Elephants: Signs of Health and Disease - Elephant Care International
Elephants: Signs of Health and Disease - Elephant Care International
Elephants: Signs of Health and Disease - Elephant Care International
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<strong><strong>Elephant</strong>s</strong>: <strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Health</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Disease</strong><br />
History<br />
Presenting complaint<br />
Physical Exam<br />
Laboratory tests<br />
DDX<br />
Dx<br />
Therapeutic Plan<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
1
Constant motion—ears flapping,<br />
tail or trunk swinging<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Health</strong><br />
2
Neither too fat nor too lean;<br />
appetite good, appears content<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> health<br />
3
Eyes clear <strong>and</strong> bright<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> health<br />
a small amount <strong>of</strong> clear discharge from the conjunctival<br />
sac is normal<br />
4
Skin s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> resilient<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> health<br />
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<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> health<br />
Mouth, tongue, <strong>and</strong><br />
inside <strong>of</strong> the trunk a<br />
rosy pink<br />
• Tip <strong>of</strong> the trunk moist<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
a small amount <strong>of</strong> clear discharge from the conjunctival<br />
sac is normal<br />
6
<strong>Health</strong>y sole <strong>and</strong> nails<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> health<br />
7
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> health<br />
• Well-formed dung, a normal amount<br />
is passed with no evidence <strong>of</strong><br />
straining<br />
• Urine copious in amount, faintly<br />
yellow, with a pleasant odor; no<br />
straining during urination<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
brown in color (color may vary with diet);<br />
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<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> illness<br />
• Weight loss, sunken<br />
abdomen, prominent ribs<br />
(see body condition<br />
index)<br />
• Deceased appetite,<br />
anorexia<br />
• Change in urine or feces<br />
(amount, color); straining<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
9
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> illness<br />
• Listless, decreased movement,<br />
unusual behavior, exercise<br />
intolerance<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
10
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> illness<br />
• Dull or sunken<br />
eyes, increased<br />
tear flow, thick<br />
discharge<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
11
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> illness<br />
• Mucous membranes pale,<br />
muddy, bright red, or dry<br />
• Discharge from the trunk,<br />
coughing, abnormal<br />
respiratory sounds<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
12
Eye<br />
Problems<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
13
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> illness<br />
• Dry skin, loss<br />
<strong>of</strong> elasticity,<br />
wounds<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
14
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> illness (or poor mgt)<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
15
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
16
Sunburn<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
17
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> illness<br />
• Any unusual<br />
swelling or<br />
protrusion<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
18
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
19
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> illness<br />
• Lameness<br />
• Obvious<br />
pain<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
20
<strong>Signs</strong> <strong>of</strong> illness<br />
• Ventral<br />
edema<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
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Definitions<br />
Etiology: the cause <strong>of</strong> disease<br />
Epidemiology (epizootiology): the study <strong>of</strong> the<br />
relationships <strong>of</strong> factors determining the frequency <strong>and</strong><br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> diseases<br />
Pathophysiology: the study <strong>of</strong> the relationship between<br />
the cause <strong>and</strong> the lesions, <strong>and</strong> between the the lesions<br />
<strong>and</strong> the clinical signs<br />
Reservoir host: an animal (or species) that serves as a<br />
source <strong>of</strong> infection for other species<br />
<strong>Elephant</strong> <strong>Care</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
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