About STAR Journal

About STAR Journal 

Aim of the STAR Journal 

STAR (ISSN 2226-7522) is an official 

international journal of Wollega University, 

quarterly publishing the finest peer-reviewed 

research in all fields of science, technology and 

arts on the basis of its originality, importance, 

interdisciplinary interest, timeliness, accessibility, 

elegance and surprising conclusions. 

STAR aims to promote rapid communication 

and exchange between the World and Wollega 

University, as well as other Ethiopian 

Universities and academic institutions. It mainly 

reflects the latest advances being made in many 

disciplines of scientific research in universities 

and academic institutions. The journal also 

publishes papers presented at conferences in 

Ethiopia and abroad. The multi-disciplinary 

nature of STAR journal is apparent in the wide 

range of articles from leading Ethiopian scholars. 

This journal also aims to introduce Ethiopian 

academic achievements to the world community, 

by demonstrating the significance of Ethiopian 

scientific investigations. 

Scope of the Journal 

This Journal publishes original research work 

(including theoretical/conceptual, empirical and 

critical studies), review articles, Debates, 

Teaching Cases, Invited articles, conference 

reports, short communications, case report, 

Ethics Forum, Education contribute significantly 

to further the scientific knowledge related to the 

field of Science, Technology and Arts. 

STAR Journal hopes that researchers, 

research scholars, academicians, industrialists 

publication for the development in the field of 

Science, Technology and Arts. 

Getting published in STAR 

Please read this section before submitting 

anything to STAR. This section explains STAR’s 

editorial criteria, and how manuscripts are 

handled by our editors between submission and 

acceptance for publication. 

The Editorial Process 

The submitted manuscript will be reviewed for 

possible publication with the understanding that 

it is being submitted to STAR Journal that point 

in time and has not been published anywhere, 

simultaneously submitted, or already accepted 

for publication elsewhere. The journal expects 

them to correspond with the Journal for all 

matters related to the manuscript. All 

manuscripts received are duly acknowledged. 

Upon submission of the manuscript, editor 

initially checks for suitability for formal review. 

Manuscripts with insufficient originality, serious 

scientific or technical flaws, or lack of a 

significant message are peer-review. 

Manuscripts that are found suitable for 

publication in STAR are sent to two or more 

qualified reviewers who have had experience in 

the subject of the submitted manuscript. 

However, the selection of these reviewers is at 

the sole discretion double-blind review process, 

wherein the reviewers and authors are unaware 

of each other’s identity. Every manuscript is 

finally reviewed by the Editor comments from the 

reviewers takes a final decision on the 

manuscript. The comments and suggestions 

(minor revision/Major revision / acceptance / 

rejection/ amendments in manuscript) conveyed 

to the corresponding author. If required, the 

author is requested to provide a point by point 

response to reviewers’ comments and submit a 

process is repeated till reviewers and editors are 

satisfied with the manuscript. 

Manuscripts accepted for publication are copy 

edited for grammar, punctuation, print style, and 

format. Page proofs are sent to the 

corresponding expected to return the corrected 

proofs within three days. It may not be possible 

to incorporate corrections received after that 

period. The whole process final decision and 

sending and receiving proofs is completed 

online. 

Editorial Policy 

Authors should prepare their manuscripts 

submitted to the journal exactly according to the 

instructions given here (Instructions for Authors). 

Manuscripts which lack the style of the journal 

may be returned to the authors for revision or 

rejected. The journal reserves the right to make 

any further formal necessary in a manuscript 

accepted for publication so that it conforms to 

the formatting requirements of the journal. 

Address for Communication 

EDITOR IN CHIEF 

STAR Journal 

Wollega University 

P.O. Box: 395 

NEKEMETE, ETHIOPIA. 

E-Mail: starwollega@gmail.com

Manuscripts Submission 

Manuscript must be submitted with a covering 

letter from the author of correspondence to the 

Editor in Chief by e-mail or by online submission 

portal. After the successful submission of 

manuscript the corresponding author will be 

acknowledged within 72 hours. Any quarry 

regarding the preparation & submission of 

manuscript to the journal should be address via 

contact us form or through e-mail. 

English is the official language of the journal. 

Original Research Articles not previously 

published and not being considered for 

publication elsewhere only should be submitted. 

Corresponding authors must be declared that 

the manuscript is submitted on behalf of all 

authors. Copyright belongs to the publisher upon 

acceptance of the manuscript. Rejected 

manuscript will not be returned to the authors. 

Submission of a manuscript signifies acceptance 

of journal's guidelines for authors. 

Manuscript Preparation 

I. Original Research Paper 

Papers should be in English and be prepared 

in A4 (8.27" X 11.69") page size, using standard 

fonts with size of 12, with double-spacing, and 

margins of at least 1" (2.5cm) all around. All 

pages numbered starting from the title page. 

Lines should be numbered in the margins with a 

continuous numbering from the start of the 

manuscript. Times New Roman fonts must be 

used and remain uniform throughout the text. 

The authors must strictly adhere to the proper 

format of the Journal for all sections of the 

manuscript; refer to papers in recent issues for 

the general layout of the paper and also for 

details. For authors whose native language is 

not English, the STAR Journal strongly 

recommends brushing up the English of the 

manuscript by consulting an English-speaking 

scientist before submission to avoid delays in 

receiving and processing of the manuscript. 

A research paper typically should include in 

the following order 

1. Title 

2. Abstract and Keywords 

3. Introduction 

4. Materials and Methods 

5. Results 

6. Discussion 

7. Conclusion 

8. Acknowledgements (If any) 

9. References 

10. Tables and/or Figures 

1). Title page 

First page should include the complete title of 

the manuscript, full names of all authors, their 

Instruction to Authors 

affiliations and addresses and the name and E- 

mail address of the corresponding author. 

Title should be in Title Case with font size 14 

(Bold) and the first character in each word in the 

title has to be capitalized (title should be 

centered). First name or Given name of the 

authors should be mentioned followed by initial 

for father name or family name. Affiliation for the 

authors should be mentioned (Except Position of 

the authors) 

2). Abstract and keywords 

Always second page should contain Abstract 

and Keywords. Abstract (not more than 300 

words) presented in a concise form and 

including the purpose, methods, Results, and 

conclusions of the research described in the 

paper. A list of 3 to 5 keywords or short phrases 

suitable for indexing should be typed at the 

bottom of the abstract page. Avoid vague or 

overly general terms. If necessary, the keywords 

will be adjusted to the standards of the Journal 

by the editors without consulting the authors. 

3). Introduction 

State the objectives of the work and provide 

an adequate background, avoiding a detailed 

literature survey or a summary of the results. 

Description of the research area, pertinent 

background information, and the hypotheses 

tested in the study should be included under 

should provide sufficient background information 

such that a scientifically literate reader can 

understand and appreciate the experiments 

introduction must include in-text citations 

including references to pertinent reviews and 

primary scientific literature. The specific aims 

identified along with a rationale for the specific 

experiments and other work performed. 

4). Material and methods 

Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be 

reproduced. It should include explicit, concise 

descriptions of all new methods or procedures 

employed. Commonly used methods require 

only a citation of the original source. The 

description should be such that the reader can 

judge the accuracy, reproducibility, reliability, 

etc. of the work. The statistical tool used to 

analyze the data should be mentioned. In case 

of Experimental animals or human subjects must 

accompany with statement on necessary ethical 

approval from appropriate ethical committee. 

Statistics 

Whenever possible quantify findings and 

present them with appropriate indicators of 

measurement error or uncertainty (such as 

confidence intervals). (such as dropouts from a

clinical trial). When data are summarized in the 

Results section, specify the statistical methods 

used to analyze them. Terms in statistics, such 

as 'random' (which implies a randomizing 

device), 'normal', 'significant', 'correlations', and 

'sample'. Define statistical terms, Specify the 

computer software used. Use upper italics (p> 

0.048). For all p values include the exact value 

and not less than 0.05 or 0.001. 

5). Results 

Results should be clear and concise. Results 

should include experimental data but not 

extended discussions of its relative significance. 

Results are more easily grasped by readers if 

they are presented in graphic or tabular form 

rather than discursively. Data should not be 

repeated in the text, Tables, and Figures. 

5). Discussion 

This should explore the significance of the 

results of the work, not repeat them. A combined 

Results and Discussion section is often 

appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and 

discussion of published literature. This section 

should relate the results section to current 

understanding of the scientific problems being 

investigated in the field. Description other work/s 

in the field should be included here. This section 

also allows you to discuss the significance of 

your results. This section should end with new 

answers/questions that arise as a result of your 

work. Speculation is to be based on data only; 

be concise and clear. Lengthy discussions will 

necessarily mean a delay in accepting 

manuscripts for publication. The text should be 

written with a logical connection between the 

introduction and conclusions. 

7). Conclusions 

The main conclusions of the study may be 

presented in a short Conclusions section, which 

may stand alone or form a subsection of a 

Discussion or Results and Discussion section. 

8). Acknowledgements 

This is a brief section crediting the people who 

have helped make your manuscript possible and 

who aided you in your work but are mention all 

applicable grants and other funding that 

supported your work. Collate acknowledgements 

in a separate section at the end of the article 

before the references and do not, therefore, 

include them on the title page, as a footnote to 

the title or otherwise. List here those individuals 

who provided help during the research (e.g., 

providing language help, writing assistance or 

proof reading the article, etc.). 

9). References 

Please ensure that every reference cited in the 

text is also present in the reference list (and vice 

versa). Any references cited in the abstract must 

be given in full. Unpublished results and 

personal communications are not recommended 

in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the 

text. If these references are included in the 

reference list they should follow the standard 

reference style of the journal and should include 

a substitution of the publication date with 

"Unpublished results". "Personal 

communication" will not be accepted as a 

reference. Citation of a reference as "in press" 

implies that the item has been accepted for 

publication. 

Format for Citing the References in Text 

1. Single author: 

Author's name (without initials, unless there is 

ambiguity) and the year of publication. 

2. Two authors: 

Both authors' names and the year of 

publication; 

3. Three or more authors: 

First author's name followed by "et al.,” (it 

should be in italics) and the year of publication. 

Format for References in Reference Section 

All references should be mentioned in 

Alphabetical order 

Journal Articles 

Yogesh, H.S., Chandrashekhar, V.M., Katti, 

H.R., Ganapaty, S., Raghavendra, H.L., 

Muchchandi, I.S., Goplakhrishna, B. (2011). 

Anti-osteoporotic activity of aqueous-methanol 

extract of Berberis aristata in ovariectomized 

rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134: 334- 

338. 

Organization as Author 

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 

Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in 

participants with impaired glucose tolerance. 

Hypertension 679-86. 

Paper or Chapter in a Book 

Osawa, T. (1994). Novel natural antioxidants for 

utilization in food and biological systems. In: 

Uritani, I., Garcia, V.V. & Mendoza, E.M. (Eds.), 

Postharvest biochemistry of plant food materials 

in the tropics. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Scientific 

Societies Press. pp. 241-251. 

Book by Authors 

Atta-ur-Rahman., Choudhary, M.I., Thomsen, 

W.J. (2001). Bioassay Techniques for Drug 

Development. Harwood Academic Publishers, 

The Netherlands. pp. 142–143. 

Thesis / Dissertation: 

Srichuanchuenskul, W. (1994). Modern 

Chromatography of Metal Chelates, PhD Thesis, 

Chiang Mai University, Thailand. 

Patents 

Haga, T. (1976). Japan Patent No: 50-54628.

Web Pages 

Include author, date, title, availability information, 

and accession date, if needed. URL of the site 

should be mentioned. 

10). Figures and Tables 

Figures and Tables should be numbered 

consecutively with Arabic numerals, with each 

one displayed on a separate page. 

A. Tables 

List of Tables should be mentioned 

Tables should be self-explanatory and 

should not duplicate textual material. 

Tables with more than 10 columns and 25 

rows are not acceptable. 

Number tables, in Arabic numerals, 

consecutively in the order of their first 

citation in the text and supply a brief title for 

each. 

For footnotes use the following symbols, in 

this sequence: *, †, ‡, **, ††, ‡‡ 

Place explanatory matter in footnotes, not in 

the heading. 

Explain in footnotes all non-standard 

abbreviations that are used in each table. 

Obtain permission for all fully borrowed, 

adapted, and modified tables and provide a 

credit line in the footnote. 

Tables with their legends should be provided 

at the end of the text after the references. 

The tables along with their number should 

be cited 

B. Figures 

List of Figures should be mentioned 

Upload the images in JPEG format. Send 

sharp, glossy, unmounted and width of 6 

inches at the time of submitting the revised 

manuscript. 

The photographs and figures should be 

trimmed to remove all the unwanted areas. 

Figures should be numbered consecutively 

according to the order in which they have 

been first cited in the text. 

Labels, numbers, and symbols should be 

clear and of uniform size. The lettering for 

figures should be large enough to be legible 

after column. 

Symbols, arrows, or letters used in 

photomicrographs should contrast with the 

background and should marked neatly with 

transfer type 

Titles and detailed explanations belong in 

the legends for illustrations not on the 

illustrations themselves. 

When graphs, scatter-grams or histograms 

are submitted the numerical data on which 

they are based should also be supplied. 

If photographs of people are used, either the 

subjects must not be identifiable or their 

pictures must be accompanied by written 

permission 

If a figure has been published elsewhere, 

acknowledge the original source and submit 

written permission from the copyright holder 

to reproduce should appear in the legend for 

such figures. 

Legends for illustrations: Type or print out 

legends (maximum 40 words, excluding the 

credit line) for illustrations using double 

spacing, to the illustrations. When symbols, 

arrows, numbers, or letters are used to 

identify parts of the illustrations, identify and 

explain each one scale (magnification) and 

identify the method of staining in 

photomicrographs. 

The Journal reserves the right to crop, 

rotate, reduce, or enlarge the photographs to 

an acceptable size. 

II. Review Articles 

It is expected that review articles would be 

written by individuals who have done substantial 

work on the subject or are considered summary 

of the work done by the contributor(s) in the field 

of review should accompany the manuscript. 

Those authors who do not specified field, but still 

want to highlight new or interesting findings in 

that field may write for education forum. 

Five types of reviews will be considered 

1) Current Perspectives: These articles should 

provide insight into or these articles should 

provide insight into or comments on current 

directions of research on a topic and/or discuss 

potential new approaches to an area of 

investigation. 

Abstract (250 words) 

Keywords 3-5 

Up to 20 typewritten pages for the main 

body of the text 

Maximum of 40 references 

2) Critical Reviews: These should cover a 

current topic of interest that has not been 

recently reviewed, emphasizing a critical 

discussion of noteworthy developments in the 

field; they should not be just a compendium of 

studies on the topic and should not be only 

autobiographical. 


Keywords 3-5 




3)Survey Reviews: Should be a comprehensive 

survey of the research on a topic that has not 

been recently reviewed. 


Keywords 3-5




4) Forum Mini reviews (Approximately 40 

journal pages): One set of reviews is put 

together by an organizer(s) on a particular topic; 

each set is composed of a maximum of 6 mini 

review articles and a preface. 


Keywords 3-5 




5) Recent Techniques (in any area): The 

purpose of these reviews is to introduce 

worldwide recently developed drugs and new 

techniques. These articles should be written in 

sufficient scientific detail and format to explain 

the characteristics of the drugs and/or promising 

techniques evaluating pharmacological actions. 


Keywords 3-5 




The journal expects the contributors to give 

post-publication updates on the subject of 

review. The update should advances in the field 

after the publication of the article and should be 

sent as a letter to editor, as and when major 

development occurs can be authored by up to 

four authors. 

III. Correspondence (Letter to the Editor) 

These should be short and decisive 

observations. The Journal will occasionally 

consider publishing letters to the editor from 

readers and authors in the “Correspondence” 

section. Letters should be comments and 

clarifications on articles that have recently been 

published in this Journal and be in a concise 

form. They should preferably be related to 

articles previously published in the Journal or 

they should not be preliminary observations that 

need a later paper for validation. The letter could 

have up to 700 words, one table/could be 

generally authored by not more than four 

authors. 

IV. Short Communications 

Short Communications includes completed 

projects of smaller scope, but may not be used 

for preliminary publications of the data; 

therefore, the same material cannot be 

published elsewhere as an original paper. 

Main body of the text of these 

communications should be not more than of 

2,000 words in length and without any 

subheadings. 

Manuscripts should contain no more than 2 

Figures and/or Tables 

Maximum of 15 references. 

They should have an abstract not exceeding 

150 words in length. 

Manuscripts normally occupy 4 journal 

pages. 

2-4 keywords or short phrases for indexing 

should be mentioned. 

Indicate the number of words used in the 

main body of the text. 

V. Case reports: 

New, interesting and rare cases can be 

reported. They should be unique, describing a 

great diagnostic or therapeutic challenge and 

readers. Cases with clinical significance or 

implications will be given priority. 

The manuscript could be of up to 1000 words 

(excluding references and abstract). These 

communications should have the following 

headings: 


Key-words (3-5 words) 

Introduction 

Case report 

Discussion 

Reference (maximum 12) 

VI. New Perspectives: 

Newly detected diagnostic method, new drug 

or indication, any new finding or anything still 

under research which is going to be available 

discussed here. 

Word count should be maximum 800, eight 

references, two tables/figures and four authors. 

VII Others: 

Editorial, Guest Editorial, and Commentary are 

solicited by the editorial board. 

Proofs 

The corresponding author of an accepted 

manuscript will receive e-mail notification and 

complete instructions when page proofs are 

available for review via a secure Web site. 

Routine rephrasing of sentences or additions are 

not permitted at the page proof stage. 

Alterations should be restricted to serious 

changes in interpretation or corrections of data. 

Extensive or important changes on page proofs, 

including changes to the list of authors or major 

changes to the title, are subject to editorial 

review. It is the responsibility of the 

corresponding author to ensure that all authors 

listed on the manuscript agree with the changes 

made on the proofs. Galley proofs should be 

returned within 48 hours of receipt in order to 

ensure timely publication of the manuscript. Only 

the corresponding author should submit one set 

of galley corrections to the STAR.

Changes to Authorship 

This policy concerns the addition, deletion, or 

rearrangement of author names in the 

authorship of accepted manuscripts. Before the 

accepted manuscript is published in an online 

issue, authors are requests to add or remove an 

author, or to rearrange the author names, must 

be sent to the Editor in Chief from the 

corresponding author of the accepted 

manuscript and must include: (a) the reason the 

name should be added or removed, or the 

author names rearranged and (b) written 

confirmation (e-mail, fax, letter) from all authors 

that they agree with the addition, removal or 

rearrangement. In the case of addition or 

removal of authors, this includes confirmation 

from the author being added or removed. 

Requests that are not sent by the corresponding 

author will be forwarded by the Editor in Chief to 

the corresponding author, who must follow the 

procedure as described above. Publication of 

the accepted manuscript in an online issue is 

suspended until authorship has been agreed. 

Plagiarism Policy of STAR 

Plagiarism 'refers to the presentation or 

submission of the work of another, without 

citation or credits, as your own work'. STAR 

does not allow any form of plagiarism. 

Plagiarism is considered to be a serious breach 

of scientific ethics by the Journal. If the editorial 

board/Authors/Reader/Publics finds plagiarism in 

a piece already published in STAR, the journal's 

executive board will determine appropriate 

action to be taken, in consultation with legal 

counsel, if that is deemed necessary. 

Such action could include disclosure of the 

report or conclusions of the evaluation 

committee in the journal, expelling the author 

from Phcog.Net, barring the author (Black 

Listing) from again publishing in the journal, or 

another appropriate sanction. Plagiarized cases 

will be displayed in the official website. The 

published article will be withdrawn from the 

website with a note of plagiarized along with the 

published title; Authors will also marked for the 

same. The link to Full Text Article will be 

disabled. 

Please do report plagiarism if any, E-Mail to: 

starwollega@gmail.com 

Abbreviations 

Frequently used acceptable abbreviations are given below, 

Angstrom 

Å 

Atmosphere 

atm 

Base pairs 

bp 

British thermal unit 

BTU 

Calorie 

cal 

Centimeter 

cm 

Colony-forming units CFU 

Cubic centimeter cm 3 

Degree Celsius °C 

Degree Fahrenheit °F 

Diameter 

diam 

Enzyme-Linked 

Immunosorbent Assay ELISA 

Equivalent Weight 

equiv wt 

Foot (feet) 

ft 

Gallon 

gal 

Gram 

g 

Gravity 

g 

Hour(S) 

h 

Inch 

in. 

International Unit 

IU 

Intramuscular 

i.m. 

Intraperitoneal 

i.p. 

Intravenous 

i.v. 

Kilocalorie 

kcal 

Kilogram 

kg 

Kilometer 

km 

Lethal Dose Median LD 50 

Lux 

lx 

Meter 

m 

Microequivalent 

μeq 

Microgram 

μg 

Microliter 

μl 

Micrometer 

μm 

Micromole 

μmol 

Milliequivalent 

meq 

Milligram 

mg 

Milliliter 

ml 

Millimeter 

mm 

Millimolar 

mM 

Minute(S) 

min 

Molar 

M 

Mole 

mol 

Most Probable Number MPN 

Nanometer 

nm 

Normal 

N 

Number 

no. 

Parts per Billion 

ppb 

Parts per Million 

ppm 

Percent % 

Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR 

Pound 

lb 

Pounds per Square Inch lb in 2 

Revolutions per Minute rpm 

Second 

s 

Specific Activity 

sp. act 

Ultraviolet 

UV 

Volume 

vol 

Weight 

wt

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