Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

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o Throughput: The ratio of the data packets delivered to the destinations to those generated by the sources [31]. o Normalized routing load: The number of routing packets “transmitted” per data packet “delivered” at the destination [31] 3.2.5 SIMULATION METRICS Simulation metrics are listed in Table 3.2.5.1 Table: 3.2.5.1 ID Metrics Definition Formula PS Packet sent total number of packets Computed from trace file sent by the source node PR Packet Received Total number of packets Computed from trace file Received by the Destination node PDR Packet delivery Ratio Percentage of Throughput PDR= (PR/PS)*100% RF Routing Packets Number of routing packets Computed from trace file sent or forwarded NRL Normalized Number of routing packets NRL = RF/PR Routing Load per data packets 30
4. ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION RESULTS The simulation results are shown in the following section in the form of line graphs. Graphs show comparison between the three protocols by varying different numbers of nodes on the basis of the above-mentioned metrics as a function of drop rate, received, send, time and speed. 4.1 PACKET DELIVERY RATIO: The ratio between the number of packets that are received and the number of packets sent. TORA has a lower PDF than the other two protocols, as TORA reduces communication overhead; it increases unnecessary overhead due to its route adaptation feature in response to topological changes. TORA produces less throughput due to extra overhead f the destination or path establishment and for upgrading the path in an adaptive fashion. LEACH performs better as it forms cluster heads that reduce overhead. INSENS sends same packets multiple times to the destination thus lowering the PDR. PDR Table 4.1.1: Packet Delivery Ratio for WSN Routing Protocols 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 No. of Nodes TORA LEACH INSENS 75 35.12 71.85 63.21 100 45.67 78.91 64.56 125 58.45 77.29 65.67 Packet Delivary Ratio for WSN Routing Protocols 75 100 125 No. of Nodes TORA LEACH INSENS Fig 4.1.2: Comparison of the three protocols of WSNs with respect to PDF. 31
Page 1 and 2: A SURVEY ON THE ROUTING PROTOCOLS I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to m
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE……
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.2.3.1 S
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 1. INT
Page 11 and 12: o Sensing intruders on basis. o Det
Page 13 and 14: The figure also gives an overview o
Page 15 and 16: ensure that any tampering with the
Page 17 and 18: is limited to the nodes nearest to
Page 19 and 20: A second mechanism to counter-attac
Page 21 and 22: 2.2 TORA The TORA uses a "flat", no
Page 23 and 24: The first three elements collective
Page 25 and 26: Fig 2.3a: Clusters in the LEACH net
Page 27 and 28: 3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3. METHODOLOG
Page 29: 3.2.3 SIMULATION PARAMETERS The tra
Page 33 and 34: Routing Load 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 35 and 36: 5. CONCLUSION: Comparing all three
Page 37 and 38: [15] Michael G. Reed, Paul F. Syver

Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

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