instructions for arctic meteorological service ... - Index of - NOAA

RAREBK 

QC 

875 

.U69 

116 

1946 

b 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary 

WEATHER BUREAU 

F. W. REICHELDERFER, Chief 

Instructions 

1 

tor 

Arctic Meteorological 

(Preliminary) 

Washington 25. D. C. 

July 1946 

Service

ARCTIC KZTEOR OLOGIC AL S3RVIC E 

Table of Contents 

INS T WC T ION S 3’011 ADMIN IS TRAT ION OF T HX 

ARCTIC NXTWORK 

1 nrctic Station Tacilities 

11 Chaiinels of Responsibility 

111 personnel Status 

IV work and Recreational Schedules 

V~I Adininis trat ion of communications 

progrm 

VIII Miscellaneous Records and Reports 

IX nccountability for psoperty 

X Issuance of property 

XI xaintensnce of Stations 

pLI$JS (see “Plans Section’‘ contents preceding p.15) 

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF coDrlME1RcE 

WEATHEX HJRIUU 

Washington 25, D. C. 

;Tuly 10, 1946 

Arctic Operations Order - Statement of Weather Bureau Policy 

By Public Law 296, 79th Congi-ess, approved February 12, 1946, and 

Second Deficiency Act, F'ublic Law 384, approved Nay 18, 194.6, the 

Weather Bwoau is dirocted to organize through international cooperation 

a hetoorological network in tho Arctic for tho purpose of weather 

reporting and for research and developent in the foi-ocasting of 

weather and climatic changes. Tha Weathe7 Bureau pi*ogr;un for this 

purposo is known as tho Weather Bureau Arctic Ikteorological Service. 

The plan for 1946 aims to establish Arctic woathcr stations within 

tha Western Hemisphere Sector in accordance with international understanding 

among the nations directly concernad and wfthin tho limita- 

tions of appropriations authorized by Congress. 

for subsequent years is to devoiop the international basis mete- 

orological reporting ndtwork in the Arctic Region of the Western 

Hemisphere in cooperation xith other dopartmonts and other nations 

interested in th5.s c?evalopment with the eventual view of maintaining, 

through international cooperation, tha meteorological organization 

nacessary,to mast public requirements. 

During the first year tho primary objective is the collection and 

transmission of meteorolngical information. In addition to their 

regular work of weather observing and reporting, the technical and 

scientffic staffs will be expectad to carry out special observations 

of arctic phenomena to tho fullest extont practicable under the 

circumstances. 

Tho tentative plan 

In subsequent years it is expacted that the mete- 

orological bases ivill also be utilized by scientists for observakions 

and research in otlior geophysical sciences. 

The Ilv'eather Bureau Arctic Meteorological Service as defined in this 

statement is a civil operation under ths United 'Statss Weather Bureau 

of the bpartmont of Cmmerce insofar 8s United States participation 

is concerned. 

In acccrdaiice with lcng established policy of 

international cmporaticn in weather service, and as specifically 

provzidod in Public bvr 296,' the Weather Ruroau Arctic A!eteorological 

Service will function in close cooperrition with, or with active 

participation of, tho neteorological services of other nations ' 

having territorial rights at locations on which these Arctic stations 

are situated. 

The initial operation in the Arctic wi.11 be thc estabLjlshant of a 

principal nateorological station zit Thule , Groonland, with tho 

Farticipaticsn of the Danish Goverm;lent and local Greenland authorities 

with respect to sites and personnel. In connection therewith

it is planned to establish a depot of supplies fromwhich a satellite 

station may be equipped, if and when it is found practicable by the 

Chief ofthe Weather Bureau to establish such station subsequently. 

For purposes of coordination and economy in operation, and in order 

to carry the plans as far as possible on funds now available, it is 

the p3licy of the irfcnthcr Bureau Arctic Meteorological Service to 

utilize the assistance of other interested dQpartments and Governments 

wherever practicable. In connection with previous plans of the United 

States Army and Navy for training exercises in cold climate operations, 

these departments have offered transportation and supporting facilities 

to the Weather Bureau. In utilizing these facilities it is understood 

between the Army, Navy, and Voather Bureau that the Weather Bureau 

Arctic Meteorological Service operates independently as a separate 

organization under the Weather Bureau, and that the respective plans 

and activities of the military organizations and the Weather Bureau 

Will operate independently. Military commanders will, of course, 

exercise operational control over Naval and Military activities. The 

Weather Bureau officiEil in charge will exercise full control over the 

establishment and opcration of an authorized meteorological station 

under this program. In their relntions to tho personnel of other 

departments and agencies the Vkathor Bureau staff should endeavor to 

promote harmonious working arrangoments in order that the maximum 

possible benefits may be derived from the assistance and facilities 

provided by cooperating agencies 

In view of the international nature of this undertaking it shall be 

tho firm plicy for 'Tenther Bureau officials, employees, and others 

under Weather Bureau jurisdiction in this program tp exercise good 

$X&JUWI%s 

for example, in their relab%onships at Thule and vicinity under the 

jurisdiction of Greenland administration of the Danish Government 

all concerned should make ovory effort to respect the interests and 

conform to tho regulations of the local Government and its representatives. 

Tho Danish Government has a well established and successful 

practice of safeguarding the Eskimos and other residents in their 

relationships with foreign visitors. Special regulations have been 

established to protect the population from influenza and other contagious 

disnasos to which they may be unusually susceptible and to 

preserve local customs, the violation of which would lead to 

unpleasant results. 

tact and discretion in their internntional contacts; 

It shall be the duty of every member of tho 

TJenther Bureau Arctic Meteorological Service, individually and 

collectively, to comply with the territorial policies and regulations 

referred to in this paragraph and to promote good will and cooperation 

with the authorities and reprosontativos of other nations with whom 

they have to work. Thc official in charge of each station or sub- 

station is responsible for ostablishing, for the personnel under hi6 

supervision, clear and specific instructions suittible to the circum- 

stances of the locality concerned, and for enforcement of these 

instructions within the limits of his authority. 

2

The official in charge of a principal stction shnll exercise 

administrative control over all personnel assigned to the base for 

subsistence, quarters, or regular duty whether permanently or as 

transients. 

There are no exceptions whatever to this provision fcr 

Rdministrative control over personnel assigned ta the station. In 

the absence of tho regular official in charge the duly authoriged 

first assistant is responsible for administrative functions and for 

carrying out Wmther Bureau policy. 

The official in chargo of a principal station is also responsible for the 

general supervision of a satellite station established and operating 

under the jurisdiction of the principal station, Notwithstanding this 

provision any duly authorized officid in charge of a satellite unit 

shall have the responsibility and authority for taking whatever 

reasonable uction he considers necessary under unusual circumstnnces 

to safeguard life and property and to carry out tliu approved plans 

and policies of the Weather Bureau Arctic Metoo rological Service. 

The general meteorological program shall bo conducted in accordance 

with detailed instructions. presented elsewhere in this manual and in 

communications to officials concerned. It shnll be -the policy to 

maintain the highest standards in technical and scimtific work and 

insofar as possible to obtain and record all sciontific information 

of probable value. The collection and preservation of proper records 

in as complete a form as practicablo is one of tho primary objectives 

of the plan. 

Necessary action must be taken by the official in charga 

to maintain files and journals for permanent rocord of data collected 

and duties performed. All material, notes, photography and other 

records mnde by cmployecs during their assignment to the Weather Bureau 

Arctic Meteorological Sorvice shnll be available to the Weather Bureau 

for official use. Such material shall not be released by an employee 

as public information without prior approval in writing from tho Chief 

of the Veathor Bureau, Washington, D. C , Private diaries and private 

photographs are included in such matorial; those will be returned to 

the owners for their use us soon as practicable by the Chief of the 

Weather Bureau with a decision as to tho propriety of any proposed 

public release. 

Members of the organization should look for opportunities for enlargement 

and increase in the value of the Arctic program, and should 

recommend consideration by the appropriate authority when they believe 

that action is desirable. Questions for which no definite authority 

or policy has been Ostablished should be communicated promptly to the 

Feather Bureau, Xashington, for decisfon. 

‘-7 

/ 

F. Tf. Reichelderfer 

Chief of Bureau 

3 

\ 

I

INSTRUCTIONS FOR ADMINISTRATION OF THE ARCTIC MEW'ORK 

The purpose of the following instructions is not to impose restrictions 

on employees but rather to expand the basic. policies mentioned previously 

which will assist in the proper functioning of the Arctio network now being 

established, It is realized that the Official in Charge and many others on 

the staff are new in the Weather Bureau and that theywtll welcome guidance 

in policy and procedurss in order to acoomplish their assignments successfully. 

On questions of policy which may arise, the Official in Charge should, 

if time permits, obtain a ruling from either a senior Central Office official 

who may be at the place or station or by radio from the Central Office, 

Vashington, D. C. 

However, if time does not permit, the Off'ioial in Charge 

is authorized to use his own judgment and discretion but he should advise the 

Central Office of the facts at the first opportunity. 

ARCTIC STATION FACILITIES 

The Arctic program is a permanent one. Every opportunity to improve and 

oonserve the permanaoy of the physical facilities must be taken, If need for 

improvements becomes apparent, but cannot be done with materials and personnel 

on hand, recommendations in detail shouh be forwarded to the Central Office, 

The Official in Charge is authorized to take such action as 'oonstruction of 

walks and fences, painting, and reinfordement of buildings, improvements in 

physical layout, etc,, on his own initiative. However, the Central Office 

should be kept informed by descriptive and photographic presentation for 

record purposes. It is important that the station's appearance at all times 

be a credit to the lhited States, 

22- CHANNELS OF RESPONSIBILITY 

(a) Central Office representatives: The Chief, Arctic Section htia been 

des&gn&ted by the Chief of the U. S, Weather Bureau to supervise and oonduot 

the program. His authority, when he visits a station shall, take preoedenoe 

over the Official in Charge and other members of the Arctio etation staffs. 

Orders and instructions decided on will be in writing and, in most cases, 

issued only after consultation with the Chief of Bureau, Central Off ioe '&a- 

ject Leaders and/or ofl'icials in .the field, 

The Chief of the Arctic Section may delegate authority to others of his 

Central Office staff, but unless this is done in writing other Central Office 

Officials of the Arctic Section staff, who may be present at Arctic statfons, 

have only the authority to consult with and advise the Official in Charge of 

the &in Base in whom the authority to issue necessary orders and bstructiohs 

to the station staffs will continue to rest 

When inspectors visit the stations, the scope r\f their authority to 

initiate action will be issued in writing before departure from the United 

States with a copy furnished to the Official in Charger 

(h) Main Base: The Official in Charge of the base station at Thule, 

Greenland has direct responsibility and authority for the aoaduot of the program 

at his station. He' has authority to make any decisions a@ may be required 

for such matters as distribution of the work load, quartering o$? personnel, 

consumption of fuel and food, and others necessary to the sucoesaful tsocOmp- 

lishment of the program objectives. 

It w ill be understood however, that 

4

5 

personaS1 oonveniences of a partioular individual cannot always be aoooyodatede 

The Offioial in Charge its authorized to maintain order first by suggestion; 

seoond by direct order or by institution of prescribed disoiplinary 

measures, if necessary, as a last resort. To oarry out this purpose, as Soon 

as possible after arrival at the main base, the Offioial in Charge shall OOnvene 

all station personnel to establish a oode of station discipline and to 

PrOouro majority agreement on penalties whioh could be invoked in oase Of 

infractions. 

The foreoaster assigned to the station will aot as first assistant and 

will be in charge during absenoes or inoapacitations of the Offioial in c 

If, hawever, the Official in Charge considers this prooedure to be undes 

he may recommend to the Central Office another member of the staff to aot for 

him, giving his reascms for the ohange. If the reovendation ia approved, 

the individual nominated to aot for the Official in Charge w ill oontinue in 

this status until notified in writbg otherwise. An Acting Offioial in Charge 

has the same authority as the Offioial in Charge. 

(0) Advance Station: The Official in Charge of the main bqse station 

Will have general administrative supervision of the advanoe station after if 

is established and may issue orders and instruotions whioh will be bind 

upon, the Offioial in Charge and staff at the advance station. The main 

station Official in Charge w ill be respansible to the Chief of the Arot 

section, Weshington, D. C,, for administration of the network. 

While wintering at the main base, the Offioial in Charge of an advanoe 

base will be subject to the jurisdiotion of the main base Offiokl b Charge. 

-it is planned that the Offioial in Charge of the advan 

while wintering at the main base, will be engaged primarily in makin 

and preparations for establishing *+the advanoe station and the mov 

supplies therefor. 

The main baee Offioial in Charge shall make ~provii3= 

ions for this activity within the limits of the main base program and its per- 

sonnel complement. 

In addition to the responsibility for preparation for advanoe station 

aotivities, the advance station Offioial in Charge shall assme 8UOh administrative 

and operational duties as may be determined by the main base Offiohl 

in Chayge. 

Personnel for Suture assignment to an advance station will not be finally 

designated while in winter quarters at the main base. Seleotion of personnel 

thmefor will be made by the Chief, Arotio Soothn, Washington, De C , On 

reomendations by the Offioial in Charge of the main base and the Offioial 

Charge of the admnoe station. 

\ The network of meteorological stations will cons of one main base 

station at Thule, Greenland. In the spring of 1947, admnoe station may be 

established by air at a position to be later determiried by the Central Wfioe.

(A) PAY: All arctic project employees will be d d from the Central 

Off ice 

1, Before embEirb;stion, 

$a) The employee will prepajre Tbe and. Attendmoe Reports 

S.F, 1130 fram the tims be is appointed. until hie em- 

barkation, 

.1 On this report will be entered the date of entry on duty 

and duty status. 

.2 Also report of the time of departure and arrival in trave1 

status at Boeton, 

.3 Upon arrival at Boston he will report to the Official In 

Charge at Boaton for certificatian of duty status at 

Boston, 

(b) The Official in Charge at Boston will: 

,1 Enter in "Memoranaunf* portion of the Tlsne and Attenaanoe 

Report the duty etatue ma certification of the appoi.nt- 

mnt station ana traveler, 

.2 Forward the Time an& Attendance Reporte to the Cenkral 

Office Arotio Secttan for final certificationr 

.3 Submit them promptly as they are ueed in the prepsratlon 

of the payrolll, 

.4 Continue to eubmtt; Time ana Attenaance Repafie for every 

period till the employee ernbarb for hie arctic post l, 

2. After embarhation, 

(a) Any change in the employeewe status Fzf't;er'embarh;ation w ill be 

eon% by radio dlrect Sram the Official in Charge to the Chief 

of the Arctlc Section, Central Office, 

3, Each emplayee of the arctic woject should make ixrr~men.t;e for 

the dispoeition of his ealary ant!. reimbursement checker A Pow? 

. of Attorney should be executed, ma &+en to hi8 beLnk or t;o sn 

in8ivia=i, anti a memorandwn, signed. by the emp ahould. be 

forwaSded to the Fieosl Seotiori, Central Office, icating the 

ad*e6Sv to which hi8 checka 8 

be maileb. 

b) LEAVE: All Wotia personnel w ill aoorue annual leave at the rate of 26 

&Ye per year, Sick leave will accrue at the rate of 15 days 

per year.

. 

DIFFE(RENTIAL: Each employee will be paid a stated annwl 8a-y *am 

July 1, 1946 and will receive differential for serving outside, 

the continental limits of the United States. 

OVWTIMEt The salaries are per annum ana will be the total pagmerVt made 

to the employees regardless of the number or periods of houre worked 

aSy day, or days worked during any week. 

CIVIL SWVICE STATUS: All field Jobs in the arctic pro Ject are 8Xmpt 

from the Civil Service olaseifioation, 

Any employee who holds a temporary appointment will not acquire a Chesf- 

flea (competitive) Civil Service status, unless he remaw in the govemw 

ment servlce. until he takes and ptlesee a regulmly given Cipil Ser 

exaslination, Probational appointment is offered when hie name Is 

on the regieter of eligibles, Appropriate 'Ximitations appear on &rl 

appohtment papers of the temporary appointee ana also on any eubeequent 

personnel act ion prtpere is~~ed, 

Employees whic?. wzye originally gtven probational appohtmnt in the 

goVernment eervice ana who have redined on the rolb continuouely, 

have a perrmanent Civil Service etatus, In such oases no limiting statements 

will appear on personnel action P&pers. 

(F) COMPENSATION INSURANCE: Under the United States Employee's Compensation 

Act of September 7, 1916, as Amended, a civil employee of the united 

States who suetaine an inJury whtb in the perfcmance of hie duty is 

entitled to medical, surgical, and hospital service an& supplies, and 

transportation to secure them if ireceeeary, He ie also entitled to 

monettqy oompenrjation while disabled for work beginning on the fourth 

by after pay stops, and continuing through the entire period of' dier 

ability, 

, 

-All injuries w ill be treated at the main base ma first si& will be 

rendered at the advanced bee, However, It is lmgortant that a reoord 

be kept and reported to the Compensation Camrmieslon of even minor in- 

3Uriee. In ease complicatione should reeult later, a reaora of the 

injuries will then be on file with the Connniesian. 

When any inJury is suetained by an employee he shall give written noticze 

his official superlor. Fme are provided by the CanmlseSon fa suoh 

PTpoeee t 

Fljp[an CA-1 Notice of InJury (Made out by the employee) 

Form CA-2 Report of Injury (Maae out by the employeats superlor 

and should accompsny Fomi CA-1) 

7

8 

to the Civil Ehployees and Others” which is included in the statim 

library, 

(Gj ,FUTURE STATUS OF ENlPLOYEESo Employments in the Arctic service are 

of temporary indefinito natureo Upon termination of service ut 

a particular Arctic stgtion an effnrt will be made to reassign all 

employees to positions elsewhere in the Weather Bureau if suitable 

vacanoio s are tlaail.able

IV WORK AND RECREhiTIONAL SCHEDULES 

A schedule of duty should be prepared by the Official in Charge in order 

to distribute the workload equally among all Weather Bureau station personnel 

The work should be equally distributed as related to the oonstruction of facilities, 

performing regular assigned duties as facilities are completed, KP 

dhties, camp and building maintenance and other chores. Under conditions Of 

operation of isolated stations it is expeoted that. oontinuous operation of the 

station will be required but it should be possible to arrange for a weekly 

"time off" period for each employee. 

If it is impossible to allow personnel 

time off each week because of essential work whioh must be done, such time Off 

oredit shall ac.cthnulate and q y be taken by an employee later on if possible. 

Vhile the value of this projgct will be measured to a large degree on the 

exooution of functions related to regular assigned duties, group recreation . 

a d qwb donipettkioar ape p:symlmended fois mental and phyaical exercise-. Time 

has not permitted the planning of a recpeational program other than providing 

equipment therefor, but it is believed that Arctic station personnel should 

make such plans after arrival at the base. Consideration will be given to the 

question of providing additional reoreational facilities in the future and 

suggest ions by Arctio stat ion personnel are encouraged 

V REL&l"l'ONS WIT2 BON-WEXTHER BUREpU PERSONNEL 

L'eather Bureau personnel will be transported in Navy ships to the base 

station. Ihile travelling on Navy ships, Weather Bureau personnel will be 

under the orders of the commanding officer of the vessel or his representative 

and it is essential that Bureau enployees comply wi3h all rules and regulations 

issued by him while on board, It is expected that Weather Bureau personnel 

Will eat in the general mess and be assigned to availabgle quarters on the vessel,as 

determined by the captain. 

Civilians of other agencies and members of' the Army and Marine Corps Will 

also be on board and Weather Bureau personnel should make every effort to 

maintain cordial relations with these people a 

on arrival a$ base stations, the activities of unloading and landing 

material will be under direction of the Navy commanding offioer. Share opera- 

tions such a s transportation and storage of supplies and equipment, inauguration 

of building program, and other oonstructional and meteorologioal matters Will 

be under the direction of the %ather Bureau Offioial in Charge, Who W i l l Of 

oOurse maintain liaison with the military offioers in charge of the various 

groups Of military personnel assieting. 

9

VI ADMINISTRATION OF MIETEOROLOGICAL PROGRAM 

(1) The meteorological program 5.i the basic reason for establishment of 

the Arctic stations, and after the security of the station is established, it 

must be given first attention* The pl for the program are outlined in other 

sections of the manual and will be fol ed as written unless amended* 

(2) The meteorological program of $each base station will be conducte? 

under the,general supervision of the Ofricial in Charge and under the direct 

supervision of the forecaster. This la$ter official will be responsible for 

inauguration and maintenance of the bas'ic observational program and for insti- 

tution of special observations as time and assistance permit in accordance 

with the instructions for the program given in the "Plans" section of this 

manual. He will also be responsible for conduct of the forecase progranl,out- 

lined in the forecagt "Plans." section. In addition, he w ill supervise the 

training of other members of the stptign personnel in meteorological Work and 

bring tho need for such training of infiividuals %o the atten'tion Of the 

Official in Charge. 

(3) The meteorological programs at the advance stations will be &der 

the omwall direction of the Official in Charge 

-- 

of the base station to which 

the advance station is attached, The forecaster at the base station will be 

responsible for immediate supervision of the program and will pass 'any instructions 

for meteorological work at the advance station through his Official 

in Charge. 

L%V&fi 

(4) Since only one forecaster isAassigned to the main base station a d 

Only one observer to advanoe stations, it is evident that these personnel are 

not sufficient to cover the full meteorological program, 

of the station staffs must be trained to participate in the meteorological 

Work. The Official in Charge w ill designate individuals to assist in this 

Work based on recornendation from the forecaster, 

10 

Hence, other members 

(5) The forecaster at the base station will lead the scientifio program 

at that station and at the advance station which may be attached theretor This 

Program will include special meteorologioal observations as attached in the 

"plans" sect ion, special studies of data , investigations of geophysical phenomena 

having a bearing on the program, and other projects as time and assistance 

Permit* It is suggested that group discussions 6f particularly interesting 

weather observations, phenomena and situations or of other phases of SCientifiO 

work be held. 

For the United States &ation. at Thule there has been authorizedl the Call 

sign KCWG 5 and certain frequenoies (see later instructions) which have been 

ooordintrted to avoid confliction with Canadian radio communications 

It is the policy of the Weather Bureau that these two radio faailities

11 

should eventually be amalgamated into one, bot as regards to persdnnel and 

equipment. However, no prior arrangements for 4 such amalgamations have been 

possible and whatever action is initiated in this direction should take into 

consideration the position of the Danes. The identity of the Danish radio 

should not be overridden if this endangers harmonious relations in any way. 

Discretion in this matter will rest with the Weather Bureau Of'ficial in Charge. 

- The Official in Charge will have general supervision over all kited 

States communications . The radio communicators and radio technician will direct 

the technical phases of communications, with considerable latitude for initia- 

tive and use of individual judgment especially in dases of emergenoy. 

The major radio equipment will be operated only by the communica 

'technioian or by other selected personnel when close supervision 5 

(Except in cases of emergency.) Standard U. S, Army and Civil Aer 

Administration procedures, will be used wherever pertinent . 

Radio equipment will not be used for amateur contacts. 

A log of communications activity will be maintained listfng all poblt-topoint 

contacts, aircraft contacts, and suoh other material as may be determined 

by the Offgcial in Charge. An orderly file of messages shall be maintained. 

The communicators, under supervision of the Official in Charge, shall be 

responsible for the fulfillment of the propagation research plans as described 

elsewhere and submitted by the ZFnited Stetes Bureau of 'Standards. This will 

' include guarding of test frequencies, measurement of signal strength, et0 

The 0xt.en.t: to which this activity may be carried within a reasonable workload 

on the communicators, and without detriment to the main weather schedules, 

Will be determined by the Official in Charge. 

All records of this asp.ect Of 

oammwrications shall be accurately prepared in duplioate. One set should be 

mailed to the Chief U, 5. 'liboatha, 'Bweaa, A3.trontion Arctic Section, whenever 

opportunity presents . 

Personal and administration messages will be transmitted only with au%hori* 

eatian of the Official in Charge, or acting official. 

Attention is directed to a subsequent seotion of this manual dealing with 

cornmications operating instructions . 

VI11 IVIISCELUNEOUS RECORDS AND REPORTS 

(1) The Official in Charge will maintain'an official station di 

significant events occurring each day. A general running account of 

, camp happenings, progress of the work, and other interesting subjects 

be very helpful %I organizing future expansions of the Arctic service. 

The Official in Charge should endeavor t o make the diary as complete as pOS- 

sible 

(2) If unusual circumstances arise requiring changes in plans involvhg 

the failure of equipment, serious accidents, or for other reasons, the 

Official in Charge will immediately inform the Chief of the Arotio Seotion, 

u. SO Treather Bureau, Washington, D. C., by radio. All administrative messages

of this nature 

Bureau, should 

ton, I). C, 

I 

and others, when intended for the Central Office of the Weather 

be addressed to Arctic Section, U, 6. Weather Bureau, Washing- 

(3) The Official in Charge will report once each month concerning the 

,state of supplies on hand, as required under the "Plans" sections of this 

Manual. Such reports will also include a statement concerning the conditions 

Of the general physical establishment of the station, 

(4) Other miscellaneous reports may be required and the Official in 

Charge will be so informed when th'e need for them develops. 

(5) Beginning with the pay periad ending on the second Saturday in 

Jvly 1946, the Official in Charge will report on each second Saturday thereafter 

whether all personnel have been son duty for the complete pay period. 

h making these reports it will be satisfactory to consider that all personnel 

are on duty whether they are actually on or. off duty at the station, In the 

event of death of any epployee, the Central Off ice should be ,notified. promptly 

by rqdio. These reports will be used to prepare the pay rolls in the Csntral 

Office in Washington, 

'(6) Additional budgetary reports may be required and the Official in 

Charge will be requested to furnish them as required, 

(7) The Official &I Charge will note carefully the conduct and attitude 

of each man assigned and at the completion of' his tour of duty in the Arctic' 

or 800ner if requested, render report to the Central Office regarding these 

matters. It is especially important for the Official in Charge to note the , 

psychological reaction of personnel to camp and work conditions. Suah reoprds ' 

will, of oourse, be confidential and for the information of C~ntral Office 

officials only, Reports should be made on plain paper and no copies thereof 

should be filed at Arctic stations, 

(8) At the end of his tour of duty, the Official in Charge will also be 

required to prepare a final report on the physical state of the establishment 

and the value of the work, including recommendations for improvements in the 

project based, on his administrat-ion of the 'station. 

He will be direoted 

SpecificalZy oonoerning material to be included in his final report on his 

return to the Central Office in lVashington. 

1. 

, Note: All personnel assigned to Arctic stations are paid according to fixed 

annual salary rates and such employees accumulate annual and siok leave. 

'(king to the nature of the assignments, no employee will be charged for leave, 

either annual or sick, while in the Arctic if he is too ill to perform'his 

duties or is granted time off for r€3oreatiOnal activities.

IX. Accountability for Property: 

a. All property, expendable and non-expendable is invoiced to the 

Arctic Division at the Central Office, , 

Responsibility therefor will rest with the Arctic Field Project 

(see Circular Letter 93-45 dated December 5, 1945), 

Inventories will be maintained by the Arctic Field Project and 

rendered to the Central Office as of the close of businesa December 

31 of each calendar year. Inventory Form No, 2007 and 2007a should 

be forwarded to the Central Office by January 20 or as eoon a6 

mail facilities permit . 

Classification of property: Arctic Division, Central Office, 

will furnish the list of alL non-expendable (2) property, with 

corresponding property numbers. 

Forms and reoordsr Forms 20,01, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 

2007a, and Stock Forms No, 3, cover all phases of property re- 

cords that are or may be involved in the Arctic ProJect. (See 

Circular Lettere herewith covering the use of these forms, No. 

12-44, dated February 2, 194k, No, 92-45, dated December 5, 1945, 

Multiple Address Letter dated January 1, 1944, and Circular Letter 

No. 34-46, dated May 6, 1946. 

X. Issuance of Property: 

Requests for supplies, materials, equipment and form6 W i l l be 6u3- 

mitted upon the following forms: * 

Stores Requiettion Form 2044 for items carried in Central Office 

Stock. (See . Field Stock Catalog, Materiel Seotion, July 1945 

edit ion) 

Stores Requisition Form 2044 for Foms, 

Materiel Section, April 1946). 

(See Forme Catslo$, 

Emergency Supplieo of equipment, material, ad forme should be 

made by radio. 

Recurring requirements for stock supplies and forms should be 

made on annual Stores Requisition Form 2044 so as to reach the 

Central Office by June 15 of' each calendar year or at a date 

30 days in advance of the sailing date of-a vessel for the Arctio, 

Purchase Requisition . Form 2046. 

for procuremente ) 

(See Fiscal Manual for instructsons 

- 

The CircuLars and Multiple Address Le'tters mmtionod abow, haw boen 

includod in the append& of this manual.

XI. Maintenance of Station. 

Since the stations are permanent, the Official in Charge will direct 

the work in such a way as to preserve the establishment for future use, 

Buildings should be kept painted and in good repair. Necessary hprovements 

for living facilities, such as water supply, permanent installation of 

instruments, and other changes should be considered and recommended to the 

Central Office for approval, All machinery, mobile equipment, supplies and 

materials should be kept in appropriate storage and in the best possible 

con~tion, Appropriations for the Arctic project is a continuing one and 

my amount saved from operational expenses in any fiscal. year my be 

expended in following years, Hence, the Official in Charge should exercise 

constant vigilance in order to prevent my waste or deterioration of the 

equipment; buildings, supplies and instmunents. 

Cleanliness of surroundings is a morale and health buildor of the 

highest order, The Official in Charge will therefore exert every effort 

to maintain the station, buildings and surroundings in a clean and orderly 

state. Each man shall be given responsibility for keeping himself and also 

his assigned living quc?rters clean, The Official in Charge will also issue 

instructions for regular cleaning periods of general quarters, washing of 

clothing, and such other necessary actions which will insure a clean and 

livable atmosphere at the 'station. 

14 

1

Table of Contents 

Plans Scc tion 

(a) Buildings 

(1) Main Base 

Page 

15 

(2) Advance Base 25 

(b) Fuel 32 

(c) Food 

(d) Arctic lfeteorolog5cal Observations 

(e) Clothing 

(f ) Communications Procedures 

(6) Outline of Radio Installation 

(h) Operation of Mobile Equipment 73 

(i ) Medical Attention 77 

(3) Some Hints on Environmental Protection 78 

(k) Photography 89 

(1) Tests For The Buraau of Standards 90 

' (m) Forecast Plans 94 

(n) Mobilo Equipment 96 

(0) Notes on InStrWental Installations 101 

(p) 

Observational Techniques and Care of Instruments 103 

34. 

48 

54 

60 

70

WIN BASE --BUILDINGS 

The buildings provided at this time should not be considered as the 

final goal along this line but more as a means to an end. With the present 

Critical housing and lumber situation, it was impossible to plan the blliidhgs . 

as they should be but instead plans had to be made so as to use aoailable 

material ). 

Extra materia been included so that any alterations, in addition to 

those liqted here 

be made as di-rect 

ich will. add to personnel oaafort and convenience, may 

he Offioial in Charge. 

It should be kept in mind that some day those buildings may all be used 

for storage . Any additional reinf oroement s needed when the buildings 

mrted to that purpose, should be contemplated if possible during con 

and inserted ut that time . 

LIVING . . QUARTERS 

Two engineers barraoks, 20' x 56*, are to be used for lidkg qua 

galley and mess. Identical alterations and additions will be made CO 

building, One -is intended for use by the permanent per~annel, the other as 

living quarters for transient Army Offioers and general transient mass. . 

Separate instructions have been written on the ereotion and alteration of 

these barraoks . 

One Quonset Hut Will bo erooted aooopding to regular instrueti 

that additional flooring will be laid. The floor will be identioal 

. 'for the other Quonset Hut and detailed instruotions written for its c 

tion will apply. Install electrical equipment whioh is supplied w 

This building is to 'be used as living quarters for the transient per~onnel. 

OFFICE SPACE 

One Quonset Hut Will be modified for use as an operational 'building, 

housing the radio an$ meteorological equipment . Separate instructions have 

been written on the erection and alteration of this building. Two James Houses' 

Will be attached to this building for sheltering the generators 4 

MISCELLANEOUS AND STORAGE 

Two James Houses will be isolated ousing air to ground 

radio equipment, inoluding one 15 KW 're The generator s 

bi one of the James Houses' on a foty ependent of the floor so as to 

Provide an adequate foundation for the generator. Four extra 8" x 8" be 

should be placed under the other building to reinforce the floor which Wi. 

have to support the radio equipment. 

h e James House will be erected as a balloon i 

the leeward of all other buildings so as to make 

ossible. fn the end of'the building to the le 

S a large garage door is to be insCa11ed. 

Two James Houses are) to be ereated and heated for use by the Amy Air 

Foraes. 

be 

SY

16 

In addition to the 5 James Houses mentioned above the main base W ill ham 

9 more James Houses to be ereoted and used as necessity demands. 

BARRACKS 

'henty-one 6'' x 6" posts are furnished as part of the barraoks for foundation 

posts and under normal conditions are adequate, but to o.oercome any 

Weveness which might make some of .these posts too short each buildkg has 

been provided with 18 pieces 6". x 6" x 8' which may be used for foundation 

PO&S if neoessary. One additional 'lB1l unit goes in the building 80 foundation 

should be 56' long. 

Upon completion of the operation shown in Figure 9, page 4, of the TM 

(Placing floor joists) and before placing floor panels on forndatim Pod8 

(Figure lo), the following operation is neoessaryt 

Turn the floor panel over so that the underside is up. Nail k 0 

strips of 1' x 3'' x 10' acroes the joists. These strips are to support 

hsulatin board which will be inserted between the joist later (see 

diagram 1 5 . Floor panels are then turned right side up and installed 

according to instructions in the TM. I 

After all panels are bolted together and properly strapped, another SPeoial 

operation i's necessary before laying of plywood flooring:' 

From the supply of 4' x 8' x &" insulating board out 70 pieoes 

lflO&" x 7f9". These are to be forced between the floor joist and pushed 

down so that they rest on the same 2" x 2" as the floor joist. It is 

suggested that as each piece is out it be installed so that the best 

possible fit will be obtained. A warmer floor will be obtained if this 

insulating board is properly out and inserted. 'It is hoped that the 

insulating -board will be tight enough to support its own weight but in 

oase of sagging the 1" x 3" nailed to the under side of the joist8 Will 

prevent its falling . 

Plywood floor oan now be laid as directed in the TM. 

I 

The trus6es, end walls, end side wall units and regular side wall units 

should be assembled according to the TM. 

Do not apply exterior wall finish as instructed in the TM but prooeed to 

ermt the forming and trusses. Suffioient temporary bracing should be done 

to make this frame solid so that sheathing may be applie@ to the outside. 

Apply 3/4" matohed boards to exterior of the building altering end joints 

at various wall studs so as to make the wall as strong as possible. 90 not 

Put' the top board of side wall on at this the. The end whiah is not to be 

uadd as a doorway should be boarded over and only openings left for the windmar 

Apply simllar lumber on the roof after putting roof ledger, RL-1 in place. 

After the faoia board, FB-3, has been nailed in plaoe 

leted. The 3/4" sidewall board oan bqtt a 

and need not be inserted as.shown in the b 8. Nall the 

he end walls. Apply the roof 

her tar paper should be 'warme 

1

The doors, windows and louvres can now be installed according to bstruo- 

*ions in the TM. Sufficient glass. has been shipped to replace all the substitute 

glass and to remove the insert soreen and insert glass. 1% is suggested 

that this job be left for a later datk when the initial work is Overr using 

Pieoes of 1" x 311,nail facingo to each side of corners after a Pieoe of tar 

Paper has been tacked around %he corners. 

The outside wall should be covered with the 30# tar paper, being held in 

Place by a' few tacks until the lap siding is nailed on. Taok one strip Of tar 

Paper along the lower edge of the wall an$ start nailing the siding Over it. 

The siding ordered was to have 6" exposed to the weather. When the first strip 

of tar paper is about oovered hok another above it with %bout a 3" overlap. 

%rk the lap siding upward again, eto. 

0 

The building will have three chimney flues which have been ordered,as 

domplete units. One will be 10' fram the doorless end, another 30' from the 

doorless end, the third should be 10' from the end with the door. (Note 

aPproximate location of stove on Diagram A). 

Before any further work on the interior, the Floor should be completed. 

1sjf. felt saturated lining should be aemented with linoleum Cement, to the Plywood 

floor. Edges to be butted together. On top of this the linoleum should 

be cernented. 

The interior wall panel can be applied to the studs after the rockwool 

has been inserted. The material originally intended for the exterior of the 

Walls (3/811 plywood or 9 maaonite) should be nailed over the celotex Wall Up 

to the height of the window sills. The interior roof panel8 may be nailed to 

the rafters with rockwool fnserted in the void at least to fill solidly in the 

lmdr portion to the eaves. 

The partition separating the vestibule from the rest of the building and 

the one dividing the washroom . from the rest of the vestibule, arc3 solid partitions 

extending eo the roof All ofher partitions are up 6" from the floor 

and are about 6" Srom the oeiling. This is to provide ciroulation and permit 

more even distribution of heat. Partition0 with the exception of the On8 

dividing the vestibule are shown in Diagram A. Sufficient 2" x 4" X 8' have 

been provided for studs which can be 4' O.C. or less if partition is not 

emmt miltipies of 4' increments. The solid partition aoross the building 

Two pieces of 2" x 4" 

8hould have a single 2" x 4" sill and 2" x 4" plate. 

X lo1 and 2 peices of 2" x 4" x 81 (sills) have been supplied for this purposeo 

The shds will be placed 4' and 8' from each side txt the building. The stud 

8' from the wall will consist of two 2" x 4" and should then be the proper 

distance apart to reoeive the door casing. A double header should be plaoed 

above the door casing. . The partitions should have plywood on both sides with 

rookwool between 

Sufficient 3/4" quarter round has been provided so that it can be nailed 

6% the junction of the oeiling and the wall and in all other oorners. , 

Other partitions should have a 2" x 4" plate next to the ceiling but no 

shll is neoessary. The bottom end of the studs to be toemailed directly b 

the floor. Sufficient 2" x lumber is provided to be pl 

buds, near top and bottom, where a plywood partition is t

lower 2" x 2" should be nailed so 

the top edge of the upper 2" x 2" 

2" x 2" (sey Diagram 5). 

, No wooden doors are provided for the individual rooms but instead curtains 

and curtain rods have been provided. The curtain rod holders can be attached 

to the studs which border all doorways. 

18 

that the bottom edge is 6" fromthe floor and 

should be 6' above the bottom of the lower 

In the vestibule a washstand should be constructed by using the 6 pieces 

2" X 4" x 8' to make the mpport an8 placing two 2" x 10" x 8' for the top. 

The top should be covered by a piece of linolem remaining from the material 

used .on the floor. ' 

The louvres at eaoh end of the building will be miled shut a large Partion 

of the year but should not be omitted when erecting the buildin . During 

the nine cold months, rockwool should be put between the louvres and 4 pieoe Of 

Plywood nailed over the entire unit. During the smer, it should be Opened 

to permit free air circulation for drying. 

Several gallons of paint have been furnished. 

buildings shouldlbe painted red with a white trim. 

Or papered as desired. 

The butside of the wooden 

The interior may be painted 

Since -king the drawings, some changes have been &de in the living 

wart er 8 plans : 

1. Move the washroom and %toilet t o the other side of the vestibule and 

exchange the kitchen stove and table so that the stove will be along the *all 

which will have the washroom on the other side . 

2, Build a solid partition across the vestibule 8' from the outside wall 

SO that the washroom and toile! are separated from the rest of the vestibuler 

(Outside door and door into living quarters will both open into the vestibule 

portion) . 

3. Instmotions for construction of a ceiling have been deleted but if 

it appears advisable,, plan a suitable oeiling in accordance with material and 

facilities on hand. 

4. Beveling of bottom roofing board may be disregarded. 

5. Omit the layer of tar paper on the inner wall. 

6. An additional James House to shelter the 15 kw generator for air to 

ground communications is to be erected near 'the transmitter building. 

Summary of material furnished 

(additional to regular barrack material) 

Foundation: 

18 p5eoes 6" x 6" x 8', posts 

40 pieoss 1'' x 3" x lo', to be nailed under floor joists 

36 pieoes 4' x 8'' p #I1 insulafhg bawd, to be plebed betweea 

floor joists

19 

Flooring: 

8 rolls 15# asphalt saturated felt lining 

1140 sq. ft linoleum 

30 gallons linoleum cement (use for felt lsning and linolem) 

Sidewalls : 

Exterior: 

131 pieces 3 4" x 6" x 12', for sheathing 

28 pieces 3 / 4'' x 6" x 8', for sheathing 

80 pieces 3/4" x 6" x 8*, for sheathing ends 

112 pieces lap sidhg, 12' long, 6" exposed 

28 pieces lap siding, 8' long, 6" exposed 

80 pieces lap siding, 101 long, 6" exposed for endwalls 

3 rolls SO# tar paper 

14 pieces 1" x 3" x 10' for vertical oorner boards 

Interior : 

3 rolls SO# tar paper 

10 pieoes 3/4" quarter round 10' long 

38 pieces 1" x 2" x 8' to be'used as battens over joints in 

plywood if necessary 

300 CU. ft. rockwool, 3" thick, for walls and ends 

60 double rolls light colored wallpaper, preglued 

,Roof : 

180 pieces 3 4" x 6" x 12', for sheathing roof 

44 pieces 3 / 4" x 6" x 8l, for sheathing roof 

320 CU. ft. rockwool, 3" thick 

Part it ions : 

62 pieoes 2" x 4" x 8' for studs, plates and headers 

4 pieces 2" x 4" x 10' for sills and plates 

12 pieoes 2" x 2" x 12' for headers 

20 pieces 4' x 6' x 4 8 3 ply, plywood, for partitions 

7 pieces 4' x 7' x R 8 5 ply, plywood, for partitions 

1 door 3' x 6'6", complete, with oasing, hardware, and sill 

Wa sh Stand I 

6 pieces 2" x 4" x 8' 

3 pieces 2" x 10" x 8' 

Extra : 

12 pieces 4' x 8' x p, 5 ply plywood 

12 pieces 4" x 4" x 12' 

12 pieces 6" x 6" x 12' 

5 rolls 30# tar paper 

12 pieces 8" x 8" x 10' 100 cu. ft. rock wool 

12 pieces 2" x 6" x 10' 44 pieces 1" x 2" x 10, battens 

12 pieoes 2" x 8" x 10' 

for ceiling joints 

7 pieces 2" x 10" x 10' 260 CU. ft . rockwool, 3" thick 

20 pieces 2" x 4" x 14' 

20 pieoes 2l' x 4" x 10' 

40 pieces lap siding, 10' 

20 piecee 1" x 4" x 10' 

10 pieces quarter round 10' 

230 pieces x 6' x 12' 

15 pieoos 4' x 8' x $j" insulating board 

I

BASE STATION 

OPERATIONS BUTLDING 

This building is a Quonset Hut with two side'door entranoes'. 

8" x 8" timbers have been provided to be used as a foundation upon whioh 

the steel beams can be placed* 

The building should be erected according to usual instructions except for 

8. few alterations explained below; 

At tbe ends, no entrqnoes are to be'provided. Close the doorways with a 

sheet of plywood and inside with a pieoe of &' insulhthg board if neoessarye 

The doors should be used for the side entry ways. 

The side entries should be placed between the steel ribs 24' and 28' from 

the office end of the building. Instvuctions for making a side entry doorway 

are given in the instruction manual. 

Before the quarter round is plaoed around the floor additional layers Of 

floering are to be laid. 

Cover the floor wi+ 30# tar pqper overlapping it about 3" and tack it in 

Place so it will remain while putting dawn a layer of plywood. Cover the floor 

.With plywood, altering the pattern used on the first layer so that a dnimUm 

ncrrnber of joints occur at the same plaoe as on the first layer. To this glue 

a layer of felt lining butting the edges together, then glue the linolebm d~~n. 

l'hile oompleting the floor, as mentioned above, a stove or two should be Put 

in operation temporarily and moved about so thaC it ig not neaessary to out 

either the, felt lining or the linoleum. 

On the 6th and 9th steel rib from office end of the hut door, a solid 

Partition, with door, is to be built. A wooden batten 1" x 2" should be used 

all the way around on the inside wall in plaae of & masonite strip. 

For the partition separating the radio and meteorologioal office 3 pieoes, 

2" x 4" x 10' should be cut to fit, 4' o.o., being toemnailed to the floor and 

to the steel ribs. A 2" x 2" x 6' o m be used for a stud along the wall* 

Pieces of 21t x 211 should be used for headers between the studs, the lower 

edge of the bottom one 6" above the floor the top edge of the upper one 6'6" 

above the floor. The partitions will be &) plywood, 4' x 6'. 

The solid partitions should have a 2" x 4" plate, the studs being nailed 

to it and to the 1" x 2" battens (8d oommon nail may even reaoh into the 

steel rib). Use double studs and headers around the door^. The doors will be ' 

from the James Houses whioh are later to be ereoted as g 

Office side of the -partition should be plywood. The between the 

living quarters and the storage spaoe should have plywood On,the 'Living room 

side and insulating board on the other. Rookwool is provided for this partition. 

. ion between the offioe spaoo and the adjobhg room shoul 

the 8 

.Q pinoe the panel boazl.de are to be supported by 10, The 

20

partition studs may be 4' O.C. 

3C# tar paper has been provided for'placing over the Kimsel before the 

corrugated metal roof is applied. This should help keep the Kimsel from getting 

wet and giving off a strong odor. 

L 

The generator sheds w ill be James Houses set next to the side entries. 

method of sealing connection be$ween Quonset,Hut and James House Can be 

worked out with spars supplies provided. The exterior of the door leRding t o 

large generators should be covered with asbestos board and tin for fire pro- 

tect ion. 

A large portion of the floor should be left out of the building and the 

generators set direotly on timbers on the ground. It Will Prove ad% 

from several points of view if the generators are plaoed on their fo 

before the building is erected. 

A battery raok should be built along the offioe wall using 2" x 4" for 

Supports and 2" x 10" for the shelf . 

Iqallpaper and paint have been provided and may be used aocording to desires 

of the Offioial in Charge. The paper is preglued and needs only to be Wet 

before applying 

Summary of Materials Furnished 

Foundat ion: 

20 pieoes 4" x 4" x 10' posts 

Flooring : 

30 pieces 4' x 8' x b' 5-ply 

5 rolls 30# tar paper 

970 sq. ft 1inoh.m 

7 rolls asphalt saturated fel$ lining 

25 gallons linoleum oement 

Part it ion s ; 

4 pieces 1" x 4" X - 10' battens (should be ripped to make 1" x 2" x 10') 

n 

6 pieoes 1" x 2" x 8' battens 

20 pieoes 2" x 4'' x 10, plates, studs 

4 pieces 2" x 4" x 8' studs 

3 pieoes 2" x 4" x 12' 

12 pieces 2" x 2" x 8' headers 

16 pieoes 4' x 8' x plywood 

10 pieces 4' x 8' x plywood 

10 pieces 4' x 8' x %' insulating board 

50 cuI ft. rockwool 

Misoellaneous : 

5 rolls 3% tar paper t o be pladed under metal roof 

20'rolls wallpaper, preglued 

Extra : 

8 pieoes 2" x 4" x 10' 

8 pieoes 1" x 4" x 10' 

4 pieaes 2" x 6' x 10' 

6 pieoes 4' x 8' x gt plywood 

6 pieoes 4' x 6' x *tt insulating board 

21 

1

% 

MAIN BASE . 

TRANSMlTTE3 BUILDING 

This building will be isolated so that it can serve as a storage space 

for emergency equipment as well as Housing facilities for the air-ground conimmication 

equipment, including one 15 KIT generator . 

The building will be constructed as usual except for reinforcement of the 

floor , 

The generator should be plaoed directly on a ground foundation With the 

floor being built around it. Avoid having any direct solid cm&aCt be.t;w 

generator foundation and the building in order to minimize vibration Of the 

building. The space of to between the. floor and,the generator foundation 

should be sealed vith tar paper or rockwool. 

The remainder of the floor should be reinforced by running additional 

€3' X 8" timbers midway between the regular floor joists. 

one of the spare space heaters may be installed in this buildhg to be 

used when necessary. 

TRANSIENT QUARTERS 

A seoond Quonset Hut has been supplied for the main base to be used 88' 

living quarters for transient personnel, This hut will be lconstructed a'ooording 

to usual plans except that the floor will have additioml material and tar 

Paper . has been furnished to cover the Himsel before placing the metal roof . in 

Plaoe 

L 

After laying the regular floor, cover it with 3# tar paper using a f 

hoks to hold it in place. Lay the second layer of plywood SO that a minimum 

QWmr of joints are directly above joints of the first layer. Glue the felt 

lbing to the plywood butting the edges togoth,er and finish off the job by 

gluing down the linoletm. t 

The wiring equipment furnished with the huf should be installed and 

whether it is connected to the 110 volt or 32 volt power supply depends upon 

diStanae it is from the batteries and amount of time the A.C. generators are 

act~lly in operat ion 

, 

When all other oonstruction is completed some form of vestibule should be 

The door of the James House inflation shed whioh 

built from surplus lumber . 

WAS Peplaoed by the larger doors can be used on the vestibule. 

INFLATION SHED 

. The main base will require an additional building for inflation of the 

350 g;m ballo This will be a James House with garage 0 one 

pre- 

* In sel ing the site for this building give due GO 

i 1 ing wind eotion and to obstructions for releasing 

Construot th ouse aocordiag to 1 . instructions but do not c e 

the end $0 the le rd of prem IQan the rest of the bui it3 

22 

\

Complete out an opening in this end large enough to reoeive the garage'door 

OaSing. On eaah side of this opening put two 2" x 4" studs and above the opening 

pVt a douhle header adequately braced. 

If the end with the large door gives indications of being inseoure additi- 

1 inner braces should be installed and possibly some exterior guy Wires attached. Insert the casing and hang the doors. Sinoe this bullding Will be 

used only at short intervals of time no heat is necessary. 

Eleotric lights have been planned and unless it is too far from the Souroe 

of Power #10 single wire om be used. An outside light has also been Provided 

for illumination while taking the balloon out of the shed and making the . 

release . 

LIGHTING 

The main base has been provided with a 32 volt lighting System holUdm 

b g 18 cells of 2 volts each, two 2 gasoline generators and & KX winddriven 

generator. An extra blade has been provided for the windaharger. 

&de< ordinary oonditions 16 cells of 2 volts'each are sufficient but 

*old temperatures may deorecase the voltage so that it will %ake the 18 cells 

to total 32 volts. A voltage between 30 and 32 volts will Operate the 

isfactorily. Speoial booklets on maintenanoe and oare of the batbeen 

shipped for eaoh station. No. 00 wire has been provided and 

ould be used for conneoting generators and batteries to the mitoh board. 

Both gasoline generators should be installed and ready for operation. 

* DmT switch has been provided so that either generator may be put in use on 

8 mamentrs notioe. The spare generator should be used an hour or two about 

*Very two weeks to keep 5% in running oonditian but shorld not be used more 

than that exoept in emergency. 

The wind-driven charger has a 40-foot tower with i.t whiah should be 

ed away from ob6trUOti0~16 but not too far from the batteries. NO. 8 sbgle 

has been provided for this purpose and there may be some No, 6 SUrplUS 

Oould be used. tlhenever possible the windcharger should be used and the 

ine supply oonserved a 

After lidng at the sCation for 'a few weeks there undoubtedly will be 

8CoVered that some spots are not adequately ;illuminated. To meet this oon- 

n R few extra outlets and additional wire have roaided. Care should 

wen in running wires as voltage drop is a notio item in 32 volt sys- 

SO Eaoh station has been supplied with a airoular slide rule for determining 

wire sizes needed to oarry a oertain load. AL1 circuits should be properly 

fused at all times, 

In addition to the 32 volt lighting system some buildings areho have.a 

0 volt lighting system which may be used during the time the generators are 

operation to supply power for other equipment. The larger 15 Nfi! generators : 

uld not be run for the sole purpose of furnishing illumination. 

! 

When p is suggested that a trenoh under them 

be made 80 running from the gene s in the James Nouse 

! 

23 

.

to the panel board may be laid, entering the hut by coming Up through the floor. 

Three outside lighting fixtures have been provided for installation, where 

em- they will prove most helpful. At least one of them should be 32 volt 80 

that it is always ready for use. 

B # # # # # #: j+ # # # # ft jf # # # 7"" # # # # # # fb # # # # # # # 7% -ff # # # # # , 

SilCe wr%.king +,lie ab0 -re the people supplying the electrical equipment 

have mp0rtt.d rti%ny items 8. e not; available. Substitutos have been ordered and 

in 8omtr case;; they are poor substitutes but are the best available. 

It appears that DPDT switches will not be available, it m y be possible 

to locate three pole double throw as a substitute or it may be that nothing 

Will be located. There are ralays on the generators and switches are not 

absolutely eL;,:ontiaI but j.$ woul6. facilitate periodic checking of *he spare 

generat OF 

Similar obstacles were confronted in purchasing other electrical mater.ials 

80 2% is sugg-sted that all class 12(electrical) equipment be unpacked and 

hventoried before starting to wire the buildings 

Plan the lights, switches and receptacles for convenience and comfort 

bUt be sure wire of adequate size is used and absolutely sure that all 

equipment and circuits are properly fused, 

Equipment in class 12(electrical) for 110 volt lights is from the panel 

board to the lights, all cable and transformers between the panel board and 

generators have been included with the radio equipment. 

HEllTING 

Each Quooset HJ'G is provided with two oil-burning heaters whiah should be 

installed in the huka as indicated on the drawings, In addition to these there 

are 8 oil-burning space heaters being provided, Two will go into each Of' the 

two Wooden barracks, two James Houses are to have one each leaving two for 

W)lacement or spare parts. 

Fuel used for heating and cooking should be recorded so that in future 

P1anning exact consumption figures will be available. Any ohanges made .to 

equipment, buildings, or its surroundings, which reflects in ohange of fuel 

con8Umption should be Scluded as remarks to the fuel oonswnption report, 

IC will be the responsibility of the Official in Charge to keep reoorde 

on fuel consumption and if neoessary inaugurate plans for fuel rationing. 

24

ADVANCE STAT I ON -0 B UILD INGS 

The main building at these stations is a Quonset Hut with a James RWXI 

attached at each end. A second Quonset Hut is furnished for storage and for 

transient quarters. The only other building is a James House which Will be 

isolated for storage of supplies and emergency equipment a 

LIVING QUAFTERS AND OFFICE FPACE 

Separate instructions have been written on the erection and alteration Of 

the %.Ionset Hut to be used for living quarters and office space. 

STORAGE SPACE 

The second @,uonset Hut should bo erected according to bstrUctions but a 

ParCition 16' from one end should be erected in order to divide the building 

two rooms. The smaller room will be available for use as transient 

quarters and will include a stove. The storage spaoe can also be used as a 

Vestibule for entry into the transient quarter. By attaching the James Houses 

to the main 0,uonset Hut will result in two doors being surplus, one of which 

*an be used in constructing tho partition suggested. 

The partition should have a 2" x 4" sill md a curved plate of 1" x 4'' 

which can be nailed to the steel rib.- 

2" X 2" headers will be placed so the pieces of 4' x 8' plywood can bo used 

wall ths partition, 

25 

2" x 4" studs, 4' O.C. and sufficient 

Sufficient 3-plywOOd has been inoludod for the inner wall of the transient 

rOOme $" insulating board should be used to finish off the storage room side 

of the partition. In case any rookwool is left over from the other buildings 

it be used in this partition as insulation. 

The wiring material for lights as furnished with this Hut should be instal- 

led with the master switch and fuse box mounted on the end wall nearest the 32 

volt batteries.. Adequate No. 8 slngle wire and essential insulators have been 

Provided for aonnecting to the powor supply in the main building, 

The individual James House should be built aocording to usual instructions 

at a distance of at least 30 feet from the other buildings as a safety 

measure in 0868 of fire or other emergeno$es. No lighting or heating is intended 

for this building. 

'here rawinsondes will be taken at an advance station, an addStiona1 building 

is neoessary for inflation of the 350 gm balloons.' This will be a James 

House with garage doors built into one end. In seleoting the site for this 

building, prevailing wind direction and other obstructions should first be oonsidered 

sinoe balloon8 will be released in high winds on occasions. 

Construct the house according to usual instruotions but do not complete 

the leward end of the building. '!%en the rest of the building is 

complete cut an opening in the leuward end large enough to receive the 

garage door oasing. On each side of this opening put two 2" x 4" studs 

and above 'the opening put a double header adequately braced.

If the end with the large 

additional inner braces should 

guy wires for support . Insert 

26 

door gives indications of being weakened 

be installed and possibly sme exterior 

the casing and hang the doors. ' 

Electric lights haye been planned for this building and unloss the 

distance is too far from the so;roe of power, Bo. 10 single wire can be 

used. An outside light has also been provided for illumination while 

taking the balloon out of the shed and making the release. 

Since this building will be used infrequently and only at short 

intervals of time, no heat is necessary. 

(Living Quarters and Offioe Space) 

Sufficient 8" x 8'l timbers are supplied to construct a sub-foundation 

Upon which is placed the iron sills that come with the Q,uonset Hut (see 

picture, page 3 of manual). In case it is impocsible to find adequate level 

Surface, 20 pieces of 4" x 4" x 10' are provided to be used for POSt6. The 

ideal location, for warmth and stability would be similar to the picture on 

page 3 of the manual. However, the fewer posts used because of uneven ground, 

the better. Groat care should be taken to see that the floor frame is level, 

otherwise subsequent construction is more difficult and the building beoomes 

less weatherproof . 

Lay the plywood floor and erect the interior walls according t o manual Of 

instructions but do not install tho masonite batten strips at this the. 

At points on the coiling 139 and 23' from the end with the washroom and 

midway betwoen the center of hut and exterior edge of floor on radio side and 

14' from galley end of hut on washroom side, attach 4" outlet boxes. No holes 

are to ;)e put in the masonite except for the screws which should go through the 

Wsonite 5nto a pieoe of 1" board. This board may be an available scrap but 

should not be less than 3" wide or 12" long, 

Ac a point 18' from wash o m end of hut and on that same side, a batten 

must be fastened to the maso x ite wall in order to permit anchorage of a partition 

later. Batten should start . 8" from floor and extend until 6'4" above 

floor. Use 2" sorews 12" o .o , going through the masonite and into any 1" 

scrap of lumber which may be awilable. It will perhaps be best to have azi 

individual piece of scrap lwiber for each screw. The batten s>ould be a, piece 

Of 1" x Z'l furnished for this purpose. 

Between the steel ribs 4' and 8' from the washroom end of the hut on the 

offfoe side of the building, 4 pieoes of 2'' x 6" are to be installed. The 

lower edge of the bottom one should be 3' above the floor. Holes should be 

drilled in the steel rib 80 that lag sorews or spikes oan be driven into the 

ends of the 2" x 611. Between the 4th and 6th rib from the washroom end of 

the hut and in the exact center of the hut fasten one 2" x 6" x 4' 80 that it 

Will be available to 'hail to latter when erecting the partitions, 

The Kimsel may be laid according to regular instructions, 

Suffioient 30# tarpapor is provided to put a layer of it over the Kimsel' 

before attaohing the metal roofing e

27 

Building may now be completed according to manual of' instructions. 

Plastic glazing furnished in windows should be replaoed by double strength 

glass whioh has been furnished. The middle strip whioh divides the window into 

two panes may be removed and the glass furnished will fit the sash properly. 

%St experience in frigid climates indicates that further insulation of windows 

is not necessary but there will be ample material, lumber and glass, to make 

wooden sash whioh can be used to replace the screen sash if deemed advisable. 

It is suggested that this work on the windows be delayed until the other Con- 

hruction work is completed and the initial work has subsided. 

The smokestaok 

Uits should go in the 6th, 16th and 2lsk 2-foot roof seation counting from the 

washroom end. An additional N-2 unit of two mokestaoks has been inoluded 

8ince only two smokestacks are provide& with eaoh hut. 

As Boon as the shell of the building is oompleted enough to retain some 

heat one of the heaters can be temporarily installed. It should not be permanently 

installed as additional flooring is to be laid. 

With the completion of the exterior of the building, all attention should 

be given to the floor and no partitions ereoted until later 

Cover floor with 30#: tarpaper using carpet tacks to hold it in plaoe, Use 

about 2" lap. Place the second layer of plywood so that wherever possiljle, 

the joints occur at a different point than they did on the first layer'. 

6d common nails 8" O.C. can be used to nail plywood to the subfloor. Care 

A layer Of 

should be taken to have plywood tight against the msonite wall. 

asphalt saturated felt lining should be glued to the plywood with linolem 

Oment. Butt the edges together instead of overlapping. After this has dried 

amly another coat of oement and lay the linoleum. It fs suggested that the 

But bo kept quite warn durjng this prooess in order that the linoleum will be 

easier to handle. It will be neoessary to move the stoves during these operations 

in order that no breaks ooour in either the felt lining or, the lb.lOleWm 

Af'ter the floor is completed it will be neoessary to cut two 3" strips 

Of 12 gauge metal from the sheet provided and nail if to the floor in eaoh 

doorway, to aot as door sill. This is to proteot the exposed 1ino.leum and also 

aot as a seal across the bottom of the door. 

A James Rouse is to be plaoed at eaoh end of this building. The one at 

the washroom end .of the building to be used for eleotrioal generators and suoh 

Storage as space will permit, the other for storage and use as a vestibuler 

1% is suggested that the generators be plaoed on their foundation before the 

James House is built. Avoid having any direct solid oontaot between generafor 

foundations and buildings in order to minimize vibration of the building. The 

space of to between the floor and the generator foundation should be 

sealed with tarpaper or rookwool 

A portion of the floor in the generator house should be omitted SO that 

the generators foundation oan be direotly on the groundr ExCra 8" x 8" and 

2" x 6" lumber is provided so that a solid foundation oan be built* A series 

Of 811 x 8" x 81 oovered crosswise with 2" x 6" '8 and sunk about 6" in the 

gromd should be solid and stable.

Since the end of the quonset Hut is plywood, no difficulty should be experienced 

in nailing the James Hut to the Quonset Hut, Several extra pieoes Of 

2" x 4" and 1" x 4" are included in oase they might prove helpful for this pur- 

Pose . 

To erect the partitions 2" x 4" studs should be cut proper lengths and 

miled in place as shown on diagram A. No sills are to be used so studs will 

be toe-nailed directly to the floor ./ !\!ere possiblo stud should be toe-nailed 

into the steel rib at the ceiling. If no steel rib is available, stud should 

be held to masonite by screws or toggle bolts. The stud in center of hut and 

18' from washroom end should be securely nailed into the 2" x 6" .previously 

Placed between the ribs. This atud will have to furnish most of the rigidness 

for this section since the studs on each side will not be fastened to a steel 

rib. Wherever the partition comes against the wall (which is at steel ribs 

except for the place where the batten has already been'fastoned to the masonite) 

wooden 1" x 2" battens should be nailed to the steel ribs. This batten will 

then act as a stud to which plywood partition board can be nailed. In bending 

these battens it will be greatly simplified if it is sawed one-half way through 

about every 3 inches. Yhen partitions oome against the end walls 2" x 2" have 

been furnished for use as studs. Between all studs which are to have plywood 

Partitions 2" x 2" headers should be nailed. The bottom edge of the lower one 

should be 6" above the floor and the top edge of the upper dne 6'6'' above the 

floor. The section of plywood which goes against the wall will have to be 

Curved to fit. One way of getting the proper ourvature would be to take a 

Piece of stiff wire and after bending it to fit, use its shape a8 a guide in 

marking the plywood. 

There are 2 pieces of 2" x 4" x 10' and Z-pieoes of 2" x 10" x 6' to be 

Used in making tho wash stand. Two 2" x 10'' put side 6y side oan be used for 

the top and the 2" x 4" used for .supports, The top should be oovered with a 

Piece of the linoleum left over from oovering the floor. 

Two 2" x 4" x 10' and one 2" x x 6' have been included to oonstruct 

R rack for the batteries *used in the 32 wlt lighting system. be row of trays 

Qm be plaood on the floor and the remaining trays on tho 2" x 10" which sh'ould 

be fixed about 22" above the floor. The lower tier of batteries should not be 

directly on the linoleum but placed on a layer of surplus lumber, 2" x 4" preferred 

. 

Sufficient preglued wallpaper has been furnished and may be pub on as 

desired. White paint has also been furnished to be used as desired, 

Summary of Materials Furnished 

F oundat i on : 

20 pieoes 4" x 4" x 10' (additional posts) 

F1 ooring : 

30 ,pieoes 4' x 8' x @', 5-ply, plywood 

4 rolls 30# tarpaper 

970 sq. ft . linoleum 

7 rolls felt lining 

25 gallons linoleum cement 

28

Part itions : 

24 pieoes 4' x 8' x 9' plywood 

23 pieces 2" x 4" x 8'. studs 

5 pieoes 1" x 2" x 8' .battens 

4 pieces 2" x 2" x 6' studs 

21 pieces 2" x 2" x 8' headers 

6 pieoes 2" x 211 x 10' plates 

Wash Stand: . 

2 pieoes 2" x 4" x 10' 

2 pieces 2" x 10" x 6' 

Battery Rack: 

2 pieoes 2" x 4" x 10' 

1 piece 2" x lot1 x 6' 

Extra, and for partition in other Quonset Hut; 

29 pieoes 2" x 411 x Xo' . I 

14 pieoes 4' x 8' x plywood 

12 pieoes 1" x 4" x 10' 

12 pieoes 2" x 6" x 10' 

16 pieces 4' x 8' x JL1t 4 plywood 

6 pieces 1" x 4" x 8' 

8 pieaes 2" x 4" x 8', 

8 pieces 4' x 8, x insulating board 

7 rolls sQ# tarpaper 

1 door 3' x 6'6" oomplete 

55 double rolls wall paper, preglued. 

3 gallons white paint 

For installation in James House: 

1 two-door garage set 4' x 6'61t 

LIGRTING 

(p 

inflation shed) 

All three stations have been provided with a 32 volt lighting system 

hluding 18 ceLls of' 2 volts eaoh, two 2 KlW gasoline generator8 and one 9 R" 

Whd-driven generator. An extra blade has been provided for the wind ohargere 

Under ordinary oonditions 16 oells of 2 volts eaoh ape syffioient but oold 

temperatures may deorease the voltage so that it will take the 18 oells to 

kta1 32 volts, A vohqp of between 30 and 32 volts will operate the 1;lghts 

satisfactorily. Speoial booklets on.maintenanoe and oare of the batterie7 has 

en shipped for each station. No. 00 wire has been provided and should be 

ed for oonnecting generators and batteries to the mitoh board. 

Both gasoline generators should be blstalled and ready far operation, A 

switoh has been provided so that either generator may be put in use on a 

nt's notioe. The spare generator should be used an hour or two about every 

0 weeks to keep ;l;t in running oondition but should not be ueed for'more than 

that exoept in ernergenoy 

The wkdoharger has a 40i-r-oot tmer with it whioh should be ereoted away 

Mn obstruotione but not too far from the battories. No, 8 single wire ha8 

I

30 

been provided for this purpose and thers may be some No. 6 Surplus that OOUld 

be Used. Vkenever possible the windohargecrshou&d be used and the gasoline 

supply oomerved. 

t 

After living at the station for a few weeks there undoubtedly will be 

looated .some spots which are not adequately lighted. A few extra outlets and 

addttional wire have been provided to remedy suoh oonditicms. Care should be 

taken in running wires as voltage drop is R natioeable item in 32 volt sYSfaSr 

Each station has been supplied with a oiroular slide rule for determining wire 

sizes needed to oarry a certain load. 

- 

The radio equipment operates on 12 volts and is to use a portion of the 

Cells from the 32 volt lighting system. Power olips can be used to tap off 12 

VolCs from the wet oells, after about 1 week operatim the pmer olipe should 

be altered and 6 other eells be used about a week, This ohanging of oells for 

radio power supply should be done EO that over a period of the all cells bm 

had about the same use. 

.fJ 115 volt, l* b. generator has been provided for rawin- 

8onde observations. The BX oable should run direotly from the generator to a 

safety switch near the raob equipment, From this ewitoh box the BX oable should 

be run to two or three duplex outlets fastened along the base hoard (2 outlets 

the meteorolag$.cal room and one fn the living room). These outlets are proded 

since it frequently is neoesaary to put a few lights on the cirouit to 

load the generator properly . 

An outside lighting fixture has been provided for oaoh station to be 

h6talled where it Vlr3-11 prove most helpful and still be fairly olose te the 

batteries. 

member of the wind generator tuwer. 

It may be most advantageous on one of the James HOUS8S or a a Qr088 

In order %hat future operations may be advisably planned it ia requested 

that a rebord of all fuel used for the 32 vnlt generators be reoorded as well 

8s a fair estimate of hours per day that the generator was in operatinn. 

hther details given under fuel oonswaption reporting) 

.......................................... 

Sinoe writing the above the people supplying the eleotrioal equipment have 

reported that many items ordered are not available, Substitutes bve been 

ordered and in some oases they are poor substitutes but are the best available. 

It appears that double pole, double thrm mitohee will not be anilable, 

it may be possible to locate three pole double throw as a substitute or it 

be that nothing will be looated. There are relays on the generator and 

tohes are not absolutely essential but it would faoilifate periodio oheakof 

the spare generator. Similar obstaoles were confronted in purohasfn 

or eleotrioal materials 60 it is suggested that all dabs 12 (eleatrioal f 

4Uipment be unpaoked and inventoried before startbg to wire the main bu 

- 

Plan the lights, switohes and reoeptaoles for o 

re wire of adequate size is used and be absolut 

irouits are properly fused.

HFAT ING 

Eaoh Quonset Hut is provided with two oil burning spaoe heaters whioh 

ShoulQ be placed about as shown on the drawing. Changes in location for oomfort 

and convenienoe may be made if' desired. 

The heater in the transient quarters is not to be Zn operation eX0eP.t 

during time when aotually needed for additional personnel. The senond stove 

for the extra Quonset Hut can be used for replacement or spare in ORs8 of 

necessity. 

Fuel used for heating and oooking should be reoorded 60 that future planning 

will have exaot consmption figures available. Any ohanges made to 

equipment, buildings, or its surroundings, whioh refleots in ohange of fuel 

consumption should be inoluded as remarks to the fuel ooneumption report. I 

It will be the responsibility of the Offioial in Charge ko keep reoords 

On fuel oonsumption and if neaessary inaugurate plane for fuel rationing. 

31

ALL .STATIONS . 

Fuel and Lubrioants 

Lubricating oil being supplied was computed on an average of 6% of the 

motor fuel and should normally be conaumed at about that rate. 

However, the other items listed under fuels have only been esthwted 

and since they are in suoh small quantities no difficulties should be experienoed 

in establishing a satisfaotory ration system. 

The following material has been furnished for heating, mobile equipment 

generators, and misoellaneous: 

Advanoe 

Stat ion Thule - Total 

Radio Generator fuel (#I) drums 200 200 

Mobile engine fuel (#1) drums 206 200 

Lube oil, drums 20 20 

I 

%$ne gasoline, drums 150 160 300 

LUb. oil, drums 6 9 16 

lkite gas, drums 1 1 2 

Kerosene, drums 6. 10 16 

Beating (fl) drums 2 50 8 60 800 

Almite, lbs 5 10 . 15 

Gear lubricant , 1bS 20 80 100 

Coal, hard, tons 6 19 26 

Gasoline 

ThuIe, 32 Volt generator, 4 gallon/da, 450 day8 

ThUle, 1& IW generator, 2 gallon/da, 450 days 

?huh, light traotor, 2* gallons/hr, 12 hrs/da, 80 days 

in fall, 100 days ia spring 

Advance Station, 32 volt generator,'4 

It It l-$j 

- 

Drums 

36 

18 

96 

KVT generator, 2 4 

It It light traotor, 2% 

100 days 

lt It oont ingenoies 

10 

32 

Sub 

- Total 

150 

140 - 

Total ..............o.oo. 

5190 

- Tons 

Coal 

Thule, 1 stove, permanent, barracks, 60 lbs/da, 450 days 

13$ 

Thle, 1 stove, transient, 90 lbs/da, 100 days 

43- 

TWe c ont ingeno i e s 

1 

19 

Admnoe Station, 30 lbs/da, 400 days 

6 

6 

Total ........................... 2s 

- 

Fuel Oil 

Drums 

Thu'le, 1-15 Kvv, regular communication's, 1 drum ovory 160 

3 days, 450 day8 

ThUle, 1-15 W, air-ground omunioations, 1 drum every 

days, 75 day6 

50 

200 

?huh, 1946, TPaotor, D-7, 1 drum/da, 

(oont hued) 

60 days 

60 

-

8 

Fuel Oil (oont'd) 

Drums 

33 

Sub 

Total 

Thule, 1947, Tractor, D-7, 1 drum/da, 100 days 

Thule, 1946-47, snow removal 

_I 

100 

40 

IIeating 

- 

- 200 

Total r........(...........~~~~~ 400 

Thule, permanen$%, 4 stoves, 10 gal/da, 450 days ' 360 

' 

Thule, transient, 4 stoves, 10 gal/da, each, 100 days 80 

Advance Station, 2 stoves, 10 gal/da each, 600 days 

440 

240 

It 1t oont ingcnoies 120 

Record of Fuel Consumption 

Total .................oo.~~oo~ 1200 

The official In charge at each station will be responsible for maintainhg 

a complete record-of all fuel consumption. 

& 

It is -,desirew thwk accurate records be maintained in order that the 

iaforrnation oan be used for future planning. 

should not be grouped together but kept entirely separate. 

have been provided for this purpose if desired. 

Fuel used for various purposes 

Extra IrJB Forms 1078 

Maintain a running record of dates when a drum is opened and the purpose , 

for which the fuel is to be used. In oases of engine fuel, a reoord should be 

made of hours of operation in order that oonswnption per hour may be deter- 

mined. Similarly, a reoord of date when ooal bags are opened is desirable. 

However, it is not necessary to raoord the opening of eaoh bag, but only the 

date when, for example, three or four bags are opened to fill the ooal box, 

An accurate figure as .to pounds of ooal consumed each week is the reoord 

desired 

At the close of each month a summary is desired indioating the total fuel 

OOnsmption for eaoh activity, i.e ., radio generators, mobile equipment, &3S0° 

h e 

generators, heating, eto

FOODS -- PROVISION AND USE 

Among the foods supplied will he found those items which are customarily 

provid8d by U. S. Government servioes and also some luxury items not generally 

included The luxury items are supplied mainly for birthday, holiday celebra- 

tions, and other special occasions, 

Staple items have been furnished over and abova 

WWar ~nny proportions as an insurance again&: 

(a) The possibility that vessels will be unable to reach the main base 

next season on schedule. 

(b) 

(0) 

The event of convoy ships being caught in the ioe and forcad to 

remain with oonstructional and other crews on board for a oonsiderable 

period. \ 

To assur9 adequate supplies in oase fresh and perishable foods may 

spoil . 

There is appended heroto a mriety of suggested menus selected by Amy 

and Navy dieticians. It is expected that the cook at eaoh station will exercise 

individual ingenuity in providing and preparing the food in the best 

manner which will cater to the taste of station employees of the group to 

which he is attaohed. While it will not be possible to follow the wishes of 

mY single individual of the staff in regard to meals, it w ill be advantageous 

if personal tastes w o consulted and an effort made t o provide, at least on08 

a week, and also on speoial occasions, some particular food and/or its prepara- 

tion for which each individual expresses a keen desire. 

There should be no fixed routine for various menus, However, the supply 

Officer and cook should note the quantities consumed and, in general, deter- 

lahe the limitations in regard to weekly presentation of’ any particular food 

“hich is specially favored. For example, eggs, if not used too liberally by 

may be served asaften as four times weekly. 

- SUPPLY 

General foods, oased and crated, in every class have been provided 

61ightlg in excess of proportions considered adequate by Army dieticians . 

Food provided at meals is expeoted to be generous but an abundance of food 

in store should not encourage it s waste 

. 

CHECK ON CONSUMPTION AND QUALITY 

The supply officer is expected to keep careful oheok on oonsumption of 

a d expenditures of food and make suoh report to the Central Offioe monthly 

Air-Mail piokup if possible, or by radio. The report should inolude oomments 

on quality and acceptability of the various foods both before oooking 

md after preparation for serving. 

The storage qualities of produots will soon be learned by experienoe and 

when there is evidenoe of deterioration of any item in store, suoh food should 

be Plaoed on R priority list for early oonsumption, 

34

PRESERVATION OF FOODS 

Certain foods such as pickles, canned whole tomatoes, canned asparagus, 

and certain canned meats and fruits, indicated by'a double asterisk (+He) on 

the food lists, should be stored in quarters where above-freezing temperatures 

can be maintained in order to 'preserve their best appearance when 

served. The items marked with 

x 

a single asterisk (7%) on the food lists should 

be stored, preferably in a c 01 place where tempe ratures are also above 

freezing. la. portion of the perations Building has been suggested as a 

suitable storage place for these items. 

WARM STORAGE 

Supplies to be kept above freezing should remain on shipboard until 

storage facilities are available ashore. Stowage on ship should be arranged 

according to this principle. 

FOODS -- ARNIY PROCUREMENT 

Ten-in-one Rations : (Quantity; Thule, 2000; Advanc'e Station, 1000. 

These rations have been provided for emergency use; that is, for example, 

during periods when the stations are being established, and they sbould be 

- for such purpose 

Foods which are packed especially for long-period storage should not be 

used vrhen other boxed and crated foods are conveniently available for USQ. 

Ten-in-one ration cases should not be broken open for the solo purpose of 

Obtaining particular items which may be personally desired. 

Army K and D Rations: (Quantity, 600 rations at the base station) 

These are provided for extreme omergency and should be stbred in special 

Shelters erected at a sufficient distance from the main building, to protect 

from fires which may occur in the main buildings e 

Beverages : 

FOODS -- TRIUSURY PROCURENEN" 

Coffee, roasted, vacuum packed, is provided in abundance. 

Coffee, soluble, is also provided in generous quantity, but it should 

reserved for use between meals. and possible trail activities . 

Juices, fruit; fruit crystals and vugetablo juices supplied are more 

than adequate for the issue of one 10-ounce tumbler, the usual daily ration, 

to each man daily. It nay be served at breakfast or at any other meal. 

35

36 

Milk, malted and Ovaltine will provide a warm or cold dri.nk at mealtime or 

for between-meal snacks . 

Milk, powdered, whole has been provided for use occasionally as a beverage, 

as well as for other purposes. 

Tea and cocoa are supplied in excess of normal Army proportions in order 

to provide for between meal refreshment, night watches or possible trail 

activities 

Bread and Pies: 

Provision has been made largely for base-cooked bread and pies. Pies 

should be prepared more often than starch puddings since it is beJieved that 

the former will be preferred by American observers and also those of other 

countries . 

Candy: 

Cmdy bars and sweet chocolate are provided for use mainly on special 

occasions. Smeet chocolate may, on occasions, also be.issued for use on short 

leave excursions . 

Candy, Hard, is'supplied in sufficient quantities to allow a consumption 

at the rate of 4 ounces each week per man in addition to that which might be 

reserved for special occasions . 

Marshmallows may be used for flavoring, but are mainly intended for use 

on special occasions. 

Fruits : 

Fruits, canned or evaporated are supplied in sufficient quantities for a 

daily use. Fancy fruits, such as figs, dates and special raisins should be 

used for holiday and birthday oelebrations and reserved for such occasions 

Neats : 

In an attempt to provide fresh meats for a considerable period, a quantity 

of beef, veal, pork loin, ham, turkey, and chicken has been supplied together 

with mechanically operated cool storage boxes or so-called reefer boxes having 

150 cubic feet storage capacity as used by the U. S. Navy. Care should be given 

to the operation of ttis cool storage apparatus, especially when fresh foods 

are being transferred from Haval Transport lockers to shore storage. If possible, 

fresh foods should be transferred from the ships' cold storage to the 

reefer boxes while on shipboard and the filled boxes hauled ashore. Careful 

handling is essential during this operation. If the meat is subjected to any 

considerable change in the temperature, the quality and storage potentialities 

of such food w ill deteriorate, 

The machinery of the reefer boxes should be 

kept in operation continually until the local temperatures remain well below 

freezing. If this procedure is followed, there shouldbe no wastage of meat 

through spoilage at the main base and the supply w ill be sufficient to allow 

500 lbs. or more for use at each satellite station which w ill be established 

in the Spring. However, no reefer boxes w ill be supplied to advance stations 

and attention should be paid in choosing sites for cold storage purposes, whioh

shotild consist of pemnatly frozen ground cellars, underground ice, Snow 

or glaciers. 

Meat and Vegetable spreads have been supplied in small quantities and they 

We Primarily for use as between-meal snmks, inaluding night watch duty, 

shrimp and lobster, canned, are provided for special occasions and should 

be reserved theref or 

Nuts t 

Nuts, if kept fresh by preaervation provided by apeoial cans, have been 

to be of value in aircumstances when fresh fruits and vegetables are 

8gar0e, A quantity sufficient for at leas% one issue weekly t o each employee 

, has been provided in addition to the amount to be reserved for holiday occas- 

ioa8 

soups: 

Soups consisting of several varieties, dehydrated and canned, are Provided 

BcUfficient for a serving of more than one ration per man per day and may be 

used on the menu for dinner and/or supper at the discretion of the supply 

Officer, Ample use of soups mill provide. the amount of liquid intake required 

‘Or good health and which otherwise might be neglected under arctio oonditions 

Of living, 

Ve&tables and Berries: 

Vegetables and berries, both dehydrated and oamed, are provided in Suf- 

fioient; quantities for liberal aervings, 

37

I hrny 

FOOD REQUIREMENTS 

Basis of estimate as originally planned 

- Thule 

3o.of No.of Man Subtotal 

Personnel Period men days days man days 

Brmanent staff 1 sept. 46 - 6 Dec. 47 10 462 4620 

Danish observers 

tl 0 2 462 924 

224 

?[El Fomard Station \t 12 Apr. 47 1 224 

Staff 

Air Corps Bush Plane 1 Mar. 47 4 6 Dec. 47 2 280 5601 6328 

Crew 

- 16 Nay 47 20 77 1540 

It LO 77 770 

28 Nar. 47 4 28 112 ' 

,T@ Construction crow It \I 4. 28 112 

OA-10 Amphibian aircraft Intermittent 9 14 126 2660 

Advance Station 

38 

Total man days ......... 8988 

Pemnent staff 1 dpr. 47 - 30 Nov. 48 5 609 3045 

Construction crew tI 22 my 47 4 52.5 210 

Corps flight crew It Intormittent 5 49 245 

Total man days ............... 3500 

~~HC:HWHP~tSC.;t~~C:~~~~~ 

FOOD ORDEmD 

RationsT 8,988 

$desed 

Standard foods, boxed and crated Rations 7000 

Amy foods. . Ten-in-one " 2000 

Emergency foods . K and D \' - 600 

Total rations .............. 9,600 

Advance Station 

Estbe'sad absolute rgqui rement Rations 3,500 

&&red 

Standard foods, boxed and crated 

foods . . Ten-in-one 

Emergency foods. . K and D 

. 

Rations 3000 

" 1000 

It - 600 

Total rations.............*e 

(continued) \ 

4,600

- 

FOOD ORDERED (continued) 

overall provision, including emergency foods, is 'probably adequate 

for a period of 18 months at Thule, and for 2 years at the Advance Station. 

r 

Comparative analysis of food proportions 

Based on quantities ordered and rations to be provided. 

Product Massachusetts Institute of Technology as provided by 

4s suggestion Weather Bureau 

Averaae lbs. per diem Average lbs, per diem 

Neat 

'leat/vege t able mix 

Fish 

1.3 le35 

Meats are in just proportion since these can bo provided 

in extreme emergencies by hunting, 

Eggs, dried, whole -035 .066 

Experience has shown that eggs are much desired by men on Outpost 

duty and for this reason the proportion has been increased. 

I U , dried whole 

/ 

dried, skimmed .18 2.4 

condensed, canned 

Nilk is an iter3 greatly desired and used as a beverage by men 

on Arctic outpost duty; hence, the increased proportion. \ 

httor .096 091 

Since butter is difficult to obtain at this time, lards and 

oils have been increased to substituto somewhat for tMs 

deficiency 

(continued) 

39

analysis of food proportions-eto . oont'd. 

Massachusetts Institute of Teohnology as provided by 

&duct suggest ion 1:reather Bureau 

, Average lbs. per diem Average lbs. per diem 

lClard8 and oils e 038 ,072 

A considerable quantity J;s avpp&$ed in the form of shortening 

for use in making bread and pastry. 

Sugar, granulated ,385 04 54 

and sweets 

Raw sugar provided is less that the Mass, Institute of Teohnology 

suggestion owing to existing diff ioulties of proourement . However, 

a'dditional sweets have been added whioh will more than make up the 

slight defioienoy in raw sugar, 

Le@llleS o 78 1.0 

Addktional legumes in form of dried beans have been added as 

insuranoe in emergencies and to provide for possible dog food 

and trail requirements , 

Flour, 

Breakfast foods, e663 .00 

Bi 8cuit E, 1/3 

Cereals, espeoially flour have been slightly inoreased to provide 

for extreme emergencies and may be used with meats obtained by 

hunting 

dehydrated, 05 06 

oanned Same extra vegetables are psovided in order to allow for any 

spoilage 

dehydrated, 

Qanned, fresh 

e138 015 

FTui'tE, dried, oanned e455 62 

Fruits in exoess of normal Army issue are likely to be oonsumed 

at Arotio bases 0 

40

Sugar 

sugar 

Breakfa et 

evaporated 

evaporated 

ated 

links 

MENU SUGGEST IONS 

M ~ NO. u 1 

- Dinner 

B i8ouit 8 

Coffee 

. Fruit pudding 

Grape beverage orystals 

Hamburgers 

St a roh Je 1 ly 

Sugar 

Menu No. 2 

Bisouit s 

Caramel bustard 

Fruit oake 

Lemon powder 

Pork tenderloin or 

beef stew 

Sugar * 

MWU NO, 3 

Bisouit 8 

Meat and oern 

Orange juiae puwder 

Plum pudding 

Sugar \ 

Sweet ohooolate bar 

Menu No. 4 

Bisouit 8 

Chooohte oooo&ut bar 

Fig pudding 

Lemon powder 

Pork, apple aauoe 

Sugar 

Menu No, 5 

Vanilla fudge 

41 

Supper 

Bisoyits 

BUkhr,' A W spread 

Caramel nougeO 

Coooa 

Meat and si06 or 

darned beef hash 

Tomatoes 

Bi souit 8 

Butter 


Corn, oanned 

Meat balls, epaghetti 

Peanut 8 

Sugar 

BiSOUi'be, 89Wre 

Butter 

Coooa 

Corned beef 

Fruif bar Bf;m 

Peae8 oaaned 

Beans, snap, oanned 

Bisouit 8 

Butter 

Caramel nouget 

Sugar 

e&, oanned

MENU SUGGESTIONS 

Using Cased, general foods 

Breakfast 

Bacon, slioed Bisouits 

Biscuits 

Butter 


Butter 

C off ee 

Grapef ruit jUiOe 

Eggs, whole, dried 

Jam or jolly 

Milk, whole 

Oatmea 1 

Milk, whole, dry Sorambled eggs 

Rolled oats 

Sorapple 

Stewed fruit Stewed peaohes 

Sugar Sugar 

ofruit , ohilled 

Eggs, scrambled 

Fruit juioe 


Honey 

sliced, grilled Hot oakes 

Milk, whole, dried 

Rolled oats 

Stewed fruit 

Hot oakes 

Milk, whole 

Pineapple jui oe 

Stewed prunes 

Syrup 

meat oereal 

08, stewed, oream 

Bi souit e , hot 

Butter 

Cheese omelet Coffee 

beef hash, grilled Coffee Hot oakes 

of wheat 

F'renoh toast 

'rapefruit juioe 

Jam 

Jam or jelly 

Ni lk , who 1 e 

Stewed fruit 

Sugar 

Many lade 

Milk, whole, ohilled 

Molasses 

Pineapple juice 

whole, ahilled Tomato juioe Pork sausage 

Sugar hole wheat cereal Stewed aprioots 

Snup 

%its, hot Bi souit s , hot 

Sugar 

Bisouits, hot 

Butter 


Bigs, ohilled 

Jam 

Whole 

Potatoes, hashbrowned 

Butter 


Eggs , whole 

Grapefruit juioe 

Ham, sliced 

Jam 

Butter 

Cheese' omelet 


Jan 

Milk, whole 

Pineapple juioe 

Scrapple, grilled Milk , who 1 e Stewed peaohes 

Suga r Stewed fruit Sugar 

'QWO juice Sugar ',?&eat oereal 

?heat oereal Wheat oereal

MENTJ SU&EST IONS 

Using Cased , general foods 

Breakfast 

(cont d) 

BMt er Baoon, slioed Apple sauce 


beef, creamed Biscuits, hot 

Butter 

Baoon, sliced 

B i scuit 6 

niblets pan cakes 

Roney 


Eggs , whole 

Butter 


whole, chilled 

cereal 

Orange juice 

&med figs . 

sugar 

Jam 

Milk, whole 

Pineapple juio e 

Rolled oats 

Stewed fruit 

Eggs 

Jam 

Milk, whole 

Oatmeal 

Sugar 

Butter 

Cehal , whole wheat 

Butter 


French toast 

Jam 


Marmalade 

Jelly 

Milk, whole 

Mi llc , whole 

Raisins and rioe 

Orange juice Sugar 

Potatoes, hashbrowned Tomato 3ufce 

Sausage , pork Vienna sausage 

Sugar 

Bacon, slioed 

Risouits or hot oakes 

Baoon, slioed 

Bisouits, hot 

Butter 



Eggs, whole 

Fish roe, fried Jelly 

Jelly Milk , whole 

Mi lk , whole Oatmeal 

Rice and raisins Pbeapple juice 

Sugar Sugar 

Tomato juioe 

43

MFNU SUGGEST I ON8 


’ Dinner 

Bread Reef, roast Biscuit s/bread 

Butter Bread Butter 

Carrot 8 , peas Butter Buttered beets 

CQff 88 Cabbage Chioken noodle SOUP 

tomato soup Coffee Lemonade 

Nushroom gravy Cranberries &shed sweet potatoes 

Onions Peach pie Sugar 

p9aohes, chilled Pepperpot soup Vienna sausage 

Potatoes, baked, brawn Potatoe s , m~ shed Coffee 

\ 

Bread 

Butter 

Carrots, oreamed 

Broad 

Butter 

Buttersootoh pudding 

Cabbage, Beets 

Fruit cocktail or 

Mushroom soup 

Cof f e0 

Corned beef hash 

Fruit oooktail O r 

Pork loin, roast Clam ohowder 

Potatoes, mashed Maoaroni and cheese 

Starch pudding, ohocolate 

Sugar 9 Sugar 6 

Apricot 6 , oanned Bread , 

Bean soup 

Beef, corned 

Bread, 

Butter 


Corn niblets 

Ham, baked 

Cabbage Poaoh pie 

Cake POtatOe6, sweet 

of mushroom 8ouP Cof f ec3 Split pea soup 

d potatoes, buttered otatoes mashed Sugar 

( 0 on% hued ) 

Butter Butter 

Cabbage Cabbage 


Fruit cooktail or 

. clam ohowder 

Cherry pie 

Corned beef hash 

Fruit cookta’il or 

Loganberry pie 

Meat/vegetable stew 

Sugar 

bean soup 

Jam 

Macaroni and Cheese 

Sugar 

I

Dimer suggestions (cont (d) 

Asparagus Bread Beet s 

Beans Butter Bread 

Beef steak Carrots Butter 

Bread, apple, rai sin ' Cocoa Caramel nouget 

pudding Corn Carrots 

Bread Fruit cocktail or Coffee 

Butter Onion soup Fish, oanned 

Coffee Jam Fruit cocktail or 

*Fruit cocktail or Peach pie Clam chowder 

vegetable soup mix Pork roast Potatoes, parsley 

Potat oe s, ha shed brown Potatoes mashed Sugar 

- Sugar 

Bread Bread 

Chioken noodle soup Butter Butter 

Coffee Butterscotch pudding Chicken roast , oranberries 

corn and lima beans Carrots, peas Coffee 

Figs, canned Coffee Pea soup 

byer cake, iced Muahroom soup Peas , oarrot s 

Mashed potatoes Potatoes, roast Plum pudding, sauce 

Sugar Sugtn Potatoes, mashed 

Turkey roast, oranberries Sugar 

.) 

45

MENU SUGGEST IONS 


Supper 

Apple compote 

Bi sCuit s , hot 

cantiyj hard 

Bread 

Butter 

Cake 

.9i scuit s 

Butter 

Boiled beans - bacon 

Cocba Candy, hard Candy, hard 


Creamed tomato soup 

kmb ur g er st ea k 

Figs, canned 


Pepperpot soup 


Fruit cockkail or 

Chicken noodle soup 

Jam Peas, canned Lemonade 

Pickles, relish 

Potatoes , fried 

Spinach - bacon 

clam chowder 

Biscuits, hot. Jam 

salmonloaf 

Peas green, creamed 

apple pie. Cheese 

COCOG, tea. Sugar 

Pickles 

Nut S 

Supper suggestions (cont'd) 

Pea soup 

Tuna fish 

Macaroni and cheese 

Spinach, creamed 

Peas, creamed 

Cake Aprioot s * 

Canned fruit 

Tea, cocoa. Sugar 

47 

Vegetable soup 

Biscuits Butter 

Cod fish oakes 

Pot at oe s' 

Beets 

Prunes. Cake 

Cocoa, tea. Sugar 

Pickles 

Fruit cocktail or Fruit cocktail or Fruit aooktail or 

Tomato juice 

Bread. Jam 

bcaroni, hash style 

Beef. tips, braised 

* Fepperpot soup 

Ham, baked 

Sa ue rkr out 

Potatoes, mashed 

Gnion soup 

Beef brisk&, slioed 

Potatoes, parsley , 

Cabbage , buttered 

corn niblets, buttered Peas, mashed Peas, mashed 

h e cream. Cookies 

Tea, cocoa 

Pears, oanned. Cookies Apricot pie 

Coff ee Sugar Cake 

Candy, hard Candy, hard Coffee. Sugar 

Candy, hard 

- 

TQrKkto soup 

Bread . Jam 

Mushroom soup 

Beef tongue sliced 

Vegetable soup 

Biscuits 

Beef steak Ham, sliced, brisket Vienna sausage 

POta t oe s ha she d br 

Fish, salmon, cold Potatoes, ma shed 

Tomatoes , stewed Potatoe s, chipped Cabbage boiled 

Egg-custard pudding . Pickles Relish A sparagus, buttered 

Tea, coooa Cake, iced. Ioe cream, vanilla 

Nuts, mixed Peaches, oanned Cookies 

Cocoa, tea 

Tea, oooOar Sugar 

Nut s Nut s 

Special itas such as shrimp, lobster, fancy figs, dates, raisins, candy 

bars, marshmallows, sweet chocolate and nuts are included for holiday and 

birthday celebrations 

Meat and vegetable spreads such as liver paste, ham spioed, veal, ham 

and tongue, tomato mix and Pabst cheese are included for between-meal snacks 

Ud early morning watches, together with bouillon, coffee, tea or cocoa.

I 48 

ARCTIC METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 

General 

The objective of this program is to seoure the maximun amount of meteoro- 

logical data oonsistent with the elements of personnel, time, instrumentation 

faCilitieS, and the varying degrees of diffioulty under whioh the work 3.8 o0n- 

duoted. These instmations presuppose the maintenanoe of a full observational 

Wogram. At the disoretion of the offioial in oharge of eaoh station they Will 

be modified to aocord with existing oonditions and the availability Of facili- 

ties 

So far as possible, standard surfaoe and upper air observationswill be 

taken in acoordanoe with ourrent instruotions applioable to Weather Bureau 

8tations. Notes will be made of deviations from these instruotions and of all 

oonditions likely to asfect the aoouraoy of the observations. Complete notes 

will be made of oonditions that might result in reoording non-representative 

data, regardless of the nature'of the oonditione. Of course, it is antioipated 

that in many instanoes observing personnel will be obliged to resort to improvisation 

to seoure meteorologioal data . Aooordingly, , a oomplete log of WU6Wl 

8ituations enoountered and of the devioes or improvisation adopted to meet them 

should be kept at eaoh station, This log will not only assis% .In evaluating 

the data with respeot to aaouraoy and representativeness, byt will be 'a valuable 

B,Ource of material when a basio manual on taking arotio meteorologioal observa- 

,*ions is prepared. 

An attempt has been made izl these instru ions to outline a basio observational 

program, It is believed that the list f speoial phenomena observationrsl 

if3 relatively ocappletej however, the desirability of taking' speoial phenomena 

observations in addition to those listed will probably ooour to observing per- 

SOnnel, Every encouragement is givkn to taking additional observations, whioh 

Will probably be added to those already listed. It is requested, therefore, 

that a full repork of prooeduros adopted to take the observations be submitted 

with necessary reaommendations regarding instrumentation whioh appear desirable e 

It is understood that oomplete use of the observat.icna1 faoilifies at eaoh 

etation cmot be made inmediately upon arrival, The .obmrvational progrluns 

will be busurated a8 soon as poasible and in the following order of prefer- 

9noe : 

1. 8-hoUrly 

2. Fibal 

5. Rason 

4. Speoial phenamesla 

In the following discussion of surfaoe and upper air observational progratns 

it should be understood that the hstruotions oited will be supplemented by 

Woh additional jnstruotions as may aooompany the 4nstrunents used, or 88 may 

kter be furnished through established ohannsle of ommioatibn. 

Observational Program 

Surfaoe--General: Obsermtions taken in aocordanoe with the following 

tione will be reobrded so far as possible on standard observational 

ms. The offhial in oharge a% eaah station will make proviaion for rea 

*

notes and extended o,amments that are too voluminous for entry on the form used 

for the observation proper, All basio observational forms will be prepared 3n 

duplioate and stored in separate buildings to guard against'the oomplete 106s 

of data in the event that one copy should be destroyed, The forms will be 

retained at the station UnBil instruotions regarding their disposition have 

been reoeived, 

Standard instruotions oonoerning the neat and legible prepara- 

tion of the forms and the verifioation of themby an observer other than the 

one =.king the entries will be observed. Adherenoe to instruotions is not 

required in oases where departure from them would enhanoe the value of the 

data or render them more amenable to interpretation, ' 

Surfaoe Ubsermtions 

&!- 

Schedules: 6-hourly observatbns will be taken/a4 0000, 0600, 1200, anb 

1800 GCT, The'se sohedules are 30 minutes earlier than the the of t.aking 

Synoptio observatiops in the United States in order to faoilitate the oolleotion, 

Transmission of the observations will' be made in aooordanoe with OOmmUnioation 

plans. Hourly and speoial airway observations will be taken as required 

for use by flights between stations, During these flights a oontinuous weather 

and radio watoh will be maintained. 

Forms: Form 1130A will ba regarded as a bash observational form and pre- 

Pared in duplioate. All 6-hourly observations will be entered on this form 

With extended notes and oomments reoorded as desoribed above, and transorihd 

to Form 1001, 

Inatruotions: ltInstruotions for Airway Meteorologioal Observers (Ftf'th 

edition, Ciroular ,N, as amended by C ,La NO, $5246 and attaohment)" and "Instr- 

Uotions 'for Proparing Meteorologioal Forms" w ill be observed in taking and 

Peoording 6-hourly observations , 

Ice observations: A reoord will be kept of the break-up and freeze-up 

of the doean ioe and the movement of the iae flaw in shore and off shore during 

the transitional open seasons, Similar data should be kept respeothg 

6treams or rivers in the vioinity of the station. The terminology used in 

desaribing visual ioe observations will be taken from "Atlas of Sea 108" by 

&Ur stad , 

Thiokness of Ioe: Then the oondition of the ice oover permits, a measurer 

merit will be made eaoh Monday of the ioe thioknbas. For this observation a 

'hole will be made in the ioe by means of an ioe auger or ioe ax. An ice 

Oaliper, whioh is an '%" shaped devioe, may be improvised for use as a rneaeurb~g 

tool, The short limb of the ''L" is plaoed under the ioe oover. The 

limb is graduated in one inoh inorements from whioh the thiohess of the ioe 

Will he read on the ioe oaliper to the nearest unit inoh. 

Temperature of' Toer If the $00 is more than 6 iaohes thiok, drill a hole 

with the ioe auger to a depth of 6 inohes, Plaoe a thermocouple or the bulb 

end of an armored thermometer in the hole and fill the hole to the surfaae of 

the ioe wlCh water, The fir st observation ahould not be taken until the water 

has been froeen for 24 hours, Ioe temperature readin ill be taken twioedaily 

12 hours apart, perferably as 0106e as Bossible 

ha1 time , The readings will be recorded on 'Form 11 

oription of the exposurs of the t atwe element 

49

50 - 

' of mekeorologioal observations, If the ice is 6 inches or less in thickness, 

the themmeter element will be exposed in the ioe at a depth equal to that 

of %he half its thickness. As the ioe inoreases in thiokness the thermometer 

elements should be placed progressively lower until they are exposed tit a 

depth of 6 inches beneath the surface. 

Temperature Profile: To establish a temperature profile the following 

temperature data will be secured at the time of measuring the ioe temperature: 

1, 

Temperature at the base of snow, either ground or solid ioe. 

2 6 Tempera5ure at the surface of the snuw (taken in acoordance with 

instructions for snow surface temperature observations in Circular N) 

3. Temperature of the air at approximately four feet above the surface 

of the snow. 

If the point of observation is over the sea, the temperature of the sea at a 

depth of 10 feet belaw the surface and immediately below the surface, together 

with the direction of the ooean aurrent, will be obtained. 

All entries will be recorded an Form 1130A. 

Snow Observations: At stations taking rason observations, snow depth 

and temperature measurements will be secured immediately prior to thb time of 

the observations. Data will be recorded on Form 1130A. 

At weekly intervals a ciroular sample will be cut fromthe packed snow 

and its liquid equivalent determined by melting the sample and measuring it 

a standard rain gagel Notations will be made of the oubic oontent of the 

Welted sample in order that the density of the paoked snow may be oomputed. 

These observations will be in addition to those required daily of snowfall 

and amount on the ground. 

Automatic rain and snow gage records will be annotatekl whenever it is 

believed that suoh records are inaoourate either beoause of a nonrepresentative 

oatoh or of drifting and blowtng snow, Inaccurate records will be oorrected 

befora . transoribing hourly, 6=hourly, and daily amounts of precipitation from 

them 

Solar Radiation: Solar radiation observations will be made three times 

ily by means of a radiation meter calibrated in terms of gram oalories per 

Uare oentimeter per minute, Instructions for its use are furnished with the 

meter. At the time of each observation the ceiling, sky, visibility, weather, 

obstruotions to vision, temperature, dew point, and elevation angle of the 

upper limb of the sun's disk will be observed. All data will be recorded on 

Form 1130A. 

Sohedule of Observations: Ob,servCrtions will be taken at one-half hour 

after sunrise, solar noon, and at one-half hour before sunset. Hovever, observations 

will not be attemphd during seasons when the upper limb of the 8~1'8 

disk does not appear above the horizon, 

Illumination Observations: These observations will be taken by means of

, 51 

an exposure meter at the time of the radiation observations. The reading Of 

-the exposure meter, which should be arranged vertioally to obtain a measurement 

of the light intensity, will be entered on Form 1130Ac Illmination 

observations will be taken with the exposure meter, regardless of whether the 

Sun is below the horizon throughout the day. Under these conditions, when 

radiation observations will not be taken, illumination observations will be 

taken at true solar noon and three hours before and three hours after noonr 

Sunrise and Sunset8 To verify the accuracy of oomputed data a reaord Of 

the time of sunrise and sunset; will be made on Form 1130A. The records may be 

discontinued if the actual time of sunrise and sunset agrees with computed 

datae If observations cannot be made against a sea level horizon, the angular 

height of intervenixg obstruction will be entered in the station log, and the 

apparent time of sunrise and sunset reoorded. 

Luminous Meteoric and Geomagnetic Observations: Aurora# or other geo- 

Ugaetic phenomena, and the occurrenoe of luminous meteors will be recorded 

with time of beginning and ending on Form 1130A, Detailed descriptions of 

QUTora in accordance with "Aurora -- Geomametism" by C. W. Gratlein and 

be secubd and reoorded whenever 

Pictures in color of brilliant displays wiil 

PO8 sible . 

Frost: Observations of frost formation 

by use of R snow frost table. 

diameter and 4 feet high. 

top. 

This consists 

A 3-inch metal 

oan be most expeditiously taken 

of an aluminum table about 3 feet 

apron is suspended from the table 

Frost formation varies with varying conditions Df sky coverp humidity, 

Xad wind. Observations, therefore, cannot be taken at scheduled times. When 

a frost formation is observed to have occurred, a measurement of tho thickne,sa 

W i l l be made and entered on Form 1130A, together with a description of the 

Btruoture, orientation of feathers, and the direction and speed of the wind. 

Piotures of unusually heavy frost deposits will be mads and a description of' 

*hem entered on the baok of the pictursa. 

The data of occurrence and the oon- 

attion under which the frost formed will also be reoorded on the photos, All 

deposits of snow and frost will be removed immediately after the observation8 

have been completed. 

Upper Air Observations 

Initially, one rason will be taken daily at Thule and the advance station 

at 1500 GCT. If the wind data pertaining to the rasons oannot be obtained 

for any reason, the data will be seoured by means of a rabal or pibal obserq.tion, 

in that order of reference. The rasone a* Thule may later be increased 

to two da14, 1.e. at 0300 and 1300 GCT. 

Forms: W.B, 1103 and lllOA am regarded as original observational forms 

axld will, therefore, be prepared in duplioate and stored separately in accord- 

moe with the foregoing. 

Rasons will be taken in aocordanoe with Circular P, 5th Edition, "Instr- 

UCkions for Modulated Audio Frequenoy Radiosonde ObservRtions" and following 

, 

fW3ndments , and supplementary ins.t;ructions : 

Army publication TB/SIG 166, TM 11-1158A

MAL 11-3-44, Subjoct: Table 20 of the Radiosonde Observation Computation 

Tables and Diagrams 

MAL 11-30-44, Sub ject: Correction to Radioqonde Observation Computation 

Tables and Diagrams 

MAL 2-12-45, Subject: Fifth Edition of Circular P 

WL 8-23-45 and attnchment, Subjeot: Tables and Instructions for Com- 

puting Heights of Constant Pressure Levels 

Below the Level of tha Station 

MAL 9-24-45, Subject: Accuracy of Surface Values in Raobs 

MAL 10-9-45, Subject: Amendment to Circular P in Ccnfomnce with 1945 

Radiosonde Code 

MAL 11-30-45, Subject: Raob Table 20 

NAL 12-14-45 and attachment , Subject: Enalosed Enstruotions for the 

Preparation of Constant Pressure Data 

MAL 2-8-46, Subject: Entry of Balloon Data on Recorder Reoords 

MAL 10-19-45, Subject : Radiosonde Observation Program 

DlIAL 11-26-45, Sub ject: Rawin Supplies 

l&L 12-28-45, Subject: Rawinsonde Observation Program 

MAL 2-14-46, Subjoct: Plotting Tbe Altitude Curve on l'linds Aloft Graph 

MI, 3-15-46, Subject: Procedures in Rawinsonde Program 

MAL 5-17-46, Sub jeot : Installation of Temperature and Humidity Elements 

in Friez Modulator ML 31OB/..E 1 

MAL 5-24-46 , Sub ject : Comparative Winds Aloft Observations 

Rabal observations will be taken in accordanoe with Circular 0 and the 

f ollawing supplementary instruct ions: 

MAL 3-8-43, Subject: Upper Air \Finds from Raob Balloons 

Circular Letter No. 10943, Subjeat: 

Circular Letter No. 1-44, Subject: 

52 

Upper Air Winds frm Raob Balloons 

Coding and Transmission of Rabal Data 

Circular Letter No . 16-44, Sub ject: Upper Air mnds from bob Balloons 

U L 8-12-44, Subject: Rabals 

MAL 11-2-45, Sub ject: Rabals

, 53 

* Pibals: Observations will be taken daily at 0400 GCT at the advance stations. 

Pibals will be taken a% 1600 GCT at the advance stations only when a 

rason obsermtion is not taken, Pilot balloon observations initially will be 

taken daily at 0400 and 1000 GCT at Thule, but if a second daily rason'is 

later inaugurated, the pibal schedule will be 1000 and 2200 GCT. Pilot balloon 

observations will be taken in accordance with Circular 0, "Instructions 

for Making Pilot Balloon Obnervatione" , and the f ollowiag supplementary inrrtructionsr 

Circular Letter No. 172-41, Subjeot: 

MAL 4-3-42, Subject: 

MAL 10-12-42, Subjectt 

MAL 11-20-42, Subject: Instructions for Use of Pibal Inflation Nozzles 

MAL 12-17-42, Subject : 

MAL 6-24-43, Subject : Delayed Pilot Balloon Observations 

Ciraular Letter No. 46-44, Subject: 

MAL 8-2-44, Subjectr 

' MAL 12-3-44, Subject: 

Amendments to Circular 8 

Changes on Pibal Forms 

New Procedure for Inflating 30-gram Pilot 

Balloons for Nighttime Observations 

Discontinuance of Foi*ms 1117A 

New 100-gram Pibal Procedure 

Maximum Altitude Entry for 100-gram Pibals 

Instruations for Use of New IrBAN Pibal Forms 

MAL 1-13-46, Subject: Time Entries on Pibal Forms 

lylAL 6-15-46, Sub jeatr 

I 

Computation of Wind Resultants 

MAL 10-12-45, Subje0.t: Revision of Form 1114 

Ciraular Letter No. 14-46, Subject: Amendment to Pibal Code 

MAL 3-15-46, Sub jeott Water-actimted Eleatrio Lighting Units 

MAL 6-24-46, Sub Seat: IVater-aotivated Pibal Lighting Units 

Special Observations Requested by Army Signal Corps 

Special observations requested by Army Signal Corps will be undertaken 

h aooperation with their Engineering Laboratories f o~ testing speoial Army 

eteorologioal equipment under arctic conditions, The fallawing special 

quipmat haa been sent by the Army Signal Corps Laboratories for testing: 

1 Barometer EaL-102-D 

3 Hydrogen Generators ANhMQ 

1 Wind Equim& AN/GMQ-1 

1 Balloons and Sterilieer Unit 

1 Themnograph Mt-277 \ 

1 Psychrometer Set AN PMQW6 

2 Thermometer ML-362 um 

2 Meroury4ha 11 ium thermometer 6 

A saparate folder of insfruotions is being sent giving detailed infor- 

ion regasding tests to be made on the above equipment, 

I

XI1 (e) 

CLOTHING 

./ 

Personnel should provide themselves with ordinary clothing such as 

they would wear on similar duty in average temperate climates, i.e., suits, 

sweaters, shirts, socks, underwear, shoes, hat, handkerchiefs, pajamas, 

and any old clothing that will serve for the rough work of installing the 

bases. 

The ideather Bureau will issue clothing for special outdoor service. 

Such clothing shall remain the property of the Weather Wreau, to which 

Bureau personnel will be accountable for all items received and not returned. 

Of course replacements wiL1 be made by the Weather Bureau in all 

legithate circumstances such as deteriorations as a result of normal wear, 

accidents which occur during duty periods, and also losses by fire. Other- 

wise, personnel are responsible for all item made available to them and 

they must return all clothing and equipment issued, irrespective of its 

Condition on completion of their assignments. 

Suitable cold weather clothing is not warm in itself; it is merely a 

good insulator and a poor conductor of heat, The heat of the body is held 

in by the clothing and prevented from escaping into the atmosphere, Since 

Still air is an excellent insulator, the best cold weather clothe8 are those 

which entrap a considerable amount of air. Several thin layers of cloth 

are better than one thick, heavy matted piece of material because air pockets 

Can form between the layers. Cold weather clothing must also be roomy. If 

it is too tight, mch of the insulating air will be squeezed out. Moreover, 

re on the body will restrict circulation of the blood, which mst 

if frostbite or discomfort from cold is to be avoided. Keep 

Sthes &, when possible. 

Moisture is a good conductor of heat. Gince perspiration is the one 

factor most likely to cause damp clothing, shed clothes before getting 

really hot. Do not wear waterproof clothing in extremely cold weather as 

it will prevent perspiration from evaporating and cause inner clothing to 

'become wet. Be cqreful to dry clothes after wearing; caothes which feel 

may contain a great deal of moisture. 

-- 

&oval of Frost 

Regardless of care taken some moisture Will condense in clothing and 

boots in the form of frost in cold weather. Most of the frost (usually 

deposited on the inside of the outer layer) may be brushed or beaten Off 

' 

before it has a chance to molt, Before entering warn quarters (after a 

long term of duty outdoors) take off the outer clothing, turn it inside out, 

and remove as much of the frost 8s possiblo. Never take frosted outer 

Clothing indoors unless them will be time to dry it thoroughly, Leave 

54

fr'osted clothing outside if planning to return soon into thc cold. 

Drying Clothine 

Hang up each piece separately. Never put articles close to. a fire or 

hot pipes, Never try to warm a heavily dressed body or foot against a 

stove or to dry the clothes on the body. Remove the clothes, exposing the 

body to the warmth and dry clothes separately. Leather articles like boots 

and mukluk soles must be dried slowly since heat will ruin them. Clothes 

will dry if hung outdoors in the cold, in fine weather. 

CLOTHING ISSUE 

- \?et weather clothing issued to Weather Bureau personnel will consist of: 

No, - issued 

1 Coakb,rain. 

1 Poncho lightweight . 

1 Parka, wet weather, which has a hood to cover the head. 

1 

1 pr. 

Trousers, wet weather, 

Gloves, leather, heavy, , 

1 pr. Boots wader, knee. 

special Work Clothing issued for beach unloading, etc. 

1 pr, 

1 pr. 

1 pr, 

Trousers duck, used with parka and trousers wet weather, 

Gloves, leather, heavy, 

Gloves shell, leather, 

2 pr. Gloves mosquito; which are intended for light work gloves as 

well as for insect protection, 

1 pr. 

1 pr. 

1 pr. 

Shoe pac 12'1, for use on wet and muddy surfaces. 

Boots wader, knee, for shallow wading. 

Waders, over the shoe, for wading in water up to the waist. 

- 

Clothing for use in moderate 

-7- cold. 

1 Cap, field cotton w/visor. 

1 Cap, field pile. 

2 Drawers, 50% wool 50% cotton. 

1 pr. Gloves, insert wool, for use with Gloves Shell Leather. 

1 pr. Gloves wool, leather palm. 

1 Hood, jacket field, This may be attached to the jacket field 

1943 and worn over the cap, field cotton or cap field pile. 

1 Jacket Field 1943. This is a windproof, water repellent 

jacket which should fit over a shirt, sweater, jacket pile, 

Type R; Jacket Field, wool, or any combination of the four. 

Adjustability in its size and fit is made possible by the 

double set of buttons at wrists, and neck, and by the waist 

draw strings, By us0 of these adjustments it can be loosened 

to permit circulation of air about the body without need for 

opening the jacket and exposing the under clothing to the 

elements, 

55

1 Jacket, Field Wool, an Eisenhower type of wool jacket suitable, 

1 

for mess purposes or moderately cold weather, 

Jacket Field (pile) Type B. A smooth fitting jacket, pile 

1 

lined and especially suitable for iridoor wear arid for under- 

- wear outdoors. This is -- not an outdoor outside garment and 

should never be wrn as a top garment when outdoors, 

Nitten Shell, Trigger Finger. hiay be worn separate in moderate 

weather but should be rperved for use with mitten, insert, in 

moderately cold weather. 

J 

2 pr, 

4 pr. 

Socks, cushion sole, a wool sock to be worn next to the foot. 

These socks should ------ 

not be washed in hot water, 

Socks, Ski, a combination of one or more ski socks worn over 

the sock cushion sole, will fit well in shoe pacs or mukluker. 

ofTthe size equivalent to a dress shoe size, Socks, ski, are 

1 pr. 

of wool arid should be washed in lukewarm water, 

Shoepac 12" 1944, with insoles, Thcm shoepacs are made on a 

special last which gives them sufficient roominess about the 

instep and toes. To accomodate two, three or more pairs of 

1 

1 pr, 

socks as well as the insoles (which come with the shoe pacs) 

and which are an essential part of the assembly, The insoles 

should always be removed when the shoepac is not in use, and 

dried as often as they become frosted or damp. 

Trousers Field Vool, 'IVool trousers should be kept as clean as 

possible to avoid deterioration through washing, Use luke warm 

water for washing trousers and do not rub unnecessarily, 

2 Undershirt, Winter 50% wool 50% cotton, Wearing of light cott@n 

or rayon underwear beneath the wool underwear is recommended. 

Light underwear may be easily washed, whereas wool underwear is 

difficult to wash and deteriorates with each washing, 

- Cold Weather w, to be worn in combination with other clothing issued, 

consists of: 

1 pr, Boots Mukluk, with,insoles. Great care should be taken, when 

1 pr. 

1 

putting on and tying mukluks, to see that the insoles (which 

are part of the mulclulc assembly) are fitted centrally over the 

mukluk sole, and that the mukluk fits squarely on the foot; 

otherwise this footwear will assume an uncomfortable, lopsided 

.position which once assumed is difficult to remedy. If tho 

mukluk sole should become wet be sure to shape it carefully before 

placing it to be dried, 

Goggles Ml943. Wear goggles always in fog or hazy weather to 

avoid becoming snowblind, 

Mask, fape, cold weather, In extremely low temperatures a face 

mask Will afford protective service for relatively short 

periods. It should be dried thoroughly after each interval of 

use, no matter how short the interval, 

I 

56

1 

1 pr, 

1 

1 pr, 

1 

1 

1 

2 pr. 

1 pr. 

1 

1 pr, 

Muffler, OD. The muffler will be found to be useful in many 

circumstances, not the least when used to cover the face and 

the edge of the sleeping bag opening, if sleeping in tents or 

in the cold, when frost from the breath will form. Much of 

the frost may be brushed from the muffler and it may be dried 

cold, in the open, if snow is not drifting, 

Illlibten Arctic. The mitCcn arctic will be,found useful even if 

moderately cold conditions, when it will serve for warnling hands 

used bare when doing jobs requiriiig manual dexkerity, Care 

should be taken to keep the inside of the mitten clean, They 

should be dry -- cleaned as often as necessary. 

Overcoat Parka type, pile lined. The liner may be removed and 

used separately as a dressing gown, or otherwise, 

Overshoe Arctic, In emergency, or in some conditions of moderate 

dry cold, the overshoe carctic, with insoles, one or more pair 

of wool socks ‘and a pair of felt socks, may be found, the most 

comfortable and protective footwear, 

Parka, field, pile, This garment should not be worn outside 

without the protective covering of the parka, field, cotton, or 

the parka white. If necessary it may be worn over all buttoned 

body clothing, The hoods of the p e s should, if necessary be 

tailored to fit each individual and so prevent irritation 

which may result from ruffs obscuring vision, 

Parka Field, cotton OD, To be .mrn over parka field, pile. 

Parka White,may be worn over the two other parkas or over the 

parka field pile alone. 

Socks Felt, The socks felt mny be worn with convenience and 

comfort together with the shoepac, the overshoe, arctic, or the 

mukluk, Care should he taken to see that the felt sock is 

fitted and worn squarely on the foot, that it does not turn SO 

that the heel fits on the ankle part, Rub the heel and sole 

of n worn felt sock lightly but sufficiently to refelt it while 

it is warm arid damp. It should not be rubbed roughly even when 

dry. 

Shoes, Arctic felt Shoes arctic folk should be given considerable 

attention if they are to give maximum satisfaction. They 

should not be worn outdoors when the snow is melting, (The 

shoepac is tho item for use in these circumstances), As much 

snow as possible should be brushed from the felt shoe before 

entering a warm building, They should be dried slowly as often 

as they arqworn on snow or in low temperatures. They should 

never be permited to become wet. Moisture may dry quickly from 

the interior ynd exterior of a felt shoe, but saturation and 

quick drying brings about rapid deterioration, 

Sweater, High neck, 

Suspenders, Trouser. Even though a belt may be sufficient 

support for the trousers, suspenders are most useful when 

traveling or moving in and out of doors in cold climates. They 

permit adjustability of the belt, and circulation and exchange 

of air, which is necessary for cleanliness health, and comfox’t. 

57

The clothing listed above is IF intelligently used; in layers when necessary, 

adequate for protection of men exposed to extremely low temperatures for 

periods of less than four hours, and when a certain amount of exercise is 

permissible, Use of the layer principle, that is, wearing item by item, 

one over the other, (even two pairs of drawers if engaged in sitting or 

standing in extreme cold) will provide protection if - loose fitting clothing 

is worn. 

The number of items issued should serve for general purposes, Items for 

special needs and for legitimate replacements may be obtained as extras or 

in exchange, from the supp.ly officer, 

-- 

Beds, Bed Clothing, Sleeping Bags and Efiscellaneous Iterm, 

Bedsteads doublc-decking are provided with the intention that the upper or 

lower bed, at will, may be used for storing personal equipment which may not 

be stored in lockers conveniently, Ifowever, it may be necessary to use the 

spare beds for transients, occasionally, and while permanent personnel. W i l l 

not be inconvenienaed unless necessary, they should be prepared to share 

living quarters if required, 

- Bed Clothing in the form of mattresses, blankets, sheets, pillows, pill.ow 

cases, and comforters are supplied in quantities sufficient to provide for 

the ne,eds of each individual, The personal needs of each, rather than a 

fixed standard of issue, should guide the supply officer's distribution of 

bed clothing. Personnel yill have to wash their own bed and other clothing 

when necessary, 

Some of the blmkets provided should be regarded as emergency; for use in 

hospital, or in case of acoidont, 

Issue I 

-.--- 

-1 

1 

Sleeping Bags, Arctic (which is a double bag) together with a 

water repellent case, are provided for use in suoh emergency as 

will be found during unloading and before permanant living 

quarters are ready for occupation. Also, for extreme emergency 

such as the evacuation of the permanent buildings, if such is 

necessary. As soon as other sleeping covers such as blankets 

can comfortably serve the purpose, bags sleeping, arctic should 

be stored with other emergency quipment. 

Bago, Sleeping wool. These together with, or without the case, 

water ropellent, for sleeping bag, will serve for use on ship- 

board or eleowherc when temperatures and other conditions are 

favorable A Bag, Sleeping, wpol, has been found equivalent 

to two bl.ankota in providing warrnth and comfort, Under cep 

tain conditions, they may be used in permanent quarters, and 

thus conserve blankets. 

I

1 Box match waterproof w/compass, Waterpr@of match boxes are 

provided mainly as an item for use in emergency such as shipwreok, 

or forced trail journies over the ice. The boxes 

should be restocked as often as possible, or necessary, 

Case, Water Repellent, for use with sleeping bags. 

Ilandkerchief s , 0. D, 

Headnet mosquito. 

Kit sewing and darning, 

Knife pocket general purpose. 

Knife hunting, with sheath. 

Towel bath, 

59

XI1 (f) COIVIMUXICATIOlJS PROCEDURXS 

X'incipal. Circuit 

I 

Operators Instructions 

The principal communication circuit from Thule will be 

to the USAAF base a$ BVi8, Greenland. For this circuit there 

is provided one 3 KVV low frequency transmitter with Beveridge 

type directional antenna to be directed on BWB. This circuit 

is authorized to transrnit on a low Frequancy of 109,5 KC. 

On this same circuit there will be four high frequencies 

available bn 400 watts, namely: 

3390.0 

5597.0 

7560.0 

10645.0 

Winter (night) 

Summer ( day) 

Winter (night) 

Summer (day) 

)LOW sun spot . 

)cycle 

)High Sun Spot 

) cyclo 

(Note - Sun Spot cycle iz medium in 1946 and increasing 

to 1948). 

It is presumed that the LF Channel will prova the most 

reliable and that initial contacts will be attempted on 

109.5. If' this contact is pot successful that higher fre- 

quency will be next tried which is most appropriate to the 

particular time and season. However, it should be observed 

that so little is known of radio propagation in high lati-, 

tudes that station experience mgy indicate a superior order 

of frequency use, or method of contact. In such case the 

necessary arrangements between Thule and B\'?B for most 

efficient oporation of the circuit may be examined by the 

communicators, Changes of operating proceodure should be 

reported to the Official in Charge For appyoval and entered 

on the records of the station, 

It is presumed that the Army station at BW8 (call sign 

WYTK) will use the same low frequency of 109.5 KC on the 

Circuit to Thule, Other Army high frequencies uay be 

available for cross band communications, and these can be 

determined in the field, 

The Army station at BW8 may be alerted to stand by for 

the opening of' the Weather Bureau'circuit by means of the 

opertiting Danish rndia fncility at Thule, In genera$,a 

guard will be initiated on \leather Bureau frequencies as of 

September I 

Fransmission Timcs and Schedule S. 

21.- 

Thule will.file inizially one synoptic report (MT) every 

Six hours, one rawinsonde (RS) observation, and two wind 

6 

\ 

60

aloft (PB) observations daily, Af'ter the station'construction is completed 

the rawinsonde observations (RS) may be increased to two daily and-x&A%s the 

Synoptic reports (MT) may be increased to a three hourly sohedulo, subject to 

the advice of the senior meteorologist and approval of the Official in Charge 

who will take into consideration the increased work load on communications 

Personnel, increased fuof conampticn-and &her factorsp Such clnanges in the 

observational schedules should bo coordinated by dispatoh with the Central 

Office before they are made effective, 

Synoptic weather observations will be made sufficiently in advance to 

be filed with the ccnnmuniaators for transmission at 00002, 06002, 12002 and 

18002 b 

The precise times of transmission most convenient for reoeption by the. 

8-y at BIN8 are pot yet known and must be determined by mutual agreement 

between staticns in this field, To avoid confliction with other schedules in 

the Greenland network any timing for the ThuJIe transmission will be acceptable 

which falls within one half hour of the prinuipal observation hours listed 

above b 

Routing of traffic from BIT8 to the United States will be accomplished 

through present Amy circuits or-through any circuits which may- be developed 

to improve the radio contact into Greenland. 

There will be a requirement for the reoeption at Thuie of selected 

meteorological information from outside sources This information will be 

Prepared at Washingtou, Do Co in bulletin form, and will be forwarded via 

m8 ( and possibly via Fairbanks, Alaska - see data on experimental circuit 

to Fafrbanks). It will be transmitted to Thule by BW8, when available, on 

six-hourly schedules immediately following tho completion of the Thule weather 

report , (see section on forecast program), Upon completion of a11 

scheduled met eorologica 1 information stat ions will exolaange admini strat ive, 

Persmal, and service comunioations as neoessary, 

Comunicators will keep records of signal strength and observe experimental 

propagation tests (see recommendations of Bureau of Standards) both 

in conjunotion with regular schedules and at such speoial times as are established. 

Reliance is placed on the initiative and resourcefulness of the 

COInnunioators to procure data of'value to the future development of Arotio 

radio networks. 

Khen not otherwise engaged communicators may scan the reoeiver for 

signals whioh may be identified and keep records of all stations which oan 

be heard, together with time and signal strength, 

61

- - 

Experimental Circuit to Fairbanks 

It is intendsd that an experimental circuit be established 

with Fairbsnks, 

Initially this will consist of 22 .hiGh frequency test 

channel sloping VV1 antenna (or Rhonibic if circumstances 

permit) will be oriented on Fairbanks from Thule, 

Uuring the month of October 1946 signals will be transmitted 

between r'airbanks four times daily starting at 02002, 

08002, 14OOZ, 20002.9 This transmission will require 24 

minutes according to the following proccedure: 

1st 3 min, 

2nd ll 

3rd l? 

4th I1 

5th I1 

6th ?? 

7th l? 

8th 1) 

62 

Thule Trmsmits on 3390 KC 

Fairbanks 1V l V 3390 

Thul e l? ?l 559'1 Q 5" 

Fairbanks I1 11 5597 0 5" 

Thule 1v tt 75600 0" 

Fairbanks 

I1 ?? 7560001f 

Thule 

?V 

ft 10645.0" 

F air b an ks ?I 7) 10645 0" 

TO accommodnte schedules at Fairbanks it may be desirable 

to change the starting times of the above, test transmissions, 

tay changes should be coordinated with the Lactic Section, 

Weather Bureau, Central Office, 

Records of reception on all. four frequencies will be 

kept at both Fairbanks and Thule, These records will be 

forwarded to the r;rctic Section, Central Office, Weather 

Bureau, as soon after the and of October os possible, U2on 

review of these rocords the future activity of this experimental 

circuit wfill be determined and field statiom will be 

advi s ed 

If it develops that at lcnst one daily radio contact 

betmeen Thule and Fuii*'baiiks can be established it is then 

contemplated that suitable antenna and equipment will be 

installed at Fairbanks to initiate a more substantial 

experimental circuit. 

It is hoped that, a circuit to Fairbanks may prove 

sufficiently religble at least for some favorable period 

of each day, to justify continuation of this circuit permilnentlywithin 

the limits of its capabilities, If some 

daily contact can be maintained with upwards of 75% reliability 

this channel will then be oontinued and used for 

administrative and personnel traffic, 'md for duplicnte 

transmissions of weather traffic 

It should be, noted that the establishment of 8 succcss- 

ful contact with Bvi8 does not necessarily insure the receipt

Of Thulc weather dstn in Washir-Gton, D,C, And yzt the value 

of the Thulc reports can largely be measured by the relia- 

bility with which they reach the United States teletype 

circuito Breakdowns in the 1,elay from BW8, elsewhere in 

thc radio chain, frequently occur. It is for this reason 

th2.t thc expcriaental circuit to Fairbanks (even if secured 

only onc a day) may be of great value in the overall effi- 

ciency of the communications, since Fairbanks affords a 

direct contact with wire circuits to tho United Stateso 

he spare Beveridge LF antenna included in the Thule 

cquipncnt is intended for a future development of the Arctic 

radio network, and is specifically for contact to a future 

station in the vicinity of Melville Islaid, Canada, It 

should be noticed that the bearing of Fairbanks and of 

Melville Islcind from Thulc are Closely similar, If, there- 

fore, ,studies of radio propragation indicate the desirability 

of construction this Beverid&e antenna for contact with 

ij’airb‘mks 5% any timc in advance Of the establishment of R 

facility in Melville Tsl=und it w ill be reusonzble to proceed 

with such construction Using an orientation midway betweon 

the baarings of Fairbanks and Melville, Decision as to the 

construction of this second Bcvcridgo antonna will bo referre3 

to thc Arctic Scction of the Central Office, with rscomrnendation 

of thc Thule officinl in Charge, 

- 

Air Ground Channels, 

-I- 

Air ground communications will be guarded whchcvor 

aircraft are known to bc in the vicinity, or upon request 

from BW8. Standard US Army air ground procccduros will be 

Usedo 

,;ir ground froquoncics are authorized as follows: 

3452,s KC 

6355,O KC 

Non - direction Homing Beacon: 

The homing beacon will be operated on 398 KC whenever 

aircraft are known to be in the vicinity, or upon request 

from ~w8. The identification will be TI,. 

UHF Equiplent 7 : 

iuill be used as circumstances dictate for air ground 

contact with aircraft in the immediate vicinityr 

Erne rgenc ies : 

Standard us &my emergency comiunication procecdures 

W i l l be followed with respect to aircraft in distress, and 

Under othe$ eaergency circumstances, Reference is mado to 

Operating Instructions of the Strategic d.r Command, 

\

Sqtellite Stations: 

Wilen the satellite stations under the ndministrztion of 

Thule is established cornraunication schedules shall be revised 

to include reports from such sztellite according to revisions 

of these instructioiis to be published later. 

LF frequencies of 158.5 2nd 170.5 KC have been authorized 

for circuits to satellites, 

C ipher s : 

The, Official in Charge shall deternine any case in which 

tho use of a cipher !nay be necessary. If circumstances permit 

he shall obtain instructions from the Weather Bureau Central 

Office, ?;md in my event he shall advise the Central Office \ 

of such action at the earliest opportuni-ty. 

Personal 4MessagesA 0 

Each person assigned to tho Thule statfor; 'shall be 

allowed to file for transmission without cost personal tole- 

grams t o the average amount of 100 words per month& Such 

messages will bo relayed through US ,",ray circuits to tho 

nearest commercial telegraph facility, from which point 

they will. be forwarded collect to the addressee, 

In case no .aviation facilities can be maintained at 

Thule for outgoing airrid1 on a monthly (approximate) basis 

then in'hddition to the above ttllowunce for tolegrams each 

person will ba ullowed to file for transmission to W?8, 

without cost, personal radio letters in the average amount 

of 150 words per month4 11 boo1 will bo arranged for a supply 

of stamps at BW8 md letters will bo forwarded weekly by 

;rrmy'airplane at the first point of mailing in the U.s0 

ostal system. These messpges may be prepared in letter form 

%y the US Army at BW8, 

nir mail and telegrams incoming to Thule shall be routed 

through the Central Office, irctic' Sectton. It is anticipatod 

that periodic mail service approximately monthly to Thule 

will be clvailsble and that no limit need bo set on incolving 

mil, paroel post deliveries may be limited to an average . 

of 25 pounds per man per month. 

Tulegrsms to Thule will be acceptable to the Us Army 

circuits md will be limited to an averago of 100 words per 

man per month. This instruction shnll not apply in case of 

emergemy iaossages, Tho acceptance of emergency message3 

beyond the norma limits elxciL1 be at the discretioh of the 

Central Office, ,.retic Section. 

The above instructions are subject to acceptability by 

the US hmy for transmission on .irmy circuits to BVJ8 and 

Thule. If the experimental circuit to Fsir&piks, ;Ll.aSka, 

roves adequate this ma used for incoming and outgoirig 

dministratiue and pars traffic, Fmilities of OAA at 

airbanks will aooep fio within limitations -sot 

rth above. Person ffic will be turned over to tho 

/

- ) .. 

lieather Bureau at Fciirbanks for forwarding. 

j 

1- Distress :dessgges a. Conccmiiig aircraft threatened 

by sarious mid imminent danger, 

requiring immediate :Issist- 

'XlCC. 

2- Urgent Messages a. Concerning safety of humim life 

tLnd the safety of' air naviga- 

$,ion. 

3- S3fety Messsges a. Urgen,t Notices to Airmen, 

b . Important ne tsor ological 

. wsrnings. 

4- Aircraft Rrlovecnent 2nd 

Control IiIesslages. 

a. pre-flight warning messages, 

b. Flight plans. 

ce Departure mss8ges. 

d, Traffic control messages. 

er Delay ilO-LiCes. 

f, Concell-3.tion notices, 

Q. Arrival notices. 

h, Instrument-approach messages. 

i. Request inforrnntion messages. 

j. Flight r5lense inessages. 

k. position reports. 

1. my other communication relating to 

niovemnt Gnd control of aircraft not 

listed ;-~bove. 

5- Meteorological 

C oLmiun i c at i ons . 

a. predeparture westher forecasts rxnd terminal forecasts, 

b. Landing we?Ather 9 

c,, Clzxmncc we-ither observntions. 

do Qasic m-teorologicd inforimtion, 

e. An?lyses , 

f. Forecasts for -route sections .5nd amendment so 

g. synoptics . 

h. Upper gir reports 

i. Surf cite observntions. 

j Collective meteorologicsl dat3. 

k. Messages sxch3mged between meteorologicol off ices 

to insure their inforn:ition services. t 

6- Opergtiond. Comuniccttions. 

a. Aircr:>ft operating schedules. 

g of sircraft. 

for ground facilities luding the 

ns ;ad incidental regu nts of personnel 

associated therewith, 

65

provisions and incidental requirertients for 

pmsangcr or crew iaf ety or coinf ort, 

Instructions to individual ruembers of the 

crew regarding special in-flight procedures, 

Tests or 3xperiracnts. 

Extra landings to be made by aircraft, 

Aircraft parts and m g : t erials 

, 

Hours of opening aid closing facilities or services, 

Ch,xnges in circuit operating procedures and 

technique s 

Ch(3;nges in current schedules or additions thereto. 

Replacc4ent parts for station equipment aid adjuncts. 

Instructions to einployees regarding procedures for 

restoring inoperative radio equipinent and adjuncts, 

7- Executive and Administrative 

Cdrnmunications 

a@ Official cornrnunications pertsining to the Arctic 

pro jec t , 

8- personal conmunic3ti0ilso 

1 

a, -4s detailed zbow. 

The unauthorized interception and divulging of the 

contelits or thc publication or any use whatever of radio 

communicstions not intended for the general use of the 

public, is prohibited, Communicntions addressed to a spe- 

cific addressee sli,?,l1 he considered the private property 

of the officLn.21 addressee and ~32211 not be given any other 

distribution under any c ir cumst snces , 

Basic procedures governing and regulating intornational 

radio communications have been set forth iii "The Telecoinmuni- 

cations Conferences" (Caior 1938) , These procedures are 

recognized internqtionall y, are opplicabl'c generally to 

the aeronautical services and will be used t o the,extent 

to which they may be applied to the procedures outlined herein, 

Operating procedures- 

Contacts with mmy Facilities, 

In all radio communicstions with Us ,lruly f ncilfties, 

either ground stations or Qircraft there shall be used 

.Standard Army Operstiig proceedures 2s set forth in the 

follaving manuals, or other pertinent manuals not listed, 

This n:ltorial is specifically referred to ,md, mndc Q part 

of Weather ~ureau instructions: 

TNI 11-454 ~he.Radio Operator, . 

TM: 24-10 Basic Field Manual-Combined Radio- 

telwgaph (W/T) proceedure, 

CCBP2-2 Conbinad Operating Signals. 

Inasmuch a8 no pcirticular CRA manuals are available 

/- 

* 

66

for def iaition of prop'er prooeedure on the experimental 

circuit to F::.irbmks rillimce i.s placed on Q familiarity 

with CALL proceahre by rhd.iJ operritors employed for this 

project, The Tollofling C~l.1 pubiications are referred to: 

VtQvt signal abbreviations of June 1 1939, 

Contractions of peb. 1, 1946, 

Ueathi - r Trmsljiis sion procedures 

(Note: Radio ccll letters 32d station index numbers shown 

in the cxmnples which follaru me for illustrative purposes 

only, ind b.:?,vo bGcn uncerscuredo At the time of prep:wation ' 

of these iiistructions, final radio call and index number 

assignments for thest3 statioas have not been determined) 

A station transnitting mteorological information shall 

send : 

(a) Its own radio c&l1 twice, followed 

KEBJ ICEBJ BT 

(b) The type of report (MT,PB or RS) 

(c) Tht: time of observation. (Used 

rarely. Only sent if it is at 

vwimce wit11 the usual filing 

time? or if a correction to 

previous mteri::d is being 

sent . ) - 

(d) 5 double dash (BT) 

(e) The report, followed by a 

double dash 

(f) iLdditional reports of the 

same type, ewh followed with 

a double dash. 

(Used when one station is trnnsmitting 

anothar stntian~ s repdrt, 

in addition to its own). 

'(g) Repeat items (b) through (f), 

if sepTrPLte types of data are 

sent during the sane transmission, 

(h) Its own radio call onceo 

(1) 

- 

Exalllplos: 

Transrnission of em "ITI'J?* report 

KEBJ KEBJ BT 

-1 

n" BT 

- 

MT 

011 2 2 5Z 

BT 

\ 

67 

82050 03875 24415, , etc 

€Ti!-. 

82050 03875 24415, .etc 

E- 

- 

82100 00690 26500, .etc 

BT 

l!lE BT 

82050 03875 24415aeetC B' 

- 

BT 

82016 02733 2718 22624 

ctc. .RT 

KEBJ 

82050 03875 2941.5 12580 60807 73775 75092 BT KEBJ

3xamples, Continued: 

(2) Transmission of an WT" mid a tIpBtf report by Thule: 

KEBJ gs 

- 82056 13875 24415 12580 60807 73775 75092 RT 

PB BT 

- 82016 02713 2718 22624 2630 42732 2830 62731, 

2835 BT 

KEBJ 

-7 

(3) Transnission of Thule ,adv,mce station reports by Thule: 

KEYZKEYZ BT 

NIT BT 

I_ 82500 00690 26500 13074 40304 61070 79980 

I__ 82050 03875 24415 12580 60807 73775 75092 

PB RT 

- 82516 02-112 2413 22516 2520 42632 2631 62835 2732 

\ - 

RS BT 

82730 RT 

82016 02719 2718 22624 2630 42732 2830 62731 2835 BT 

- 

82530 92224 23020 00018 85178 17345 02214 70005 

02532 01913 50870 65411 02112 11690 01530 

22400 76607 82553 30075 90904 02318 20972 

534999 02320 3m8 05999 44125 92999 BT 

KEYZ 

(4) Trasiflission of a corrected repoi% by Tliule: 

KXBJ IOEBS BT 

CQN NIT 0118002 BT 

- 82050 03875 24415 12580 60824 73775 75092 BT 

'I 1 

KEBJ 

Special Note : 

In case of' CL regulx meteorological report, and if no 

successful contact is estublished with the receiving sta- 

tion after two stteapts, then the radio operator is 

68 

BT 

BT

authorized to make a blind transmission. All such blind transmissions 

shall be logged and efforts made to determine whether rocoption was 

successful anywhere. 

69

1. Groundse Before the buildings of the camp site are erected a grounding 

-for radio should be buried in the earth. This will consist of a 

ring of bore ,:L6 SD copper wire of about 12 inch diameter to which 18 

100 foot radials have been soldered. The ring should be buried under 

the point to point operations building. The radials should be buried 

in.the earth to a depth of about six inches. The ends of the radials 

should be connected to ground rods, driven into the ground, 6n a slant 

if necessary, All equipment grounds should be connected to this system. 

k similar ground system, except tl;at the radials may be 130 feet, should 

be installed at each end of each beverage antennan Under each flat top 

T antenna 2001 radials should be installed. 

2. The floors of the buildings that will house radio equipment should be 

reinforced to support the additionalvteight. 

are being furnished for this purpose. 

Eight by eight timbers 

3. Poner. Power for the radio equipment will be supplied from three 15 

miesel engine generatorsl 'L'VJO of these units will be installed in 

a power shed adjacent to tlie main opcrations building. These will be 

the main and standby units. The third unit will be installed in a 

separate building located 20 feet froxn the main building for fire protection. 

This will be the emergancy unit. The air ground transmitters 

ifi.611 also be in this building. Power distribution vhll be through 

safety slvi.tches. For the main povrer supply these switches '1vi.11 be 

located a mounting board in the point to point operations buildingo 

For the ercergency supply, tlie switch mounting board m5.11 be in the . 

emergency poirer-air ground transmitter buildingn 

4, 

Point to Point Transmitters at the kiaiii Station: 

a. 1 each Wilcox 96-200c traiismitter wi%h a 36k rectifier. The 

frequency range gf this transmitter is 125-525 Ke The output 

is 3KV. The power required is 6-8 Ki: at 220 volbs 3 phasecl This 

transr@';ter vi11 work into a beverage antenna at 118.5 kc, 

b, 2 each Ts/FLZC traiismitters, frequency range 1sO-ssO kc, output 

500 watts, single phase, 220 volts, These transmitters will imrk 

into a T antenna for comunicatiol1 vdth the advance station at 

1$8 or 170.5 kc. 

C. 

5 each Tk/FRC trarlsmittt+rs, frequenq 1-aige 2-18 mc, outimt 400 

watts, single phase 220 volts, These transmitters vdll work into 

doublet and sloping V antennas at tlie following freyuerxies t 

One channel v dll be spare. 

3390 

s.%'7.5 

7360 

1645

- 2 - 

5. Air Ground Traiismitter at the szdnJStation: -- 

a. One TS/iCX* This transmitter vdll work intc a T an-benna for 

providing a honing si;nal at 398 kc. 

One cliannel will be spare. 

6. Receivers at the :.+ab Station: 

?. 

a. Eight Harmn;?rluid Supr Pros havine a tuning range of 100 to 400 

kc and 2500-20,000 kc. These receivers will be used to guard the 

- hicher frcqxencies. 

bo 

Two Nary Type RBA, havin;; a tunjag range of 15-600 kc. These vSiU 

be used to gnard the lover frequencies. The receivers will be 

mounted in cabinet racks located in the Point to Point oporations 

building. The two spare super pros irill be mounte% in the emergency 

power-air ground building for emergency use. 

No separate receiving anterlnas will be installed, instead, change 

over relays to switch the antennas from receivers to transmitters 

will be used. 

-- 

.'Antennas at the ILdn Station: 

T 

a, Beve At Thule two beve an.t;eniias, one wave length long, 

one on Fairbanks and one onBW will be installed. Thesa antsnnas 

will be supported on tripod irasts made of pine 2 x 41s fastened 

together with an eight inch bolt. They will have two $8 stranded 

copper weld wires which ~5.11 be fas%ened to pony insulators on 

brackets f'zstencd to the erids of the 2 x 11.1s so as tc give the 

irdres about a 15 inch spread. The incoming ends will be ground 

through 150 wa'& resistors of about 300-t!~00 ohms resistance. The 

other end .ivill be connected by a transmission line through*a changeover 

relay 'to a receiver or transmitter. The tripod masts Will be 

guyed as necessary. These anteniias will be for low frequency communications. 

b. Sloping V ai-tennas at the Main Station. At Thule two sloping Vfs, 

one on Fairbanks and one on BW 8 will be installed. They will be 

constructed of #8 copprweld wire, aid suspend.ed from 851 steel 

. masts. Design will be in accordance with CAA Drawing D 3212. 

Spacers on the exponential leadin will be of dry maple with porcelain 

or glass hobs on the ends. These antennas will be for high frequency 

cormunications. They will be used for receiving and transmitting, 

using a change over relay. 

, 

c. Flat Top T Antennas. (non directi.ona1) Two flat top T antennas 

will bo installsd at the main station and one will be installed at 

the advance station. They will work on low frequencies for corn- 

71

8. 

munications in the local nets, They will be supported on 8s foot 

sectional steel t0vrei-s at the main station , and on 73 foot sectional 

plywood towers at the advance station . Construction will bo in 

accordance with dravhys ir: Army Lr' antenna lit #2A299-GP7 or CkA 

drawings D 3595-1 and D 3$5-20 The horizontal spans wL.11 have 3 

number 8 straridsd coisperwbld wires . The downleads and trarisrilission 

line vhll be of #8 stranded hard drawn copper. Dim6nsion A will be 

240 feet, c$imcnsion P, 100 feet, dimasion C 20 feet. 

At the main station one of the flat tops will be used for 5ransnLtting 

a homing signal at 398 kc. 

Five doublet antennas w ill 'E installed at the 

Doublet Antennas. 

nlarin station. Three will be installed at the advance station. 

They 1~5.11 be used for high frequency point to point and. air-cromd 

comunications. At the ma5n ,station they will be supported on 85 

foot sectional steel masts. At the advance station they will be 

supported on $1 foot sectional plymod masts. The leadins will be - 

of open wire\tra.isr;ission line type. (EO-1 transmission line is 

not available). ilaterials for these antennas are supplied in 

doublet kits. Two extra kits hzve been ord.ered for the achtanoeg 

station, and five extra kits for the mai'n station. 

Advance Station. The advance station is being supplied with battery 

I 

operated transmitters and receivers. 

2 each VTZC-1 Transritters covering the frequency rw.ges 

200 - 500 kc 

400 - 800 kc 

3000 - 4sOO kc 

4500 - 6200 ICC 

6200 - 7700 kc 

7700 - 10000 kc 

10000 - 12500 kc 

2 each RBA Navj Type Receivers covering the frequency range 

150 - 1500 Itc 

1500 - 18000 kc 

2 each REA Havy Type Receivers covering the frequency range 

5 - 600 kc 

1 each TBIi hand poTrered emerpmcy Lransmitter-receiverr

op3ration and maintenance of mobile equipment in cold regions is not 

Id alone is not thefactor in preventing operation; it is a combination of 0 

d', snowdrift, icing and bad visibility, Operators and meohanhs in odd 

ions soon learn what their own peculiar problems arey but St is well to 

OW beforehand something about them and how to meet them. Failure of equipto 

funofion in oold climates should,not be blamed on some mystery h*ro* 

ced by the cold since it will ,be found thqt difficulties oan be traoed to 

mething that oaref ul preparation and maintenanoe. aan elimhate 

Three broad prinoiples are the fundamentals of proper Arotio mainteWn0 

irct is a knowledge of the problems that exist! seoond familiarity with 

devices and measures required to solve such problems; and third, the determi- 

Wtion to take propor precautions, This last factor, requires qualities Of 

irit and devotion to duty without which all knowledge is useless for the 

accompl~shment of a difficult mission. However, the proper maintenance and 

Procedures are equally important. 

1 

MODIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT 

Modification of equipment for use in the Arotic is swnmarieed in one 

'~~interization". Winterization involves the need for kaeping the oil in a, 

fluid state, oombating ioe formation on equipment surfaces and also in th 

retor, preserving xpobility of controls, arrangenent and care of the bat 

meet the unusual electrical demands and at the same time, preserdng eff 

oy and comfort of personnel. 

PHYSICAL DISCOMFORTS 

Work in cold weather takes longer Physioal disoomfort, diff ioulty 

manipulating tools, poor visibil 

have to be done in poor artifioi 

hands smeared with grease and bil, 

73 

of the maintenance work 

ipped fingers, numbness o 

h tools held in bulky gl 

are conditions whioh lead to disco ienoe ,and annoyance B oh 

of the annoyance can be elhina nd is undertaken after oare- 

ful planning and giving thought to the problems at hand, t 

I 

It w ill also save time in the long run if time is taken to thiak h 

b can be done without aisocrmfort before the job is s%arted. First, p 

61s that may be required for the Job and seleot clothing which wi 

without 'interf ering with freedom of body, movement * At tho same 

er ways to avoid soiling clgthea because laundry facilities will 

ited and the supply of olsan olothes for frequent ohanps at amall aret 

outposts will not be great 

It hae not yet been found 

for the hands durbg msohanioal 

ease, gasoline an 

8, shelters or spa 

be in every ofro 

ion is to work quiokl

-. 74 

rm air' nearby with which to warm the hands frequently. A blow torch in a 

can or a gasoline stove in a box will be handy in such cases. Taping the 

tools and, where possible, the parts oc machinery which tbe bare hands may 

come into cpntact with, will prevent the cold matal from nipping the fingers, 

Always remember that spilling gasoline on the hands is painful and may 

be dangerous if prolonged, However, some consolation may be had from the fact 

that gasoline cleans the hands! they dry quiokly and t'nen they may be thrU8t . 

hto the pookets or inside the belt for warmth without danger of soiling the 

clothes, Of course, oil smeared hands should bo wiped as often as possible 

and a rag or waste should always be handy for this purpose. 

Mechanios and others working on machinery in the open should pay particular 

attention to their hoods and headgear. The hood should fit snugly, but 

not so tight that it cannot be pushed back by using only your arms, A hood 

should either be loose enough about the neok to permit it to turn with the 

face, or it should be attached to the garment h the Eskimo fashion, In Eskimo 

style clothes, the Parka is not oarried on the shouldere bu f is carried OYI 

the head by means of the hood, In such cases , the hood is firm enough on the 

head to make sure that it turns when the head turns and it does not blindfoJd 

the wearer when he turns his face. Carrying the weight of a parka on the .head 

is irksome at first . However, it should be remembered that many people of the 

Id habitually carry great loads on their heads without apparent dimomfort, 

ally, with a little persistent practfoe, this oustm, a8 it applies to 

wearing a parka, can soon be acquired. 

CARE OF' EQUIPMENT AFTER OPERATION 

Covers adequate to prevent snow from drifting under the motor hoods and 

other parts of vehicles should be provided. These can be made up from the 

canvas if other suitaqle shelter is not anilable. In regard to shelters or 

houses for vehicles, it is we11 to remcahber that a oold vehicle when brought 

into a warm shelter will "aweat"# moisture will oondense on cold surfaoes and 

in some parts of the equipment, it may oause trouble, Iu such oases+ the 

vehiole should be left In the warn ohelter until the snow or ice deposits 

melt and dry thoroughly; otherwise, when the vehicle is started and remov 

from the shelter, the condensation will soon freeee and oause trouble. 

Doors and windows may freeze 

ill be diffioult to clean. Even if 

operation, it is well, provSded the 

windows slightly "craoked" in order 

the formation of' frost on the instrumre 

owever, when the vehiole has 0001 

securely to prevent snow from shift 

hrough a pinhole. 

of vehioles 9s often fa 

4

SONE PRECAUTIONARY WSURES 

Fuel and Oil Tanks 

To prevent oondensat ion from f oming within 

should be filled to capacity after operatd.on, 

Toal s 

Tools and other small parts may sin$ out of 

snow. Always keep them in a belt kit, your fool 

oanvas on which to plaoe the tools and parts, 

them, fuel and oil tanks \ 

sight if laid 

box, or cover 

down on the 

the snow with 

While making emergency repairs on cold equipment, never use too muoh 

pressure in tightening nuts, bolts, and oables, Remember, they will expand on 

Warming, freeze tight in the oold and snap when foroed. , - 

Starting Ghgines 

Irdhen'starting a cold engino use an external battery or a battery oharger, 

possible 

Spark Plugs 

Spark plug fouling may be expeoted if a cold engine failG to start rapidlye 

Partial firing expands moisture laden air in the piston ohambers which quiokly ' 

denses and leaves small beads of ioe on the spark plug electrodes, Suoh 

e aooumulates with eaoh unsuooessful start, Remember that your first attempt 

starting will be the best3 and if the enginofails to start after three or 

four attempts, it may be advisable to remove three or four of the plug's and dry 

the points, The tj,me taken to do this is often muoh less than that used for 

repeated attempts to start a balky 'maohhe. 

I 

Oil Pressure 

Oil preesure gages and other instruments may often be sluggish in operation 

immediately after starting the enginen If there is no sign of oil pressure 

after the engine ha6 been running a few minutes, or the oil pressure 

drops after a few minutes of operati these diffioulties may be oaused by 

blown oil lines,oongealed ioe in the line, \ice in the oil reservoir drain or 

er parts of the oil system. Then thfs ooourft, the engine should be sto 

the trouble looated and correoted, 

GENERAL INFORMATION 

The application of external heat should be resorted to with oaution. If 

he vehiolq is properly winterieed, you should have no trouble In starting the 

otor, and any one of the heaters,*spot heaters, spaoe heaters or others u 

or this purpose-should take oare of the job, 

ization has not been c 

has not bean w

76 ' 

over th& vehiale with sme sort of ins ion and plaoe one! two, or a dozen 

ry lantern8 beneath it provided noth better is nvailab?6, The heat 

these lanterns will be suf'fioient to keep a traotor engine and lubrioat 

em from getting so cold as to give trouble in starting. Thtr foregoing d 

, of course, apply to long lay-overs, In suoh events, the bt.tteries sho 

e removed and stored in some pram plaao after being fully ohar;gedo t 

chicle is to be used again, replaoe the batteries after the eni:he has been 

SlaWly warmed with whatever means which may be available. With a moderately 

englne, a fully' oharged battery together with some dexteri'ty and determiion, 

there should be little diffioulty in getting the engine started4 

rations at Arotdo outposts, to whioh supplies are oarried at great expense 

diffioulty, do not warrant the wasteing of fuel and oii by running the 

fw$nes continuously between working periods. 

TROUBLE POINTS 

Even though the maohinery has been winterized it is well to remember the 

OintS at whioh trouble may be found. Control systems must have prOViSiOn f0 

ifferential expansion and contraotion, and gear type pumps must have adequate 

olearanoe to oompensate for oase ohrinkage Before attempting to start ,a 

PUP, aare must be exercised to see that the pump is free from ioe, Care should 

8180 be given to the operation of oondensation traps and drains wlles,s Me.l;hyl 

Hydrate is used to prevent the formation of frozen oondensabion. 

In spite of the us6 of low pour point oil, oil linos should be installed 

o allow oomplete drayage and to prevent the lodgement of s9udge in low bend8 

nd' angles, Carburetor eoreena, if left on, should be oarefully attended as 

hey will doubtless acoumul 

The eleotrioal load will be inoreased in starting oold maohinery and prosion 

should be made to use either a battery oar+ or a battery oharger when 

arting engines whioh have not been used for sonie time. Care should be taken 

en using spot or spaoe heaters to prevent any damage to the insulation of 

ignition wires 1) 

HYDRAULIC PARTS AND HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 

Hydraulio meohanisms will doubt less be servioed with suitable hydraulio 

Fluids whioh have been dil ed with Stoddard Solvent However, hydraulio paakings, 

oonneotions, oups an seals must be given oonstant attention and provision 

should be made for readily servioing suoh parts.

MEDICAL ATTFION 

A doctor has been included with the regular base station complement. *He 

shall be responsible for maintaining the health of advance and base station 

personnel, inspecting facilities in order that living quarters Pipe kept in a 

sanitary condition, to advise pergonnel on health measures, to treat sickness 

and accident cases, as may be required, The doctor will also serve as a 

relief Feather observer at the main base. 

He will be responsible for maintaining surgical kits ready for use at all 

times, the prescribing of medicines required for treatment and the issuance Of 

medical supplies . 

The sick bay will be in the main living room and provided with one bed, 

This part of the living room will also serve as his offioe, the'medical library 

and where medical and first aid shall be given t o personnel. 

In addition to the duties given above the base station doctor will be 

responsible for: 

(a) The issue of food and clothing supplies and maintaining records 

thereof 

(b) Advising personnel on dressing for outdoor work. 

(0)' To render medical and first-aid assistance to the local population 

when requested by them. 

(d) Surgical treatment of serious accidents or illness will be of a 

temporezy nature provided evacuation of the patient is necessary and 

possible. However, evacuation of a patient, if possible, shall be left 

to the decision of the station doctor. 

(e) To maintain records of issuance of and accountability for medical 

supplies. 

Note: In case of accidents, please see Chapter 111, Personnel Status, 

relative to the execution of essential C.A. forms therefor, for each injury. 

, > 

77

SOME HINTS ON E%VIRONMF,NTAL PROTECTION . 

Rnowledge makes for confidence, but only through experience can one 

attain wisdom. In strange conditions it will be found, generally, that 

there is as much to unlearn as to learn. Usual and ffcommon sense" 

methods are not always right in the Far North. What the inexperienoed 

may decide to do for oomfort in the Arotio Regions might well lead to 

inoonvenienoe, if not to inability to perform well the duties for which 

one was hired, You may find in Stefansson's "Friendly Arctioll a preoise 

and accurate description of condi%ione and a knowledge of how to deal,. ' 

with them, A knowledge of whaL others have done to protect themselves 

in the Arctic will not in Itself give the novioe proteotion but it will 

hasten the process of indootrination and make easier the acquirement of 

such wisdom as may be gained by personal experienoe. 

Wen knowledge is of little use unless it can be applied at the 

right time and only experience can enable us to.tinticipate, . 

develop a habitsand be prepared to meet beat the unusual conditions 

enoountered in the Arctio, or elsewhere. 

Learning never stops. Even if you think you know it all, you have 

to keep reviewing what you know, so that you may be ready automatioally 

to adjust yourself 40 some conditions and avoid others which may not 

be ooped with. 

Don't c.onsider that your intelligenoe is being insulted if you read 

here what you already "know". There is a great differenoe in knowing 

something that you read and comprehending those things so well that YOU 

yourself could jot them dawn without stopping to searoh for them in 

your mind or rake them from memopy. 

THE ARCTIC. DEFINED I 

Arctic conditions are not confined within the Arctio Circle, as me might imagine when r 

drawn about the worl 

that area in whioh t 

hat The Circle is an imaginary line 

e 66'30tNb The Arckio is more accurately 

re of' the warmest month averages berm 

50°F; or, the area 

found in some places bot 

the Arctio Cirole. In 8 

the Cirole,while in some 

timber line. Such oondi$ions will be 

berfa and Canada far above a 

s the tixnber line is 400 mi 

rea s 400 miles south. 

Within limit li , certain oan be made ' profitably 

about Arotio oonditions, b 

Looal oonditions within ve 

as they do elsewherer Seas 

d those with long re 

to doptiee. Of' 

ot an area of "dead ice" or ultra 001 

broad ewmnaries * 

oh in the Arotio

. 

On Greenlandh some parts of Devon, Heiberg, Baffin and Grant Land will be 

ent icecaps. Terrific cold is not an incessant condition in 

d extreme 0016 is not the most difficult condition to contend 

With, In summer, in muoh of the Arctic, the temperature is generally 

Well above freezing and there is rain even a% the North Pole. Extremely 

low temperatures together with high wind velocity is rare. Storms or 

in the Arotio occur with about the same relative frequency as 

storms in other parts of' the world. 

The darkness of an Arct;ic winter is not dismal to the healthy and 

active minded3 in fact such intense darkness as sometines experienced during 

an overcast night in temperats*hatcitudee is seldom if ever experienced 

in the Arotio even in the depths of winter. 

the ground and the crystals in the air reflect. the light of the moon and 

the stars; the mere absexlce of the s& in the Arotic does not produce dark 

and dismal conditions. Dismalness in high latitudes is muoh more striking 

in the late spring and the fall when the s a spends part of the day above 

the hoyizon, and when the oountry is 60 fogbound, mistbound and damp that 

the cold penetrates sufficiently to r-der the conditions of the poorly 

dressed traveller, miserable 

79 

Tlwre and then the snm on 

However, yearly precipitation is m11, most of it occurs between 

the monkhs of April and Novmber, although enough snm may be oarried by. 

the wind in winter as to make it appear as a snavfall. 

i 

There may be a snowstorm in the Arotic without the fall of new snow 

the snow in the storm may be that wh'ich is caught up by the wind and 

whioh drifts from plaoe to place and baok again. Snowfall in the greatest 

in the Arctic is experienced in the spring and fall and this makes 

scomf'ort and introduces a real danger to travel over the iceo 

espeoially in the Fall, Freezing of the surfaoe water on the sea and on 

lakes takes place rapidly 5n the fall, but contemporary or subsequent 

snavfalls may blanket the ioe in a manner to render it unsafe for travel, 

The blanket of snow may permit the ice to warm and weaken and oare should 

n when walking over new ice thae is snow-covered, 

The tides in the Arctic may not be considered of importance by the \ 

inexperienceh arctic traveller, but while +he daily and lunar tide levels 

do not vary greatly in much of the Arct xcept in its southeastern 

portion, there is generally enough rise fall of the tide to develop 

cracks not far from shore and these cra tlp fall, or at any time, 

when snow CoveTed, offer a danger it is well to remember. After a snow- 

storm or in dull light of winter the unwary might step into a craok in 

not solid; the oraok may be wrde or 80 narrpv as 3Ud 

foot to enter; the result of stepping into it &ybe a 

broken leg or at least, wetted foot gear. 

If foot gear is wetted during oold weather when near to Che base it 

ious, If the diskance is not too g t it w ill be possible 

s. But if %he di ce to shelter is far - 

e well to stop, remove the boots 

get them back on before they freeze 

it this operatio

If suoh an acoident happens when you are more than four hours travel 

from the base, you should in such circumstances be provided with sparep 

clean socks, carried for such and other em6rgenoies. 

If your excursion will take you more than four hours1 travel away 

from your base you should carry spare socks and mitten liners, and in 

most cases, a bite to eat. There are several reasons for this. 

1% know from experience thatthehuman body can stand terrific

thing to rembnber You oan not wriggle the fingers or orinkle the toes 

we1X if your glove's and your boots are too tight fitting, IWR THEM LOOSE. 

SEL;ECTION OF CLOTHING 

The proper'olothing for cold olimate is that whioh will keep you 

7mm when the body is at rest, but the proper use of auoh olokhing is fo 

adjust Lt, or remove it (and oarry it with youm oalled upon to exeroise. 

in a manner that will bring your body to the 'tgood-and-warm'l oondition, 

To be warm means oomfort, but ''good and wad1' is too hot in the Arctio, 

In fact it is better and important in the outdoors Aratio to feel aC 

all % 1. m 9 13 

oomfort 

-- 

jfi a% Q 0 o Si in this manner you can avoid SubsequenJ; d'$S- 

. Such comfortably-oool feeling under cold oonditions can only be 

aocomplished during exeroise by the exchange of air about the body, The 

warm, vapor laden air from the body must be permitted to esoape and oondense 

on some outer layer of the proteotiae olothing. The olothing must 

not be tight, it must permit the oiraulation of airI 

this you will find ainong the Arotio clothing provided, large sizes in 

both underwear and outer garnent 8 

Under the oircumstancea in whioh Weather Bureau employees will working normally, it might be advisable in the restxof ocsnforj; a 

oleanliness, to oonsider - the wool underwear s a in the same oategory 

as the sweatep an auxilliary la rather than a basio foundat 

and to wear light ootton underwear whi oan be readily washed, next 

the skin. 

CARE AND WEXR OF ARCTIC CLOTHSNG 

ai 

It is beoause of -

82 

be achieved throughout long periods of exposure without making adgusbnents 

to clothing, 

Adjustment does not mean only buttoning or unbottoning the jaoket. 

To open the jaoket when it is anowing will permit the snow to enter and 

wet the underclothing. Adjustment means loosening in this oase;: %hat is, 

loosen the clothing in order that the air might oirculate and Wssipate 

the he& of the body. If loosening is not sufficient, then some of the 

underclothes should be removed, Under normal conditions and clear wea- 

--ether 

it is better to risk a little oold while removing a garment and 

‘ putting baok the outer layer, than to suffer the after effeots cf sweat- 

2ng profusely, or to expose the lnner lagers to the possibilf’by of BOCUIIIU- 

lating hoar frost or snow. emember, the hoar frost formed from the body 

vapor will most likely oong gate on the outer layer of clothing. If an 

inner layer of clqthing after removal of an outer layer beoomes an OAer, 

$hen st too will accumulate hoar frost and when the outer layer is put 

baok 0% the frost in the then inner layer will melt and make the whole 

garment damp and unservioable for warmth. 

It is not too diffiault change olothes if the weather is clear, 

&der suoh oanditims 

there ar’e two 

uoe your exeroise by sibunder 

whioh the clothing may 

he formulae besome6 

an6icipate it end 

ef’ore the aoute need for 

of the body, tho hands and 

feet 

fioult in cold blimate, for 

two reasons: All types of “civilizedtt footwear are as yet inadequate 

I 

I

E3 

The D pa& of the formulae should be emphasized in regard to the foot 

gear. KEEP IT DRY . This will necessitate the development of the habit 

of brushing all snow from the boots EVERY time you come in from ou% doors 

when there is snow on the ground. To the old Sourdough, the manners of 

a Cheechoka in regard to neglect In dusting the snow from the boo%s before 

enterhg a house is about as disgusting as negleoting to olean the teeth, 

or eating beans and bacon from the point of a knife, in "civilized" quarters. 

The consequence of such neglect when on the trail or even about 

Camp are apt to be disasterouso Another important precautfmr Clothing, 

from socks to parka and cap, loses warmth when dirky or greasy, so keep 

clothing, especially socks, clean. 

CARE OF THE HllNDS 

There is no single specification to cover all requirements for the 

oare and protection of the hands,and the reauirement in regard to eaoh 

individual is likely to differ Hands, like the feet,, carry many 8weat 

glands and give off much vapor which must be allowed to esoape if gloves 

and mittens are to be kept dry for proteotion. Any form of adequate hand 

. protection in well below freezing temperatures is too b+ulky to permit 

aoute dexterity in the manipulation of' instruments; Light gloves worn 

inside loose fitting mittens have been advocated in some circmstances, 

especially when the exposure must take place in high wind. But the Well 

experienced worker vi11 find (if his position is sheltered from high wind 

as it will be in the case of the Weather Bureau employees) that the most 

satisfactory prooeedure is to work quiokly and intermittently with bare 

hands for very short intervals, slipping the hands into warm mittens very 

frequently; that is, before the hands become chilled. In this manner the 

work can be agcoplplished with more speed, skill and acouracy than ff 

attempted with ohilled, nmbed or gloved fingers. The covering of all 

metal parts of instruments likely to cane in contact wieh the fingers 

with adhesive OP friction tape will prevent the fingers from sticking or 

freezing to the oold metal. 

The intermittent use of mittens oalls for some oonvenianoe for hold- 

iag the mittens close to the body in an aooesible position and for this 

purpose the mittens should be fastened to a string, or tape (provided 

the Mitten, Arctic,) which is slung about the neok and braoed with a 

croas strap to keep the mittens from swiriging too far from the body and 

from being lost in the snow or blown away by the wind. A lost mitten (3831 

mean the loss of a hand and a useless hand and in sane ciroumstianoes may 

mean the loss of life. / 

HEAD GBR 

The ears are more sensitive to oold th they are to feeling and may 

beoozne frostbitten without thb knowledge of %he owner. So, keep your ears 

covered when the temperature is law and the 2~ d blows free e Hoods are 

le with both the Overooat, Parka Type, ft he Jacket, Field, #in 

there are gaps, POto, with 

because of the great variab 

ooveringa for use outdoors, B 

and sizes of heads, neoks, 

has not been poss 

iduals snugly. A 1iCtle e 

each individual to shape t 

ound well worth 

that wil 

thread w 

requirem 

I

A fluffy fur f ood has a personal appeal but it is useful 

in only some circ 

or base observations, when the term of 

exposure to cold is not sxpeated to be of long duration and when clear 

and rapid reading of Tbstruments is essential, the ruff which blows in 

front of the eyes and obstructs %he vision is not advantageoug but may be 

hindrance. - 

The exposure of the nose and cheeks of the newcomer to the Arotio, 

en the 'temperature is fifty or sixty below zerqmay result in the blan 

ing or frostbite of the skb. However, if the "bite" ia not sustained 

for more than a few minutes no permanent injury will result and the skfn 

and associated matter will gradually acquire an ability to withstand the 

cold to a certain extent, m1e8ss of course it is deeply Prostbitten an 

develops a swburn-like scab, This scab wi eventually'peel and expose 

a new tender layer of skin whioh must be gi speoial attention and protection 

during the first ,f m days of exposure to the cold, 

. Next to preventing frostbite, the imp0 t thing is to iiisoover it 

as soon as ,possible, To do this you shoula soon develop a 

kling'yotir no88 and oheeks,but if they ire too stiff to wr 

rozen. However, this does not mean serious injury because you can 

ut a frostbitten nose and a cheek with the palm of your hand or by 

glbg it in the orook of your arm where your breath will aid rais 

the temperature. It is important to thaw a light frostbite as soon as 

it is noticed, The face never becomes immune to the tendency to freez 

although the skin will toughen somewhat, it will never out-toughen Jab 

Frosti NEVER RUB a frostbite. Rubbing with =OW is particularly harmful 

when %he knpera-bure is far below freezing. In suoh cases, lay your 

bare hand on the frozen part for a few second8 at a the, takbg care 

to expose the hand until it too beoomes oold and numb, or use %he 

to direct your warm breath over your faoe, When the froatbite is thawed, 

dry the skin with a pieoe of sot'% cloth - a handkerohief or the baok of 

the Arctio Mitten, wliiohewr i s handiest, 

It is quite difficult to determin oe or a heel is frostbut 

a warning of this is 8 

ged feeling of chill in 

rt. A rather qui'ok twinge o en a treaaherous numbness 

here is little a froeen toe or a frozen 

heel and serious damage to a foot has occurred when the owner didn't 

it was frozen. If' the above mentioned three oonditions are 

uld be well to seek some sort of shelter, remove She boots 

hey are only turned inside

TROUBLE DUE TO BREATHING COLD AIR 

There need be no fear of freezing the lungs by norm1 breathing Of 

the extremely oold air, if you are human. Dogs and horses, working 

extremely hard in low temperatures might through rapid breathing, chill 

their lungs, but the intelligance of the normal man will automatioally 

encourage him to restriot the intake of oold air long before the lungs 

are likely to suffer, except in oases of extreme oompetitive effort such 

as skiing or snowshoe racing for large prizes. 

SNOW BLINDNESS 

Snow'blindness is not a result of cold nor of strong sunlight. Most 

frequently it is the result of exposure to the diffused glare during 

dense or light foggy weathex. under which oonditions there is a continuous 

effort to adjust the focus of the eyes on conditions and objeots'whioh 

fail to offer oontrasts or shadows. Snqwblindness is not real blindness 

in the sense Chat you will never see again, but when really snowblind YOU 

,can not see and the pain of it is one of the most excrutiating suffered 

by men in the polar reglons. The prevention is just an ordinary pair of 

snowg1asses, or goggles and a determination to wear them ALL THE: TfME one 

is exposed to the foggy, hazy cond$tions . experienoed mainly in the 

spring of the year, and sometimes in the fall. Snow. hl;in.dness is not prevalent 

in the winter, nor in summerJ except in the permanently snow 

covered areas, Eye strain may be a result of exposure to bright salight 

refleoted from snow in spring, mmmer and fall, but such eye strain 

is not real snow' WII~II~SS, ellthough it is often cpcrken of as suoh. The 

difference is the reaokion of the eyes and the intensity of the pain. 

Eye strain is a pleasant sensation comgared to snow blindness, during which 

the eyes exude a visoous matter, eyelids beoome paralyzed and the pain 

extsnds throughout the body. 

GENERAL EEALTH - 

Loss of weight is experienced in some cases when men first live in 

the Arctio, but this i-8 generally due to dehydpation; that is, loss of 

water from the bo&y. Under 0001 conditions there is no great desire to 

drink much water and this habit should be cultivated. 

It is beoause of this tendency that it is suggested that soup be 

served frequently. 

corns AND DISEASES 

In general there is less 19kefihood of infection of oomrmon diseases 

and germs when living in the north. 

that 'one canDt get a cold in th 

with slightly peatar frequenoy in 

Some propogandist has spread a skory 

elsewhere, due possibly to orawd3 

the introduction and opening up of 

houee, or, perhaps, beoause of the 

riotions 9n vent i 

chne of the c @*ma 

to most people wh 

t go 0u.t; 

85

the Arct-io a running nose is not necessar.ily a sign of a head cold or 

Sfnus troublgbut merely a method of dehydration or the result of slight 

irritation and stimulation, and the 'rrun'r consists mos5ly of water. Its 

loss is not harmful nor its presence indioative of disease or bacteria. 

It can bfe disposed of without unpardonable offense or danger by a flick 

Of the finger, but snuffling into a handkerchief and nosmiping is likely 

to damage the tender skin of the no'se and cause abrasion or- irritation. 

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST GETTING LOST DURING BL1ZZA;IDS 

There are many tricks in the experienced arctic travellers prOceedUTe, 

but the mention of more than,a few is unaecessary in regard to the presumed 

potentialities of an Arctic motgorologist. The sircplest way to prevent 

getting lost and for the provision of comfort an?. proheotion is to build 

a covered runway from the Operations Building almost; to the weather &uStrument 

shelter, and also to the shelters used for the operation of p9bal and 

rawinsonde equipment 

In oases where a covered rimway is not feasiblle, a rope should be 

stretched &-.long the entire route. Although this iuiae may be required not 

more than Four or five times during a winter season, iL provides a margin 

of safety to observers in extreme weather, Experienced whits men and 

Eskimos have been knm to freeze to death within FA few yards of their 

houses during severe blizzards. 

If you are caught in a storm, or fog that is light and obscures 

visibility so that familiar object0 oannot be reoognizod olsarly at a 

distance, and you feel that it is necessary to make yow way back to the 

base, don't try to hit it "on the nose". Your camp or base will, or 

should be, establinhed on some part of a conspiouous, extendhg Feature, 

like R coast, a river or a range. 

eure that you will sLrikp to one side of it and know which way to turn when 

you get there, 5-11 details obsoured by snowstorm or fog bke on queer 

shapes and appearanoes. During periods of law vistbility in. the Arotio, 

you are apt to get oonfumd and let yourself in for trouble. Always 

remember that it; is easy to get lost in an Arotio storm and many gcod men 

have became confused so quiokly that they have travelled in circles, lost 

all sense of control, discarded thefr olothes and eventually froze to 

death . 

86 

In trying to find your way home be 

WHAT TO DO IF YOU ARE CAUGHT IN A BLIZZARD 

If you oan not see at all where you are going and haw, nothing sub- 

stantial to guide you, stop, sit down and let the snow oowr you or dig 

into a snow bisylk if one is handy and wait for better weather. 

The only time it is dangerous to sleep in the snow is when you ax% 

so tired that your body and senses oannot respond to the warning of 00 

Ordinarily, if you are sleeping in the snowo your body w ill feel the 00 

and you W ill waken long bef 

awakened and suffering f'r 

exercise moderate 

ozer Under suoh 

ance that you w ill 

ou are in danger of freezing. When 

you oan move about within tt 

rm up before settling down t 

'

een well fed up to the time of exposure, well dressed and not tired act, 

You could, as have many others, spend several days without.food while 

waiting in the how for the blizzard to cease or the.weather to dear 

and suffer no serious injury-in consoquonce8 Ac. TO all, do not wander' In 

a' blizzard; but if caught, stay whore you are at lease until the weather 

clears. 

THIRST AND ITS RELIEF BY EATING SNOW 

--L 

TO try to eat snow as you would eat bread would soon cause freeeihg -. 

Of the lips and exhaustioii, but to eat snow as you would ice 

cream and to do so in the same manner, is safe and satisfying. It is 

neoessary to go to some trouble to make ice cream and it is necessary to 

go to some trouble to pr,epare mow for eating, at least you have to mush 

5% UP in your hand until it is somewhat the oonsistezicy of ice cream 

before you begin to nibble it, or melC it in your mouth. 

There is one 

special procaution. If it soexns likely that you w ill be exposed for long 

periods witnout means for melting snow by use of a stove and R pot, start 

thawing snow in your hand and eat, it long bef or0 you have any feeling of 

thirst, espeoially if you are walking and mast oontinue to walk. If YOU 

are just sitting, waiting for a blizzard to end, you should also start 

melting snow early and continue to utw it slowly so that you may take 

enough of it to prevent trouble through dehydration and to keep yourself 

conditioned to complete *lie journey when the blizzard is over . Ncttwally, 

enow b such quantities as to deteriorate your body oomfort or reduce yo& 

resistance to aold should not be eaten, It is assumedo however, that when 

waiting for a blizzard to end you will not be even in a semi-exhausted 

condition since you should have stopped and sought shelter long before 

you began to feel. exhausted. 

THE MAINTENANCE OF YOUR OTQI MORALE IN CAMP THROUGHOVT LONG PEZI.0DS 

There i s nothing more enervating than discontent , self-pity and idleness* 

A sure prevention from boredom is strenuous work and a mpie-ty of 

interests. An expression of a variety of interests does not neoessarily 

mean that you should go to the other fellow and tell him all you know 

about his line of business. Rather it should be expressed by going to the other fellm and adking him to tell you what he knows. This might 

enoourage him to ask you somo dqr about your own work and you will find 

intere,s.t in telling about i%. 

, 

An objeotive of eaoh individual in R amall group should be ta bs enter- 

tained by someone else's technioal or soientifio affairs, not personal 

affairs, because the' repitition of personal affairs, likes and dislikes 

and favorite stories, soon beoomes boring, 

There are many outlets for moods of" depression, or oppression, when , 

one is in the Arctio. Drawing in color, no matter haw poor the exeoutiono 

is a good form of relief . Reading beoomes, if too long sustained, mono- 

tonous,< unprofitable and niind addling. The eyes 8eeo but %he mind does 

not record and one om soon get into a habit of soaming for the sheer 

false oodort of menta1 numbnesss Muoh better than over-reading is the 

1 invedxigation of material things. Remember the myraid forma 

that are aotive during the summer months In the Arotfo, Those 

forms do not beooma extinot in the wintes for they are hibernating, wa

for warmth. You can, by bringing them into the house, introthoe the 

warmth neoessary to awaken new lifg and the life developent of many 

forms of plants and mal1 forms of animal and inseote is fasoinating. A 

knowledge of it is never a loss nor R burden, even if you do not intend 

to use it professionally. Many forms of life found in the Arotio can be 

thawed in the house in winter, developed a stage then put out to freeze 

again without pemnanent injury. Thus it beoomeo possible to take up a 

study when opportunity arises, to discontinue it temporarily If other 

matters intervene, and take it up again fro% where you left off Sf YOU SO 

In suoh ways you can ocoupy the winter season SO that %be SbplY 

desire. 

"flys". There is less exouse for boredom under such circumstanoes than 

there is in urban or suburban oenters. 

A. 

B. 

C, 

I D . 

Ee 

F. 

G. 

Ho 

I o 

J. 

K. 

L e 

TO SIJMMARIZE 

Apprehend all dangers, anticipate diff ioulties e 

Keep busy . 

Keep 0001, espeoially when exposed to the oold. 

Keep your olothing dry. Drink more water than you feel like drinking. 

Exero3se, but not too 'strenuously. 

Feet should reoeive spoaial attention even though suoh attention is 

tr oub le some 

Keep well groomed. Living in the Arotio is no reaeon to tolerate 

uncleanliness, 

Handle things smartly, you oau do this best with warn, bare handso 

Individuality counts Por muoh in the Arotio, but expression of indivi- 

duality should not interfere wi%h aomplete co-operation with your 

assooiates a 

Don'& be a jerk and feel that your personal affairs and prowess as a 

story teller arc3 going t o inpress favorably your associates for 

months on end, 

Keep a diary of all things worth reoording and keep it orderly, so 

that in after years it may profit others in addition to yourself. 

Looaenees is a good axiom ir tho Arotio, exoep2; as applied to loose- 

mouthed and loose-thi&ing * 

&I. Mind your own busqk~ess, but don't be unmindful of the other fellows' 

d08iP06 and primcy, 

N. Noses are the only ob jeota that should be drips in .the Arotis They 

will be 

I

PHOT OGRAPRY 

Photographic equipment is , supplied f or obtaining pictures of scie 

interest. showing observation techniques, landscape and aotidtt es whio 

peculiar to the Arctic, An important part of the observational program 

be to take photographs of meteorological phenomena of all types, partioul 

aurora displays, ice formtions, snow depths, rime fomtions, sun dogs, 

others rarely seen anywhere else but' in the Arctic. 

The 4" x 5" camera should be used for general phatographic work. 

addition, an exposure meter has been provided to #obtain correct exposures 

varying lfghthg oonditions. Tests of meter readings should be checked by 

dweloping and printing trial exposures, However, it is not expeoted tha* 

photographs taken Will be developed at the station, 

Noving pictures covering the unloading of vessds, setkng up statio 

and oWer related activities should be takeno It is especially desired f 

oolor moving pictures be obtained of aurora displays or other meteorologi 

phenomena when the subjects show movement. This will add to the value of 

photographic record, Of oourse, moving pioture,s should not be made of 8 

which can be represented equally as well with still pictures. 

The primary purpose of the 35 m. camera i s to prepare many series of 

aolor film strips for making lantern slides, &oh series should be carefu 

planned as to Continuity, oompleteness and corr8o.t; exposure 8 

following types are desired. . 

Sequences Of 

(1) 

Neteorological phenomena (aurora, blizzard, eCo .) 

(2) Observational techniques, showing in detail eaoh step involved 

taking an observation under arvtia conditions. 

Reareational aativities in the Arotic. 

Normal arct io living conditions 

Landsoape scenes showing seasonal differences. 

Physical arrangement and location of station in sequenoe. 

I 

Detailed reaords of all photographs shoufd be kept, giving date, t 

exposure, light aonditions and any other pertinent information. Bq~osed 

should be oarefully marked for identifioation and the notes for eaoh expo 

included although the photos are hawn befare development to be of poor 

Techntcal Bullet in SIG 189, entitled "Cold TTeather Photography'', i 

~ vided for guidanoe and other teohnioal manuals have been included with 

pieoe of equipment 

Personnel are reminded that all photographs taken by Weather Surea 

he Arctio Project a roperty of the U. S. Government and that 

hlef U, S . Weather eau must be obtained before their role 

ion and public information. 

89

c 

Requested by U, S. Bureau of Standards. 

"ANOOK log sheet (Type 1) is intended for use in recording data on reception 

of one to four network stations using the frequenoies listed in the first 

Columnr Spaces are provided for recording the intensity 'IS'' , the readability 

i "Rtl, and the fading characteristics "F" of each frequency at regular intervals 

during each day. Observations at hourly intervals are desirable, but not neoessary 

if inconvenient. !'%atever daily schedule is followed should be adhered 

to as faitwully as possible throughout any one calendar month. 

BJormally the stations observed w ill be those with which contacts are 

regularly scheduled, However, if other stations, not contacted, can be listen 

for, data for these may be recorded also. 

Under "S" the reading of the 'IS-meter" on the receiver is recorded, If 

possible, tho transmitting operator should hold his key down while the receiv 

ing operator reads his "S-metert'. li'hen the intensity is variable the average 

reading should be recorded. 

The signal readability is rated according to the following scale and 

recorded under "R" : 

1 - unreadable 

2 - barely readable, occasional words distinguishable 

3 - readable with considerable difficulty 

4 - readable with little difficulty 

5 - perfectly readable. 

The fading oharnoteristics are rated as follows and the rating reoorded 

under "F"r 

0 - steady 

1 shallow fades 

2 - infrequent quick deep fades 

3 - infrequent gradual deep fades 

4 - frequent deep fades 

5 - flutter fading 

It is desirable that all stations make observations at approximately the 

same times; i.e., follow the same daily schedule. 

- INSTRUCTIONS FOR REPORTING AUROWiL DATA 

OPERAT I ON NANOOK 

NANOOIC log sheet (Type 2) is intended for recording hourly auroral data 

and reception characteristics of IVW and one or more other distant stations 

loperating on regular knawn sohedules. 

Under "Aurora", the brightness, elevation position, direction, and a0 

of auroral displays are reoorded in oolms headed B, E, D, and A respeoti 

e code'nmbers for these ohmactoristios are as follows:

Colm 2-E 

Elevat ion posit ion 2 

0 No aurora 

1 Very faint Small patoh well above 

N slight 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Faint 

Moderate 

Bright 

Very bright 

horizon 

Barely above horizon 

Up to 30' above horizon 

Up to 60' above horizon 

Up to 90" above horieon 

From horizon overhead to 120" 

From horizon overhead to 150' 

ME 

E 

SE 

s 

sw 

IV 

klo derate 

High 

0 

From horizon overhead to horieon 

Nf 

9 \ , 

Sky in all directions 

X No observation possible during darkness due to seeing conditions. 

' D Daylight 

C01m 3-D 

Compa s s 

di.raction 

of mdxinlum 

intensity 

*By activity 58 meant the complexity and motion of the display. Slight 

c-bivity means only a glow, luminous surface, or at most steady arcs and Ba 

seen'. Moderate activity meuns arc8 or bands with ray structure, draperies 

or cor'ona soen. High activity means any and all forms seen pulsating, cha 

clolor, and mooing 

Under remarks the form, color, and direction of notion (0.g. E-lr~r) sh 

be given if activity is reported as moderate or high, 

The attached sheet gives a description of various types of auroral 

displays 

The oolumn headed "Ob~ervers" is for recording the observers initials. 

The intensity 'IS" , fadiag characteristics 'IF" and background noise 

are recorded for each of WWs four fraquenoies, 

&der 'IStt record the average ttSlmeterlt reading, 

Rate the fading oharaoteristios on the same soale as that given f o 

with form type No, 3, 

For the background noiee rating, tune the receiver to an adjacent 

uencywhere no carrier is heard and reoord the S-meter reading, 

One or more other stations may be observed and rated like lrlrrN in 

remajning spaces on this form. A station 3.n the standard broadcast ba 

1600 kc, and E\, very law frequenoy, such 4s that used by NSS for time

92 

Auroral Description 

- G Glow: A faint glow near the horizon resembling the dawn, usuallywhite or 

greenish color but sometimes red. This is often the upper part of 

an arc whose lower border is below the horizon. 

HA Homogeneous Arc: The arc is usually diffuse above and sharply defined 

below. It may be near the horizon or quite isolated high in the sky. 

Sometimes several parallel arcs occur and may be connected at one end 

by a sharp curve. The color is usually greenish-yellow or nearly 

white. The arc often gradually climba up the sky and may later have 

a very luminous irregular lower border and soon after break into rays 

(typo RA). The arc is usually set Almost at right angles to the 

magnetic meridian. Often only parts of arcs are visible. 

HB Homogenous Band: This band has a more irregular form than the homogeneous 

arc. It may vary from narrow to very wide, The lower border is 

often irregular and sharply defined. It may sometimes consist of a 

segment of approximately semiciroular shape which may move across 

the sky in the direction of the usual arcs HA. The band may have 

folds and resemble a large curtain. These usually change into bands 

with ray structure (type RB), The color is usually bluish-white. 

PA Pulsating Arc: Arcs, or parts of them, may flash up and disappear rhythmicallyyith 

a period of 1 to 30 seconds. The color is usually bluishgreen 

. 

DS Diffuse Surface: A diffuse veil or glow, often over large parts of the sky. 

It mayresemble clouds and often appears after rays or curtains. 

color may range from violet-white to an intense red. 

The 

PS Pulsating Surface: A diffuse patch or surface which appears and disappears 

rhychrpiQZiijt. ]veer the eenihh the bounbry may bo eharper. Often - 

appeam with or as part af a flaming aurora (type F), 

RA Rayed Arc: An arc with ray structure. A quiet homogenous arc often becomes 

very luminous and then breaks into rays. The rays may be short or 

lohg and may vary in brightness along their length. 

RR Raged Band: A band with ray structure, Resembleitj the bands types 133 but 

composed of rays, The rays may be close together or scattered along 

the band. Several pamllel bands may appear, Near the magnetic 

zenith the bands may form a corona, 

D Draperies: !Then bundles of rays become long the band often assumes the form 

of a curtain or drapery, The lower border is often more luminous. 

Near the zenith they have a fanlike form or partial corona. 

R Rays: Nays resemble searchlight beams in a dusty atmosphere, The rays may 

appear isolated or in groat bundles, They are usually greenish-yellow 

but may be red. Rays ofton appear with other auroral forms. 

C Corona: V%en rays approach the magnetic gonith they seem to converge to a 

point because of perspective. The corona may be formod by long or 

short rays, by bands or by draperies ,

F Flaming Aurora: I__ A quick-moving form consisting of waves of luminosity moving 

toward the zenith or of invisible waves which cause parts of 

, arcs# bands, or patches to appear and disappear rhythmically, Often 

appears after strong displays of rays and curtains and is often followed 

by the formation of oorona. 

93

t new 

FO:i3CkST PLkfi S 

Weatner fori?casting in the lorthem Arctic is a coniparatively new 

field in meteorology. It is anticipated that it will raceive increasing 

emphasis by the :neteorological services of the United States in the futwe. 

The 'JJeatner Bureau Arctic Project is a highly significwt beginnin[; in this 

field, 

0 

'While it is recognized that the v~ry nature of the poject will impose 

definite limitations or1 the amount that can be accomplished during the first 

ycw, it is also recognized that much can and should be done. 

base 

These forecasting objectivss fall into two general categories. The 

station forecaster should. be in a position to prepare: 

a. General. Forecasts for purposes of camp securitj, and 

.I. 

- 

b. Airway fortcasts for priodic air operations. 

The first objective (a) is, of course, priniarily concerned vrith the 

tracking and/or developmekt of intense storms in tlie area. For example, 

the camp should be alerted for approaching blizzard conditions in order 

pevent hunting parties, etc. from being away fmn the base during the 

storm, 

The airway forecasting prograrr, (b) will for..the most part, be concerned 

with ,tihe flight operations to establish advanced stations in the spring, and 

for assistance to periodic flights for d l deliveries, etc. 

To accomplish these forecast objectives, continuity of synoptic weather 

charts and reports must be maiiitained at the base station. 

Comnunication cha.nels ilrill be established for trinsmftting tle fol 

. 

ing data to tlii base station: 

1, 

To be sent delytvia CAA nnd/or AACS, klirough Greenland. or Alasl:~ 

a. 

b. 

1230Z surface analysis for the hemisphere north ~f 60°N, 

12302 700 mb. analysis northern hemisphere. 

2& To be sent daily from Fairbanks, if possible, a selection of 

Alaskan, Canadian, and additional reports as available, north of 

600f! for 1230Z surface and 16002 upper air. 

3. To be sent via the CAI1 .and/or via AACS a sequence of stations N o 

60° for 12302 surface and 16002 upper &r not included in 2 gbwe 

4. To be sent to B1'JL to ~8 to the Arctic project daily a sebctio 

of Greenland, Iceland, and eastern Canadian 12302 surface repr 

and 16002' .upper air reports 

From tnese data the folladng charts will be pxleparedr 

a. Surface maps. 

- I

- 

b. 700 nib. charts (analyses combined with wallable upper air data). 

- 

, C. $upplemeEtal charts as needed. 

Yhc forecaster v&Ll mairitairi a daily joirnd. of his forecast activities 

incluctixig, insofar as is practicable, the following items: 

ooooz 12302 

1230Z 

12302 

16902 

Note I! - 

iwtc TI - 

NO%d IT1 - 

Sur.~.'acc rcpor ts (dulaycd reports) 

95

MOB= 3!SlUIPMENT 

Mobile equipment has been provided for the following purposes: 

a) To form landing ramps for unloading purposes, if neceeeary, 

b) For the transportation of eupplies and equipment fkom the 

beach to building sites, camps and supply depots. 

c) For the distribution and erection of radio suppl.ies and anteme. 

d) For the preparation of landing strips either on ice, or on land, 

if possible, 

The allotment of service for the various items of mobile equip- 

ment will be the prerogative of the Weather Bureau, 

TAECiX OF EaUlPMnvT 

In order that all mobile equipment may be in readiness for immediate 

operation on landing; in the Arctic it is planned to have such equipment 

winterized and serviced before loading in Boston, Mass. Their first aer- 

vice on enore should be the preparation of a landing ramp, if necessary, 

followed by construction of a rmd from the beach to the bu.ilding sites 

and supply dumps. The hauling of building supplies and shelters should 

then proceed, but with partlcular attention given to the radio antennae’ 

and equi-pment, in order that a communication system can be established 

and in working order before the supply ship lo&veab 

It is expected that sufficient drivers will be available d-uring land-- 

ing operations, to mn the mobile equipment during 24 hours a day. Every 

effort should be made to keep the machinery in use constantly for whatever 

purpose required. 

Fuel for these operatione should be drawn f’rom the supply ships’ bunkers 

in order to conserve shore supplies a8 much a8 possible. After the departure 

of the ship, all mobile equipment ehould be used sparingly in order to con- 

serve fuel, 

It is not intended that Weather Bureau employees should maintain the 

temporary landing strip in perfect condition continously, but rather to 

take such precautionary measures as may be required to permit the strip 

to be made eervicable at anytime at short notice. 

D-7 Tractors, with blades. For uBe as a bulldozer and hauling. 

To permit the towing of other equlpment, n-7 traotors will not bo 

equipped with winchea. Separate power Wivon winches are to be provided, 

These winchee are primily for use at the satellito stations, but; they 

96

may be used at the main bees during the first seaeon for euch purposes 

as may be necessary. 

Graders, 

Mechanized graders will be ueed. for preping landing stripe on the 

ice or on land, However, it ehould be remembered that snuwdrifts arp 

likely to accumulate in front and behind any obstruction and %he 8now removed 

by graders or bulldozers ehoukl not be banked beside the runwaff, but 

spread out to form a smooth-surfaced mound. 

in Sillin& ravines or other depreseions, To assist in doing thie work 

scrapers, road, 8 cu. yd., Towed Type, are provided and which may be used 

together with other snow removal equipment, when necessary. 

Road rollers. used as snow rollers, 

97 

It may also be disposed’of 

Road rollere have not been provided. for the sole purpose of impacting 

the anow on the overall surface of the etrip, although they might be wed 

for such purpoee. Such rollers are primarily for we in impacting enow 

or hwd slush in small depressions which may, if left unfilled, create a 

i 

hazard on the stripe, either on land or ice, 

Alrborne tractore, with blades , 

Airborne traotors with blades are provided primarily for me at the 

satellite stations, However, one such tractor should be retained for miin 

base station Wej while the others should be reserved for delivery in good 

order at the forward stations, This does not mean, however, in unusual 

circumstances, such as during the unloading period, that ~ome of thie mobile 

equipment should lie idle sf it can be used profitably. 

M 29, Weasel, No$ am~hibiow. 

An M 29 at each main base, together with the airborne tractom, should 

provide ample equipment for hauling light, one-ton sleds for moving sup- 

plies, .pereomel..shd eqv-ipment, However, the me of the M 29ts should not 

be extravagant aince the 12fe eervice of these vehicles ie Immn to be 

limited ana they will be needed durirq sprfng operations. 

It is not intended that the M 29’s or light tractore will be at the 

diepoeal of personnel for Jaunts or excursions unrelated to the technical 

operation of official buelnefite. Short holiday tripe, also thoee made to 

satisfy curiosity an8 gain sxercise should be mde by etnplojreee on foot, 

Pumps. mooline enaine,driven, 

It is expected that the pmps will. be found invaluable in many circumstances, 

The proximlty of fresh water suppl;lr to buildingrs during the epring, 

summer and fall sea~ona 18 doubtful and hauling of water when there is no 

B~OW on the ground would invslve the we of mechanical equipment and expenditure 

of precious fuel, In subazero temperature periods, when watsr

pumping is not practicable, the pumps may be used when necessary for the 

fueling of airplanes although the provision of two pumps at the station 

will permlt one to be used exclusively for moving psoline. 

Pumps, Wobble , 

On many occasions and when the we of mobile equipment ie Mrnited, the 

wobble pumps which are worked by hand., will meet the requirements and tlim 

conserve the use of the power driven gasoline pump. A wobble pump may 

also be used to provide the bathroom with water from the galley or elsewhere, 

Gasoline * winch. kwinq, 

The gasoline winch, towiw, light, including the steel cable, is 

semi-mobile equipment which is intend.ed. primarily for use at satellite 

stations, if necessary, where mobile equipment will be limited., It may also 

be used for hauling loaded sleds up steep grades; hauling supplies from an 

unloading point using an endlees cable, the down haulage section of which 

may be rope. 

It may also be used, for hauling fuel drums cast overboard from the 

supply ship to the shore, with tho aid of a long eling, or net, and for 

hauling such drums from the water edge to 1i.f.gher lovelo on the beach. To 

facilitate this ogeration 8ome drum slingn should be mad.e available. 

At hey wagons, crawler f itted , 

Athey wagons, crawler fitted-, may prove invaluable in carting supplies 

from the beach to the buildinf: sttse and supply dumps. They may be Muled 

by the D-7 Cats or, if the grade la noL; too steep, by the lighber mobile 

equipment , 

MOBILE: EQUIm AIR F'ORG! PROVISION - 

With the expectation that the provision of landing stripe on the 

ground, is possible, the Air Force will provide and make available the 

following equipment. 

Rooter. Road, cable operated. 3 teeth. 

While primarily intended for uee on earth flixrface8, this machinery 

may also he found useful in preparing surfaceu on ice for landing stripe. 

The rooter especially is valuable Tor the removal of wind-pack& snow 

drifk which may offer considerable resistance to the bulldozer carried on 

the D-7 tractors and to tho graders and scrapers. 

Scraper, (Road, towed tsqe, capacity 8 cubic .yards . 

This vehicle is also primarily intended For use In removing earth and 

its replacement. It may serve also in clearing now from landing strips 

having ice foundations, The road scraper may also serve for tramportation 

98

of aupplles from the beach to the biiilding sites or supply amps and may 

be towed by heavy or light tractors in case8 where the grade is not steep, 

- Compresc~or Air, Truck mounted. Gasoline amine Wiveq, 

Compressor, air,gasoline engine driven will be used primarily to sup 

ply air for pneumatic drills which may be required for the clearing of a 

ground landing strip, It will serve also when used together with aesociated 

machinery, to set dead-men, spilces, or pegs for &ny radio antennas masts 

and houses. It my be an absolute necessity for use in pumping up hydraulic 

equipment and tires on aircraft ana oare should be taken to see that fittings 

are provided for such purpo8e, 

Welding set. gaebline engine driven, trailer mounted., 

These sets may be found valuable for the repair of tractor treads and 

other parte of the machinery as well as for repairing aircraft, 

MOBILE E&UTpEIENT NAVY PROVISION 

For various unloading operations the Nayy expects to uee certain mobile 

equipment which may be left on the beach for subsequent use. It is under- 

stood that the Weather Bureau will be permitted to uBe such equipment when 

nece~mary. 

Crane,. Crawler type, mobile 

The Crane, Crawler type, will be found particularly ueeful for placing 

heavy generating sets and other heavy equipment in position, 

Stone boats or sleds. heavy dutg;, 

The Navy will have available two or more heavy duty stone boats, If 

auitable landing ramps are available, the atone boats may bo loaded while 

fnfij.de the X"B and hauled directly Pram the BeRlgoing craf% to the beach 

and thence to the building eite or aupply depots, 

99

AVT0MA.T IC 7WATHER STAT ION-TDN' EQUIPM&NT 

TDN equipment is an automatic weather station which is designed under 

normal conditions to transmit weathor obserrmtions on fixed radio schedules 

without attention over a period of three months. Its usefulness is unique 

because the equipment can be installed at remote places from which weather 

observations are highly important and essential to fill in gaps of tho synoptic 

network . 

Equipment for one complete automat io weather stat ion will bo provided for 

testing under arctic conditions and instructions for its installation and 

operation will be included with the TDN apparatus, Location of the automatio 

weather station will be left to the discretion of the Official in Charge ef 

the Vain Base. 

So far TDN equipment has operated successfully in tropioal and temperate ~ 

climates but its usefulness under arctio oonditions has not been determined, 

It is desired that the tests include the following: 

(a) Effect of extreme temperatures on the mechanical functioning of 

instruments, generators and radio tranamitters. 

. 

(b) Adequacy of range of meteorologioal instruments 

(0) Accuracy of meteorological instruments, i.e., comparison of transmitted 

with observed data. 

(d) In order to obtain information relative to range and.reliability of 

radio reception of TDN equipment, the Central Office should bo advised I$' 

established radio transmission schedules and frequencies with recommendation 

for action to arrange reception of the signals by other Danish or Canadian 

outlying stations e 

(e) Effect of snow and frost accumulations on radio and meteorological 

elements, 

(f) Wfeot of geomagnetic disturbances on reliability of radio transmission 

of signals. 

(g) Servicing needs of equipment with specific referenoe to mechanioal 

r eliab il it y . 

(h) Tests of antennas set up in truegeographio direction between cornmunication 

bases compared to antennae$ set up in other directions. 

In View of potential use of automatic weather station equipment for future 

arotio meteorological researoh, it is desired that the final report on TDN 

apparatus should give a oomplete pioture of its efficiency as now construoted 

and include reoommendations concerning those features requiring further 

development for arctic user The report may be prepared separately or kept 

in the station log,

101 

MISCEUANEOUS NOTES ON CONSTRUCTION OF !EMPORARY AND PERMANENT 

SUPPORTS FOR *XNsTRuMENIIs 

Part I: Tnstrumeotal Installatiom 

Imtallation of the intruments in Arctic regions presents problems not 

usually encountered elsewhere and it w ill be necessary to make adjixstmente 

at the time of installation. 

(a) Imtrument Shelters 

The advance station is being furnished a Cotton Region shelter 

which will sorve to house exposed i~wtruments, and also another 

similar shelter for raob purposes. 

At the main station a large instrument shelter has been provided 

for exposure of all ini3truments except the raob equipment. A Cotton 

Regional shelter also has been furnished for use in makin@ raob baseline 

cheok. 

A prefabricated plytiood shelter has been provided for the raw3n 

equipment. 3 

In same Arctic localities, difficulties have been encountered 

with snow accumulating in the shelter. By removing portions of the 

shelter floor is the best way to overcome this, although some stations 

have been suocessfulby making the floor louvred. 

When making the permanent shelter support, a separate 4" x k" 

post should be hstalled extending through the shelter floor for attaching 

fho Townsend Support. Leave at least a I" space between this 

post and the ehelter floor so as to prevent any vibration of the 

shelter being transferred to the maximum and minimum thsrmometers. 

Temporary Imtallations 

At the advance stations, it w ill be impossible to dig holes for erm- 

tin& shelter supports except during the summer. Accordingly, a temporary 

shelter support must be prwided until warmer weather pemits the ereotion 

of a permanent support. 

Before ereoting a temporary shelter the ground should be oleared of 

snow and leveled in order that the support can rest on the ground. Obtain 

four 4'' x 4" timbers at least 4 feet in length and brace the timbers to 

stand in an upright position to form the shelter support. Then anchor the 

support with guy wires to a couple of helium cylinders placed on the ground 

underneath the shelter. 

(b) Surface Win4 Ustruments 

Eaoh station is proviaed with a 12' eupport which should be 

erected on the building homing the meteorological equipment. A 

platform about 31 x 4' ahould be built and placed on the Quoneet 

Hut near the end. 

Having it 4' long w ill pemit nailing it to 

two steel rftm and ale0 provide adequate support. The 12' sttpport 

shoult! be well guyed aB during the oourse of a year dozens of 

trips will be made to the wind vane and enemmeter, Run the guy8 

so they do not Interfernwith olimbing the support. It i6 sug- 

gested that a permanent ladder to the platform be installed. 

a3485

102 

The wind vane contact box should be pruvided with a canvas 

shirt or a circular wocden block to prevent snow from closing the 

contacts and rollers. The skirt, however, should be loose fitting 

around the support BO that no drag is present. 

All wind vane and anemometer contacts should be cleaned weekly 

with crocus paper, Unless the anemometer is subject to soot and 

dirt from looal ~ources, it need not be Gleaned monthly. Once 

every three months is euffioient, 

(c) Pibal Instruments 

The theodolite metal stand should be anoliored at a distance far 

enough from all obstrudtione so that j$ possible the entire horizon 

is clear above an elevation angle of 6 . The best way to fasten thu 

stand is to dig down two 8'' x 8" posts ana place a piece of 2" x 10" 

acro~s the top. Use large lag screws to secure the stand to this 

foundation. 

Permanent telephone connections betweon the office and the theodolite 

site should be made. %%is can be arranged by means of a plu@; 

system so that a telephone set may be kept Indoors when not in use. 

The best lighting arrangement for the thoodolite is the flashlight 

adaptation which can be kept in observer's pocket during the flight. 

To deternine true north one should use the otars as instructed 

in Circular 0. Same local check point should be located so that 

the wind vane canbe periodioallg checked and, of course, a daily 

check of the theodolite is necessary. 

No part-lcular pibal shelter has been planned but one should be 

made out of surplus lumber. It should bo 61 square with a 2' opening 

on the leeward aide for entrance into the shelter. Emh side 

should be about 5' 6'' high. A door may be built to close thLs entrence 

but past experienoes indicate it will prove more bothersome 

than uaeful, A light plywood cover m y be built to place over the 

shelter to keep the snow out. 

If' hydrogen is used storage space and inflatton facilities 

should be remote from the living quarters, 

(a) Precipitation Instruments 

The weighing rain gage and the 8-inch gage should be placed far 

enough from all buildings and obstruotions to be free from their in- 

fluence. A Snow-Froat Tabla should be plaoed on a Po& about 4' high 

'and used to determine depth of snowfall oxcept when winds are blow- 

m3* 

(e) Imtrumentation in the Meteorological Office 

Instrunentation in the meteorological offioe will compare with 

that in any other office and. usual rules will be followed.

(a) 

Fsychomnetric Data arid Pi.;a;dmuni Temperature lleadings , 

t 

In axtremely cold temperatures, the observer should read the thermometers 

as rapidly as possible so as to prevent the heat radiating from 

the body effecting ths temperature Teadings, When working on instrummts 

in the shelter, this sodrce of heat may raise the temperature around the 

instruments several degrees which should be compensated for, hence, readings 

should be taken before the work is begun and a2ter it is completed. 

Care should be exercised in wetting the wet bulb muslja or a thick 

layer of ice will be formed and erroneous readin:-s will result. Gnce each 

day (oftener if ice entirely evaporates in less than 24 5ours) the muslin 

should be submerged in li-arm water and nemi%ted *bo renmin until all ice is 

melted, bilien the water container is removed a uniform layer of ice vdll 

form on the wet bulb. 

1n extremely cold temperatures when O,I? variation in reading thermometers 

makes a large dif2erence in dew pint and relative humidity, 

extreme care should be taken. A hair hygrometer element in good condition 

will give a more accurate reading of the moisture content than the vrret 

and dry-bulb method. If the hair element appears to be working satisfactory, 

it may be used to determine the relative huaidity, Using the 

current temporature, deter,nine from the tahl(35 (or low temperature slide 

rule) the proper value for the depression; Subtract tlie depyession from 

the current temperature thus deterrriinin; the dew point temperature. 

Once a week the hygrometer should be calibrated indoors. After the 

j-nstrunient has assumed room temperature, thc rclative hunlidity in the 

room should be obtained by psychronieter and the hygrome'ber reset at room 

humidity. If the . 

humidity in the room is low, it should be raised by 

steam to approximately 50,'; before calibration is made 

To calibrate the hygrometer at higher humidities a tizlzt box can be 

built .n.hich has a shelf for the hygrmieter and a place for two thennometers 

which can be read outside the box. The hycrometer is placed on %he shelf 

and hot wet rags are placed in the bottom of the box and the box closed, 

The wet-bulb thermometer should have wicking in a contai.ner of vat&- so 

that it will give a wet bulb reading. 'I7hen the teziperatures reach 

oquilibrum they will. be noted aloni; 1 k n t i 1 the "C.me. The relative humidity 

in the box can then be computed and compared with the hygrometer. 

111 these calibrations khe exposed clock should bc left outside and 

the calibration made with a spare clock, to ova-come theposdbility of 

the clockls bein,; stopped by niaisture absorbed indoors. 

There will be days when the mercury i.n the maximum tfiermometer vJi.1 

not thaw aut (the mel'bing point of mercury is - 38OF) and no reading vii. 

be Obtainable, If the thermograph is functioning properly, it mag be u 

' during these conditions but if there is doubt as to its accuracy, the 

highest temperatwe ol the various alcohol thomometer readings recox-de 

dwing the day rvill be used for the maxiinum tempsralure. 

.

-2- 

During tinies of rime iciR2, the louvers. iii the shelter may close up 

completely. Erroneous temperature readjq;s can result from such a conditio 

which, of course, should not be tolerated. ally length of time. 3reeping of 

t'ne shelter at 6 hour intervals vi511 prevent large accwnulstions but during 

severe icing conditions it may be necessary to do this every hour. Care 

should be exercised in cleaning the shelter to avoid vibratiorl of the 

iristruraerits. In such cases they should be read before and after cleaz?l.ng the 

shelter to detcri-ine if any errors vere caused due to vibration. 

(b) Thermograph 3ecords and Care of Clocks. 

Char,ging t,hemograph sheets is a tryin;: ordeal in very cold temprakwes 

and can be bast done by v:e,vin;i; a pair of Gloves. Always use care in 

handling the cylinder vit;i bare hands or frost bite vd5.11 rcslilt. 

The oil in all cloc.l:s, !or use outxide, has been completely removed 

and none should ever bc added. It is advisable to keep all outside clocks 

obt; of any heated rooms since the noisture picked up vhile indoors is likely 

to give trouble vhen t!ie cloclcs are taken out into the colder teK:perp-turcs. 

Use caution in winding the clocks in cold neatLer as they do not stmd 

the same treatmnt in the Arctic as they do inkqerate climtes. 

(c) Snow-Frost ! easureriients 

The snow-frost table shoc1.d be brushed. clean at each 6 hourly observation. 

Brushins this board clean of snoiu and frost at unch observation 

time v;.ill also permit usin;; it to de-terr:Lne if any ice crystals have fallen. 

Good cormon sense 'should be used aloq 1.6t:i this board for observing the 

amount of snow fall. This instruction supnlcnents but docs not cancel 

instructions in Circular '13. 

(d) Rawinsonde Observations. 

To compute Che geodyndc heightis for $he radiosonde 

formula given on the reverse side of V,B Form lls4-A. 

i 

surface use the 

The ground check for hu.midity should be made with the huridity value 

obtained frou the hygrome'ter. Exprience in the Arctic has shor,~i that at 

low ten:psrutures hunidity peasurenents for a calibrated hair element are in 

general more accurate than those obtained from tlie psychroneter. Parachutes 

will not be used. 

(e) Pibal Gbservations 

A hot water bottle is a prackical aid in keeping the hands wir"mr\ during 

5 pibal run. Lne for the feet is also helpful if tihe shelter is free f 

snow or frost. Exkrerae caution should be taker, .to kcep the feet dry. 

To facilibe handlinf of tho th?odolite ad;iustments it is advisable 

Candles 

ap several layers of friction tape around t!ie control Imobs. 

\

- 3 - 

, 

lanterns w%ll usually be used for lishtin;: of +he pibal. In cases of h 

winds %he :-rater activated cells my be used. At least a dozen runs sliou 

be made usin: the water activated cells so that information is available a6 

to their practibilitr arid performance. A parachute will not be used with the 

electric cells.

instructions for arctic meteorological service ... - Index of - NOAA

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