A Citizen's Guide to Dams, Hydropower, and River Restoration in ...

Toward a New Balance in the 21st CenturyA Citizen’s Guide to Dams, Hydropower and RiverRestoration in MaineAbove: Dam on the LittleAndroscoggin, Norway, Maine,December 1864.Right: Maine’s rivers servedas highways for moving entireforests to processing plants.Maine is interlaced with beautiful and powerful rivers: the Saco,Androscoggin, Kennebec, Penobscot, Allagash, Aroostook, and St.John – to name a few. These and countless other rivers and streamsshaped Maine’s landscape, nurtured our environment, and providedsustenance for people and wildlife throughout history.For thousands of years, Maine’s rivers have served the manyneeds of tribal people. They were used as trade routes for commercewith neighboring nations, and as a central spiritualforce in their cultures. Most of Maine’s rivers havederived their modern names from the tribes thatoccupied these watersheds.When European settlers came to Maine, theirearliest towns were located along or at the mouthsof rivers, which eased transportation to and fromthe sea. Commercial fisheries flourished on theKennebec River for fifty years before any significantdams were built on the river. The settlers builtdams to capture the power of Maine’s rivers formills and factories. These early forms of business and industry –textiles, saw mills, tanneries – attracted immigrants whose descendantsremain a vital cultural feature in our communities to this day.As highways, Maine’s rivers have carried entire forests of timberto processing plants. As ecosystems, they once supported a fisheriesindustry that sold salmon, sturgeon, and shad to markets around theworld. And, before modern pollution controls, Maine’s rivers alsoserved as open sewers for carrying untreated human and industrialwastes to the sea.As we move into the 21st century, the roles of Maine’s riversare changing. They continue to generate a significant amount ofelectricity, although a declining share compared to other sources ofpower. Maine’s rivers also have become an increasingly importantresource for recreation and a defining feature for our way of life.After suffering extreme pollution for nearly 100 years, the waterquality of Maine’s rivers has improved considerably – allowing thereturn and recovery of significant fish populations. Maine residentsand visitors alike are spending more time fishing, kayaking,canoeing, rafting, camping, hiking, and picnicking along our rivers– creating economic activity for local communities. Most significantly,Maine towns are reorienting themselves back toward therivers in their backyards.Dams have extensively altered the natural functioning ofMaine’s rivers and streams. Most of the dams in Maine are smallstructures, and most dams continue to serve important purposes,whether for electricity, for recreation in their ponds, or in relation tohomes that have been built around some of them. Most are likely toremain in place for years to come. However, some have outlivedtheir original design lives. Several dams in Maine have been2 A Citizen’s Guide to River Restoration