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Strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions in Jharkhand3.3 Economy and Financial Inclusion3.3.1 Livelihoodsa. AgricultureOver 80 per cent of the population is engaged in agriculture as a primary source of income. Yet, the state isamong those with the lowest agriculture productivity in the country. The agricultural pattern is by and largethat of mono-cropping and is largely rain fed. Potable water is an issue, especially in summers, with fluoridebeing common in many parts of the state and there is less coverage of potable water supply in rural areas.b. MinesJharkhand is one of the richest states in minerals in India. It has 40 per cent of India’s mineral reserves. Itis the number one producer of coal in the country which is and will continue to be the state’s lifeline till itshifts to other sources of energy in the near future. The largest steel plant in Asia is in Bokaro. The state isalso rich in minerals like iron ore, copper, manganese, bauxite, and mica. It accounts for 29 per cent of thecountry’s coal reserves and 14 per cent of its iron ore. The state produced 21 per cent of the nation’s coalin 2004–05. These, therefore, form the major industries in the state which also lead to the setting up ofancillary industries in which the rural population finds employment.3.3.2 Self-Help GroupsThere are an estimated 80,000 self-help groups (SHGs) in the state which have been formed by variousdepartments—Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), NABARD, health, agriculture, watershedmission, and social welfare. Apart from these, SHGs have also been formed by CSOs as part of their owndevelopmental programmes. Though it has been found that the active SHGs have managed to help familiesaround them in terms of the education of children as well as a decrease in alcoholism among the men, noinformation is available about the total number of SHGs which are still functional.3.3.3 Government ProgrammesThe Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society (funded by UNDP) under the Rural DevelopmentDepartment (RDD) exists in 10 blocks in five districts. The society helps in creating self-employment invarious non-farm sectors for which training is given to the people. Programmes like SGSY and MGNREGSare also being implemented which are working towards improving the economic scenario in rural areas.3.3.4 MigrationMigration is an important livelihood strategy of the poor to cope with low availability of food betweenDecember and May. The women migrate to metros and even European countries to work as domestic helpwhile the men migrate to work in brick kilns and tea gardens in states like West Bengal.3.4 GenderOn the surface, there seems to be much less gender discrimination in government departments in Jharkhandas compared to other states as women are allowed to move around and have also participated in trainingprogrammes and planning exercises. However, statistics show that this is not the real picture. The sex ratioin the state is 941 women for every 1,000 men which though higher than the national average of 933women per 1,000 men still shows that the state has a long way to go. The maternal mortality rate is 31215
Capacity Assessment and Capacity Development Strategy Reportas compared to the all-India figure of 254. The following figures from NFHS-3 throw further light on thestatus of women in the state:• 63.2 percent of the women are married by the time they reach 18 years of age.• 27.5 per cent of the girls in the 15–19 year age group are mothers; in rural areas this figure is 32.7 percent.• 42.6 per cent of the women in the 15–39 years age group have a body mass index (BMI) below normaland 70.6 per cent women in the same age group are anaemic.• The total fertility rate, that is, the average number of children per woman is 3.3.• Only 29.1 per cent of the births are assisted by trained birth attendants or health professionals; thisfigure is 22 per cent in the rural areas.3.4.1 Freedom of MovementWomen in the tribal communities move around freely but they are discriminated against in non-tribalcommunities.3.4.2 Violence against WomenViolence against women, including rape and dowry deaths continue to be reported. According to theNational Crime Record Bureau, 2,979 crimes against women were reported in Jharkhand during 2006.These included 799 cases of rape, 410 cases of kidnapping and abduction, 281 cases of dowry deaths,668 cases of cruelty by husbands and relatives, 414 cases of molestation, and 11 cases under the ImmoralTrafficking (Prevention) Act 1956; 36 per cent of the ever-married women have faced some form of spousalviolence; in rural areas this figure is as high as 40.6 per cent (NFHS-3).3.5 Law and Order3.5.1 Crime• Jharkhand had four times higher juvenile delinquency crimes than its parent state Bihar (2008).• Jharkhand reported an increase of about 40 per cent in the number of rapes during five years (2001 to2006).3.5.2 Judicial SystemThere were 11 vacancies out of the sanctioned strength of 20 judges in the Jharkhand High Court as on 1January 2008. There were 66 vacancies out of the sanctioned strength of 503 vacancies in the district andsubordinate courts as on 30 September 2007. Besides this, there were 49,276 cases pending in the JharkhandHigh Court and 2,63,901 cases pending in the district and subordinate courts as of 30 September 2007.The prisons in the state are overloaded and have an occupancy of 153 per cent.Denial of justice is the most important reason why a parallel judicial system has come up in the state. TheNaxal kangaroo courts are more time and cost effective as compared to the subordinate judiciary. Whilepeople have no way of reaching the existing judicial system, the kangaroo courts reach the deprived sectionsof society. The Naxals are the arbiters of disputes related to jal (water), joru (wife), and zameen (land) insignificant areas of the state.16 Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India
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