Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation - IUCN

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(iv) number of mature individuals. 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km 2 , and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature individuals and either: 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a–b): a. Population structure in the form of one of the following: (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain (ii) more than 250 mature individuals, OR at least 95% of mature individuals in one subpopulation. b. Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals. E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are: clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following: a. direct observation b. an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon c. a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat d. actual or potential levels of exploitation e. the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 30% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 3. A population size reduction of 30%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of 30% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km 2 , and estimates indicating at least two of a–c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii)area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv)number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii)number of locations or subpopulations (iv)number of mature individuals. 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km 2 , and estimates indicating at least two of a–c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations 131
(v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and either: 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b): a. Population structure in the form of one of the following: (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1000 mature individuals, OR (ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation. b. Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the following: 1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature individuals. 2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically less than 20km 2 ) or number of locations (typically five or fewer) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period. E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years. 132
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2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan
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2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan
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The designation of geographical ent
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False killer whale, Pseudorca crass
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Dedication Steve Leatherwood served
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Introduction Conserving cetaceans (
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Atlantic; bowhead whales in the Ber
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Table 1.1 Classification of the liv
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Table 1.1 ... continued. Classifica
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Figure 1. The hump-backed dolphins
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Chapter 2 Threats Faced by Cetacean
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Figure 4. Risso’s dolphin is one
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dolphins and finless porpoises in H
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Figure 9. Dolphins are attracted to
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Disease and exposure to biotoxins R
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procedure for aboriginal subsistenc
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3.2 Habitat protection and restorat
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Treaty Organization (NATO) caused a
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concerning Specially Protected Area
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Chapter 4 Status of Cetacean Specie
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eeding areas are thought to be rela
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time), they had not yet attained 80
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Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphin
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are taken by driving in some years.
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Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella breviro
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may have concentrations of these do
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around the world. There are estimat
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Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena
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For example, in the Mediterranean S
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Franciscana (La Plata dolphin), Pon
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Chapter 5 Recommended Research and
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Figure 25. A sperm whale lifts its
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Figure 27. A male finless porpoise
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side of the Sundarbans, as a result
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16. Assess the impacts of reduced w
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much like those elsewhere in the wo
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Silva 1998; Di Beneditto et al. 199
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stock assessment surveys, and troph
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1996). Even at the bottom end of th
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in some areas urgently needed to be
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vessels are registered in several c
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appears to be limited to dolphins i
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Page 91 and 92: Chapter 6 Recommended Conservation
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Page 99 and 100: References Adams, J.E. 1994. Last o
Page 101 and 102: Bearzi, G. 2000. First report of a
Page 103 and 104: Brownell Jr., R.L. and Clapham, P.J
Page 105 and 106: Crespo, E.A., Koen Alonso, M., Dans
Page 107 and 108: Forcada, J. 1995. Abundance of comm
Page 109 and 110: Heyning, J.E. 1989. Cuvier’s beak
Page 111 and 112: Kannan, K., Sinha, R.K., Tanabe, S.
Page 113 and 114: Laist, D.W., Knowlton, A.R., Mead,
Page 115 and 116: document submitted to Workshop on t
Page 117 and 118: Parra, G.J., Azuma, C., Preen, A.R.
Page 119 and 120: Reeves, R.R. 1988. Exploitation of
Page 121 and 122: humpback whale breeding ground in B
Page 123 and 124: cetaceans, 26-28 February 1997, Raj
Page 125 and 126: Van Waerebeek, K. and Reyes, J.C. 1
Page 127 and 128: Zavala-González, A., Urbán-Ramír
Page 129 and 130: Barbara L. Taylor (Chair, CITES/Red
Page 131 and 132: List of Threatened Animals (Baillie
Page 133 and 134: criteria. Mapping at finer scales r
Page 135 and 136: 10. Area of occupancy (Criteria A,
Page 137: . Continuing decline, observed, inf
Page 141 and 142: Annex 2: Citation of the IUCN Red L
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Page 147: IUCN Species Survival Commission Th
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Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation - IUCN

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