The Litmus Test of Electr<strong>on</strong>ic <strong>Health</strong>Record Performanceby Joseph E. Paris, PhD, MD, CCHP-AThe push to “go electr<strong>on</strong>ic” gets str<strong>on</strong>ger with eachpassing year. Although <strong>on</strong>ly a minority of pris<strong>on</strong>sand jails has c<strong>on</strong>verted to an electr<strong>on</strong>ic healthrecord system, the number of c<strong>on</strong>verts is growing. Asan NCCHC surveyor of over two decades, I have beenexposed to more than a dozen EHRs nati<strong>on</strong>wide in facilitiesof different populati<strong>on</strong> sizes. As a surveyor I did notintend to gauge EHR efficiency, data completeness orgeneral performance, but the need to survey computerizedhealth records and logs did bring me into close c<strong>on</strong>tactwith these systems.Drawing from my experiencewith diverse, commercially availableas well as home-grown correcti<strong>on</strong>alEHR systems, I was ableto formulate a plan to quicklygather relevant clinical informati<strong>on</strong>.For surveys involving EHRs,I requested a staff pers<strong>on</strong> to beassigned to me for the wholesurvey, with the understandingthat the assignment would fall <strong>on</strong>some<strong>on</strong>e familiar with the EHRstructure and thus capable ofspeedy review.I reviewed weaknesses of certainindividual EHRs in a previousissue of Correct<strong>Care</strong>, pointing toworkflow disrupti<strong>on</strong>s during c<strong>on</strong>versi<strong>on</strong>,inability to display multiplepages simultaneously, lack oftidy printed layouts, inability toflag and initial outside c<strong>on</strong>sultant reports, lack of a systemto collect inmate signatures for c<strong>on</strong>sents or items receivedand general difficulty reading previous progress notes dueto m<strong>on</strong>ot<strong>on</strong>y of the layout.This time, I will comment <strong>on</strong> comm<strong>on</strong> weaknesses ofEHR systems when handling log-type or collective databel<strong>on</strong>ging to all of the patients at a correcti<strong>on</strong>al instituti<strong>on</strong>.It should be understood that I am c<strong>on</strong>vinced that EHRsare the way of the future and I do not advocate use ofpaper-based health records indefinitely. It is my hope thatsome of the less<strong>on</strong>s I learned reviewing correcti<strong>on</strong>al EHRswill be of value to correcti<strong>on</strong>al health care authorities c<strong>on</strong>sideringthe purchase of a new EHR system.Data Tracking LogsCorrecti<strong>on</strong>al staff using paper records know that logs areneeded to track some essential functi<strong>on</strong>s of their healthcare units. Logs in comm<strong>on</strong> use include intake screening,health assessments, sick call, c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong>s, chr<strong>on</strong>ic care,PPDs, annual and other physicals, labs, X-rays, grievancesand the performance of age-dependent routine health caremaintenance functi<strong>on</strong>s such as mammograms, Pap smears,stool hemoccults and the like.Paper logs work well in instituti<strong>on</strong>s with fewer than 500inmates and with low turnover, like most state pris<strong>on</strong>s.Paper logs become unwieldy for large instituti<strong>on</strong>s, especiallyif turnover is brisk, as happens in most jails. In these,paper logs quickly become cluttered with “yellowed out”names of inmates no l<strong>on</strong>ger in the system. Interestingly,many a correcti<strong>on</strong>al system with paper records has evolvedsome home-grown computerized system for trackingsome of the functi<strong>on</strong>s above listed. These are not integrated,however, and do not lead to the development of aunified EHR.When surveying a correcti<strong>on</strong>al instituti<strong>on</strong>for accreditati<strong>on</strong>, I usually ask thequesti<strong>on</strong>s below regardless of whetherEHRs or paper records are in use. Thesequesti<strong>on</strong>s reveal essential aspects of thefuncti<strong>on</strong>ing of the health care system ineffect.As a side benefit, the same questi<strong>on</strong>s,which I term “litmus test,” can be used togauge the functi<strong>on</strong>ality of a proposed EHRsystem before committing to its purchase.Key Questi<strong>on</strong>sThe litmus test questi<strong>on</strong>s deal with sickcall, c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong>, chr<strong>on</strong>ic care, PPD, physicals,lab, X-ray, grievances and the performanceof age-dependent routine healthcare maintenance functi<strong>on</strong>s, as notedabove. I will request that the following beprinted for my review:• List of all new arrivals for the past threem<strong>on</strong>ths, stating date and time of arrival, date and time ofperformance of intake screening, and date and time of theinitial health assessment (intake physical). It is critical to beable to determine how much time has elapsed betweenintake and the essential health screening and assessmentfuncti<strong>on</strong>s.• For the past 30 days, the interval between logging aninmate’s sick-call request and the actual performance ofthe visit, al<strong>on</strong>g with figures disclosing how many sick-callrequests did not result in a visit, and for what reas<strong>on</strong>. Forvisits not taking place, print also the ultimate outcome,such as rescheduling, inmate release date and the like.• For the past three m<strong>on</strong>ths, the interval between c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong>request and c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> performance, al<strong>on</strong>gwith informati<strong>on</strong> regarding whether or not the c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong>report was received and whether it was initialed bythe instituti<strong>on</strong>al physician.• List of all chr<strong>on</strong>ic care patients, sorted by chr<strong>on</strong>ic disease,plus a list of patients with two, three, four or morechr<strong>on</strong>ic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, listing all c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. This enables me,or an internal reviewer, to rapidly ascertain the most com-14<str<strong>on</strong>g>Fall</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2009 • Correct<strong>Care</strong>www.ncchc.org
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued)plex cases and review these health records. The assumpti<strong>on</strong>is that if care is acceptable for these difficult cases,then care for simpler cases is most likely up to par. Theselists are also useful as a snapshot of the prevalence of c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.• For all chr<strong>on</strong>ic care patients (or a suitable size sample),print the dates for chr<strong>on</strong>ic clinic visits in the past year, notingwhether or not these were timely (usually every threem<strong>on</strong>ths).• List of all inmates showing the date of last PPD test,whether or not they were tested timely and results of thePPD reading in mm.• List of all inmates showing the date of performance oftheir last annual physical (or the date it should have beenperformed but was missed). The purpose is to see quicklywhether physicals are up to date.• List of inmates for whom the doctor ordered a bloodtest in the past 30 days, showing whether the test wasd<strong>on</strong>e, missed or postp<strong>on</strong>ed for any reas<strong>on</strong>. This is to identifypotential systemic problems with follow-up when atest is ordered.• List of names of inmates with HbA1c of 10% or higher(other analytes may be used, such as hemoglobin under 10grams, TSH of zero, high HIV viral loads, high bilirubin andthe like). The idea is to quickly select electr<strong>on</strong>ic charts ofinmates with significant laboratory abnormalities and todiscern whether these had been properly addressed by thehealth staff.• List of inmates who had a chest X-ray in the past threem<strong>on</strong>ths, with a comment as to whether or not the filmhad been performed and whether it was termed “abnormal”by the radiologist.• List of inmates who filed a grievance about medicalissues in the past three m<strong>on</strong>ths, al<strong>on</strong>g with informati<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong> whether the grievance had been resp<strong>on</strong>ded to withininstituti<strong>on</strong>al timelines and whether it had been denied orgranted to the inmate.• List of names of inmates who became due for a mammogram,Pap smear, hemoccult testing and the like in thepast three m<strong>on</strong>ths, al<strong>on</strong>g with an explanati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> whetheror not the test was performed <strong>on</strong> time and whether theresults were positive or negative.Obviously, many of these requested lists would enableme to readily identify problems with follow-up, both in thetimely performance of the activity and in subsequent carewhen indicated.Hope for the FutureOf note, n<strong>on</strong>e of the correcti<strong>on</strong>al instituti<strong>on</strong>s I reviewedwas able to produce all the informati<strong>on</strong> requested. A fewsystems were able to produce some data, and several wereunable to resp<strong>on</strong>d affirmatively to any of the requests. Itis my hope that this suggested list of desirable EHR characteristicswill be factored in when c<strong>on</strong>sidering an EHRpurchase.Joseph E. Paris, PhD, MD, CCHP-A, is an independent c<strong>on</strong>sultantin correcti<strong>on</strong>al health care based in Marietta, GA. Healso works as a physician at the DeKalb County Jail and theDeKalb County Public <strong>Health</strong> Department, both in Atlanta.In additi<strong>on</strong> to his work as a physician surveyor, he has l<strong>on</strong>gbeen highly involved with NCCHC as a frequent c<strong>on</strong>ferencepresenter, CCHP trustee and other activities. He recentlyjoined the board of directors as liais<strong>on</strong> for the Society ofCorrecti<strong>on</strong>al Physicians. E-mail joeparis@pol.net.The predecessor article to this <strong>on</strong>e is titled “Going toCourt With an EHR” and appeared in the Summer 2009(Volume 23, Issue 3) issue of Correct<strong>Care</strong>.whs_2nd_NCCHC_ad.qxd 8/14/08 5:38 PM Page 1At Wexford <strong>Health</strong>, we take our resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities seriously. That’s whywe have been a trusted partner to more than 250 correcti<strong>on</strong>al facilitiesacross the country, helping them to c<strong>on</strong>trol costs without sacrificingquality of care, cutting corners, or inappropriately denying services.The pride we take in meeting your needs is plain to see.412-937-8590SALES@WEXFORDHEALTH.COMMEDICALMENTAL HEALTHDENTALPHARMACYSTAFFINGEMRUTILIZATION MANAGEMENTCLAIMS PROCESSINGTELEMEDICINEwww.ncchc.org<str<strong>on</strong>g>Fall</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2009 • Correct<strong>Care</strong>15