Climate Change and Health: Framing the issue

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Climate Change and Health Health: Framing Paper the Issue Figure 3.3 Low GDP and investment in health correlate to climate change vulnerability Climate Change Score Netherlands United Kingdom United States Norway Ireland 024Introduction 24 Where will the impacts be most felt? High HD, High CCV Low HD, High CCV Cyprus Finland Bahrain Saudi Arabia Kuwait Russia Romania Lebanon South Africa Ecuador Legend - Regions (WHO) European Region Western Pacific Region South East Asia Region African Region Americas Region Eastern Mediterranean Region Size of bubble is proportional to the country’s GDP per Capita High HD, Low CCV Low HD, Low CCV Health Score China Philippines Indonesia Nigeria Gambia India Kenya Bangladesh Sources and approach: Climate Change Vulnerability Score ascertained through weighted averages of Climate Change Vulnerability Index (Maplecroft, 2011) and Climate Risk Index (Germanwatch, 2009). Health Expenditure per capita in 2007 (Government expenditure on health per capita, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) international $, World Health Statistics 2010); GDP per capita (US$, ‘000s, World Bank, 2008) Pakistan Vulnerable countries typically have low levels of GDP and low investment in health per capita (see Figure 3.3). Four countries amongst this group – India, Bangladesh, Kenya and Angola – have been selected as case studies. These countries are amongst those that are vulnerable to climate change; they have limited financial resources to deal with the health impacts of climate change and also have an increasing need for health care. Two countries each have been selected from different parts of South-East Asia and sub- Saharan Africa as these are the regions that are at most risk.
Country profiles INDIA Climate-change vulnerability HIGH Health expenditure per capita (Int. $ at PPP*) 29 GDP per capita (US$) 1,017 Climate-related health risks include: EWEs, vector-borne diseases such as malaria, water scarcity and malnutrition EWEs • India is at ‘extreme risk’ from natural disasters. 73 Natural disasters have caused nearly 150,000 deaths since 1980 – with an average annual death toll of 3,255. 74 • Heavy rainfall and flooding impacts health – particularly in urban areas. In July 2005, Mumbai had 944 millimetres of rainfall in a 24-hour period (compared with the annual average of 21.7 centimetres of rainfall). 75 The flooding was exacerbated by blocked canals and drains, causing an outbreak of infectious disease, such as cholera and typhoid fever, 76 with the prevalence of the vector-borne leptospirosis increasing eightfold. 77 Disease • Malaria zones are predicted to spread to elevations above 1800m by 2080 owing to rising temperatures. 78 • Access to clean water and water scarcity is an issue exacerbated by climate change – by 2050 there could be an estimated 38 per cent potential drop in per capita water availability. 79 Climate Change and Health: Framing the Issue Natural disasters have caused nearly 150,000 deaths since 1980 Health Expenditure per capita in 2007 - Government expenditure on health per capita, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)* international $ (World Health Statistics, 2010); GDP per capita at current prices (US$), World Bank World Development Indicators 2008. * PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) is the exchange rate that equates the price of a basket of identical traded goods and services in two countries. Where will the impacts be most felt? 25
Page 1: Climate Change and Health: Framing
Page 5 and 6: Foreword Andrew Witty Chief Executi
Page 7 and 8: will exacerbate food insecurity in
Page 9 and 10: 1. What does the science say about
Page 11 and 12: Climate Change and Health: Framing
Page 13 and 14: Overview 2.2 Cardio-respiratory dis
Page 15 and 16: Overview 2.4 Malnutrition Likely ov
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.3: Climate Change and Mala
Page 19 and 20: Overview 2.6 Waterborne diseases Li
Page 21 and 22: Box 2.2 Water security The array of
Page 23: Figure 3.1: Africa hosts 8 out of t
Page 27 and 28: KENYA Climate-change vulnerability
Page 33 and 34: 5.3 Implications Given the gaps in
Page 35 and 36: Conclusion Science tells us that ch
Page 37 and 38: Appendix 1 Approach for quantifying
Page 39: 47. Bates, B. C. et al. (2010) ‘C

Climate Change and Health: Framing the issue

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