FYB Sc - North Maharashtra University

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NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY,
JALGAON
SYLLABUS FOR
F.YB.Sc.
ZOOLOGY
(With effect from June 2007)

North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.
Faculty of Science
Course Structure in Zoology for F.Y.B.Sc
With Effect From June 2007
Marks
Paper Course Title Term Periods University
Exam
Animal Diversity
Section A-Animal
Diversity of Non-
Chordates
Paper-
I
Section B-Animal
Diversity of Chordates
Internal
Assessment
First 45 40 10
Second 45
Total-80
40 10
Total-20
Applied Zoology
Section A-Pest
First 45 40 10
Paper-
II
Management
Section B-Apiculture Second 45
40 10
Paper-
III
Practical Course
Practicals Related to
Paper-I and Paper-II
First
&
Second
90
Total-80
Total-20
80 20
2

F.Y. B. Sc (Zoology)
Paper – I Animal Diversity Marks : 80+20
(A – Diversity of Non-Chordates and B – Diversity of
Chordates)
Background of the Course
One of the day’s most pressing environmental issues is conservation of the
biodiversity. Many factors threaten the world’s biological heritage. The challenge is
for nations, Government agencies, Organizations and individuals to protect and
enhance bio-diversity while continuing to meet people’s need for natural resources.
This challenge exists from local to global scales.
Biodiversity is the variety of life on the earth and its myriad of processes. It
includes all life forms, from the unicellular fungi, protozoa and bacteria to complex
multicellular organisms. Practically, biodiversity deals with the collection of
information about species, genera and ecosystems occurring as interacting entities
in any well-defined geographical areas constituting habitats.
Biodiversity can be divided into four levels, genetical, species, ecosystem
and landscape diversity. Most attention is often given to species diversity, the
number of different kinds of organisms found at a particular locale and how it
varies from place to place and even seasonally at the same place.
A diversity of living things provides subtle needs. People enjoy picnicking,
visiting seashores, and a variety of other recreational activities. Our homes, air,
livestock, vegetables, fruits and grains all derive from the product of diverse and
healthy ecosystems. Diverse communities of plants, animals and microorganisms
also provide indispensable ecological services. Insect, help in pollination to plants.
But the value of the biodiversity goes far beyond the aesthetic aspects. We
hardly know a fraction of species on these planets, especially in tropical ecosystem,
despite years of intensive scientific effort. Every year species are lost before we
have a chance to know anything about them. The vast insect faunas contain large
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numbers of species that are potentially superior crop pollinators, control agents for
weeds and parasites of insect’s pests.
Globally about 1.8 million species have been described and another 11
million species remained to be identified.
Considering the importance of the study North Maharashtra University
has introduced the course, animal diversity in our curricula.
Syllabus
A – Diversity of Non-Chordates
Marks : 40 + 10 Total periods : 45
Unit-1- Concept of animal diversity and its significance. 3
Introduction, Animal diversity (Genetic, Species and Ecological
Diversity), Animal diversity at global and country level in brief.
Unit-2- Protozoa 5
2.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
2.2.Locomotion and osmoregulation.
2.3 Economic importance.
Unit-3- Porifera 5
3.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
3.2. Coral and coral reefs.
3.3. Economic importance.
Unit-4- Coelenterata 5
4.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
4.2.Polymorphism in hydrozoa.
4.3 Economic importance.
Unit-5- Helminthes 5
5.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
5.2.Economic importance.
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Unit-6- Annelida 5
. 6.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
6.2.Economic importance.
Unit-7- Arthropoda 7
7.1.General character , habit, habitat and distribution.
7.2.Economic importance of silkworm, prawn and lac insect.
Unit-8- Mollusca 5
8.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
8.2.Economic importance, Pearl industry, shell industry, ornamental value
of molluscs.
Unit-9- Echinodermata 5
9.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
9.2. Economic importance.
Books:-
1. Hyman, L.H. : The Invertebrates Vol. I ( McGraw Hill).
2. Hyman, L.H. : The Invertebrates Vol. II ( McGraw Hill).
3. Barnes, R.D. : Invertebrate Zoology ( W.B.Saunders Co.).
4. Jordan, E. L. : Invertebrate Zoology ( S. Chand Co. New Delhi.).
5. Dhami and Dhami : Invertebrate Zoology ( S. Chand & Co. New Delhi).
6. Barrington, E.J.W. : Invertebrate Structure and Function.(E.L.B.S).
7. Metcalfl and Flint, : Useful and Destructive Insects.
8. Shrivastava, : Economic Zoology. ( Commercial Pub.brue,N.Delhi).
Practicals
1) Culture of Paramoecium.
2) Study of locomotion in protozoa.
3) Field study, collection and preservation of animals.
4) Systematic position, habit and habitat of at least one animal of each class of
the phyla.
5) Economic importance of any two animals of each phylum.
6) Identification of mosquito species.
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F. Y. B. Sc. ( Zoology)
Paper I( Animal Diversity)
Syllabus
B - Diversity of Chordates
Marks : 40 + 10 Total periods : 45
Unit-1- Diversity of Chordates 2
1.1.Introduction
1.2. Origin and general characters of chordates.
Unit- 2- Protochordata 6
2.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution of Hemichordates,
Urochordates and Cephalochordates.
Unit- 3- Cyclostomata 4
3.1 General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
3.2.Economic importance.
Unit- 4- Pisces 7
4.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
4.2.Economic importance
4.3. Migration in fishes
Unit- 5- Amphibia 5
5.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
5.2.Adaptations for amphibious life
5.3.Amphibians as biological control agents.
Unit- 6- Reptilia 4
6.1. General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
6.2 Poisonous and non-poisonous snakes, poison apparatus and
importance of snake venom.
Unit- 7- Aves 8
7.1. General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
7.2.Aerial adaptation and Migration in birds.
7.3.Types of beaks and feet in birds.
Unit- 8- Mammals 5
8.1.General characters, habit, habitat and distribution.
8.2.Adaptive radiations
Unit- 9-Conservation of species
9.1. Threatened and endangered species-causes and importance 4
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Books:-
1. Jayaraman : Fishes of India.
2. Salim Ali, : Indian Birds.
3. Vishwapremi K.K., : Economic Zoology (Akashdeep Pub.House,New
Delhi).
4. Young, J.Z. : Life of Vertebrate.(E L B S) 1983.Oxford.
5. Dalela, R.C. : A text book of Chordate Zoology, (Jai Prakash Nath
publications, Meerut.).
6. Newman, H.H. : The phylum Chordate, (Satish Book Enterprise, Agra).
7. Jordon, E.L. : Vertebate Zoology, ( S.Chand and Co., New Delhi.).
8. Fred and Theobald, : Economic Zoology.
9. Parker and Haswell Vol. II. A. Z. T. B. S.Publishers and distributers , New
Delhi.
10. Waterman, Allyn et al., Chordate Structure and function, Macmillan and
Company , New York.
Practicals
1) Study of external morphology body forms, fins and scales of the fishes.
2) Systematic position, habit and habitat of one animal from each representative
group of the class.
3) Economic importance of two animals from each class.
4) Study of beaks and feet in birds.
5) Survey of local vertebrates.
6) Report on compulsory visit to a Zoo and Sanctuaries.
F.Y.BSc ( Zoology )
Paper – II Applied Zoology Marks : 80+20
(A-Pest Management and B-Apiculture)
Introduction
The population of the nation is growing tremendously; facing the problem of
the paucity of food and decrease in agricultural land due to increased demand of
dwelling. To overcome this problem and to boost agricultural produce, Govt. of
India had formulated Dr. Swaminathan Committee. Accordingly the
recommendations of the committee were implemented and the nation witnessed the
‘Green Revolution’ and we had surplus production of food, so that we become the
exporters in the world. However, this revolution was temporary, because water,
chemicals and fertilizers were used on a large scale to make this revolution
successful. People began using these fertilizers without taking into consideration
the texture of the soil, availability of water and environmental condition. This has
led to other problems of soil erosion, increased soil salinity, ground water pollution,
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pesticide residue, pest resistance, nutrient imbalance, emergence of new pests,
diseases and environment degradation. This has resulted in sterility in most of the
lands and there is a danger of transformation of fertile land into barren land . Over
500 million tons of crop production is lost annually due to plant diseases and
insect pest worldwide. Simultaneously, economic condition of farmers is becoming
more stressful and the number of family farms declining.
There is urgent need to develop farming techniques, which are sustainable
from environmental production and socioeconomic point of view. This means to
guarantee sufficient food production without damaging resources, eco-friendly and
cost beneficial pest management is needed.
The North Maharashtra region is specially known as rural area. The
profession of majority of people is agriculture. Most of the farming in the area
undergoes in the traditional stereotype way. The students coming to the college are
mostly from farmer’s families. The existing courses offered by the college in the
present University system have a little emphasis on the agricultural technologies.
In view of growing importance of study of applied Zoology and as per
UGC guideline, North Maharashtra University has framed structure of syllabus of
Zoology and included the applied course, Pest Management and Apiculture at
F.Y.B.Sc level.
Objective of the course:
1) To provide simple and understandable applied syllabus
2) To provide direction of higher education towards social utility (benefit)
3) To equip the students with latest technologies in emerging area.
4) To extend the knowledge from laboratory to field
5) To acquaint the student regarding recent technologies in agriculture.
6) To provide the job oriented syllabus to the students.
7) To develop the skills among the students.
8) To achieve the goal of the College /University/National Policy.
9) To provide eco-friendly techniques.
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A) Pest Management: -
Background of the course
Agriculture has faced vast changes, challenges and difficulties in past years.
Indiscriminate use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides has polluted our
environment. Varied chemicals, which are applied to soil and plant systems were
not completely degradable and further more appeared to have carcinogenic effects.
Thus increase in the use of inorganic compounds has lead to residual toxicity
problems, which in turn poisoned our food chain. Pesticide residue of DDT and
BHC in lactating women is a typical example of the deleterious effects of pesticides
in agriculture .The continuous use of pesticide created the problem of pest
resurgence and resistance against concerned chemicals.
So there is urgent need to acquaint the farmer regarding the eco-friendly
and cost beneficial technology of pest management like Mechanical, Physical,
Cultural Legislative and Quarantine pest control measures with modern trends as
biological control, Integrated pest management, Genetic control, use of Pheromone
control, Hormonal control, Crop resistance variety, biopesticide and role of
biotechnology in pest control etc.
B) Apiculture: -
Apiculture (Apis- honey bee, culture- to rear) is one of the most important
branch of a applied biology and deals with the rearing of honey bees in order to
obtain honey , wax and also for the increase in crop production by their efficient
service of cross pollination.
Now a day’s beekeeping is an ideal agro-based subsidiary enterprise providing
supplementary / major income to the people in rural areas. Bee keeping in India has
been taken up as a subsidiary source of income by rural people and as a hobby by
newcomers. This subsidiary activity can provide the much needed employment to
the rural people as it employs more than 2.50 lakh people under the purview of
KVIC alone.
In recent years, a number of techniques have been developed for increasing
the productivity of certain agricultural crops through cross-pollination by
honeybees.
Considering the importance of bees in pollination. Himachal Pradesh has taken
the lead in rearing in renting Apis cerana colonies to orchards for the pollination of
apple crops. This programme has created great awareness among orchardists about
the importance of honeybee pollination.
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Many of our Indian oilseed crops like mustard, sunflowers, safflower, pulses
like tur, beans, forage legumes, vegetable like pumpkins, cucumber, radish, cabbage,
snake gourd, bitter guard (Bhopla), ridge gourd, carrot, cauliflower and onion;
fruits like melons, orange, sweet lime, lemon, pomegranate, guava, apples, and
other crops like cotton, coffee, cardamon require cross pollination via honey bees to
affect fruit or seed setting and also for improving the quality of seed and fruit. The
central bee Research Institute, Pune has taken up experiments on the effect of the
bee pollination in various crops. The result are as follows –mustard 131%,
Sunflower 511%, Niger 112%, Safflower 675%, Linseed 232%, Onion 178%,
Carrot 500%, Radish 700%, Brinjal 125%, fruits 90%, Coffee 83%.
Syllabus
A – Pest Management
Marks: 40 + 10 Total Periods : 45
Unit.1 - Introduction to Pest 4
1.1. Concept and Scope of Pest
1.2. Classification of pests.
1.2.1. Agricultural pest
1.2.2. Store grain pest
1.2.3. Animal husbandry pest
1.2.4. Public health pest
1.2.5. Structural Pest
Unit.2 - Study of selected insect pest with respect to their marks of
identification, life cycle, nature of damage and control
measures. 8
2.1 Banana – Banana stem borer, Banana thrips
2.2 Cotton-Red cotton bug, Pink boll worm
2.3 Sugarcane-Sugarcane leafhopper- Pyrilla
2.4 Mango-Mango stem borer
2.5 Jowar- Jowar stem borer
2.6.Brinjal-Brinjal shoot & fruit borer
2.7 Wood-White ants –termite
2.8 Store grain –Sitophilus, Callosobruchus
Unit.3 - Primary Control Measures 4
3.1. Mechanical measures
3.2. Physical measures
3.3. Cultural measures
3.4. Legislative measures
3.5. Quarantine measures
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Unit.4 - Chemical Control 4
4.1. Classification of insecticides-based on the modes of their entry
with one example each.
4.1.1.Stomach poisons
4.1.2.Contact poisons
4.1.3.Systematic poison
4.1.4.Fumigants
4.2. Insecticidal formulations and dilutions
4.3. Drawback of Chemical Control
Unit .5 - Biological Control of Insect Pest 5
5.1. Introduction, definition
5.2. Biological agents - Desired qualities of biological agents.
5.3. Autocidal control.
5.3.1. The male sterile techniques
5.3.2. The genetic technique
5.3.3. Pheromonal technique
5.3.4. Hormonal control
5.4. Advantages of biological control.
5.5.Drawbacks of biological control
5.6.Biological control management
Unit.6 - Integrated pest management 8
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Principle
6.3. Integrated tactics
6.3.1. Plant resistance
6.3.2. Cultural method
6.3.3. Biological control
6.3.4. Pesticides
6.3.5. Other methods
6.4. Pest management strategies
6.5. Integrated pest management modeling.
Unit.7 – Pesticide-appliances 4
7.1.Sprayers & Dusters
7.2.Collecting, mounting and preservation of insect pests.
7.3.Pesticide safety
Unit.8 - Preparation and method of application of herbal pesticides 4
8.1. Neem extracts- leaves /seeds/bark
8.2. Dashparni ark
8.3. Tobacco extracts
8.4. Camphor
Unit.9 - Non –Insect Pest : Rat 4
9.1. Introduction, habit and habitat
9.2. Breeding potential, Nature of damage
9.3. Control measures.
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Books:-
1.Crop Pests and How to Fight Them-Director of Publicity,
Government of Maharashtra.
2. The Year book of agriculture –U.S. Department of Agriculture
3. Pruthi, H.S. : Textbook of Agricultural Entomology.
4. Little and Little : General and Applied Entomology.
5. Fadt, : Fundamental of Entomology.
7. Pradhan, : Insect Pest of Crops.
8. Tembhare T. B. : TB of Modern Entomology.
9. Gupta, : Essentials of biotechnology.
10.Shrivastava : Applied Entomology Vol. I and II.
11.Pedigo- Entomology and Pest management .
Practicals
1. Preparation of aqueous Neem extracts from leaves /seeds /bark
2. To study the effect of Neem extract on mosquito /any pest
3. Study of rearing of Guppy and demonstration of feeding on mosquito
larvae.
4. Study of the following pests with emphasis on the appropriate stages
causing damage- Banana stem borer, Banana thrips Red cotton bug,
Pink boll worm Sugarcane leafhopper- Pyrilla, Mango stem borer,
Jowar stem borer, Brinjal shoot & fruit borer, Termite, Sitophilus,
Callosobruchus etc
5. Preparation of different types of poison baits for the control of rat.
6. Collection, preservation and submission of any five pests.
7. Compulsory field visit to observe different pest in their natural habitat.
8. Study of modern pesticide appliances-sprayers and dusters.
F. Y. B. Sc ( Zoology)
Paper II-Applied Zoology
Marks-40+10
B) APICULTURE
Total Periods-45
Unit-1.Introduction of Modern bee keeping 3
1.1. Importance of beekeeping
1.2. Scope of beekeeping
Unit –2.Taxonomy, Bee Species and their Distribution 3
2.1. Taxonomic position
2.2 .Bee species
2.2.1. Apis dorsata
2.2.2. Apis florea
2.2.3. Apis cerena indica
2.2.4. Apis mellifera
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Unit.3. Morphology of Honey bee (Apis cerena indica) 7
3.1. Study of mouth parts, legs, digestive system and sting apparatus of
honeybee.
3.2. Cast differentiation, Colony organization and Polymorphism
3.3. Division of labor in honeybee
3.4. Life cycle of honeybee and nuptial flight
Unit.4.Bee behavior and Communication 3
4.1. Absconding
4.2. Round, Circular, DVAV, Cleaning, Masses and Alarm dance.
Unit.5. Beehive, Swarm and Colony of bees and Scientific bee keeping 8
5.1. Bee Hive
5.2. Swarm
5.3. Methods of Swarm capturing
5.3.1. Capturing a Swarm from a tree branch
5.3.2. Capturing a Swarm from Ground
5.4.Hiving of Colony
5.5. Handling the Colony
5.6. Application of honeybee pheromones in beekeeping
5.7 Controlling swarming
5.8. Hiving by dividing an established colony.
5.9. Establishment, Seasonal Management of apiary and inspection of bee
colonies.
Unit-6. Beekeeping equipments – 3
6.1 Equipments for improving efficiency of honeybees
6.2 Equipments for improving efficiency of bees keepers
6.3. Equipments for improving hygienic conditions
Unit-.7. Apiculture in Agriculture 8
7.1. Bee plants and floral calendar- Importance and qualities of good bee
flora.
7.2. Foraging behavior of bee,
7.2.1. Foraging speed and foraging rate.
7.2.2. Foraging distance and areas.
7.2.3. Pollination efficiency.
7.3. Pollination
7.4. Need of bee pollination
7.5. Management of honeybees for pollination.
7.5.1. Foraging strength of the colonies.
7.5.2. Requirement of honeybee colonies.
7.5.3. Foraging efficiencies of the colonies and their distribution
in the crop.
7.5.4. Moving and conditioning of the colonies.
7.5.5. Increasing attractiveness of the crop.
7.5.6. Increasing the proportion of the pollen gatherers.
7.5.7. Breeding of honeybees for pollinations.
7.5.8. Recent trends in pollination with bees and future thrusts.
7.5.9. Pollination in green house cages.
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7.6. Bees as input to agriculture
7.7. Improvement of bee forage.
7.8. Bee keeping and its prospectus for agriculture, horticulture, and
forest development.
7.9. Migratory beekeeping
Unit-8.Honeybee products 4
8.1. Honey- Its constituents, methods of collection and uses.
8.2. Importance of other bee products to mankind
a) Pollen –Method of collection, constituents, uses.
b) Royal jelly- Method of collection, constituents, uses.
c) Propolis - Method of collection, constituents, uses.
d) Bee wax- Method of collection, constituents, uses.
e) Bee venom- Method of collection, constituents, uses.
Unit-9.Problems of beekeeping industries. 4
9.1. Natural Climate Condition.
9.2. Natural Enemies and Pest.
9.3. Human Activities.
9.3.1. Bush Burning.
9.3.2. Pesticide bee Poisoing.
9.4.Bee diseases.
9.4.1. Brood diseases.
9.4.2. Adult bee diseases.
9.5. Apiary and Hive Hygiene
Unit-10. Courses and Institutes for the advance studies in Apiculture 2
Books:-
1) Introduction to disease of bee –Bailey ,L
2) World of honeybee –Butter C. G.
3) Beekeeping in India –Sardar Sing (ICAR)
4) The Principle of Insect Physiology-Wigglesworth, V.S.
Practicals
1) Study of external morphology of honeybee
2) Study of Indian species of honeybee
3) Study of life cycle of honeybee
4) Study of architecture of honey comb
5) Study of diseases, pests, parasites and predators of the honeybee
6) Study of bee keeping equipments and their uses
7) Study of artificial bee breeding technique
8) Visit to an apiary to study bee-crop relationship and management practices of
honeybees for pollination
9) Chemical analysis of honey- test for pure honey
10) Maintenance of honeybee colony (Compulsory Rearing of live colony) in
every college.
11).Mounting of Antenna cleaner, pollen basket, sting apparatus and
mouthparts.
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