Prospects for Nuclear Security Partnership in Southeast Asia - CNS

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cooperation are identified as the basis for ARF’s future work, including: counterterrorism-transnational crime; maritime security; and nonproliferation and disarmament.According to the plan of action, by 2020 ARF should have in place a network of lawenforcement and military agencies for capacity-building and information sharing torespond timely to terrorist threats.Regional experts agreed in discussions in October 2011 that many challenges related tonuclear security could be assisted by increased cooperation within the existing regionalorganizations. Given the transnational nature of challenges such as nuclear securitythreats, terrorism, and piracy, the ARF is potentially a crucial body for discussions oncoordinated policies on nuclear security matters. ASEAN’s efforts with regard toincreasing acceptance of the Additional Protocol in the region may also have a positiveimpact on strengthening nuclear security. Cooperation on nuclear security and securetrade issues could fit within the current ARF PoA; however, it remains unclear if memberstates see ASEAN or ARF as having a role in coordination on nuclear security matters. 17ASEAN +3 / East Asia SummitASEAN forms the nucleus of two other regional groupings, the ASEAN +3, which linksASEAN with China, Japan, and South Korea, and the East Asia Summit (EAS), whichadds the U.S., Russia, India, Australia, and New Zealand to the 13 ASEAN +3 members.The ASEAN +3 decided in 2007 to establish the ASEAN +3 Forum on Nuclear EnergySafety “to enhance synergy on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy in the region,particularly in terms of technology transfer and capacity-building”, although it is unclearhow active this forum has been since 2009. 18 The East Asia Summit is a newer forum thatis gaining traction in the region. While nuclear nonproliferation is not one of the fivepriority areas for the EAS, it received attention at the most recent Summit in Bali inNovember 2011, with participants encouraging regional compliance with UNnonproliferation commitments and welcoming the conclusion of negotiations on theSEANWFZ Protocol. 19 ASEAN +3 and East Asia Summit Energy Ministers also meetannually, with nuclear energy on the agenda for both groupings.Other Regional Security InitiativesThere are several other initiatives relevant to nuclear security matters in the region.Below are a few examples to illustrate the pattern of increased cooperation in the region.17 Michael S. Malley, “Bypassing Regionalism? Domestic Politics and Nuclear Energy Security,” inDonald K. Emmerson (ed), Hard Choices: Security, Democracy, and Regionalism in Southeast Asia(Stanford, CA: Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, 2008).18 Preventing Nuclear Dangers in Southeast Asia and Australasia, IISS Strategic Dossier (September2008), p. 16.19 “Chairman's Statement at the 6th East Asia Summit,” 23 November 2011,http://www.aseansummit.org/news272-chairman’s-statement-of-the-6th-east-asia-summit--bali,-indonesia,-19-november-2011.html.Page 44
However, little has yet been done to coordinate activities of these groups and it is unclearhow broad of a reach they have as yet on the issues related to nuclear security.Asia-Pacific Safeguards NetworkSix Southeast Asian nations are a part of the Asia-Pacific Safeguards Network (APSN).APSN is an informal network of domestic authorities responsible for implementingsafeguards in the region. Its objective is to promote safeguards best practices “throughenhanced cooperation in areas such as training, professional development and sharing ofexperiences.” 20 According to an Australian expert, the APSN has considerable promise asa regional instrument, especially since the network’s research and training activities areexpected to expand in the coming years. 21Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in AsiaThe Japanese Atomic Energy Commission-supported Forum for Nuclear Cooperation inAsia (FNCA) was established as a framework for peaceful use of nuclear technology inAsia. FNCA includes five ASEAN states and many of the forum’s activities have focusedon radiation safety and waste management in Southeast Asia. The Forum also has aproject dealing with nuclear security and safeguards. The goal of this project is toincrease awareness of the “importance of nuclear security as well as nuclear safeguards,and to support human resource and infrastructure development through informationexchange and discussion on approaches by FNCA countries.” 22Regional Radiological Security PartnershipThe security of radiological sources has been an issue that most countries in the regionhave already taken action on. For example, all members of ASEAN, with the exceptionof Myanmar, participate in the Regional Radiological Security Partnership (RRSP). Thispartnership, which is sponsored by Australian Nuclear Science and TechnologyOrganization (ANSTO), along with the U.S. Department of Energy and the IAEA, aimsto improve the physical protection and security management of high risk radioactivesources and lessen the risk of unauthorized and harmful use of radioactive materials.Additionally, RRSP participants have undertaken training on emergency preparedness toincrease the capacity of regional actors to respond to scenarios involving the malicioususe of radioactive sources.Asian Nuclear Safety NetworkThe Asian Nuclear Safety Network (ANSN) was established in 2002 to facilitate regionalcooperation and improve safety in the region’s developing nuclear programs. The majorobjective of ANSN “is to provide an instrument for establishing sustainable and20 Presentation by ANSTO representative at International Workshop on Prospects for Nuclear SecurityPartnership in Southeast Asia, Vienna, Austria, 31 October 2011.21 Workshop on “Important Considerations for Introducing Nuclear Power in ASEAN: Can RegionalCooperation be Attractive for Nuclear Energy Development?” University of Tokyo and UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Putrajaya, Malayasia, May/June 2010, http://www.n.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gcoe/jpn/research/nonproliferation/docs/Summary_Todai-UKM_workshop_31May-1June2010.pdf.22 “Nuclear Security and Safeguards Project,” FNCA website,http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/nss/e_introduction.html.Page 45
Page 1: PROSPECTS FOR NUCLEAR SECURITYPARTN
Page 6 and 7: Much of the early nuclear developme
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Page 13 and 14: TABLE 1. NUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE PRO
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Page 19 and 20: CountryPhilippinesSingaporeThailand
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Page 24 and 25: in the region as well as a potentia
Page 26 and 27: (corrected)). 13 However, concerns
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Page 34 and 35: eports, and has contributed to the
Page 36 and 37: Myanmar has established eight Borde
Page 38 and 39: Vietnamestablished controls for dom
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Page 52 and 53: to the Port of Cebu in 2012. 35 In
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Page 58 and 59: Sources/Notes: See the Model Additi
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Page 70 and 71: infrastructure and culture. Encoura
Page 72: secure trade issues on the ASEAN an

Prospects for Nuclear Security Partnership in Southeast Asia - CNS

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