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DrawableObjectTwoPointObject MultipointObject12 CHAPTER 1. THE MENTAL LANDSCAPEDrawableObject, MultipointObject, and TwoPointObject would be classes in the program.MultipointObject and TwoPointObject would be subclasses of DrawableObject. The classLine would be a subclass of TwoPointObject and (indirectly) of DrawableObject. A subclass ofa class is said to inherit the properties of that class. The subclass can add to its inheritance andit can even “override” part of that inheritance (by defining a different response to some method).Nevertheless, lines, rectangles, and so on are drawable objects, and the class DrawableObjectexpresses this relationship.Polygon Curve Line Rectangle OvalInheritance is a powerful means for organizing a program. It is also related to the problemof reusing software components. A class is the ultimate reusable component. Not only can itbe reused directly if it fits exactly into a program you are trying to write, but if it just almostfits, you can still reuse it by defining a subclass and making only the small changes necessaryto adapt it exactly to your needs.So, OOP is meant to be both a superior program-development tool and a partial solutionto the software reuse problem. Objects, classes, and object-oriented programming will beimportant themes throughout the rest of this text.1.6 The Modern User InterfaceWhen computers were first introduced, ordinary people—including most programmers—couldn’t get near them. They were locked up in rooms with white-coated attendants who wouldtake your programs and data, feed them to the computer, and return the computer’s responsesome time later. When timesharing—where the computer switches its attention rapidly fromone person to another—was invented in the 1960s, it became possible for several people tointeract directly with the computer at the same time. On a timesharing system, users sit at“terminals” where they type commands to the computer, and the computer types back its response.Early personal computers also used typed commands and responses, except that therewas only one person involved at a time. This type of interaction between a user and a computeris called a command-line interface.Today, of course, most people interact with computers in a completely different way. Theyuse a Graphical User Interface, or GUI. The computer draws interface components on thescreen. The components include things like windows, scroll bars, menus, buttons, and icons.Usually, a mouse is used to manipulate such components. Assuming that you have not justbeen teleported in from the 1970s, you are no doubt already familiar with the basics of graphicaluser interfaces!A lot of GUI interface components have become fairly standard. That is, they have similarappearance and behavior on many different computer platforms including Macintosh, Windows,
1.6. THE MODERN USER INTERFACE 13and Linux. Java programs, which are supposed to run on many different platforms withoutmodification to the program, can use all the standard GUI components. They might vary alittle in appearance from platform to platform, but their functionality should be identical onany computer on which the program runs.Shown below is an image of a very simple Java program—actually an “applet”, since it ismeant to appear on a Web page—that shows a few standard GUI interface components. Thereare four components that the user can interact with: a button, a checkbox, a text field, and apop-up menu. These components are labeled. There are a few other components in the applet.The labels themselves are components (even though you can’t interact with them). The righthalf of the applet is a text area component, which can display multiple lines of text, and ascrollbar component appears alongside the text area when the number of lines of text becomeslarger than will fit in the text area. And in fact, in Java terminology, the whole applet is itselfconsidered to be a “component.”Now, Java actually has two complete sets of GUI components. One of these, the AWT orAbstract Windowing Toolkit, was available in the original version of Java. The other, whichis known as Swing, is included in Java version 1.2 or later, and is used in preference to theAWT in most modern Java programs. The applet that is shown above uses components thatare part of Swing. If your Web browser uses an old version of Java, you might get an errorwhen the browser tries to load the applet. Remember that most of the applets in this textbookrequire Java 5.0 (or higher).When a user interacts with the GUI components in this applet, an “event” is generated.For example, clicking a push button generates an event, and pressing return while typing in atext field generates an event. Each time an event is generated, a message is sent to the applettelling it that the event has occurred, and the applet responds according to its program. Infact, the program consists mainly of “event handlers” that tell the applet how to respond tovarious types of events. In this example, the applet has been programmed to respond to eachevent by displaying a message in the text area.The use of the term “message” here is deliberate. Messages, as you saw in the previous section,are sent to objects. In fact, Java GUI components are implemented as objects. Javaincludes many predefined classes that represent various types of GUI components. Some ofthese classes are subclasses of others. Here is a diagram showing some of Swing’s GUI classesand their relationships:
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3.1. BLOCKS, LOOPS, AND BRANCHES 63
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3.1. BLOCKS, LOOPS, AND BRANCHES 65
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3.2. ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT 67top-do
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3.2. ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT 69the wh
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3.2. ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT 71number
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3.3. WHILE AND DO..WHILE 73The poin
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3.3. WHILE AND DO..WHILE 75Add the
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3.3. WHILE AND DO..WHILE 77Since th
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3.4. THE FOR STATEMENT 79the loop t
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3.4. THE FOR STATEMENT 81Usually, t
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3.4. THE FOR STATEMENT 833.4.2 Exam
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3.4. THE FOR STATEMENT 853.4.3 Nest
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3.4. THE FOR STATEMENT 87public cla
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3.5. THE IF STATEMENT 893.5 The if
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3.5. THE IF STATEMENT 91else if (
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3.5. THE IF STATEMENT 93converting
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3.5. THE IF STATEMENT 95TextIO.putl
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3.6. THE SWITCH STATEMENT 97that th
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3.6. THE SWITCH STATEMENT 99switch
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3.7. EXCEPTIONS AND TRY..CATCH 101i
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3.7. EXCEPTIONS AND TRY..CATCH 103t
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3.8. GUI PROGRAMMING 105small! Appl
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3.8. GUI PROGRAMMING 107The applet
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3.8. GUI PROGRAMMING 109}}The “im
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Exercises 111Exercises for Chapter
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Exercises 113Call this file Checker
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Quiz 11512. What output is produced
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Chapter 4Programming in the Large I
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4.2. STATIC SUBROUTINES AND VARIABL
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4.3. PARAMETERS 127TextIO.putln();}
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4.3. PARAMETERS 129A formal paramet
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4.3. PARAMETERS 131break them up in
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4.3. PARAMETERS 133parameters. The
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4.4. RETURN VALUES 135return type.)
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4.4. RETURN VALUES 137return ’F
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4.4. RETURN VALUES 139* startingVal
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4.5. APIS, PACKAGES, AND JAVADOC 14
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4.6. MORE ON PROGRAM DESIGN 147of t
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4.6. MORE ON PROGRAM DESIGN 149* In
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4.6. MORE ON PROGRAM DESIGN 151}mos
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4.7. THE TRUTH ABOUT DECLARATIONS 1
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Exercises 163will call Mosaic.setCo
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Chapter 5Programming in the Large I
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5.1. OBJECTS AND INSTANCE METHODS 1
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5.2. CONSTRUCTORS AND OBJECT INITIA
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5.3. PROGRAMMING WITH OBJECTS 1795.
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5.3. PROGRAMMING WITH OBJECTS 181Ma
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5.3. PROGRAMMING WITH OBJECTS 183so
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5.4. PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE: CARD, HAN
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5.5. INHERITANCE AND POLYMORPHISM 1
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5.6. THIS AND SUPER 205to this exam
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5.6. THIS AND SUPER 207x in the sup
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5.7. INTERFACES, NESTED CLASSES, AN
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Exercises 221numbers have been ente
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Quiz 223Quiz on Chapter 51. Object-
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Chapter 6Introduction to GUI Progra
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6.1. THE BASIC GUI APPLICATION 227}
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6.1. THE BASIC GUI APPLICATION 229p
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6.2. APPLETS AND HTML 231and listen
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6.2. APPLETS AND HTML 233}}content.
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6.2. APPLETS AND HTML 235This says
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6.2. APPLETS AND HTML 237. (This is
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6.2. APPLETS AND HTML 239This assum
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6.3. GRAPHICS AND PAINTING 241or fr
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6.3. GRAPHICS AND PAINTING 243even
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6.3. GRAPHICS AND PAINTING 245Java
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6.3. GRAPHICS AND PAINTING 247These
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6.3. GRAPHICS AND PAINTING 249* of
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6.4. MOUSE EVENTS 251* The actual c
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6.4. MOUSE EVENTS 2531. Put the imp
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6.4. MOUSE EVENTS 255events from th
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6.4. MOUSE EVENTS 257import java.aw
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6.4. MOUSE EVENTS 259If you want yo
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6.4. MOUSE EVENTS 261I will discuss
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6.4. MOUSE EVENTS 263}public static
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6.5. TIMER AND KEYBOARD EVENTS 265e
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6.5. TIMER AND KEYBOARD EVENTS 267g
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6.5. TIMER AND KEYBOARD EVENTS 269u
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6.5. TIMER AND KEYBOARD EVENTS 271i
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6.6. BASIC COMPONENTS 273method tha
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6.6. BASIC COMPONENTS 275• comp.s
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6.6. BASIC COMPONENTS 2776.6.3 JChe
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6.6. BASIC COMPONENTS 279The parame
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6.6. BASIC COMPONENTS 281If the par
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6.7. BASIC LAYOUT 2836.7.1 Basic La
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6.7. BASIC LAYOUT 285If a container
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6.7. BASIC LAYOUT 287(The source co
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6.7. BASIC LAYOUT 289public void st
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6.7. BASIC LAYOUT 291}} // end acti
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6.7. BASIC LAYOUT 2936.7.6 A Little
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6.7. BASIC LAYOUT 295deck = new Dec
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6.8. MENUS AND DIALOGS 297As the us
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6.8. MENUS AND DIALOGS 299Using men
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6.8. MENUS AND DIALOGS 301dialog bo
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6.8. MENUS AND DIALOGS 303The last
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6.8. MENUS AND DIALOGS 305that all
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Exercises 3074. In Exercise 6.3, yo
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Exercises 309You can find a descrip
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Quiz 311Quiz on Chapter 61. Program
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Chapter 7ArraysComputers get a lot
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(5)list.lengthlist[2]list[3]list: l
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7.1. CREATING AND USING ARRAYS 317T
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7.2. PROGRAMMING WITH ARRAYS 319dou
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7.2. PROGRAMMING WITH ARRAYS 321for
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7.2. PROGRAMMING WITH ARRAYS 323wil
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7.2. PROGRAMMING WITH ARRAYS 325is
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7.2. PROGRAMMING WITH ARRAYS 327}ra
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7.3. DYNAMIC ARRAYS AND ARRAYLISTS
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7.4. SEARCHING AND SORTING 343The V
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7.4. SEARCHING AND SORTING 345* Sea
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7.4. SEARCHING AND SORTING 347* @re
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SortedItems Itemsstilltobesorted St
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7.4. SEARCHING AND SORTING 351}int
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0 12 !1 7 !3 5 !5 !2 2 !9 17.5. MUL
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7.5. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 355To
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7.5. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 357fo
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7.5. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 359bo
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7.5. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 361if
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7.5. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 363}}
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Exercises 365complete polygon. Draw
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Exercises 367Each of the three subc
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Exercises 369}r += dirX; // Go on t
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Quiz 3719. Write a complete subrout
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Chapter 8Correctness and Robustness
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8.1. INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTNESS AN
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8.1. INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTNESS AN
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8.2. WRITING CORRECT PROGRAMS 379su
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8.2. WRITING CORRECT PROGRAMS 381i
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8.2. WRITING CORRECT PROGRAMS 383in
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8.3. EXCEPTIONS AND TRY..CATCH 385}
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Throwable ErrorSocketException EOFE
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8.3. EXCEPTIONS AND TRY..CATCH 389e
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8.3. EXCEPTIONS AND TRY..CATCH 391T
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8.3. EXCEPTIONS AND TRY..CATCH 3938
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8.3. EXCEPTIONS AND TRY..CATCH 395e
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8.4. ASSERTIONS 397there is a chanc
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8.5. INTRODUCTION TO THREADS 399On
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8.5. INTRODUCTION TO THREADS 401}}S
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8.5. INTRODUCTION TO THREADS 403pub
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8.5. INTRODUCTION TO THREADS 405Cou
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8.5. INTRODUCTION TO THREADS 407met
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8.5. INTRODUCTION TO THREADS 409rea
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8.5. INTRODUCTION TO THREADS 411}//
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8.6. ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS 413(By
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8.6. ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS 415and
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log(n) n*log(n) n n/log(n) 2 n8.6.
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Exercises 421L 50XL 40Write a class
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Exercises 4236. Exercise 3.2 asked
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Quiz 425Theincrement() method is sy
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Chapter 9Linked Data Structures and
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9.1. RECURSION 429* return -1. Prec
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9.1. RECURSION 431of the disks have
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than23lietoitsleftandnumbersgreater
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9.1. RECURSION 435}}As usual, we ha
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9.1. RECURSION 437// the blobs that
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9.2. LINKED DATA STRUCTURES 4399.2
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Foralisttobeuseful,theremustbeavari
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9.2. LINKED DATA STRUCTURES 443proc
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previous:runner:9.2. LINKED DATA ST
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9.2. LINKED DATA STRUCTURES 447If y
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9.3. STACKS, QUEUES, AND ADTS 4499.
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9.3. STACKS, QUEUES, AND ADTS 451st
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9.3. STACKS, QUEUES, AND ADTS 453li
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9.3. STACKS, QUEUES, AND ADTS 455
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9.3. STACKS, QUEUES, AND ADTS 457Er
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9.4. BINARY TREES 459Postfix expres
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9.4. BINARY TREES 461return 0; // T
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oot:alicebilljudyfredmarytom9.4. BI
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9.4. BINARY TREES 465// Yes, the it
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Atreethatrepresentstheexpression 3*
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9.4. BINARY TREES 469abstract class
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9.5. A SIMPLE RECURSIVE DESCENT PAR
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Exercises 481where can be either a
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Quiz 483 ::= | "(" [ ]... ")"wher
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Chapter 10Generic Programming andCo
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10.1. GENERIC PROGRAMMING 48710.1.2
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10.1. GENERIC PROGRAMMING 493obj1.e
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10.1. GENERIC PROGRAMMING 495}}.. /
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10.2. LISTS AND SETS 497Operations
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10.2. LISTS AND SETS 499ListIterato
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10.2. LISTS AND SETS 501even though
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10.2. LISTS AND SETS 50310.2.4 Enum
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10.3. MAPS 50510.3.1 The Map Interf
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10.3. MAPS 507}Or we could do the s
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10.3. MAPS 509Subsets and submaps a
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10.4. PROGRAMMING WITH THE COLLECTI
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10.5. WRITING GENERIC CLASSES AND M
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Exercises 533program WordCount.java
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Quiz 535Quiz on Chapter 101. What i
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Chapter 11Files and NetworkingCompu
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11.1. STREAMS, READERS, AND WRITERS
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11.2. FILES 547}catch (FileNotFound
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11.2. FILES 549try {// Read numbers
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11.2. FILES 551• file.list() —
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11.2. FILES 553Putting all this tog
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11.3. PROGRAMMING WITH FILES 55511.
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11.3. PROGRAMMING WITH FILES 557if
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11.3. PROGRAMMING WITH FILES 559The
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11.3. PROGRAMMING WITH FILES 56111.
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11.3. PROGRAMMING WITH FILES 563}ca
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11.3. PROGRAMMING WITH FILES 565}in
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11.3. PROGRAMMING WITH FILES 567if
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11.4. NETWORKING 569This section gi
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11.4. NETWORKING 571the beginning.
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11.4. NETWORKING 573The port number
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11.4. NETWORKING 575* line of text
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11.4. NETWORKING 577while (true) {/
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11.4. NETWORKING 579* Port to liste
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11.5. NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND THREA
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11.6. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO XML 5
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Exercises 607Modify that program so
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Quiz 609Quiz on Chapter 111. In Jav
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Chapter 12Advanced GUI ProgrammingI
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12.1. IMAGES AND RESOURCES 613(This
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12.1. IMAGES AND RESOURCES 615indiv
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12.1. IMAGES AND RESOURCES 617Howev
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12.1. IMAGES AND RESOURCES 619This
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12.1. IMAGES AND RESOURCES 621cardI
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12.1. IMAGES AND RESOURCES 623Paint
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illustration:AscentLeading DescentL
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12.2. FANCIER GRAPHICS 627You can c
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12.2. FANCIER GRAPHICS 629}g2.dispo
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12.2. FANCIER GRAPHICS 631This illu
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12.2. FANCIER GRAPHICS 633This cons
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12.2. FANCIER GRAPHICS 635is slante
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12.3. ACTIONS AND BUTTONS 637Action
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12.3. ACTIONS AND BUTTONS 639The ap
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12.3. ACTIONS AND BUTTONS 641select
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12.3. ACTIONS AND BUTTONS 643In thi
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12.3. ACTIONS AND BUTTONS 645OS is
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12.4. COMPLEX COMPONENTS AND MVC 64
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12.5. FINISHING TOUCHES 661count =
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12.5. FINISHING TOUCHES 665key uniq
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12.5. FINISHING TOUCHES 667The Mand
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12.5. FINISHING TOUCHES 669Dialog b
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Quiz 673Quiz on Chapter 121. Descri
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Appendix: Source FilesThis section
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Source Code Listing 677• ReverseW
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Source Code Listing 679• RandomSt
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Source Code Listing 681• XMLDemo.
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Source Code Listing 683Part 4: Requ
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