 4110 

Fax: + 41 56 310 4435 

e-mail: margit.schwikowski@psi.ch 

URL: http://lch.web.psi.ch/ 

155



156




Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), 

ETH Zürich 


Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher 


Dr. Andreas Bauder, project leader 

2-4 coworkers and field assistents 


Long-term glacier observations have been carried out to document glacier variations 

of Grosser Aletschgletscher: 

- Since the 1880's the length changes at the glacier tongue were recorded annually. 

- Starting in September 1918, the firn accumulation and mass balance was measured 

on Jungfraufirn. These are the second longest time series of in-situ stake 

measurements. 

- The mass balance of the whole catchment area is evaluated with the hydrological 

method using runoff records which started in 1922. 

- Special high precision topographic maps covering the whole catchment area of the 

branched glacier system have been produced repeatedly in 1926/27 and 1957. 

These maps are complemented by an earlier map from 1880. 

In an ongoing project the length, area, volume, and mass changes are continuously 

observed applying modern remote sensing techniques as well as direct field 

measurements. In order to calculate net volume changes of high spatial resolution, 

photogrammetrical results from two sets of recent aerial photographs for 1980 and 

1999 were compared with the topograhical maps. The changes in mass on 

Jungfraufirn are continuously measured twice per year in spring after the 

accumulation season and in late summer after the ablation season. The variation of 

snow accumulation and melting is recorded monthly. 

Figure: Length variation and mean thickness change of the Grosser Aletschgletscher 

157



Key words: 

Glacier measurements, firn accumulation, mass balance 


http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/gz_variations_gr_aletsch 

gretscher 


Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network in collaboration with Swiss Academy of Sciences 

(SCNAT) 

Address: 

ETH Zürich 

Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) 

Gloriastrasse 37/39 


Contacts: 

Andreas Bauder Tel. +41 44 632 4112 e-mail: bauder@vaw.baug.ethz.ch 

Martin Funk Tel. +41 44 632 4132 e-mail: funk@vaw.baug.ethz.ch 

URL: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/ 

158




MeteoSchweiz, Zürich 


The weather in 2005 

The most important climatologic event in 2005 was certainly the devastating storm on 

August 21 and 22. The extremely heavy rainfall, which lasted in part more than 36 

hours, caused flooding, landslides, and mudflow, and did enormous damage in large 

areas of Switzerland. The Berner Oberland region was especially hard hit by the 

unusually heavy rainfall, a subject which will be discussed in detail in reviewing the 

weather in summer 2005. 

Table 1 illustrates that compared to the long-range means from 1961-1990 in both the 

plains of the northern side of the Alps as well as in the high mountainous areas, the 

year 2005 was too warm. In Bern it was +0.7° C and at Jungfraujoch +0.9° C warmer 

than the average. The duration of sunshine was also above the long-range mean 

(=100%) in the region of Bern (115%) and in the Jungfraujoch region (108%). 

Precipitation in the Jungfrau region corresponded to the long-term mean, while the 

amounts in the plains were clearly below average. 

Table 1: Comparisons of three parameters with the long-range mean 1961-1990 at the stations 

Jungfraujoch and Bern. For temperature the deviation from the long-range mean is shown. 

Duration of sunshine and precipitation are expressed relative to the average amounts. 

Because precipitation is not measured at Jungfraujoch, values from Kleine Scheidegg have 

been used. 

Jungfraujoch Bern 

Mean temperature +0.9° C +0.7° C 

Duration of sunshine 108% 115% 

Precipitation 101% 83% 

Significant incursion of cold air at the beginning of the year 

2005 started where 2004 left off: a stable high pressure system over southwest Europe 

produced sunny weather until mid-January. In the higher areas of the Swiss Alps it 

was almost as warm as in springtime, and on January 7, 2005, the thermometer at the 

weather station Jungfraujoch at 3580 meters above sea level briefly climbed above 

freezing. The stable high pressure weather came to an end at the end of the month 

with a massive cold front, bringing partly heavy snowfall even into the lowlands. 

There was a marked drop in temperature in the mountains, illustrated by the maximum 

daily temperature of -26.3° C on January 25, 2005, at Jungfraujoch. During the 

following night, -29.5° C was measured at Jungfraujoch, the record low temperature 

there for 2005. 

There was a further heavy thrust of polar air on February 13, 2005, which started an 

unusually long period of cold weather. Repeated surges of artic air with varying 

amounts of humidity hit the Alps. By the end of February the northern side of the 

Alps registered 12 to 17 days of mostly light snow fall, and in Zürich snow fell on 19 

days. The last time there were similar numbers of days with snowfall was in 1996 

159



and 1986. However, because the snowfall was only light, no extremely great amounts 

of snow were registered. Temperatures remained frosty even during the daytime. 

The situation was different on the protected southern side of the Alps with practically 

no precipitation. Together with the very dry January, it had been 20 years since 

Tessin had had such a dry period at the beginning of a year. 

Records in spring time 

The exceptionally cold weather continued on to the beginning of the meteorological 

spring. After the arrival of a cold front of Siberian air at the end of February, the 

nights of March 1 and 2, 2005, were clear, allowing the air to cool out over the 

freshly fallen snow. The result was that many stations, especially those in the 

flatlands on the northern side of the Alps, reported their lowest local temperatures in 

2005. Several stations, such as in Bern, measured the lowest March temperatures 

since measurements have been recorded. The frosty weather with occasional 

snowfall continued throughout the following days. 

Mid-March the weather changed drastically, due to a warm high pressure system over 

Italy. This occurred in the lowlands as well as in the mountains. For example, on 

March 5, 2005, the temperature at Jungfraujoch reached a daytime high of only 

-20° C, and in Bern the temperature stayed below freezing with a daytime high of 

-4° C. About a week later, on March 16, 2005, it was -0.6° C at Jungfraujoch and 

+18.0° C in Bern – almost 20 degrees warmer. And at the same time in Tessin it was 

+27-28° C, a new record for March. 

The month of April also had phases of exceptional weather. The month began calmly 

due to a high over eastern Europe, but then several low pressure systems activated 

weather conditions. Starting April 7, 2005, a low pressure system caused long 

periods of precipitation south of the Alps and then snowfall down into the lowlands 

north of the Alps. This was followed by a low pressure system that moved from 

southern France to Upper Italy, bringing considerable precipitation as rain and snow 

into the midlands. This heavy precipitation was triggered by the collision of humid, 

warm air masses from the southwest with cold air masses from the north. This caused 

the snowfall mentioned above. Bern registered 5 cm of new snow on the morning of 

April 17, 2005, and Geneva had 3 cm of new snow, something that hadn’t occurred 

there so late in April since 1931. The main load of snow fell in the region of 

Lausanne and Lauvaux as well as the in southern arm of the Jura in Waadt. Parts of 

the city of Lausanne had more than 30 cm of snow on the morning of April 17, 2005. 

As is usually the case with spring snow, it didn’t stay long. The longer hours of 

sunshine made the temperatures climb rapidly, and by the end of April the +24-28° C 

temperatures reached early summer levels. The last time temperatures this warm 

were measured in April was in 1993. And it was also warmer at Jungfraujoch. On 

April 30, 2005, the daytime maximum reached +3.0° C, which is usually only 

measured in the summer months. 

The warm weather dominated through to the beginning of May. On May 3, 2005, a 

storm front from the west brought a period of unsettled and cool weather. It rained 

more or less constantly in light or moderate intensity. This kind of “April” weather 

lasted until May 23, 2005, after which an extensive high pressure system brought in 

summer weather untypical for the end of May. Many stations reported the first 

sweltering temperatures in 2005 of 30° C and higher. For many stations this was the 

first time such high May temperatures had been registered since 1969, and for some 

160



stations even since 1953. With +8.9° C Jungfraujoch registered the highest May temperatures 

since 1961. However, it is advisable to be cautious when making comparisons 

with the past, especially with regard to record values. Measurement conditions 

often change with time. Weather stations are moved, or new meteorological 

instruments are put in operation. This means that great caution should be exercised in 

comparing old measurements with modern measurements. And this is the case with 

the measurements at the Jungfraujoch station. One method that is used to make historical 

measurements comparable with modern ones is the so-called homogenization 

of data series, which tries to adjust old measurements to modern measurement conditions 

based on statistical methods. A complete homogenized data series for Jungfrauoch 

is not available at present. 

Heat at the beginning and severe rainfall at the end of summer 2005 

As can be expected in June, the first heavy summer thunderstorms came in. On June 

3, 2005, there was hail and stormy weather that mainly affected the Berner Oberland. 

This would not be the last time that this region would be struck by severe weather in 


After the passage of these thunderstorms the entire region of the northern side of the 

Alps experienced a period of unsettled, cool weather. The nights from June 7-11 

were especially cold for this time of year. Bern had ground frost every night in this 

period, which hadn’t occurred in June since the beginning of ground temperature 

measurements in 1981. 

Starting in mid-June a subtropical high pressure system drove temperatures up to 

summer levels. In many places temperatures during the second half of July were 

above 30° C. In the Basel area they even reached 34° C. Nevertheless, record 

temperatures, which were set in the scorching June of 2003, and in June 2002, 1950, 

and 1947, were reached or broken at only a very few stations. 

An active system with heavy thunderstorms cooled temperatures off starting July 4, 

2005. At Jungfraujoch the temperature sank to -7.9° C and in parts of Canton 

Graubünden the snow line sank to 1700 meters above sea level. This highly unstable 

layered air mass produced thunderstorms with tornado funnels over Lake Geneva and 

in the Zürcher Oberland on July 5, 2005. The subsequent weather was unsettled but 

relatively warm. A stable phase of beautiful summer vacation weather didn’t arrive 

as people were hoping for. It didn’t occur until the last days of July, and then only for 

a few days. Air masses coming from Africa caused the hottest and most humid days 

of the year on July 27 and 28, 2005. The record high temperature at Jungfraujoch in 

2005 was measured at 12.7° C, and the year’s highest temperature in Switzerland was 

measured in Geneva at 36.2° C. Two heavy thunderstorms in July caused severe 

local damage. The first storm on July 18, 2005, devastated a large part of the upper 

Lake Geneva area. Gusts of up to 160 km/h and hail caused enormous damage to the 

vineyards. Another thunderstorm accompanied by hazelnut sized hailstones and galeforce 

winds rampaged the western shore of Lake Geneva. 

In the first half of August, cool and rainy weather prevailed. Snow fell in the higher 

mountain passes of the Alps. During occasionally clear nights, the temperatures sank 

notably. Several stations in the plains of the northern side of the Alps registered 

almost the record low for the beginning of August. And in the mountains it was cool 

and unpleasant. At Jungfraujoch for example the daytime maximum temperature 

reached only -3.2° C on August 8, 2005. 

161



The devastating storms in August 2005 

On August 18 and 19, 2005, a low pressure system was located over France. This 

low pressure system crossed over to the Gulf of Genova and then by August 23, 2005, 

moved over the eastern Alps going north. In the process, warm and humid air masses 

from the Mediterranean were carried along over the Alps and jammed back onto the 

northern slope of the Alps by north easterly winds. Meteorologists call this a “Vbcondition”, 

and it is known to have repeatedly caused devastating amounts of 

precipitation in the past. This is exactly what occurred on August 21 and 22, 2005. In 

the ensuing heavy rainfall, six people lost their lives and the material damage 

amounted to approximately two billion Swiss francs. The Berner Oberland and 

central Switzerland were severely affected. Almost every valley from the lower 

Simmental through to Canton Uri experienced landslides and mudflows. Streams 

torrentially flooded over their banks, devastating villages, farmland, bridges, railway 

lines, and roads. Entire valleys were cut off for days. Even some higher areas of the 

Alp foothills were affected, especially from Emmental to Lake Zug, and the town of 

Weesen on Walensee. It flooded in parts of the midlands as well. In the city of Bern 

the river Aare flooded over its banks into the Matte. The river Reuss flooded houses 

in the area Wasseramt. The Lake of Thun, the Lake of Lucerne, and the Lake of Biel 

also flooded over their banks. And even farther away, the areas of upper Prättigau 

and Lower Engadin also experienced damage. 

An exceptionally rare phenomenon 

Unprecedented was the fact that within 48 hours the large northern slope of the Alps 

was inundated with more than 100 liters of rain pro m2 (= 100mm). (See figure 2.) 

Several stations measured record amounts (see table 2 and figure 3). For some of 

these stations the statistical recurrence rate for such an event is much greater than 100 

years. 

Table 2: Accumulated precipitation during 48 hours. Measurement period August 21 

(Sunday 05:40 h UTC) to August 23, 2005 (Tuesday, 05:40 h UTC). 

Measurement 

station 

Amount of 

precipitation 

Previous 

maximum amount 

Measured on 

Data available 

since 

Meiringen 205 mm 159 mm 07.03.1896 1889 

Brienz 181 mm 129 mm 13.02.1990 1961 

Wimmis 141 mm 120 mm 07.05.1985 1961 

Engelberg 190 mm 153 mm 21.12.1991 1901 

Einsiedeln 152 mm 142 mm 07.08.1978 1900 

Marbach/LU 181 mm 165.mm 02.06.2004 1961 

Napf 178 mm 158 mm 13.02.1990 1978 

Events preceding the flooding 

There are other ominous circumstances that preceded the flooding. Even before the 

devastating precipitation began, a great deal of rain had already fallen during the 

month of August in the affected areas. This had already equaled the usual amounts 

162



for the entire month of August. In addition, the snow line had risen to 3000 meters 

above sea level and even higher, meaning that the precipitation in the mountains up to 

that level was not bound in the form of snow and ran off immediately. 

Even during the days immediately preceding the flooding, several regions experienced 

large amounts of precipitation. There was heavy rain on the northern slopes of 

the Alps during a thunderstorm on the evening of August 18, 2005, and thunderstorm 

activity continued on August 19 and 20, especially in the foot hills of Fribourg, the 

Napf area, in Entlebuch through to central Switzerland. The ground was saturated 

with water and unable to absorb the huge amounts that followed: streams and rivers 

flooded over in no time. 

What could the future bring? 

The results of regional model analyses for Europe for the second half of the 21 st 

century show an increasing tendency in the mean precipitation intensity and the frequency 

of days with intensive precipitation. For Europe this could mean that the rate 

of extreme events occurring every 50 years could shrink to 25 years. This increase in 

heavy precipitation can also be interpreted as a result of the intensified hydrological 

cycle due to the greenhouse effect. Today an intensified hydrological cycle during 

the winter months and for the entire European continent is considered to be very 

probable. In the Alps it could especially cause an increase in precipitation of long 

duration. 

Dry autumn 

At the end of August and the beginning of September 2005 a high pressure system 

covered middle Europe and brought many sunny late summer days. The warm and 

dry weather brought relief to the flooded areas, the level of the lakes and rivers sank, 

and the saturated ground dried again. Some stations once again registered temperatures 

of +30° C, and there were a few typical local summer thunderstorms. Mid- 

September a cold front came into Switzerland from the northwest, sinking temperatures 

drastically and causing heavy rainfall. On the morning of September 17, 2005, 

it snowed partly down to 1700 m above sea level on the northern side of the Alps. 

The night of September 21, 2005, was clear and cold, thus cooling off the air masses. 

This led to the first local frosts in autumn 2005. 

At the start of the month of October 2005 it rained heavily again in large areas of 

Switzerland. For the northern slopes of the Alps, Wallis, and large areas of Graubünden 

and Tessin, these were the last notable amounts of precipitation during the 

month of October, which later led to a considerable deficit. Tessin, for example, only 

received 20% of the usual amount of precipitation for October. During the last ten 

days of the month a high pressure system over the Mediterranean brought very warm 

weather for the time of the year. In higher regions the temperatures nearly reached 

historical records. Several stations in Wallis and in Graubünden measured new 

record high temperatures. In general, the temperatures in the mountains made one 

think more of summer than of the approaching winter. 

The relatively mild and dry weather continued through the first days of November 

2005. It wasn’t until November 17 that a low pressure system over Ukraine brought 

in a disturbance to the Alps. This disturbance was followed by cold polar air, and in 

the eastern plains snow fell partly into the lowlands and with it the first covering of 

snow of the winter 2005/2006. Temperatures stayed below 0° C for the first time the 

163



entire day on November 24, 2005. Climatologists call this an “ice day”. Another low 

pressure system brought snow to the entire country on November 26, 2005, which 

was earlier than southern Switzerland has on the average, but which could be 

expected in the north. It was only a light layer of snow, however, and the month of 

November was generally very dry. Combined with the very dry month of October, 

this led to an extremely dry situation from the eastern Berner Oberland through to 

Appenzell and the Rhine valley, as well as in the Upper Rhine valley, the Gotthard 

area, and northern Tessin. Looking at all the meteorological autumn months 

September to November, the last similarly dry autumn was in 1962 and 1961. The 

water level in rivers and lakes sank continually, and the fish in small rivers were 

endangered for the lack of water. Lake Constance reached a level almost as low as 

had ever been measured since the beginning of measurements in 1864, and Swiss 

reservoirs were almost at an historically low level as well. 

The first day of December was cold. It rained shortly thereafter up to 1300 m above 

sea level in the north and snowed 15 to 30 cm in the south. From December 6 to 9, 

2005, it snowed in the north down into the lowlands, and the south was sunny again. 

Then dry and relatively cold air moved in from the north, with a short interlude on 

December 16 and 17 when it snowed heavily in the northern slopes of the Alps and 

made a thin covering of snow in the east. There was only snow for a white Christmas 

above 600 m above sea level in the midlands. On December 26, 2005, another blast 

of arctic air moved in, and temperatures sank even lower. In the midlands it was 

between -10° and -15° C on December 30, 2005. The temperature in Samedan was 

-31° C and in La Brévine -35.9° C, which was the coldest temperature measured in 

Switzerland in 2005. 

In Tessin it snowed 15-30 cm, and on the night of December 30, 2005, it also snowed 

heavily in the north. On the last day of the year, temperatures rose above freezing. 

Figure 1: Mean temperature in 2005 measured at the station Jungfraujoch compared to 

the long-term mean 1961-1990 (solid line) and to the long-term mean variation (broken 

lines = standard deviation). 

164



Figure 2: 48 hour sum of rainfall on August 21 and 22, 2005 (07:00 until 07:00 on the 

following day). Analysis of the measurements from 372 MeteoSwiss stations and 42 

mountain stations of the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research, 

Davos. This precipitation map was prepared by C. Frei, MeteoSwiss. 

Figure 3: Estimated periods (in years) of the recurrence of the sum of precipitation 

measured on August 21 and 22, 2005. The recurrence period indicates how frequently 

on a long-term average the observed amount of precipitation can be expected at the same 

station, assuming the climate is stationary. The periods were estimated by using extreme 

value statistics for the long measurement series of MeteoSwiss. This precipitation map 

was prepared by C. Frei, MeteoSwiss. 

Thomas Schlegel, MeteoSchweiz 

Translation: Louise Wilson 

165



Address: 

Klimadienste 

MeteoSchweiz 

Krähbühlstrasse 58 

Postfach 514 


Schweiz 

Contacts: 

Tel: +41 44 256 91 11 

Tel (direct): +41 44 256 94 56 

Fax: +41 44 256 92 78 

mailto:thomas.schlegel@meteoschweiz.ch 

http://www.meteoschweiz.ch 

166



Research statistics for 2005 

High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat 

Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South (KOSMA) 

Institute Country Person-working days 

I. Physikal. Institut, Universität zu Köln Germany 469 

Astronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn Germany 45 

Observatoire Bordeaux France 22 

BAO Peking China 8 

Total 544 

Solar Neutron Telescope SONTEL 


Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Switzerland 2 

Field campaigns 


VAW ETH Zürich Switzerland ca. 400 

167


Activity Report 2004 

168




I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, 

Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn 


KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie 


Prof. Dr. Jürgen Stutzki, observatory director 

Dr. M. Miller, station manager 

Universität zu Köln: H. Jakob, Dr. U.Graf, PD Dr. C. Kramer, Dr. B. Mookerjea, PD 

Dr. V. Ossenkopf, Dr. M. Röllig. 

Universität Bonn: Prof. Dr. F. Bertoldi, Dr. U. Klein, Dr. F. Bensch, P. Müller, J. 

Pineda, Dr. S. Stanko, T. Westmeier. 


The large scale distribution, physical and chemical conditions of the interstellar 

matter 

In 2005 KOSMA was in operation for 5 months only. The observations had to be 

stopped end of March. The Kulmhotel including some rooms of the observatory were 

refurbished. The works started in April. The observatory was back in operation in mid 

October. After cleaning all rooms and the telescope and starting up all systems the 

first astronomical observations after refurbishment was done in November. Two SIS 

receivers were used, a dual channel receiver operating at 230 GHz and 350 GHz, and 

the dual frequency array receiver SMART which allowed a series of successful 

observations of both [CI]-lines simultaneously and the transitions CO(4-3), (7-6), and 

13 CO(8-7). [CI](1-0)/(2-1) observations were done in IVC135, IVC140, in the 

Serpens region, in IC348, W51 IRDC1, CepheusB, and CasA. CO(4-3) was observed 

in CepheusB, in the DR21 region, in Serpens, and in IC348. In April the array 

receiver SMART was brought back to the institute in Cologne for upgrating the 

system to 16 channels (8 pixel in the two frequency ranges 490GHz and 810 Ghz). 

Besides 12/13 CO2-1,3-2 transitions we observed with the dual channel receiver N 2 H+ 

(3-2) and N 2 D+(3-2) in several sources in Cygnus, Perseus, and Taurus and we 

detected the very weak transition of 13 C 18 O (J=2-1) in W49. 

Five major projects were continued during the short observing period in 2005: 

1. KOSMA observations of CO in the Cepheus OB3 Giant Molecular Cloud 

Observers: M. Masur, B. Mookerjea, C. Kramer (Universität zu Köln) 

For a large-scale CO survey we observe the Cepheus Giant Molecular Cloud at 730 

pc distance in CO (3-2) and 13CO (2-1) using the KOSMA 3m submillimeter 

telescope. We would like to get more knowledge about the structure of the densities 

and temperatures in the whole Cepheus GMC. That cloud shows bright emission 

features, which are in regions of ongoing star formation, a quiescent and very broad 

region and regions with embedded and obscured young stars and objects. 

Status: ongoing. 

169



2. Low-metallicity translucent clouds 

Observers: Jorge L. Pineda, Angela Kuhn, Frank Bensch (Universität Bonn) 

We try to understand the physical properties of low-metallicity translucent clouds as 

examples of low metallicity low UV radiation field photon dominated regions 

(PDRs). Sources: IVC 210, IVC 140, IVC 135. We used both SIS receivers for our 

observations. We observed the transitions of 12CO(2-1) , 12CO(3-2), 13CO(2-1), 

12CO(4-3), [CI] 3P1-3P0. Status: ongoing. 

3. High Mass Star Formation in the Cygnus X Region 

Observers: N. Schneider, S.Bontemps, (University Bordeaux), R. Simon (Universität 

zu Köln) 

Cygnus X is one the most active, nearby Giant Molecular Cloud (GMC) complex 

with ongoing high-mass star formation. In order to investigate the relationship 

between the global GMC complex structure and the star formation activity, we draw 

the global view of the high-density regions of Cygnus X based on a complete 13 CO(3- 

2)/(2-1) survey with KOSMA. Status: this project has been finished now. 

4. Supernova remant: HB21 in 12CO 2-1 & 3-2 

Do-Young Byun, Bon-Chul Koo Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute 

and Seoul National University in collaboration with Martin Miller, Carsten Kramer 

(Universität zu Köln). 

We are studying shocked clouds in the supernova remnant HB21. For this, we are 

combining SRAO 6m 12CO 1-0 maps with KOSMA 2-1 and 3-2 maps. We are 

planning to supplement these maps with KOSMA observations at selected positions 

of SiO, HCO+, and CS lines. These data sets 

are complemented with 1420 MHz radiocontinuum 

images from the CGPS/DRAO 

surveyand maps of the X-ray emission 

detected with ROSAT. Status: ongoing 

5. 13 CO 2-1 and 12 CO 3-2 survey of the 

Serpens molecular cloud 

Project of K. Sun, C. Kramer (Universität zu 

Köln) 

Serpens is located in the inner Galaxy, not 

very far away in the direction toward the 

Galactic Centre (b = 5°and l = 32°) at a 

distance of 259±37 pc and contains a deeply 

embedded, young cluster with large and 

spatially inhomogeneous cloud extinction, 

exceeding 50 mag of visual extinction. 

Earlier observations discovered discrete far 

infrared sources of relatively low luminosity. 

It is currentely forming a dense cluster of 

low to intermediate mass stars, which is 

evident from the existing one of the richest 

known collection of Class 0 objests, the 

presence of several molecular outflows, pre- 

Fig. 1: This Serpens integrated 

intensity map in the 

12 CO(3-2) 

rotational transition includes all 

observations up to Dec. 2003. 

170



stellar condensations seen as sub-mm sources, a far-IR source (FIRS1) possibly 

associated with a non-thermal triple radio continuum source. 

Serpens belongs to the complete census of the stellar content of nearby (≤ 350 pc) 

molecular clouds obtained by the Spitzer legacy project “Cores to Disks”. Large-scale 

12 CO, 13 CO 1–0 and A v maps of the Serpens clouds were recently obtained by the 

COMPLETE team. The KOSMA survey of Serpens in higher CO transitions traces 

the warmer and denser gas due to the elevated critical densities and excitation 

energies (~ 10 5 cm -3 and 33.2K for CO 3–2) relative to the J = 1–0 transition. 

Moreover, 12 CO is largely optically thick, while 13 CO, being a factor ~ 65 less 

abundant, is often optically thin, thus tracing column densities. 

Status: ongoing 

Key words: 

Interstellar matter, ISM, PDR, millimeter, submillimeter wave telescope, SIS 

receiver, array receiver 


http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg 

http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php 


MPI für Radioastronomie Bonn, Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Bern, 

ETH Zürich, Center of Astrophysics, Boston, USA, Observatoire de Bordeaux, 

Astronomy Department Peking University, China. 



Jakob, H., Kramer, C., Simon, R., Stutzki, J., Tracing the Photon Dominated Region 

around DR 21 with CO, CI, CII, and OI emission, Astron. Nachr., 326, 655-656, 


Emprechtinger M., Simon R., Wiedner M. C., N2D+ abundance in high mass star 

forming regions, Astronomische Nachrichten, 326, 649, 2005. 

Masur, M., Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Stutzki, J., Large-scale CO mapping of the 

CEPHEUS giant molecular cloud using KOSMA, Astron. Nachr., 326, 661-662 2005. 

Sun, K., Kramer, C., Bensch, F., Ossenkopf, V., Stutzki, J., Miller, M., Structure 

analysis of the CO data in the Perseus clouds, Astron. Nachr., 326, 670-670, 2005. 

Mookerjea, B., Sun, K., Kramer, C., Masur, M., Roellig, M., CI/CO Mapping of IC 

348 and Cepheus B using SMART on KOSMA, Astron. Nachr., 326, 581-582, 2005. 

S.-L. Qin, J.-J. Wang, G. Zhao, and M. Miller, A New Interpretation of the Bipolar 

HII Region S106 from HCN J = 3 – 2 Mapping Observations, Chin. J. Astron, 2005. 

Sun, K., Kramer, C., Bensch, F., Ossenkopf, V., et al., A KOSMA 7 deg2 13CO 2-1 

& 12CO 3-2 survey of the Perseus cloud, I. Structure Analysis, A&A, submitted, 


Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Roellig, M., et al., Study of Photon Dominated Regions 

in the Cepheus B Molecular Cloud, A&A, in preparation, 2005 

171



Address: 

1. Physikalisches Institut Radioastronomisches Institut 


der Universität Bonn 

Zülpicher Str. 77 Auf dem Hügel 71 

D-50937 Köln D-53121 Bonn 

Contacts: 

Jürgen Stutzki (observatory director) 

Tel.: +49 221 470 3494 

Fax: +49 221 470 5162 

e-mail: stutzki@ph1.uni-koeln.de 

Martin Miller (station manager) 

Tel.: +49 221 470 3558 

Fax: +49 221 470 5162 

e-mail: miller@ph1.uni-koeln.de 

URL: http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de 

http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de 

172




INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia 


TIRGO – Telescopio Infrarosso del Gornergrat 


Prof. Gianni Tofani, directorof the institute 

Prof. Enzo Natale, director of the department 

Dott. Filippo Mannucci, telescope supervisor 


The TIRGO telescope use to be an Italian national facility for infrared observations. 

Founded in the late '70, its scientific operation ended in March 2005 and during the 

following summer the telescope was dismounted. The decision of closing the 

telescope was due to the fact that several other larger telescopes with infrared 

capabilities are now available to Italian astronomers, and the budget limitations 

allows no duplications. 

The telescope had a great impact on Italian astronomy as, in the late '70s, it was one 

of the first 5 telescopes in the world capable of infrared observations. The 

development of this telescope and of its instrumentation had the consequence of 

creating a competitive group of infrared astronomers and technicians. 

The site 

The top of the Gornergrat mountain is one of the highest location in Europe than can 

be reached in every period of the year because of the presence of a rack-railway. It 

was chosen as an astronomical site because during winter it has low temperatures 

(between -10 and -20 deg) and low precipitable water vapor. During a few tens of 

nights a year the conditions at Gornergrat are excellent to allow for far-IR 

observations, and during this short time Gornergrat is one of the best sites in the 

world. 

The telescope 

Tirgo had a classical equatorial Cassegrain configuration, with a 1.5m primary. It was 

optimized for infrared observations, with no buffles and a small (20 cm) secondary 

mirror that can oscillate up to 30 Hz with a throw up to 5 arcmin. A “cube” mounted 

below the primary mirror at the position of the secondary focus allowed for the use of 

four instruments and an optical camera: a set of four dicroics bent the infrared light to 

one of the four scientific instruments while the optical light was collected by a 

camera for pointing and tracking. It was possible to switch from one instrument to the 

other in just a few seconds. 

Many instruments were used at Tirgo (see Table 1), most of them developed 

specifically for that telescope. Several Italian institutions were involved in this effort, 

in particular those in Arcetri (Observatory, CNR and university), the CNR institutes 

of IAS, IFSI, TESRE and IROE, and the Observatory of Turin. 

173



Table 1 

Instruments used at TIRGO 

near-IR InSb photometer 

mm GaGe photometer 

Optical photometer 

mid-IR spectrometer 

mid-IR camera TIRCAM 

mid-IR camera CAMIRAS 

mid-IR bolometer 

mid-IR camera TCMIRC 

far-IR bolometer 

near-IR InSb photometer FIRT 

near-IR spectrometer GOSPEC 

near-IR camera ARNICA 

near-IR spectrometer LONGSP 

mid-IR camera TIRCAM2 

optical intensified camera 

optical CCD camera 

800Ghz heterodine 

Tirgo was an Italian national facility open also to foreign astronomers. A national 

time allocation committee was in charge of reviewing the proposals twice a year and 

assigning observing time. Tirgo produced about 340 (known) papers, including over 

160 refereed papers. 

Data Archive 

All the data taken after 1992 by ARNICA and LONGSP are publicly available in the 

web site html://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it/. A web form allows the selection of the data from 

object name, target position, night of observation, filter or file name. A total of about 

330.000 images are available, 45GB of data. 

174



Figure 1: Upper panel: lunar occultation of SAO77810. The dots are the observation, the 

solid line a model it. The residuals are also shown. The source turns out to be a riple star with 

the intensities shown in the right panel (Richichi et al., 2000}. Lower panel: Temperature 

scale of the cold stars between classes K0 and M10 (Richichi et al., 1999} as measured using 

mostly radii and photometry obtained at Tirgo. The solid line is the obtained mean 

calibration, the dashed lines represent the range of associated error. 

Some representative results 

Many scientific problems were addressed by Tirgo in 20 years of observations. Here 

some of them are listed to resume the scientific activity at the telescope. The listed 

works are not necessary the most important in their fields, as the choice didn't follow 

any objective rule. 

Lunar Occultations 

When a source is covered by the edge of the moon during its motion, the diffraction 

pattern produced is a function of the shape and the dimension of the source. Using 

sophisticated deconvolution algorithms, stellar diameters as small as a few milliarcsec 

(mas) can be measured with precision of about 1 mas, and the stellar 

multiplicity can be accurately tested. Lunar occultations is one of the oldest Tirgo 

projects, started in December 1985 and recorded more than 400 lunar occultations by 

using both FIRT and ARNICA. The main scientific targets are the measure of the 

frequency of binary stars, constraining models of star formation, and the measure of 

the star diameter, a very important parameter to study the stellar structure. Among the 

results, the discovery of several tens of new binary and multiple stars (Richichi et al., 

175



2002) and the measured of the temperature scale of the cold stars (Richichi et al., 

1999, see Fig. 1) 

Figure 2: Left panel: Jupiter before and after the collisions with the fragments of the comet 

Shoemaker-Levy 9 in July 1994. Before the impacts only the polar caps of the planet are 

visible because of the use of a filter centered on a methane band. The bright spots outside the 

planet circle are the satellite Io and Europa. The loci of the impacts are visible near the 

southern cap in the second image. Right panel: the variation with rotation phase of the 

brightness of the K+W fragment. This evolution is well fitted by a simple sin function with 

the expected values of phase and period, indicating that the dust is geometrically thin and 

optically thick. The albedo of the dust can also be measured and the results support the 

hypothesis of the presence of silicate dust of 1 micron grains. 

Comets 

Many comets, including SL9, Hyakutake and Hale-Bopp, were observed at Tirgo 

with several instruments. The collision between Jupiter and the comet Shoemaker- 

Levy 9 was observed in July 1994 using ARNICA. A custom narrow-band filter 

centered on a methane absorption band was used for this project. The atmosphere of 

the planet is opaque at this wavelength and therefore in this filter the planet appears 

dark, with some emission only from the polar caps (see Fig. 2). The fragments of the 

comet deposited dust on the outer layers of the atmosphere and therefore after the 

impacts these region appear bright due to the reflected solar light. By using ARNICA 

observations (Tozzi et al., 1994) measured the geometrical distribution of the dust 

and its albedo, giving information on the composition. 

176



Figure 3: ARNICA and LONGSP observations of the Orion bar from Marconi et al., 1998. 

Left panel: composite ARNICA J, H and K image of the Orion bar. The positions of the 

LONGSP and IRSPEC slits are indicated. Right panel: variation of the brightness of various 

emission lines along the slit, tracing the gas and radiation conditions across the region. Dotted 

line: H(7-4); dashed line: H2 1-0S(1); solid line: FeII 1.64µm in the upper panel, OI 1.317µm 

in the lower panel. 

Long wavelength observations 

In 1982 a GaGe bolometer was used at Tirgo to obtain observations at 1mm of 

wavelength (Mandolesi et al., 1984) observed the giant molecular cloud W49 and 

detected it at the level of 1300 Jy. This is the longest wavelength ever reached at 

Tirgo. 

The second-longest wavelength published measures were obtained at 34µm between 

1983 and 1988 by using a Ge bolometer (Persi et al., 1990}. The target was a sample 

of OH/IR stars observed to derive the stellar mass loss rate and test the origin of the 

pumping of the OH maser. The Tirgo observations between 2 and 34µm nicely fit the 

IRAS data. 

Imaging and spectroscopy of the Orion bar 

The Orion bar is one of the favorite targets for infrared astronomy, and Tirgo gave its 

contribution to the study of this region of active star formation. Marconi et al., (1998) 

used LONGSP to observe this region and study the stratification of the emission to 

derive density, temperature, geometric distribution and radiation field in the various 

emitting regions (see Fig. 3) 

177



Figure 4: Color magnitude relation for the galaxy in the sample by Gavazzi et al. (1996, 

2000), Black dots are ellipticals and S0s, circles and squares are later type galaxies. The two 

different behaviours are related to different formation histories and star populations. 

Surface brightness of galaxies 

Gavazzi and co-workers have used ARNICA to observe over 900 galaxies of various 

morphological types in the H band. Observations spanned three years from 1995 and 

1997 and produced the largest homogeneous sample on near-IR data of galaxies 

before 2MASS. The aim of this work was to measure the surface photometry of a 

large number of galaxies to study several issues related to the process of galaxy 

formation, as the color-magnitude relation (see Fig. 4, Gavazzi et al., 1996). As the 

mass-to-light ratio (M/L) in H and K does not depend on galaxy luminosity, the near- 

IR bands are in fact good tracer of the stellar mass. 

The near-IR camera ARNICA had quite a large field-of-view among the cameras 

based on the 256x256 arrays. This allowed for the observations of large, nearby 

galaxies to study their detail properties. A large sample of galaxies (about 200) were 

observed in J, H and K by Hunt, Giovanardi, Moriondo and coworkers to deconvolve 

bulges and disks, extract a nuclear point-like component, study the color gradients 

due to both the stellar populations and to extinction effects, study the global scaling 

relations for disks and bulges, investigate the properties of the bars (Moriondo et al., 

1998, 1999). 

Spectra of normal galaxies 

The spectrometer LONGSP was used to observe a sample of large, nearby galaxies of 

morphological type between E and Sc to define the first set of template spectra on 

normal galaxies at near-IR wavelengths (Mannucci et al., 2000). 28 galaxies were 

178



observed in J, H and K using apertures similar to those used by Kinney et al., (1996) 

in the optical to define their catalog of template spectra, allowing a reliable matching 

of the two sets. The final uncertainties of the spectra are between 1 and 3%. These 

spectra are very useful to test the galaxy spectrophotometric models which are 

usually calibrated by using optical spectra only. The dominant stellar populations can 

also be studied by the ratio between the equivalent widths of several lines in the H 

and K bands (see Figure 5) 

Figure 5. Left panel: comparison between the observed average spectrum of the elliptical 

galaxies (thick line) with the prediction by Bruzual & Charlot (2003) model for a simple 

stellar population 12 Gyr old. The overall spectral shape is very well fitted, while many 

absorption lines are not correctly reproduced. Right panel: Detail spectrum of the early-type 

galaxies in the H band (thick line) compared with various libraries of stellar spectra 

(Meyerset al., 1998, Pickles 1998) and with the Bruzual \& Charlot spectrum in the left panel. 

References 

Bruzual A., G., \& Charlot, S. 2003, in preparation 

Gavazzi, G., et al. 2000, A&AS ,142, 65 

Gavazzi, G., et al. 1996, A&AS, 120, 489 

Kinney, A. L., et al. 1996, ApJ, 467, 38 

Mandolesi, N., et al. 1984, A&A ,133, 293 

Mannucci, F., et al., 2001, MNRAS, 326, 745 

Marconi, A., Testi, L., Natta, A., & Walmsley, C. M. 1998, A&A 330, 696 

Meyer, M. R. et al., 1998, ApJ, 508, 397 

Moriondo, G., Giovanardi, C., & Hunt, L.K. 1998, A\&A 130, 81 

Moriondo, G., Giovanelli, R., & Haynes, M. P. 1999, A\&A 346, 415 

Persi, P., et al., 1990, A&A, 237, 153 

Pickles, A. J. 1998, PASP, 110, 863 

179



Richichi, A., Calamai, G., & Stecklum, B. 2002, A\&A 382, 178 

Richichi A., et al., 2000, A\&A, 361, 594 

Richichi, A., Fabbroni, L., Ragland, S., & Scholz, M. 1999, AJ 344, 511 

Tozzi, G. P., et al. 1994, Earth, Moon and Planets 66, 83. 

Key words: 

Infrared astronomy, infrared instrumentation 


http://arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo (Telescope site) 

http://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it (Public Data archive) 


Several italian institutions have collaborated with IRA in the development of new 

instruments: among the others, the Turin Astronomical Observatory and two institutes 

of the CNR located in Rome, IAS and IFSI. 



Richichi, A.; Roccatagliata, V., Aldebaran's angular diameter: How well do we know 

it? 2005, A&A , 433 305. 

Address: 

INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, sezione di Firenze 

Largo Enrico Fermi 5 

I-50125 Firenze 

Contacts: 

Filippo Mannucci 

Tel: +39 055 2752230 

Fax: +39 055 220039 

e-mail: filippo@arcetri.astro.it 

URL: http//www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo 

180




Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern 


SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of highenergy 

neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun 


Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader 

Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, Michael R. Moser 


The solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) at Gornergrat, Switzerland, has been in 

continous operation since 1998 as the European cornerstone of a worldwide network 

for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun. 

In 2005 the operation of SONTEL and the data transfer to Bern was affected by the 

construction work at the Kulmhotel Gornergrat. In particular, the electric power was 

cut several times. As a consequence, there were more interruptions in the operation of 

SONTEL in 2005 than in the preceeding years. Nevertheless SONTEL was in 

operation during 97.3 % of the time. 

Although the sunspot cycle 23 is approaching its end there was a phase of extreme 

solar activity in January 2005. Between January 15 and 20, 2005, the solar active 

region NOAA 10720 produced five powerful solar flares. The fifth flare, a X7.1 solar 

burst, occurred on January 20, 2005, with onset at 0636 UT and peak time at 0952 

UT. This flare produced high-energy solar cosmic rays, leading to the second largest 

ground level enhancement (GLE) observed by the worldwide network of ground 

based neutron monitors (NMs) in the last fifty years (see the contribution in this 

publication about the neutron monitors at Jungfraujoch). For this outstanding 

relativistic solar particle event Figure 1 shows the relative count rates of the NMs at 

Jungfraujoch (IGY + NM64 combined) and the relative count rate of the neutron 

channel >40 MeV of the SONTEL at Gornergrat. The two NMs at Jungfraujoch 

observed a significant pre-increase in the counting rate in the time interval 0647- 

0649 UT (see Figure 3 in the contribution in this report about the neutron monitors at 

Jungfraujoch). The neutron channels of the SONTEL detector at Gornergrat, 

however, did not show an increase at this time, as can be seen from Figure 1. 

Therefore the possibility that the pre-increase was due to solar neutrons can be 

excluded, even more so as the zenith angle of the Sun’s position at the time of the 

event (~0800 local time) was too large for solar neutrons to reach the stations at 

Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat through the atmosphere. 

181



Figure 1: Relative count rates of the neutron monitors at Jungfraujoch (IGY + NM64 

combined; above) and relative count rate of the neutron channel >40 MeV of the 

Solar Neutron Telescope (SONTEL) at Gornergrat, Switzerland, (below) for January 

20, 2005, 0600-0900 UT. The data are 1-minute values. 

Key words: 

Astrophysics, cosmic rays, solar neutrons 


http://cosray.unibe.ch 

http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste-www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html 


Prof. Y Muraki , Prof. Y. Matsubara, Dr. T. Sako, Dr. H. Tsuchiya, Solar Terrestrial 

Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan 

T. Sakai; Physical Science Lab., College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 

2-11-1 shin-ei, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275, Japan 

Prof. A. Chilingarian, Cosmic Ray Divison, Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, 

375036, Armenia 



Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, M. R. Moser, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, 

T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, The giant Forbush decrease in October/November 

2003: Data analysis for the solar neutron detector at Gornergrat, International Journal 

of Modern Physics A, 20(29), 6684-6687, 2005. 

Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, Y. H. Tan, T. Yuda, 

H. Tsuchiya, M. Ohnishi, Y. Katayose, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, K. 

Watanabe, K. Masuda, T. Sakai, S. Shibata, R. Ogasawara, Y. Mizumoto, M. 

Nakagiri, A. Miyashita, P. H. Stoker, C. Lopate, K. Kudela and M. Gros, Solar 

neutron events that have been found in solar cycle 23, International Journal of 

Modern Physics A, 20(29), 6646-6649, 2005. 

182



Book sections 

Moser, M. R., L. Desorgher, E. O. Flückiger, R. S. Miller, J. M. Ryan, J. R. Macri 

and M. L. McConnell, Solar neutron observation at ground-level and from space, 

Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe, Series: NATO Science Series II: 

Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study 

Institute on Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe, held in Erice, Italy, 2-13 

July 2004, M. M. Shapiro, Stanev, T., Wefel, J.P., eds., 209, 393-397, 2005, Springer- 

Verlag, ISBN 1-4020-3747-3. 


Matsubara, Y., Y. Muraki, T. Sako, K. Watanabe, K. Masuda, T. Sakai, S. Shibata, 

E. O. Flückiger, R. Bütikofer, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, Y. H. Tan, T. Yuda, 

M. Ohnishi, H. Tsuchiya, Y. Katayose, R. Ogasawara, Y. Mizumoto, M. Nakagiri, 

A. Miyashita, A. Velarde, R. Ticona and N. Martinic, Search for solar neutrons 

associated with proton flares in solar cycle 23, 29 th International Cosmic Ray 

Conference, Pune, India, August 03-10, 2005, to be published in the conference 

proceedings, 2005. 

Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Extreme Cosmics 






International Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India, August 03-10, 2005, to be 

published in the conference proceedings, 2005. 

Address: 




CH-3012 Bern 

Contacts: 

Rolf Bütikofer 

Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 

Fax: +41 31 631 4405 

e-mail: rolf.buetikofer@phim.unibe.ch 

URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch 

183



184




Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), 

ETH Zürich 


Glacier outburst floods: A study of the processes controlling the drainage of glacierdammed 

lakes 


Martin Funk, Heinz Blatter, Nicholas Deichmann, Andreas Bauder, Martin Lüthi, 

Shin Sugiyama 


During the period of the lake formation and drainage in 2004 and 2005, detailed field 

investigations of the surface ice flow field, basal water pressure, dye-tracing of the 

water from the Gornersee to the glacier snout and passive seismicity were performed. 

Fig. 1 Map of the study site (2005. The locations of the theodolite survey stakes, GPSstations 

and boreholes are indicated by the open red circles, solid red circles, and 

solid blue circles, respectively. The seismicity was measured in the hatched red-areas 

(left 2005 and right 2004) and Gornersee is shown in light blue. 

Boreholes were drilled by hot water drilling technique to measure subglacial water 

pressure, vertical strain and ice temperature. More than 30 stakes were installed on 

the glacier to survey the position every hour with an automatic theodolite with 

distance-meter (ATD) and with differential GPS stations. The lake level was recorded 

with a water pressure transducer and the evolution of the lake was monitored with an 

185



automatic digital camera installed at Gornergrat. An automatic weather station was 

set up on the glacier flank to measure air temperature, precipitation and humidity. In 

the outlet stream near the glacier terminus, temperature, conductivity and turbidity 

sensors were installed. Water discharge measurements in the Gornera were obtained 

from the Grande Dixence SA. With a network of geophones, passive seismic 

measurements were performed on the glacier in collaboration with the Institute of 

Geophysics ETHZ (Figure 1 for an overview). Our main results are: 

1. Outburst of the Gornersee 

In 2004, the lake started to form on May 15. The outflow first occurred at the glacier 

surface for roughly one day, before the water started to escape sub- and englacially on 

July 2. Total amount of the stored water was estimated as 4 mio m 3 from the 

bathymetry of the lake and from the discharge in the outlet stream. In 2005, the filling 

of the lake started around May 12. The drainage of the lake started subglacially on 

June 10 with a surface water level 18 m lower than in 2004, well before a supraglacial 

outflow could occur. The stored water amounted to only 1.2 mio m 3 and the 

lake was empty on June 15. According to these observations it seems likely that the 

2004 flood was triggered by flotation of the ice dam with a linearly rising lake 

outflow discharge, whereas the 2005 flood was the classical slowly rising jökulhlaup 

with an exponentially rising lake outflow discharge (Figure 2). However, the 

hydrographs of the Gornera river (presented here without melt water contribution) 

look very similar in both years. The striking different hydrographs of the lake outflow 

in 2004 and 2005 are indicative for different outburst mechanisms in both years. This 

“early drainage” was observed several times in the past at other glacier-dammed lakes 

(e.g. Mathews, 1973; Clarke, 1982; Anderson et al., 2003; Björnsson, 1992). In our 

case the corresponding triggering mechanisms are still not clear. 

Fig. 2 Outflow from Gornersee and corresponding discharge record (in which the 

contribution of the glacier melt was substracted) in the Gornera river at Grande- 

Dixence gauging station near the glacier snout for the years 2004 and 2005. Note 

that after July 5 2004, no lake level records were available. 

A detailed analysis of the existing hydrographs of the Gornera at the Grande-Dixence 

gauging station near the glacier snout has been performed (Huss et al., in 

preparation). Using the distributed temperature-index-model (Hock, 1999; Pellicciotti 

et al., in press), a reconstruction of the discharge records since 1970 could be 

achieved. From the difference between the modeled and recorded discharge, the 

186



former outburst events could be reconstructed in terms of water volume, timing, 

duration and intensity. Moreover, the results allow for inferences on the development 

of the Gornersee as well as insights into the subglacial drainage processes during the 

lake drainage. 

2. Glacier flow 

The glacier flow pattern was influenced by the lake outburst. In most places of the 

glacier, surface lifted up during the outburst and then dropped afterwards. The 

magnitude of the uplift is not spatially uniform across the glacier. Although the 

surface uplift of a temperate glacier is often attributed to pressurized subglacial water 

pushing up the glacier sole, it is also caused by vertical straining of ice. To determine 

the mechanism of the uplift, the surface vertical displacement was measured by stake 

surveying (differential GPS and ATD) and compared with the length changes of 

boreholes drilled at the same location. While the surveyed vertical uplift at the glacier 

surface can be attributed to vertical strain or lifting up by subglacial water pressure 

(or a combination of both), the length changes of deep boreholes are only the result 

of vertical strain. Our results show that the ice was lifted up by subglacial water 

pressure during the intensive lake drainage period, then it dropped as the water 

pressure decreased. Although the intensive uplift during the drainage was caused by 

the high water pressure, vertical strain rates significantly changed after the drainage 

and influenced the surface uplift. The change in the vertical strain rate indicates the 

lasting impact of the outburst on the glacier flow regime. Two distinctive flow 

patterns could be identified during the period of the lake drainage. The changes in the 

flow direction relative to the pre-event direction are opposite in these two patterns. 

Considering the very rapid changes in the basal conditions and corresponding stress 

and strain fields in the glacier, the change in the ice flow during the first half of the 

lake drainage is partly due to elastic ice deformation. If we assume a significant part 

of the change was caused by the elasticity, the flow pattern during the second half of 

the drainage can be understood as the rebound of the elastic deformation during the 

first half. The timing of the flow direction change favors this interpretation, because it 

coincides with the drop in the discharge from the lake. Elasticity of ice has been 

studied in laboratory experiments, but is normally neglected in the glacier dynamics. 

Since the sudden water release from the lake changes basal conditions rapidly, the 

glacier is expected to behave as a visco-elastic material rather than a viscous fluid. It 

is plausible that the elastic behavior of ice near the lake plays an important role in the 

triggering of the outburst. In order to better understand the observed glacier flow 

patterns, a three dimensional glacier flow model has been developed. A finite-element 

mesh with 2,145 rectangular elements was constructed based on the bedrock profile 

obtained by radar echo sounding carried out in spring 2004 and 2005. The model 

solves non-linear viscous flow of ice (Gudmundsson, 1999; Helbing, in press) with a 

prescribed inflow from Gorner- and Grenzgletscher and outflow downglacier as 

boundary conditions. The computed flow field under the assumptions of no basal 

sliding and no water in the lake shows reasonable agreement with measured annual 

flow speeds. The flow patterns at the confluence area as well as the flow direction 

nearby the lake are well reproduced by the model (Weiss, 2005). Two main questions 

raised by the flow measurements in 2004 and 2005 are, the mechanism of huge uplift 

and reverse movement at the lake marginal ice, and spatial variability of the speed up 

and uplift in the lower reaches of the glacier and their relationship with subglacial 

water pressure. The first question is directly related to the triggering mechanism of 

the outburst and the second one gives insight into the subglacial drainage process as 

187



well as the dynamic response of a glacier to basal conditions. A finer stake network is 

required near the lake to investigate the behavior of the marginal ice. In the lower 

reaches of the glacier, stake profiles across and along the glacier near stake 14 (Figure 

2) will provide information to solve the second question. 

3. Passive seismicity 

Goal of the passive seismic measurements is to detect, localize and characterize 

seismic signals due to deep icequakes and link them to hydrologic processes of the 

glacier, particularly the lake drainage. The networks of seismometers were set up in 

two distinct aeras in 2004 and 2005 (Figure 1). In both years, seismic data was 

collected for about one month. The systems recorded between several hundred and 

several thousand seismic events per day producing a large amount of data. This 

imposes a serious challenge when analyzing the data, because those signals due to 

deep sources have to be identified. Since surface crevasse opening, icequakes outside 

the seismic network and weak signals constitute the vast majority of recorded 

seismograms, this is a very laborious task. So far, about two dozens of deep events 

were identified. In order to characterize their sources, an inversion procedure will be 

applied to determine their seismic moment tensors. In 2004, several surface events 

showed radiation patterns hinting toward double couple sources. They suggest the 

presence of shear fractures in the ice, which has not been observed so far. 

Determining their moment tensors will provide valuable insights into the fracture 

processes inside glacier ice. 

4. Dye tracing 

After the illfated tracer experiments in 2004, good data was obtained during the 2005 

field campaign. A total of 30 tracer experiments were conducted before, during and 

after the jökulhlaup using fluorecent dyes. With these experiments the development 

of the hydraulic conditions inside and beneath the glacier could be probed. In 

particular, these three points could be recognized: Prior to the drainage, a transition 

from a distributed to a channelized system occurred several hundred meters upglacier 

from the lake, significant changes of the transit velocity and the dispersion of the 

tracer could be observed between the period before, during and after the lake 

drainage, and a substatial amount of water was stored in the glacier during the 

drainage. These data will provide, in the course of this project, valuable benchmarks 

for testing numerical models of glacial drainage. 

5. Englacial temperatures 

The ice temperature is an important factor with respect to the heat transfer in the 

drainage channels between water and ice. For this reason we performed profile 

measurements of englacial temperatures at BH210, BH430 and BH4 (Figure 1) 

during the last two field campains. We found slightly decreasing temperatures from 0 

o C at the surface to 0.2 o C at 200 m depth (BH210 and BH430). In summer 2005 we 

installed another thermistor chain down to the bed (BH4), but the thermal equilibrium 

is not yet attained. Nevertheless, our former assumption of polythermal conditions 

seems to be verified, but then ice temperatures seem to be much higher than 

previously published (Haeberli, 1976). Therefore the effect of the cold ice on the 

subglacial drainage process can be considered as marginal. 

References 

Anderson, S.P., Walder, J.S., Anderson, R.S., Kraal, E.R., Cunico, M., Fountain, 

A.G., and Trabant, D. (2003). Real-time hydrologic observations of Hidden Creek 

188



Lake jökulhlaups, Kennicott Glacier, Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research, 

108(F1):6003, doi:10.1029/2002JF000004. 

Björnsson, H. (1992). Jökulhlaups in Island: Prediction, characteristics and 

simulation. Annals of Glaciology, 16:95--106. 

Clague, J.J. and Mathews, W.H. (1973). The magnitude of Jökulhlaups. Journal of 

Glaciology, 12(66):501--504. 

Clarke, G. K. C. (1982). Glacier outburst floods from “Hazard Lake”, Yukon 

Territory, and the problem of flood magnitude prediction. Journal of Glaciology, 

28(98):3--21. 

Gudmundsson, G.H. (1999). A three-dimensional numerical model of the confluence 

area of Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology, 

45(150):219-230. 

Haeberli, W. (1976). Eistemperaturen in den Alpen. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde 

und Glazialgeologie, 11(2):203--220. 

Helbing, J. (in press). Glacier dynamics of Unteraargletscher: Verifying theoretical 

concepts through flow modeling. Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, 

Hydrologie und Glaziologie der ETH Zürich. ETH PhD. 

Hock, R. (1999). A distributed temperature-index ice- and snowmelt model including 

potential direct solar radiation. Journal of Glaciology, 45(149):101-111. 

Huss, M. (2005). Gornergletscher, Gletscherausbrüche und Massenbilanzschätzungen 

(in german with english summary). Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW 

(unveröffentlicht), ETH-Zürich. pp. 176. 

Mathews, W.H. (1973). Record of two jökulhlaups. In Symposium on the Hydrology 

of Glaciers, volume 95, pages 99-110. International Association of Hydrological 

Sciences. edited by J.W. Glen et al. 

Pellicciotti, F., Brock, B.~J., Strasser, U., Burlando, P., Funk, M., and Corripio, J. (in 

press). An enhanced temperature-index glacier melt model including the shortwave 

radiation balance: development and testing for Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. 

Journal of Glaciology. 

Weiss, P. (2005). Gletscherdynamik vor und nach der Entleerung des Gornersees im 

Sommer 2004. Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW (unveröffentlicht), 

ETH-Zürich. pp. 149. 

Key words: 

Glaciology, glacier hazards, glacier floods 


http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulics/gz_outburst_glacierd 

ammed_lake 


University of Oslo, Dr. T. Schuler 

University of Stokholm, Dr. R. Hock 

IHW-ETH, Prof. P. Burlando 

University of British Columbia, Prof. G. Clarke 



Sugiyama S., Funk M., Müller B., Bauder A., Fischer U., Weiss P., Huss M., 

Deichmann N., Blatter H.; Glacier dynamcis during the outburst of a glacier dammed 

189



lake on Gornergletscher, Switzerland EGU05-A-07473; CR1-1MO3O-004, Vienna 


Theses 


(in german with english summary). Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW 





Address: 

VAW 

ETH-Zentrum 


Contacts: 

Martin Funk 

Tel.: (with international prefix) +41 44 632 4132 

Fax: (with international prefix) +41 44 632 1192 

e-mail: funk@vaw.baug.ethz.ch 

URL: http://www.glaciology.ch 

190

The International Foundation HFSJG in the News 



„Dreharbeiten in der Höhe: MTW-Spezial kommt vom Jungfraujoch“, Der Brienzer, 

Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, Jungfrau Zeitung, December 28, 2005. 

Article about the production of TV program MTW at Jungfraujoch. 

„Die ‚Sphinx’ live in der Wohnstube: MTW-Spezialsendung vom Jungfraujoch“, 

Berner Oberländer, Thuner Tagblatt, December 21, 2005. Article about the production 

of TV program MTW at Jungfraujoch. 

„Zwischen Himmel und Erde forschen“, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von 

Grindelwald, Jungfrau Zeitung, December 20, 2005. Article about the production of 

TV program MTW at Jungfraujoch. 

„Der auftauende Permafrost“, Menschen-Technik-Wissenschaft MTW, SF 1, 

December 15, 2005. Report on permafrost including statements about the Sphinx at 

Jungfraujoch. 

„130'000 Eintritte in fünf Monaten; Einstein-Ausstellung verlängert bis 15. Oktober 

2006“, Podium 5/2005, article mentioning the spark chambers at the Historisches 

Museum Bern and at Jungfraujoch. 

“Heute vor 75 Jahren”, Berner Oberländer, September 9, 2005. Article on the 75 th 

anniversary of the Foundation HFSJG. 

“Gletscherblicke: Jungfraugebiet und Aletschgletscher”, interview with Kurt Hemund, 

Radio DRS Regionaljournal Bern, Fribourg, Wallis, July 29, 2005. 

“Von Schnee statt Sternen geblendet, Jungfraujoch: neuer Treffpunkt für Amateur- 

Astronomen?”, Berner Oberländer, June 23, 2005. Report on a visit by Bruno Stanek 

to Jungfraujoch. 

“Den Launen des Gornersees auf der Spur”, Swiss National Science Foundation, June 

20, 2005. Press release about the work of Prof. Martin Funk, VAW, ETH Zurich at 

Gornersee. 

“UNESCO-Welterbe erhält ein Schaufenster”, Walliser Bote, June 13, 2005. Article 

about the Pro Natura / UNESCO exhibition at Riederalp. 

“VS/Riederalp/Ausstellung/Pro Natura/UNESCO”, Schweiz. Depeschenagentur, 

Bern, and AWP-News Zurich, June 10, and Bieler Tagblatt June 11, 2005. Press 

release about the opening of a UNESCO World Heritage exhibition at Riederalp. The 

Research Station Jungfraujoch is included in the exhibition. 

“MeteoSchweiz: Beispielhafter Schweizer Beitrag zu den weltweiten Atmosphärenbeobachtungen”, 

Schweiz. Depeschenagentur, Bern, April 26, 2005. The Research 

Station Jungfraujoch was named a GAW station by the WMO in February 2005 and is 

mentioned several times in this press release. 

Bayerisches Fernsehen / Klinik München / 24.-25. April (Gruppe Dr. Fischer, med. 

klinik München). 

“Weltspiegel”, ARD/SWR, March 13, 2005. Report on Jungfraujoch, including the 

Research station. 

191



“Arbeiten auf 3550 Metern”, Leben & Glauben and Sonntag, February 17, 2005. 

Description of work at Jungfraujoch with a short interview with Martin and Joan 

Fischer. 

“Gestern wars minus 29,5 Grad”, Pulstipp, February 16, 2005. Interview with Gertrud 

Hemund about her work as custodian at the Research Station Jungfraujoch. 

“Abschied vom Ozonloch”, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, 

Jungfrau Zeitung, February 8, 2005, Report on decrease in trichlorethan and reference 

to the Research Station Jungfraujoch. 

“Abschied vom Ozonloch”, NZZ am Sonntag, February 6, 2005, Report on decrease 

in trichlorethan and reference to the Research Station Jungfraujoch. 

“Schweiz: Jungfraujoch”, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk, February 6, 2005. Report in the 

series “Windrose” about Jungfraujoch, including the Research Station. 

“Eine gute Nachricht für unsere Ozonschicht: Weniger Trichlorethan”, Schweizer 

Fernsehen 1, Sendung MTW Menschen Technik Wissenschaft, interview with Stefan 

Reiman, EMPA, with reference to the measurements taken at the Research Station 

Jungfraujoch, February 3, 2005. 

192



Publication list 

Refereed publications 

Bach, M., S. Fally, P.-F. Coheur, M. Carleer, A. Jenouvrier, A. C. Vandaele Line 

parameters of HDO from High-Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy in the 11 

500 - 23 000 cm-1 Spectral Region, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 232(2), 341-350, 2005. 

Balis, D., J-C. Lambert, M. Van Roozendael, D. Loyola, R. Spurr, Y. Livschitz, P. 

Valks, V. Amiridis, P. Gerard, and J. Granville, Reprocessing the 10-year 

GOME/ERS-2 total ozone record for trend analysis: the new GOME Data Processor 

Version 4.0 – Paper 2: Product Validation, submitted to Journal of Geophysical 

Research – Atmosphere, 2005. 

Barret, B., D.Hurtmans, M. Carleer, M. De Mazière, E. Mahieu and P.-F. Coheur, 


FTIR measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer., 95(4), 499-519, 


Bernath, P.F., C.T. McElroy, M.C. Abrams, C.D. Boone, M. Buttler, C. Camy-Peyret, 

M. Carleer, C. Clerbaux, P.-F. Coheur, R. Colin, P. DeCola, M. De Mazière, J.R. 

Drummond, D. Dufour, W.F.J. Evans, H. Fast, D. Fussen, K. Gilbert, D.E. Jennings, E.J. 

Llewellyn, R.P. Lowe, E. Mahieu, J.C. McConnell, M. McHugh, S.D. McLeod, R. 

Michaud, C. Midwinter, R. Nassar, F. Nichitiu, C. Nowlan, C.P. Rinsland, Y.J. Rochon, 

N. Rowlands, K. Semeniuk, P. Simon, R. Skelton, J.J. Sloan, M.-A. Soucy, K. Strong, P. 

Tremblay, D. Turnbull, K.A. Walker, I. Walkty, D.A. Wardle, V. Wehrle, R. Zander, 

and J. Zou, Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): mission overview, Geophys. 

Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005. 

Brockmann E., D. Ineichen und A. Wiget (2005): Neumessung und Auswertung des 

GPS-Landesnetzes der Schweiz LV95. Geomatik Schweiz 08/05, August 2005. 

Campana, M., Y.S. Li, J. Stähelin, A.S.H. Prevot, P. Bonasoni, H. Loetscher, T. Peter, 

The influence of south foehn on the ozone mixing ratios at the high alpine site Arosa, 

Atmospheric Environment, 39(16), 2945-2955, May 2005. 

De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, P. Woods, K. Ellingsen, M. 

Gauss, I. Isaksen, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Chelin, E. 

Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J. 

Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, and A. Rockmann, The exploitation of groundbased 

Fourier transform infrared observations for the evaluation of tropospheric 

trends of greenhouse gases over Europe, Environmental Sciences, 2 (2-3), 283-293, 

June-September 2005. 

De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, P. Woods, K. Ellingsen, M. 

Gauss, I. Isaksen, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Chelin, E. 

Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J. 

Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, A. Rockmann, Evaluation of tropospheric trends 

of primary and secondary greenhouse gases over Europe from ground-based remote 

sensing observations and model analyses, Proceedings of the Fourth International 

Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4), Science, Control, Policy and 

Implementation, Utrecht (The Netherlands, 4-6 July 2005); also in Environ. Sciences, 

Special Issue 2 (2-3), 283-293 (2005). 

Dils, B., M. De Mazière, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, P. Demoulin, P. 

193



Duchatelet, H. Fast, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, D. Griffith, N. Jones, T. 

Kerzenmacher, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, S. Mikuteit, R. L. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, H. 

Schrijver, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, W. Stremme, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J. Taylor, 

M. van den Broek, T. Wagner, T. Warneke, A. Wiacek, S. Wood, Comparisons 

between SCIAMACHY scientific products and ground-based FTIR data for total 

columns of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O, ACPD, 5(3), 2677-2717 (to be published in 

ACP), 2005. 

Emprechtinger M., Simon R., Wiedner M. C., N2D+ abundance in high mass star 

forming regions, Astronomische Nachrichten, 326, 649, 2005. 

Fischer R, Lang SM, Bergner A, Huber RM. Monitoring of expiratory flow rates and 

lung volumes during a high altitude expedition. Eur J Med Res. 16, 469-74, 2005. 

Fischer, R., Hazards of mountain climbing and hiking. MMW Fortschr Med. 22, 28- 

30, 32. 2005. 

Fischer, R., Lang SM, Bruckner K, Hoyer HX, Meyer S, Griese M, Huber RM. Lung 

function in adults with cystic fibrosis at altitude: impact on air travel. Eur Respir J. 25, 

718-24. 2005. 

Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, Y. H. Tan, T. Yuda, H. 

Tsuchiya, M. Ohnishi, Y. Katayose, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, K. Watanabe, 

K. Masuda, T. Sakai, S. Shibata, R. Ogasawara, Y. Mizumoto, M. Nakagiri, A. 

Miyashita, P. H. Stoker, C. Lopate, K. Kudela and M. Gros, Solar neutron events that 

have been found in solar cycle 23, International Journal of Modern Physics A, 20(29), 

6646-6649, 2005. 

Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, M. R. Moser, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, 

T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, The giant Forbush decrease in October/November 

2003: Data analysis for the solar neutron detector at Gornergrat, International Journal 

of Modern Physics A, 20(29), 6684-6687, 2005. 

Fries, E., Starokozhev, E., Auras, S., Sieg, K., Püttmann, W and Jaeschke, W. 

Volatile organic compounds in air at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch 

during CLACE 4; in prep. for submission to Atmospheric Environment. 


Levin, 2005. Carbon Monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO 2 ? submitted 

to J. Geophys. Res. December 2005. 

Grünig, S. und U. Wild (2005): swipos über Internet. Neue Entwicklungen bei der 

Echtzeit-Positionierung. Geomatik Schweiz 02/2005, März 2005. 

Guerova, G., E. Brockmann, F. Schubiger, J. Morand and C. Mätzler (2005): An 

Integrated Assessment of Measured and Modeled Integrated Water Vapor in 

Switzerland for the Period 2001–03, Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 44, No. 7, 

pages 1033–1044. 

Guerova, G., J.-M. Bettems, E. Brockmann and Ch. Mätzler (2005): Assimilation of 

COST-716 Near-Real Time GPS data in the nonhydrostatic area model used at 

MeteoSwiss. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. (MAP), June 30, 2005. 

Henne, S., J. Dommen, B. Neininger, S. Reimann, J. Staehelin, and A.S.H. Prevot, 

Ozone production following export of European emissions by mountain venting in the 

Alps, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22307, doi:10.1029/2005JD005936, 2005. 

194



Henne, S., M. Furger, and A.S.H. Prévôt, Climatology of mountain venting-induced 

elevated moisture layers in the lee of the Alps, J. Applied Meteorology, 44 (5), 620- 


Hinz, K.P., A. Trimborn, E. Weingartner, S. Henning, U. Baltensperger, and B. 

Spengler, Aerosol single particle composition at the Jungfraujoch, J. Aerosol Sci., 36 

(1), 123-145, 2005. 

Iori, M. A.Sergi, D. Fargion, M. Gallinaro and M. Kaya, Study of a detector array 

design to measure Ultra High Energy, tau neutrino fluxes, astro-ph/ and submitted to 

Physics Journal G 2005. 

Jakob, H., Kramer, C., Simon, R., Stutzki, J., Tracing the Photon Dominated Region 

around DR 21 with CO, CI, CII, and OI emission, Astron. Nachr., 326, 655-656, 


Krieg, J., J. Notholt, E. Mahieu, C.P. Rinsland, and R. Zander, Sulphur hexafluoride 

(SF 6 ): comparison of FTIR-measurements at three sites and determination of its trend 

in the northern hemisphere, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 92, 383-392, 2005. 




Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Duchatelet, J.W. Hannigan, M.T. Coffey, S. Mikuteit, F. 

Hase, T. Blumenstock, A. Wiacek, K. Strong, J.R. Taylor, R. Mittermeier, H. Fast, 

C.D. Boone, S.D. McLeod, K.A. Walker, P.F. Bernath, and C.P. Rinsland, 

Comparisons between ACE-FTS and ground-based measurements of stratospheric 

HCl and ClONO 2 loadings at northern latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S08, 

doi:10.1029/2005GL022396, 2005. 

Masur, M., Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Stutzki, J., Large-scale CO mapping of the 

CEPHEUS giant molecular cloud using KOSMA, Astron. Nachr., 326, 661-662 2005. 

McFiggans, G., P. Artaxo, U. Baltensperger, H. Coe, M.C. Facchini, G. Feingold, S. 

Fuzzi, M. Gysel, A. Laaksonen, U. Lohmann, T.F. Mentel, D.M. Murphy, C.D. 

O'Dowd, J.R. Snider, and E. Weingartner, The Effect of Physical & Chemical Aerosol 

Properties on Warm Cloud Droplet Activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 

8507-8647, 2005. 

Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Roellig, M., et al., Study of Photon Dominated Regions in 

the Cepheus B Molecular Cloud, A&A, in preparation, 2005. 

Mookerjea, B., Sun, K., Kramer, C., Masur, M., Roellig, M., CI/CO Mapping of IC 

348 and Cepheus B using SMART on KOSMA, Astron. Nachr., 326, 581-582, 2005. 

Morland, J., B. Deuber, D. G. Feist, L. Martin, S. Nyeki, N. Kämpfer, C. Mätzler, P. 

Jeannet, and L. Vuilleumier (2005), The STARTWAVE atmospheric water database, 

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 5, pp 10839. 

Nessler, R., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Adaptation of dry nephelometer 

measurements to ambient conditions at the Jungfraujoch, Environ. Sci.Technol., 39 

(7), 2219-2228, 2005. 

Nessler, R., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Effect of humidity on aerosol light 

absorption and its implications for extinction and the single scattering albedo illustrated 

for a site in the lower free troposphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 36 (8), 958-972, 2005. 

195




Kämpfer (2005), A 10-year integrated atmospheric water vapor record using precision 

filter radiometers at two high-alpine sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23803, 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024079. 

Prinn, R.G., Huang, J., Weiss, R.F., Cunnold, D.M., Fraser, P.J., Simmonds, P.G., 

McCulloch, A., Harth, C., Reimann, S., Salameh, P., O'Doherty, S., Wang, R.H.J., 

Porter, L.W., Miller, B.R. and Krummel, P.B. (2005), Evidence for variability of 

atmospheric hydroxyl radicals over the past quarter century, Geophysical Research 

Letters 32, L07809, doi: 10.1029/2004GL022228. 

Qin, S.-L., J.-J. Wang, G. Zhao, and M. Miller, A New Interpretation of the Bipolar 

HII Region S106 from HCN J = 3 – 2 Mapping Observations, Chin. J. Astron, 2005. 

Reimann, S., Manning A. J., Simmonds P. G., Cunnold D. M., Wang R. H. J., Li J., 




Richichi, A.; Roccatagliata, V., Aldebaran's angular diameter: How well do we know 

it? 2005, A&A, 433 305. 

Rinsland, C.P., A. Goldman, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, L.S. Chiou, J.W. Hannigan, S.W. 

Wood, and J.W. Elkins, Long-term evolution in the tropospheric concentration of 

chlorofluorocarbon 12 (CCl 2 F 2 ) derived from high-spectral resolution infrared solar 

absorption spectra: retrieval and comparison with in situ surface measurements, J. 

Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 92, 201-209, 2005. 

Rinsland, C.P., C. Boone, R. Nassar, K. Walker, P. Bernath, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, J.C. 

McConnell, and L. Chiou, Trends of HF, HCl, CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 3 F, CHClF 2 (HCFC-22), and 

SF 6 in the lower stratosphere from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) and 

Atmospheric Trace MOlecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) measurements near 30ºN 

latitude, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16S03, doi:10.1029/2005GL022415, 2005. 

Sodemann, H., A.S. Palmer, C. Schwierz, M. Schwikowski, H. Wernli, The transport 

history of two Saharan dust events archived in an Alpine ice core, Atmos. Chem. 

Phys. Discuss. 5, 7497-7545 (2005). 

Spurr, R., W. Balzer, D. Loyola, W. Thomas, E. Mikusch, T. Rupper, M. Van 

Roozendael, J.-C. Lambert, V. Soebijanta, GOME Level 1-to-2 Data Processor 

Version 3.0: A Major Upgrade of the GOME/ERS-2 Total Ozone Retrieval 

Algorithm, accepted for publication in Appl. Optics, 2005. 

Sturm, P., M. Leuenberger, and M. Schmidt, Atmospheric O 2 , CO 2 and δ 13 C 

observations from the remote sites Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, and Puy de Dme, 

France, Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (doi:10.1029/2005GL023304), L17811, 


Sturm, P., M. Leuenberger, F.L. Valentino, B. Lehmann, and B. Ihly, Measurements 

of CO 2 , its stable isotopes, O 2 /N 2 , and 222Rn at Bern, Switzerland, Atmospheric 

Chemistry and Physics, 1680-7375/acpd/2005-5-8473, 2005. 

Sun, K., Kramer, C., Bensch, F., Ossenkopf, V., et al. , A KOSMA 7 deg2 13CO 2-1 

& 12CO 3-2 survey of the Perseus cloud, I. Structure Analysis, A&A, submitted, 


Sun, K., Kramer, C., Bensch, F., Ossenkopf, V., Stutzki, J., Miller, M., Structure 

196



analysis of the CO data in the Perseus clouds, Astron. Nachr., 326, 670-670, 2005. 

Taslakov, M., V. Simeonov, and H. van den Bergh, “Open path atmospheric 

spectroscopy using room temperature operated pulsed quantum cascade laser”, 

accepted for publishing in Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular 

Spectroscopy, SAA-D-05-00145R1, 2005. 

Tolchenov, R., O. Naumenko, N. Zobov, O. Polyansly, J. Tennyson, M. Carleer, P.-F. 

Coheur, S. Fally, A. Jenouvrier, A. C. Vandaele, Water vapor line assignments in the 

9250 – 26000 cm-1 frequency range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 233(1), 


Troller, M., E. Brockmann, D. Ineichen, S. Lutz, A. Geiger and H.-G. Kahle (2005): 

Determination of the 3D Water Vapor Distribution in the Troposphere on a 

Continuous Basis Using GPS. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 7. 

Vandaele, A. C., C. Fayt, F. Hendrick, C. Hermans, F. Humbled, M. Van Roozendael, 

M. Gil, M. Navarro, O. Puentedura, M. Yela, G. Braathen, K. Stebel, K. Tørnkvist, P. 

Johnston, K. Kreher, F. Goutail, A. Mieville, J.-P. Pommereau, S. Khaikine, A. 

Richter, H. Oetjen, F. Wittrock, S. Bugarski, U. Frieb, K. Pfeilsticker, R. Sinreich, T. 

Wagner, G. Corlett, R. Leigh, An intercomparison campaign of ground-based UV- 

Visible measurements of NO2, BrO, and OClO slant columns. Methods of analysis 

and results for NO2, J. of Geophys. Res., 110, D08305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005423, 


Vaughan, G., P. T. Quinn, A. C. Green, J. Bean, H. K. Roscoe, M. Van Roozendael 

and F. Goutail SAOZ measurements of stratospheric NO2 at Aberystwyth, 1991- 

2004, submitted to Journal of Environmental Monitoring (JEM), 2005. 

Yurganov, L.N., P. Duchatelet, A.V. Dzhola, D.P. Edwards, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E. 

Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, P.C. Novelli, A. Rockmann, H.E. Scheel, M. 

Schneider, A. Schulz, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, H. Tanimoto, V. Velazco, J.R. 

Drummond, and J.C. Gille, Increased Northern Hemispheric carbon monoxide burden 

in the troposphere in 2002 and 2003 detected from the ground and from space, Atmos. 

Chem. Phys., 5, 563-573, 2005. 


Delbouille, M. De Mazière and C.P. Rinsland, Evolution of a dozen non-CO 2 

greenhouse gases above Central Europe since the mid-1980s, Environmental Sciences, 

2 (2-3), 295-303, June-September 2005. 


Delbouille, M. De Mazière, and C.P. Rinsland (2005). Evolution of a dozen non-CO2 

greenhouse gases above Central Europe since the mid-1980s, Proceedings of the 

Fourth International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4), Science, 

Control, Policy and Implementation, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 4-6 July 2005. 

Zanini, A., E. Durisi, F. Fasolo, M. Storini, O. Saavedra, L. Visca, M. Perosino, 

Neutron Spectrometry at High Mountain Observatories, Journal of Atmospheric and 

Solar -Terrestrial Physics, (2005) 67 8-9, 755-762, 2005. 

Zanini, A., F Fasolo, L Visca, E Durisi, M Perosino, J R M Annand and K W Burn, 

Test of a bubble passive spectrometer for neutron dosimetry, Phys. Med. Biol., (2005) 

50 18, 4287-4297. 

197



Conference presentations / Posters 

Bach, M., Fally, S., Vandaele, A.C., Coheur, P.-F., Carleer, M., Jenouvrier, A. (2005) 

Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy of HDO in the visible and near-IR spectral 

regions, European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2005, Vienna (Austria), 24- 

29 April 2005. 

Baltensperger, U. et al., Aerosol hygroscopic growth closure by simultaneous 

measurement of hygroscopic growth and chemical composition at the high-Alpine 

station Jungfraujoch, solicited oral presentation at the EGU General Assembly, 

Vienna, Austria, 2005. 

Belov, A. V., L. Baisultanova, R. Bütikofer, E. Eroshenko, E.O. Flückiger, G. 

Mariatos, H. Mavromichalaki, V. Pchelkin and V. G. Yanke, Geomagnetic effects on 

cosmic rays during the very strong magnetic storms in November 2003 and November 

2004, 29 th International Cosmic Ray Conference, to be published in the conference 


Bower, K.N., M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, J. 

Crosier, P. Connolly, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, and S. Sjögren, Investigations 

of cloud-aerosol interactions at the Jungfraujoch mountain-top site in the Swiss Alps 

during summer and winter CLACE experiments, p. 133, EAC 2005, Ghent Belgium, 


Bower, Keith N., H. Coe, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, 

J Crosier, P.Connolly, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S. Sjogren, 

and M.R. Alfarra, Wintertime Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch High 

Alpine Site in Switzerland. Proceedings of the 16th AGM of the UK Aerosol Society, 

Bristol University, April 14th-15 th , 2005. 

Bower, Keith, N., T.W. Choularton, M.W. Gallagher, H. Coe, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, 

J Crosier, P.Connolly, I. Crawford, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, 

S. Sjogren, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel and M.R. Alfarra, Investigations of 

Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch Mountain-Top Site in the Swiss Alps 

during Summer and Winter CLACE Experiments. The proceedings of the European 

Aerosol Conference, Ghent, August 28 th – September 2 nd , 2005. 

Bower, Keith, Thomas Choularton, Hugh Coe, Michael Flynn, James Allan, 

Jonathan Crosier, Paul Connolly, Rachel Burgess, Ernest Weingartner, Summer and 

Wintertime Investigations of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch 

Mountain Top Site in Switzerland. Proceedings of the Royal Meteorological Society 

Conference, University of Exeter, Exeter, 11th – 16th September, 2005 


TOUGH annual meeting, L'Aquilla, January 27-28, 2005. 


TOUGH semi-annual meeting, Exeter, September 29-30, 2005. 

Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, U. Marti, A. Schlatter (2005): Results of the 3rd 

observation of the Swiss GPS Reference Network LV95 and status of the Swiss 

Combined Geodetic Network CH-CGN. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): 



Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Extreme Cosmic 

198






Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Seasonality and diurnal 

cycles of aerosol parameters and of their wavelength dependence at the Jungfraujoch, 

p. 172, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Variability and trend of 

aerosol parameters and of their wavelength dependence at the Jungfraujoch, in 

Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Meteorologie (SGM), PSI, Villigen, 2005. 

Cozic, J. et al., Aerosol - cloud interaction: highlights from the Cloud and Aerosol 


Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, oral presentation at the 1 st ACCENT Symposium, 

Urbino, Italy, 2005. 

Cozic, J., S. Mertes, B. Verheggen, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. Bower, A. Petzold, E. 

Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Activated fraction of black carbon in mixed phase 

clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE campaigns, p. 

506, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Crosier, J., K.N. Bower, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S. 

Sjögren, S. Mertes, J. Schneider, D.R. Worsnop, J.T. Jayne, and J.L. Jimenez, 

Comparing winter and summer submicron aerosol chemical composition and size 

distributions at the Jungfraujoch, p. 505, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Ebert, M. et al., Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric aerosol in 

mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron microscopy, poster 

presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Ebert, M., M. Inerle-Hof, S. Mertes, S. Walter, J. Schneider, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, 



microscopy, p. 504, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Fally S., M. Carleer, P.-F. Coheur, C. Clerbaux, L. Daumont, A. Jenouvrier, C. 

Hermans, A. C. Vandaele, M. Kiseleva (2005). Water vapor continuum absorption 

and O2-X collision-induced absorption by laboratory Fourier transform spectroscopy, 

CECAM workshop on water dimers and weakly interacting species in atmospheric 

modeling, Lyon (France), 25-27 April 2005. 

Flückiger, E. O., Extreme events and super storms, Invited Talk, Solar Extreme 

Events 2005 (SEE-2005): Fundamental Science and Applied Aspects, International 

Symposium at Nor Amberd, Armenia, 2005. 


Ground Level Enhancement and the Forbush Decrease in January 2005 - Analysis of 

the Swiss Cosmic Ray Observations, contributed paper 58-ST-A1500, 2 nd Annual 

Meeting of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS), Singapore, 2005. 



International Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India, August 03-10, 2005, to be 

published in the conference proceedings, 2005. 

Fries, E., E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann and W. Jaeschke, Volatile organic compounds 

199



(VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals and super-cooled droplets at high alpine research 

station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4. Presented at the European Aerosol Conference 

(EAC). Ghent, 28 August - 2 September, 2005. 

Iori, M., Detection of UHE tau neutrinos with a surface detector array, Carnegie 

Mellon University, December 12, 2005. 

Jenouvrier A., L. Daumont, L. Regalia-Jarlot, Vl.G. Tyuterev, M. Carleer, S. Fally, 

A.C. Vandaele, S.N. Mikhailenko (2005). Long path Fourier Transform absorption 

Spectroscopy of water vapor in the 4200-6600 cm-1 spectral range, The 19th 

Colloquium on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy, Salamanca (Spain), 11-15 

Sept. 2005. 

Knap, W. H., S. Nyeki, A. Los and P. Stammes (2005), Aerosol optical thickness 

measurements at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, EGU 

General Assembly 2005, Vienna, 24-29 April 2005, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 

7, 04838. 

Legreid, G., Reimann, S, Steinbacher, M. and Stähelin, J., “OVOCs at the high alpine 

station Jungfraujoch: In-Situ measurements and assessment of anthropogenic 

sources”, Urbino, Italy, September 12 – 16, 2005. 

Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, C.P. Rinsland, and M. 

De Mazière, Recent evolution of atmospheric OCS above the Jungfraujoch station: 

Implications for the stratospheric aerosol layer, in Proceedings of "Atmospheric 

Spectroscopy Applications, ASA Reims 2005", Reims, September 6-8, 2005, pp.235- 


Matsubara, Y., Y. Muraki, T. Sako, K. Watanabe, K. Masuda, T. Sakai, S. Shibata, 

E. O. Flückiger, R. Bütikofer, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, Y. H. Tan, T. Yuda, 

M. Ohnishi, H. Tsuchiya, Y. Katayose, R. Ogasawara, Y. Mizumoto, M. Nakagiri, 

A. Miyashita, A. Velarde, R. Ticona and N. Martinic, Search for solar neutrons 

associated with proton flares in solar cycle 23, 29 th International Cosmic Ray 

Conference, Pune, India, August 03-10, 2005, to be published in the conference 


Mertes, S. et al., Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in 

mixed phase clouds at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) 

during CLACE, oral presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, 





alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE, European Aerosol 

Conference 2005, Ghent, Belgium, August 28-September 2, 2005, Conference 

Proceedings, 130, 2005. 

Nessler, R., B. Verheggen, E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Effect of humidity 

on aerosol light absorption and its implications for extinction and single scattering 

albedo at the Jungfraujoch, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2005. 

Prévôt, A.S.H., Atmospheric Studies of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Central Europe, 

Aerodyne, Billerica, USA, 2005. 


200



O'Doherty, S., European Emission Estimates of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases from 

Continuous Measurements at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Invited talk at the ACCENT 


Reimann, S., Stemmler, K., Vollmer, M.K. Evaluation of Emissions Halocarbons 

from Mobile Air Conditioning Systems, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases Conference, 

Utrecht (NL), 2005. 

Ristori, P., M. Froidevaux, T. Dinoev, I. Serikov, V. Simeonov, M. Parlange, H. Van 

den Bergh, “Development of a temperature and water vapor Raman LIDAR for 

turbulent observations, in Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5984 59840F-1, Remote Sensing- 

2005,19–22 September 2005 Bruges, Belgium, in print 

Schaer S., D. Ineichen and E. Brockmann (2005): EUREF LAC Analysis at 

swisstopo/CODE Using Bernese Software V5.0. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): 



Schneider D., B. Vogel, A. Wiget, U. Wild, E. Brockmann, U. Marti and A. Schlatter 

(2005): EUREF'05: National Report of Switzerland: New Developments in Swiss 

National Geodetic Surveying. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission 

for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Vienna 2005, EUREF Publication No. 

in preparation. 

Simeonov, V., P. Ristori, M. Taslakov,T. Dinoev, L. T. Molina, M. J.Molina, and H. 

van den Bergh, “Ozone and aerosol distribution above Mexico City measured with a 

DIAL/elastic lidar system during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area ( MCMA) 2003 

field campaign”, in Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5984 59840O-1, Remote Sensing 2005,19–22 

September 2005 Bruges, Belgium, in print. 

Sjögren, S., R. Alfarra, J. Cozic, B. Verheggen, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, J. 

Crosier, K.N. Bower, M. Gysel, J.D. Allan, and H. Coe, Hygroscopic properties 

linked with chemical composition of aerosol particles at the high alpine site 

Jungfraujoch during the CLACE campaigns, p. 507, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 






Steinbacher, M., M.K. Vollmer, and S. Reimann, CO measurements at the high-alpine 

site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Proc. Joint WMO/GAW-Accent Workshop on the 

Global Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Observation System, Quality Assurance and 

Applications, Dubendorf, Switzerland, 24 -- 26 October 2005, Empa Dubendorf, 49- 


Sugiyama S., Funk M., Müller B., Bauder A., Fischer U., Weiss P., Huss M., 

Deichmann N., Blatter H.; Glacier dynamcis during the outburst of a glacier dammed 

lake on Gornergletscher, Switzerland EGU05-A-07473; CR1-1MO3O-004, Vienna 


Tashkun, S. A., Schwenke D. W., Tyuterev Vl.G., Jenouvrier A., Mikhailenko S., 

Carleer M., Fally S., Vandaele A. C., Daumont L., Regalia L., Barbe A. (2005). 

Global modelling of rovibrational line intensities of the water vapour in the IR and 

visible range and extended comparisons with new long-path experimental spectra, 

201



European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, (Austria), 24-29 

April 2005. 

Taslakov, M., Simeonov V, van den Bergh H, “System for a Remote Read out of 

Multiple Passive Sensors Using 28 THz Quantum Cascade Laser”, in the proceedings 

2005 Joint IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Precise Time and 

Time Interval (PTTI) 29-31 August 2005, Vancouver, BC, Canada. In print. 

Taslakov, M., V. Simeonov, H. van den Bergh, and J. Feist, “Ammonia and Ozone 

Open Path. Measurements Using Quantum Cascade Laser Technology”, in the 

proceedings of The First International Conference on Environmental Science and 

Technology January 23-26, 2005, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, In print. 

Vana, M., A. Hirsikko, E.Tamm, P.P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, Verheggen, B., J. Cozic , E. 

Weingartner and U. Baltensperger, Characteristics of air ions and aerosol particles at 

the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Proc. of the International Aerosol 

Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, 2005. 

Verheggen, B. et al., Nucleation and activation of aerosol particles during CLACE 

campaigns (Jungfraujoch, 3580 metres a.s.l., Switzerland), oral presentation at the 

European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala 

and U. Baltensperger, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the lower free 

troposphere, Proc. of EGU, Vienna, Austria, 2-7 April, 2005. 

Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. 

Hirsikko and M. Kulmala, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the lower 

free troposphere, Proc. of the International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, 

US, 10 – 15 September, 2005. 

Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. Bower, 

M. Gallagher, and U. Baltensperger, Nucleation and activation of aerosol particles 

during CLACE campaigns (Jungfraujoch, 3580 metres a.s.l., Switzerland), in 

European Aerosol Conference, edited by W. Maenhaut, p. 131, Elsevier, Ghent, 


Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. 

Connolly, K. Bower, M. Gallagher, J. Crosier, H. Coe, and A. Petzold, Activation 

behaviour of aerosol particles and black carbon in mixed-phase clouds, in EGU 

General Assembly, European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Austria, 2005. 

Vollmer, M. K., Folini, D., Stemmler K., Reimann, S. European Emissions of HFC- 

245fa and HFC-227ea using continuous atmospheric measurements from the highaltitute 

observatory at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases 

(NCGG-4), Utrecht, The Netherlands, July 4 – 6, 2005. 

Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., and Folini, D. Foaming the North: HFC-365mfc as a 

promising atmospheric tracer for interhemispheric transport. 32 nd Meeting of AGAGE 

scientists and Cooperating Networks, Florence, Italy, October 24 – 28, 2005. 

Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Folini, D. Buchmann, B., and Hofer, P. Trends in 

halogenated trace gases derived from observations at the high-altitute observatory at 

Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Global Atmospheric Watch International Symposium & 

Ten-ear Anniversary of Waliguan Observatory, Xinin, China, August 15 – 17, 2005. 

Vuilleumier, L. and J. Gröbner (2005) Operational mode uncertainty for broadband 

202



erythemal UV radiometers, Proceedings of the 9 th international conference on new 

developments and applications in optical radiometry, 11-19 October, 2005, Davos, 

Switzerland, pp 71-72. 


B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, and U. Baltensperger, Mass spectrometric analysis of 

residuals from small ice particles and from supercooled cloud droplets during 

CLACE-3 and CLACE-4, p. 132, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 


B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, and U. Baltensperger, Mass spectrometric analysis of ice and 

supercooled cloud residuals during CLACE-3, European Geoscience Union, Vienna, 

Austria, 2005. 

Wehrli, C., GAWPFR: A network of Aerosol Optical Depth observations with 

Precision Filter Radiometers. In: WMO/GAW Experts workshop on a global surface 

based network for long term observations of column aerosol optical properties, GAW 

Report No. 162, WMO TD No. 1287 (2005). 

Weingartner, E. et al., An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization 

Experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in 

Switzerland, oral presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 


Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjögren, J.Duplissy, U. 

Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. 

Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S. 

Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. 

Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P. 

Aalto and M. Kulmala, Aerosol-cloud interactions in the lower free troposphere as 

measured at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Proc. of the 

International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, 2006. 

Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjoegren, J.S.v. Ekeren, U. Baltensperger, 

S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, J. Crozier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, S. Walter, J. 

Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, 

and S. Weinbruch, An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization 

Experiments (CLACE) conducted at a high alpine site in the free troposphere 

(solicited), European Geoscience Union, Vienna, Austria, 2005. 

Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J. Duplissy, J.S. Van Ekeren, U. 



Borrmann, A. Petzold, S. Henning, T. Rosenorn, M. Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, 


Aalto, A. Hiriskko, and M. Kulmala, An overview of the cloud and aerosol 

characterization experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station 

Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, p. 129, EAC 2005, Ghent, Belgium, 2005. 

Yanke, V. G., L. Baisultanova, A. V. Belov, R. Bütikofer, E. Eroshenko, E. O. 

Flückiger, G. Mariatos and H. Mavromichalaki, Variations of geomagnetic cutoff 

rigidities during the series of geomagnetic storms in January 2005: observations and 

modeling, 29 th International Cosmic Ray Conference, to be published in the 


203



Edited books 

Calpini, B., V. Simeonov, “Trace gas species detection in the lower atmosphere by 

lidar from remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants to possible air pollution 

abatement strategies”, Chapter 4 in “Laser Remote Sensing” Optical Engineering 

series Volume: 97, T. Fuji and T. Fukuchi eds., Taylor and Francis/CRC Press, 2005. 

Esposito, D., C. Faraloni, F. Fasolo, A. Margonelli, G. Torzillo, A. Zanini and Maria 

Teresa Giardi, in Biotechnological Applications of Photosynthetic Proteins: Biochips, 

Biosensors and Biodevices, Maria Teresa Giardi and Elena V. Piletska (eds.), 

Biodevices for Space Research, Springer Science+ Business Media, New York, New 

York U.S.A. 212-215, 2005. 

Moser, M. R., L. Desorgher, E. O. Flückiger, R. S. Miller, J. M. Ryan, J. R. Macri and 

M. L. McConnell, Solar neutron observation at ground-level and from space, 

Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe, Series: NATO Science Series II: 

Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study 

Institute on Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe, held in Erice, Italy, 2-13 

July 2004, M. M. Shapiro, Stanev, T., Wefel, J.P., eds., 209, 393-397, 2005, Springer- 

Verlag, ISBN 1-4020-3747-3. 

Theses 

Dal Magro, L., S. Mamin, Development of a seeing monitor of type DIMM. Diploma 

thesis, HEIG-VD, 2005. 

Durisi E., Study of a compact Neutron Source based on D-D fusion reaction for NCT 

application, PhD Thesis Universita’ Torino, 2005. 


(in German with English summary). Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW 


Iannarelli R., Evaluation of radiation damages to instrumentation in Bepi Colombo 

mission to Mercure, Università Torino, 2005. 




Data publications and reports 

Buchmann, B., Reimann, S. and Hüglin, Ch., The GAW-CH Greenhouse and 

Reactive Gases Programme at the Jungfraujoch, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70, 

MeteoSchweiz (Editor), ISSN: 1422-1381, 2005. 

Bütikofer, R., and E.O. Flückiger, Neutron Monitor Data for Jungfraujoch and Bern 

during the Ground-Level Solar Cosmic Ray Event on 20 January 2005, internal 

report, Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physikalisches Institut, University of 

Bern, 2005. 

Gesundheit und Umwelttechnik Nr. 1, April 2005 (Organ der Schweiz. Vereinigung 

für Gesundheits- und Umwelttechnik SVG), Trichlorethan-Emissionen in Europa 

nach unten korrigiert. Neuste Resultate der Empa 

Kleffmann, J. and P. Wiesen: Final report to the DFG Pilot study: “Nitrous Acid 

204



(HONO) in Polar Regions”, in the DFG priority program: „Antarktisforschung mit 

vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten (SPP 1158)“, 2005. 

Lelieveld, J., M. De Mazière, S. Fuzzi, C. Granier, N. Harris, Ǿ. Hov, U. Schumann 

(2005). Atmospheric Change and Earth System Science - AIRES III: Research 

Challenges. 

NABEL, Luftbelastung 2004, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 388 Luft, Bundesamt für 

Umwelt Wald und Landschaft, Bern 2005. 

“Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2004 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich 

(July 2005) pp. 126-129. 

Technischer Bericht zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe 

(NABEL), EMPA, 2005. 

Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, 

Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2004 (in preparation). 

Popular publications and presentations 

Baltensperger, U. and E. Weingartner, Klimawirksamkeit von Partikeln, VCS- 

Magazin Leonardo, März 2005. 

Reimann, S. and B. Zierl, „Emissionen in Europa nach unten korrigiert“, empa News, 

1/2005. 

Handelsblatt, 03.02.2005, Ozonkiller geringer als angenommen. 

"La couche d'ozone se reconstruit. Des chercheurs de l'ULg étudient la composition 

chimique de l'atmosphère depuis un sommet suisse", with Pierre Duchatelet, Groupe 

Sud Presse, 17 March 2005. 

NZZ, 03.02.2005, Europa emittiert noch immer verbotene Ozonabbaustoffe 

NZZ am Sonntag, 06.02.2005, Abschied vom Ozonloch. 

Swissinfo, „Europa produziert offenbar weniger Ozonkiller“, February 2, 2005. 

Tages-Anzeiger, 03.02.2005, Ozon-Schadstoff über Europa. 

Umwelt Focus, Februar 2005, Trichlorethan-Emissionen korrigiert. 

Walliser Bote, 03.02.2005, Deutlich tiefer – Emissionen von Ozon-Abbaustoff. 


MTW, SF1, 03.02.2005, Eine gute Nachricht für unsere Ozonschicht: Weniger 

Trichlorethan. 

DRS2 aktuell am Abend, DRS2, 03.02.2005, Wider das Ozonloch. 

205



206

Index of research groups / institutes 



Research group / institute Project Page 

ABB Switzerland, Ltd., 



Umweltphysik, 

Physikalisches Institut, 


Belgian Institute for Space 

Aeronomy (BIRA – IASB) 

Berner Fachhochschule, 

Hochschule für Technik 

und Informatik (HTI), 

Photovoltaik-Labor 

Bundesamt für 

Landestopographie / Swiss 

Federal Office of 



Strahlenschutz, Freiburg 

i.Br. 



Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power 

semiconductor devices 

CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European Terrestrial 

Carbon Balance 

http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ 




http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/ 

http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir 

http://nadir.nilu.no/calval/ 


www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ 

Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV 

(photovoltaic) plant at 3453 m 

http://www.pvtest.ch/ 

http://egvap.dmi.dk/ 


http://www.swisstopo.ch 

http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/cost716/ 


http://www.climate.unibe.ch 

135 

57 

77 

23 

53 

83 


Physics, Universität Bern 

Dipartimento di Fisica 

Nucleare e Teorica and 

INFN, Pavia University 

Temporal variation of stable isotopes in Alpine precipitation 119 

Measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally 129 

Division of Atmospheric 

Sciences, Department of 

Physical Sciences, 


École Polytechnique 

Fédérale de Lausanne 

(EPFL) 

EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss 

Federal Laboratories for 

Materials 

Air ion concentrations, dynamics and their relation to new 

particle formation in Jungfraujoch, Switzerland 

http://www.atm.helsinki.fi 

Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and temperature 

by LIDAR 



http://empa.ch/abt134 

115 

13 

35 

207






Materials 





25 



Materials 



Materials 

National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL 


Emissions of Non-Regulated Oxidized Volatile Organic 

Compounds by advance GC-MS Technology (ENOVO) 

31 

39 

ETH Institute of 

Atmospheric and Climate 

Science 

Exercise Physiology, ETH- 

University of Zürich 

INAF - Istituto di 

Radioastronomia 

Innsbruck Medical 

University, Division for 

Biomedical Physics 


de Géophysique - 

Université de Liège 

Institut d’automatisation 

Industrielle, Haute Ecole 

d’Ingénierie et de Gestion 

Institut für Atmosphäre und 

Umwelt, Universität 


Institut für Umweltphysik, 


Istituto Nazionale di Fisica 

Nucleare, Torino (Italy) 

Labor für Radio- und 

Umweltchemie der 

Universität Bern und des 


Measurements at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch to study 

the long range Transport and in-situ Photochemistry 


www.unizh.ch/physiol 


TIRGO web pages http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo 

Tirgo data archive http://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it 



High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform 

Spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere 

http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/ 

http://www.nilu.no/nadir/ 

ftp://ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/ndsc/jungfrau/ftir 

Development of a seeing monitor for astronomical applications 

http://iai.eivd.ch/profs/fwi 

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice 

crystals and super-cooled droplets at high alpine research 

station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4 




http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ 

Neutron background measurements at Jungfraujoch Research 

Station 


VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual 

resolution 



87 

145 

173 

141 

5 

137 

93 

61 

131 

153 

208




Laboratory of Atmospheric 

Chemistry, Paul Scherrer 

Institute 

Laboratory of 

Radiochemistry and 

Environmental 

Chemistry,Universität Bern 

Leibniz-Institut für 

Troposphärenforschung, 

Leipzig, Deutschland (IfT) 

Max Planck Institute for 

Chemistry, Mainz, Particle 

Chemistry Department 

MeteoSwiss, Payerne 

Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the 

Jungfraujoch 




MeteoSwiss, Zurich The weather in 2005 


Physikalische Chemie / 

FBC, Bergische Universität 

Wuppertal 





I. Physikalisches Institut, 


Radioastronomisches 

Institut, Universität Bonn 

SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and 

the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic 

eruptions at the Sun 

http://cosray.unibe.ch/ 

http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/stewww1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html 

Physikalisch- 

Meteorologisches 

Observatorium Davos, 


Pneumology, Medizinische 

Klinik Innenstadt, 

University of Munich 


http://lch.web.psi.ch/analytic/members/project_soenke.html 

Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei 

in mixed phase clouds 


Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice 

particles and from super-cooled cloud droplets during the 

Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments (CLACE) 

http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~clouds/ 


http://www.meteoswiss.ch/ 

http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/s 

tartwave_dbs.html (IWV STARWAVE data) 

http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/ 

45 

85 

101 

89 

17 

159 

Measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) in the free troposphere 63 




http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de 







Change of peripheral lung function parameters in healthy 

subject acutely exposed to 3454 m 

www.bexmed.de 

121 

181 

169 

21 

151 

209




Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F 

Bern 

Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of 

a 23 cm voice repeater station, study of high frequency 

propagation conditions. 

http://www.relais-hb9f.ch 

139 

School of Earth, Atmospheric 

and Environmental 

Sciences, University of 

Manchester 

CLoud Aerosol Characterisation Experiment 4 (CLACE 4) 97 

Section of Environmental 

Radioactivity, Radiation 

Protection Division of the 

Swiss Federal Office of 

Public Health 

Technische Universität 

Darmstadt, Institut für 

Angewandte Geowissenschaften, 

Umweltmineralogie 

University of Leicester 

University of Rome “La 

Sapienza”, Department of 

Physics 

Versuchsanstalt für 

Wasserbau, Hydrologie und 

Glaziologie, 

ETH Zentrum, Zürich 



Glaziologie, 


Aerosol monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch (RADAIR) 

http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/document 

ation/d/document2001.php 

Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric 

aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning 

electron microscopy 


http://www.le.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/psm7.html 

Study of detector to measure cosmic ray flux at large zenith 

angle 

Glacier outburst floods: A study of the processes controlling 

the drainage of glacier-dammed lakes 

http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulics 

/gz_outburst_glacierdammed_lake 

http://www.glaciology.ch 


http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/ 

41 

105 

113 

127 

185 

157 

International Foundation HFSJG: http://www.ifjungo.ch/ 

Index of projects 

Project Research group / institute Page 

Aerosol monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch (RADAIR) 

http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/docume 

ntation/d/document2001.php 

Air ion concentrations, dynamics and their relation to new 

particle formation in Jungfraujoch, Switzerland 

http://www.atm.helsinki.fi 

Section of Environmental 

Radioactivity, Radiation 

Protection Division of the 

Swiss Federal Office of 

Public Health 

Division of Atmospheric 

Sciences, Department of 

Physical Sciences, 


41 

115 

210





http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/ 

http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir 

http://nadir.nilu.no/calval/ 


www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ 


http://www.swisstopo.ch 

http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/cost716/ 

CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European Terrestrial 

Carbon Balance 

http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ 




http://empa.ch/abt134 

Change of peripheral lung function parameters in healthy 

subject acutely exposed to 3454 m 

www.bexmed.de 

CLoud Aerosol Characterisation Experiment 4 (CLACE 4) 


http://www.le.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/psm7.html 

Belgian Institute for Space 

Aeronomy (BIRA – IASB) 


Landestopographie / Swiss 

Federal Office of 



Umweltphysik, 





Materials 

Pneumology, Medizinische 

Klinik Innenstadt, 

University of Munich 

School of Earth, Atmospheric 

and Environmental 

Sciences, University of 

Manchester 

77 

53 

57 

35 

151 

97 

University of Leicester 113 

Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power 

semiconductor devices 

Development of a seeing monitor for astronomical 

applications 

http://iai.eivd.ch/profs/fwi 

Emissions of Non-Regulated Oxidized Volatile Organic 

Compounds by advance GC-MS Technology (ENOVO) 

ABB Switzerland, Ltd., 


Institut d’automatisation 

Industrielle, Haute Ecole 

d’Ingénierie et de Gestion 



Materials 

135 

137 

39 

Glacier outburst floods: A study of the processes controlling 

the drainage of glacier-dammed lakes 

http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulic 

s/gz_outburst_glacierdammed_lake 

http://www.glaciology.ch 

Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the 

Jungfraujoch 






Glaziologie, 


Laboratory of Atmospheric 

Chemistry, Paul Scherrer 

Institute 

185 

45 

211





http://www.meteoswiss.ch/ 

http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/ 

startwave_dbs.html (IWV STARWAVE data) 

http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/ 

High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform 

Spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth 

atmosphere 

http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/ 

http://www.nilu.no/nadir/ 

ftp://ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/ndsc/jungfrau/ftir 

MeteoSwiss, Payerne 17 


de Géophysique - Université 

de Liège 

5 

Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric 

aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning 

electron microscopy 


http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de 




Technische Universität 

Darmstadt, Institut für 

Angewandte Geowissenschaften, 

Umweltmineralogie 

I. Physikalisches Institut, 


Radioastronomisches 

Institut, Universität Bonn 

105 

169 


http://www.climate.unibe.ch 

Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV 

(photovoltaic) plant at 3453 m 

http://www.pvtest.ch/ 

http://egvap.dmi.dk/ 



http://www.iup.uniheidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ 

Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice 

particles and from super-cooled cloud droplets during the 

Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments (CLACE) 

http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~clouds/ 

Measurements at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch to 

study the long range Transport and in-situ Photochemistry 


Strahlenschutz, Freiburg 

i.Br. 



Berner Fachhochschule, 

Hochschule für Technik und 

Informatik (HTI), 

Photovoltaik-Labor 

Institut für Umweltphysik, 


Max Planck Institute for 

Chemistry, Mainz, Particle 

Chemistry Department 

ETH Institute of 

Atmospheric and Climate 

Science 

Measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) in the free troposphere Physikalische Chemie / 

FBC, Bergische Universität 

Wuppertal 

Measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally 

Dipartimento di Fisica 

Nucleare e Teorica and 

INFN, Pavia University 

83 

23 

61 

89 

87 

63 

129 

212










Materials 

25 

National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL 


Neutron background measurements at Jungfraujoch Research 

Station 




Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of 

a 23 cm voice repeater station, study of high frequency 

propagation conditions. 

http://www.relais-hb9f.ch 




Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei 

in mixed phase clouds 



www.unizh.ch/physiol 



SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and 

the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic 

eruptions at the Sun 


http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/stewww1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html 


http://lch.web.psi.ch/analytic/members/project_soenke.html 

Study of detector to measure cosmic ray flux at large zenith 

angle 

Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and 

temperature by LIDAR 




Materials 

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica 

Nucleare, Torino (Italy) 



Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F 

Bern 

Physikalisch- 

Meteorologisches 

Observatorium Davos, 


Leibniz-Institut für 

Troposphärenforschung, 

Leipzig, Deutschland (IfT) 

Exercise Physiology, ETH- 

University of Zürich 

Innsbruck Medical 

University, Division for 

Biomedical Physics 



Laboratory of 

Radiochemistry and 

Environmental 

Chemistry,Universität Bern 

University of Rome “La 

Sapienza”, Department of 

Physics 

École Polytechnique 

Fédérale de Lausanne 

(EPFL) 

31 

131 

121 

139 

21 

101 

145 

141 

181 

85 

127 

13 

213




Temporal variation of stable isotopes in Alpine precipitation 

The weather in 2005 



TIRGO web pages http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo 

Tirgo data archive http://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it 


http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/ 

VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with 

annual resolution 



Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice 

crystals and super-cooled droplets at high alpine research 

station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4 



Physics, Universität Bern 

119 

MeteoSwiss, Zurich 159 

INAF - Istituto di 

Radioastronomia 



Glaziologie, 


Labor für Radio- und 

Umweltchemie der 

Universität Bern und des 


Institut für Atmosphäre und 

Umwelt, Universität 


173 

157 

153 

93 

International Foundation HFSJG: http://www.ifjungo.ch/ 

214

Picture Gallery 2005 from http://www.ifjungo.ch 



January: Signs of wind and weather at the Sphinx. 

February: View from Jungfraujoch by moonlight. 

215



March: CLACE 4: CLoud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment. A 

partial view of the installations in the Sphinx. 

April: imachination: -- 

Science and art by the 

German artist Tim Otto 

Roth 

216



May: Students from the Kantonsschule Zürcher Unterland in Bülach (Switzerland) 

measuring the solar irradiance at Jungfraujoch as part of their "Research in Switzerland" 

project week with their tutor Kuno Strassmann from the University of Bern. 

June: incandescence hivernale -- ice crystal birds -- 

Wolkenvögel. A moment caught on camera by Julie 

Cozic. 

217



July: Construction site at Gornergrat. 

August: Dr. med. Susi Kriemler (ETH and University of Zurich) and a young test 

person at the Research Station Jungfraujoch during the ALTKIDS experiment. 

218



September: Fascinating 

cloud formations as seen 

from Jungfraujoch. 

October: Construction scene at Gornergrat. 

219



November: Astronomic dome of Observatory Gornergrat North. 

December: Sunset at Jungfraujoch. 

220



221



222



TIRGO 1980 - 2005: 25 Years of History 

Presentation by Dr. Filippo Mannucci at the Jubilee Meeting of the Board 

HFSJG, October 21, 2005, Interlaken 

223



224



225



226



227



228



Acknowledgements 

We gratefully acknowledge financial support and support in kind from 

Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), Bern 

Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique FNRS, Bruxelles 

Max-Planck Gesellschaft, München 

The Royal Society, London 

Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome 

Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 

Schweizerische Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (scnat), Bern 

Jungfraubahn AG, Interlaken 

Gornergrat Bahn AG, Brig 

Burgergemeinde Zermatt, Zermatt 

Canton of Bern 

University of Bern 

Mammut Sports Group AG, Seon 

And our hearty thanks to all the individual research groups at Jungfraujoch 

and Gornergrat who contributed the scientific content of this 

report. Their enthusiasm and success, combined with their discipline 

and hard work, are our greatest motivation. 

229

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