The Health bulletin [serial] - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

C6e Librarpofmeinitiersitp of Bonb CarolinaCndobJtD bp 'E^e SDialecticanopfiilant^ropic &ocietie06)4. 06NB6hi9i5-ieMed. Ii^.jOSfePH RUZtGR*BOOHBIMO€RS

This booh must notbe taken from theLibrary building.LUNC-15M N.36OP-13370

BETTER BABIES SPECirrr-^Putli5\edb4 TnZ./^°KjnCAR9LI/^A STATE. D°ARDs^AE^LTA3I This Bullelirv will be 5er\t free to arwj citizeiA of the State upo:\reque5t. |Published Monthly at the Office of the Secretary of the Board, Raleigh, N. C.Entered as second-class matter at Post Office at Raleigh, N. C, under Act of July 16, 1891/.Vol. XXVIII. SEPTEMBER, 1913. No. 6.COLORADO PRIZE WINNERS, 1912.Watch this page for the North Carolina Champions, after the State Fair.

CONTENTSHealth axd Public Health Brevities 99Better Babies ix Xorth Carolina 100Watch Your Nursemaids 104We Want to Help You 104Feeding Sick Babies 105How ASHEVILLE DoES It 106Good Well Water 107Mosquito Warfare in Panama 109The Care of Milk in the HomeAVhat Berlin Did, We Can Do 112The Last Word 112IllFREE PUBLIC HEALTH LITERATUREThe State Board of Health has a limited quantity of health literatureon the subjects listed below, which will be sent out, free of charge, toany citizen of the State as long as the supply lasts. If you care forany of this literature, or want some sent to a friend, just write to theState Board of Health, at Raleigh. A post-card will bring it by returnmail.No.Medical Inspection of Schools and School Children.Care and Feeding of Babies.The Plague of Flies and Mosquitoes.Residential Sewage Disposal Plants.Sanitary Privy.Hookworm Disease.Malaria.Tuberculosis Leaflet.Compilation of Public Health Laws of North Carolina.20. Tuberculosis Bulletin.Fly Leaflet.Baby Leaflet.The Vital Statistics Law.The Whole-time County Health Officer.Anti-Spitting Placards ( ii inches by 9 inches).Anti-Fly Placards (ii inches iw lo'^inches).

l-£j||PUBLI5AE:D BYTML HOR-TM CAIgOLIhA 5TATL BQAI^D °^M&ALTMIElJ. Howell Way, M.D., President, Waynesville.Richard H. Lewis, M.D., Raleigh.J. L. Ludlow, C.E., Winston-Salem.W. O. Spencer, M.D., Winston-Salem.Thom.\s E. Ander.son, M.D., Statesville.Charles O'H. Laughinghocse, M.D.Greenville.Edward J. Wood, M.D., Wilmington.A. A. Kent, M.D., Lenoir.Cyrus Thompson, M.D., Jacksonville.W. S. Rankin, M.D., Secretary and Treasurer, Raleigii.Vol. xxvm. SEPTEMBER, 1913. No. 6.HEALTH AND PUBLIC HEALTH BREVITIES.Dou"t miss the Better Babies Coxtestatthe State Fair.— —To get some good, first-class healthliterature free, see the opposite page.— oOver .$300 iu prizes for the best NorthCarolina babies at the Fair. Enteryour baby. There are no entry fees.For the elementary principles ofhealtli and sanitation on the farm, seethe public health exhibit at the StateFair.October 20th to 2.jth.—o^Th^> Better Babies Contest and thePrBLic Health Exhibit will be two ofthe biggest features of the State Fairthis year. —oThirty-three states make tuberculosisa reportable disease. I.sn't it abouttime for North Carolina to join the rirocession?— oThe liveliest thing at the State Fair—the Better Babies Contest. Don'tmiss it. It will beat the Midway anyday—and it's free.August and September form lowwater-mark for pneumonia. From Septemberon to February the pneumoniadeath rate goes up—because our windowsgo down. Live, work, and sleepin the fresh air. and avoid pneiiraonia,colds, grip, and tuberculosis.On dressing for hot weather, theChicago Health Department says"Wear as little clothing as the law ofthe land will permit—that's mightylittle these days. 'Equal rights formen.' "_^_hookworm examination.— —Any one suspecting tuberculosisWould you like to know if your childhas hookworms? The State Board ofHealth will tell you free. Write them,stating that you want a specimen containerforshould consult his family doctor at once.If thought necessary, the doctor canhave a sample of sputum examined fortuberculosis germs at the State Laboratoryof Hygiene free of charge.— oTrue civilization and refinement in atown, community, or individual familycan be judged very closely by the waythey handle their own filth. If theyhave the antiquated, open, insanitaryprivies, or no privies at all, and noscreen doors or windows, they are aboutat the bottom of the scale. If they havescreen doors and windows, they havemovetl up quite a bit: and if they haveabolished privies altogether, or use sanitaryprivies and screens at their doors,they have passetl the selfish stage andrecognize that they are their brother'skeeper. Where are you on this scale?

BETTER BABIES IN NORTH CAROLINA.Each Year the Old North State Raises Better Cotton, Better Tobacco, BetterHorses, and Better Cattle—and Why Not Better Babies?Warren H. Booker, C.E., Assistant Secretary.Koi-th Carolina neglects her bestcrop. Yes, just that. Every year wehave our county and state fairs; wehave our Agricultural Department withscores of experts, test farms and experimentstations, and our agriculturalcolleges filled to overflowing; we haveour farmers' institutes, and the bestfarm paper in the United States. Wehave all these, and why? In order tomake two bales of cotton grow on anacre that formerly produced but one;in order to produce good cattle insteadof scalawags, and thoroughbred Berkshiresand Poland-Chinas instead ofrazorbacks and elm peelers.But North Carolina's best crop isnever mentioned. No one ever dreamedof holding institutes to teach fathersand mothers how to raise better,healthier babies. We have no schoolsWeor colleges teaching such subjects.have no papers or magazines on thissubject. In fact, all we have ever donewas to have an occasional beauty showat the fair. That was a joke. No oneever knew a thing more about how toraise a better, healthier baby, or howto improve those they already had.A Sound Chest is a Valuable Asset.after attending such a beauty .show,than they did before.Now, all this is going to be changed.The North Carolina mothers have saidso ; the State Fair Association has saidBroad, Deep Chests Are Fine, Butso; and the State Board of Health isgoing to back them up and cooperatewith the mothers of the State and withthe State Fair Association, and holdNorth Carolina's first great BetterBabies Contest at the State Fair inOctober.OVER $300 IN CASH PRIZES.The contest will be under the directmanagement and control of the StateBoard of Health. It will not be abeauty show in any sense of the word.It will be a health contest, out andout. Neither grandfathers nor grandmothers,town mayors, congressmennor politicians will be allowed to patbabies' dimples, kiss them on the mouth,or vote for the prettiest child. On theother hand, a corps of the best doctorsand children's specialists in the Statewill be on hand to score the babies ona score-card in much the same way asthe horsemen and cattle judges will

THE HEALTH BULLETIX. 101GETTING THE CORRECT HEIGHT.Height and Weight Should Conform With Age.They Must Not be Flat or Pigeonbreasted.score the horses and cattle. The baby"sage will be noted, then he will beweighed, measured, and carefully examined,and, above all things else, thesedoctors will point out to the mothersand fathers just what goes to makea perfect baby. They will show whythe baby scores high here and low there,and just how to remedy any defects.Then, best of all, there will be theprizes. Of course, the prize for thebest baby will not be so large this yearas it will be for the best horse or cowor hog. One could scarcely expect thatthe first year ; but next year, whenNorth Carolinians begin to appreciatethat a third or fourth prize baby isworth more than the best race-horse onthe track, the adjustment of prizes willbe different. This year the Woman'sHome Companion offered $100. providedthe State Fair Associationwould raise$50. It took quite a bit of work toraise this $150 iu order to secure the$100, but the State Board of Healthdid not stop there. It went on, and isstill collecting funds for prizes, and beforethe contest is held it hopes to havea considerably larger fund for tliispurpose.JUDGING THE BABIES.Lots of interest centers around justhow the babies will be judged or scored.Space will not permit us to explain thewhole matter in detail, but the generalplan will be as followsThe contest will be held October20th to 25th. at the State Fair Groundsat Raleigh, in the east wing of FloralHall. At the appointed day and hourthe mother will bring the baby to thelarge, comfortable reception room,where a reception committee of ladiesinterested in the babies and their motherswill meet the babies, learn the name,age. and sex of each one. and fill out$100, and provided further that thewomen's clubs of the State would raise Surveying Osier's "Mason and OlxonLine."

102 THE HEALTH BULLETIN,to the last examination room. Heretrained specialists will make carefulphysical examinations of the baby fromhead to foot. They will examine histeeth, his eyes, ears, nose, throat, andevery possible detail that goes to makeup a perfectly healthy, normal baby.Furthermore, these meflical experts willpoint out to fathers and mothers anyphysical defects or tendencies, and informthem, free of charge, how to reraetlyor overcome these defects by propercare of the baby.PUBLIC HEALTH EXHIBIT.A Perfect Baby Must be Well Proportionedas to Height, Lengtii of Arms, andLength of Legs.the score-card sbowing these facts, alsotlie name and address of the fatherand mother, whether the baby has beenbreast-fed or bottle-fed, whether or notit sleeps alone, whether or not it sleepsin a room with windows open, etc.From the reception room the babyand mother will enter a quiet roomwhere a doctor will test the child mentallyaccording to its age. For instance,a child of six months should sit alone,play with simple objects like a pencilor spoon, look in the direction of unexpectednoises, etc., while a child of twoyears should run, join words to makeshort sentences, be able to point to eyes,nose, ears, etc.. and so on. If babymeets all these conditions, he will bescored 100. or perfect.WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.From the mental test room the motherand baby will be conducted to a measuringroom. Here a doctor and a trainednurse will carefully weigh and measurethe baby. A table of standardshas already been provided for babiesof different ages. Baby's height willbe measure

THE HEALTH BULLETIX. 103briug mcKleni sanitation down topractical,every-day life. Don't miss it. Itwillbe next to the Better Babies Contest.ABOUT THE PRIZES.The matter of prizes has not beenfully decided as yet. There will beclasses for rural babies and city babies,and these classes will probably also bearranged according to ages, say fromsix months to twenty-four months, andfrom twenty-four months to thirty-sixmonths. The classes will probably alsobe divided into classes for boys andclasses for girls. There will probablyalso be sweepstakes and special prizesfor the best boy and the best girl ofany class. In each class there willprobably be a first, second, third, andfourth prize. A special committee willdecide later in regard to the numberand value of the prizes, and due announcementwill be made in the nextnumber of The Health Bllletix.Every effort is being made to makeThe Better Babies Contest as pleasantand comfortable for the babies andtheir parents as possible. Besides thelarge reception room, the Board willendeavor to have tents erected for restrooms for mothers and babies. CotsSore or Swollen "Kernels" May indicate aDisposition to Contract Disease.will be provided for sleepy babies, andtrained nurses will be left in charge ofthe babies while the mothers go aboutseeing the rest of the Fair.HOW TO ENTER.Parents wishing to enter their babiesin the contest will file their applicationwith the State Board of Health beforeOctober Irith—the earlier the better-No charge or entry fee will be required.The parents will also state the day onwhich they expect to attend the Fair^so that the Board can arrange a convenienthour for the judges and thebaby.Kemember that Wed)iesday will probablybe a better day than Thursday orFriday, and Tuesday will probably Bethe best day of all. so far as convenienceand the comfort of the baby isconcerned.Apiilications for entry will be filedin order, and iireference in regard totime of examinations will be given earlynpplicanrs. For this reason it is bestGocd Teeth, Good Tonsils, and a CleanTongue Make for Better Babies.to make your entry application early^,.even though you should later find itimpossible to have the baby there. Applicationsare already coming in, andif you make your entry application atonce, so much the better.°^ ^^'' ^''"'="''' ''"^' ^^^ ^"'« illustrating this article areHome^cJmpailon^^ used by courtesy Womar.

104 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.WATCH YOUR NURSEMAIDS.Nursemaids are a very potent healthfactor in child life. Children's diseasesare frequently conveyed by them,and sometimes diseases more far-reachingare directly chargeable to ignorant,careless, or diseased nurses. Thisis particularly true in the South, wherecolored women do much of the nursing.Perhaps the only reason we do nothave more crimes of preventable diseasescharged up to careless, ignorant.or diseased nurses is that, as a rule.it is very hard to determine the exactsource, cause, or occasion wherein acase of preventable sickness was contracted.In May, 1912, however, in alarge children's home, a nurse havingtuberculosis was given charge of a wardof ten small infants ranging from twoto four years of age. All ten of thesechildren had been tested for tuberculosisthe month before this nursemaidtook charge, and it was then found thatthree out of the ten had been previouslyinfected with tuberculosis, but were notin an active stage of the disease at thattime.It was noticed within six weeksafter employing this nurse that she hadtuberculosis, and she was promptly removedon the first of July, and thechildren again examined, but only thesame three responded to the test.Three months later, however, the childrenwere again examined, and it wasWarren H. Booker, C E., Assistant Secretary.found at that time that tubercular infectionhad developed sufficiently inevery case to be recognized by the tuberculintest. These children could nothave contracted tuberculosis from anyone else except the tuberculous nursemaid,as she was the only person thatcame in contact with them. Even theirmilk supply was Pasteurized by heatingto l-iS F. for 45 minutes to kill anytubercular infection from the cows.It should be noted that there werenearly three hundred children in thisinstitution, and it was found that thiswas the only tuberculous nurse present.It was also found that the childrenunder this particular nurse were theonly ones to develop tubercular infectionafter coming to the institution.All this goes to show the grave dangerof infecting our children by means ofnursemaids.Fortunately, these early tubercularinfections are, as a rule, readily overcomeby children, but not always, asis shown by the records of deaths fromtuberculosis among children. The lessonto be borne in mind is the possibilityand the danger of having ourlittle ones and our loved ones infectedby a race of people having three timesthe amount of tuberculosis that whitepeople have, as well as a great excess ofcertain other preventable diseases, tosay nothing of the loathsome venerealdiseases.WE WANT TO HELP YOU.Warren H. Booker, C E., Assistant Secretary.Miss Teacher, Mrs. Club Woman. ten out to accompany them. One ofMessrs. Preachers and all other Public- the lectures is on tuberculosis and isSpirited Citizens, we want to help you.Will you let us?Here is one way in which the StateBoard of Health can help you in yourschool, church, and community work.We have just secured two sets of lanternslides, with lectures already writ-well adapted for any mixed audience,while the other lecture is on the generalsubject of health, the teeth, voice, hearing,and sight. It is especially adaptedfor schools, and for work on the medicalinspection of school children.Anv one can "deliver" or read one of

THE HEALTH BULLETI^'. 105these stock lectures while some oueelse operates the slides in any ordinarystereopticon lantern.The State Board of Health offersloan these slides and lectures free ofcharge to any school, church, club, organization,or public-spirited citizenwho will agree to give a lecture fromthem, provided they pay the expresscharges to their town. Then they mayhold the slides and lecture until wesend them an order requesting thatthey be shipped to some one else.Besides the slides and lectures, thisBoard will also send you special bulletinsto help you get posted on the subjecton which you expect to lecture, anda limited quantity of various kinds ofpublic health leaflets which may be distributedamong the audience after thelecture.Here is a golden opportunity for anyone at all interested in giving his club,church, or community an entertainingand instructive lecture.Our church people are beginning tohave more compassion on their overworkedpreachers, and are giving themmore generous vacations. Laymen whorelieve the regular minister should findthese lectures an excellent method ofcontinuing the regular meetings.Health work, after all, is only onetophase of Christian activity, and if thelecturer wants to add more religion tohis lecture, let him draw lessons fromthe life of the Great Physician, or lethim teach modern sanitation from theBook of Deuteronomy.Doctors usually make excellent peopleto deliver such lectures. However,on account of the delicacy of medicalethics and on account of the difficultyin getting a good audience to an ordinarylecture, doctors thus far havenot, as a rule, volunteered to givehealth lectures as freely as they might.But if some church, school, or publicspiritedcitizen will invite a doctor togive one of these illustrated lecturesthere will be little danger of his notaccepting the invitation. Try it once.To secure these slides and lectures.write the State Board of Health, Raleigh.Do not announce the date for alecture until you find out when youcan get the slides.If the idea proves popular, the Boardwill be glad ro add several more sets ofslides and lectures on different sub-.iects, and possibly for those communitiesnot having ready access to stereopticonlanterns the Board may latersecure one or more traveling lanternsto loan out with the slides. Let usknow how the idea appeals to you.FEEDING SICK BABIES.If it were possible to obtain an accuraterecord of baby sickness, it wouldbe found that many babies get sick inJune and the early part of July, thoughthe baby death i-ate does not begin toshow much rise until after the middleof the latter month.The asylums, sanitaria, hospitals, andbaby tents find that the children whoare severely sick in midsummer give ahistory of mild sickness in the earlysummer. It is the old. old story of the"stitch in time saving nine."Loose bowels, green stools, mucus,and blood cannot be neglected with anydegree of safety after June 15th in thisclimate and June 1st in warmer climates.The child may seem to be happy,not upset by the little indigestion, andit may seem useless to worry about sotrifling a matter. But. unless thesetrifles are attended to. things will getworse as the weather gets hotter, and.presently, the baby is in a conditionwhere no food seems to agree with itand no doctor seems to help it. The

106 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.mother must carry on her loug.wearyfight to keep the jioor, skinuy baby aliveuntil the nights get cool in October.The first thing to do when the babygets sick is to stop feeding it. TrobablyThe milk is bad anyhow. But. whetherit be good or bad, it will disagree witha sick baby. In place of milk the babyshould take clean water from a cleanbottle or a clean cup. If the troublekeeps up there are milk substituteswhich can be given until it is safe togive milk again. The physician or nursewill demonstrate how these are made.The next step, after str>iiiiing the food,is to empty the child's intestines of allfermenting, decomposing food. The parentis justified in going as far in thisline as the use of oil by the mouth andof simple enemas by injection. If reliefdoes not come when these haveacted, the mother is not justified in goingfurther. She should get help froma physician or nurse. Caring for a sickbaby is so largely '"doing and showing,"as contrasted with "telling," that anurse is needed more than would usuallybe the case.As the child goes back on milk, let itbe watered milk or good buttermilk. Ifthe first feeding agrees, let the next beslightly less watered, and the next stillless, until within a few days the diet isone proper for the age and the season ofthe year. Occasionally a mother continuesto give watery milk after the acutetrouble has subsided and the baby in afew weeks shows signs of starvation.Remember—a baby with indigestioncan be starved by overfeeding. The indigestionpassed, it may be starved byunderfeeding. Dr. W. A. Evans in TheChicafioTrihvne.HOW ASHEVILLE DOES IT.When a case of typhoid fever occursin Asheville. the dairyman deliveringmilk to the afflictetl family is immediatelynotified of the fact. That is usuallyenough to make the dairyman feelthat to some extent his dairy is chargedup with the case, until it is proven thatno further cases occur on his route orthat the first case was due to somethingelse.Furthermore, the dairyman is notallowed to remove milk bottles from thepremises of the sick person until thebottles have been sterilized by thehealth department. This is a very wiseprovision, because typhoid germs growvery rapidly in milk, and if the milkbottle should become accidentally contaminatedwith typhoid germs in thetyphoid-stricken home the dairymanmight contaminate his other bottles andcans in the course of ordinary washingand spread the disease to the rest of hiscustomers. This is a very good precaution.What is the policy of yourtown is this matter?— w. h. b..Jesus was rebuked in the elder dayfor healing an infirm man on the Sabbath.And those who rebuked Himthought it perfectly all right to save asheep on the Sabbath. The sheep wasa piece of property. It was money, itwas value. "How much better is a manthan a sheep?" He asked, and the doctors,the reformers, the cranks, havebeen thundering that to the multitudeever since, and the multitude has begunWithin our own day, we haveto listeii.seen legislatures appropriate more forhog serum than for tuberculosis, morefor the hog than for the human; but aman is getting to be worth as much asa hog in this State, and he is going tobe worth more.— ir. T. Bost in TheXeics and Observer.

Good, wholesome driuking-water is afimdameutal of life aud liealth. Judgingfrom analyses of private well waterat the State Laboratory of Hygiene, onewould think good well water was a luxuryin North Carolina. Only 17 percent, or one out of six. of all the huudretlsof ordinary, open-top bucket wellswere found to furnish water safe fordrinking. Of the wells with pumps itwas found that 63 per cent, or fourtimes as many, furnished water fit forhuman use. Only about 36 per cent ofthe private spring supplies are foundsafe. All this is an unfortunate, dangerous,and disgraceful condition, particularlyamong our rural folk. Agreat deal of this trouble can be easilyavoided by observing the following precautions.The purity of a water is a very deceivingthing. We can frequently tellwhether or not food is wholesome bylooking at it, by smelling it. or tastingit; but not so with water. Looks, taste,and smell count for little. Water ladenwith germs of typhoid, cholera, or diarrhealdiseases may be perfectly clear,tasteless, and odorless.THE HEALTH BI'LLETIX. 107GOOD WELL WATER.Warren H. Booker, C E., Assistant Secretary.The only way totell bad water is to have a chemicaland bacterial examination made of it.giving the person examining the waterall the information available as to how,when, and where the sample was collected,and a description of the surroundingsof the well or spring. Thedistance from privies, stables, etc..should be given, also the direction ofthe surface drainage with reference tothe well, and the methorl of coveringand protecting the top of the well.What most of us are interested in ishow to get a well of good, wholesomewater, and then l^eep it good. Be'-ausea well water is wholesome to-day is noreason why it may not be dangerouslypolluted next month or next year. Awell once polluted is iilwa.vs uncertain.The water may beronie pure or it may'•niitinne impure. It is like a jiersonthat steals. If he steals once, it isdoubtful if he ever jiermanently reforms,and we are always uneasy lesthe commit a robbery.A GOOD WELL LOCATION.In locating a well use common senseand foresight. Don't rely on superstitions; they may kill some one with badwater. Ordinarily, the water in theground moves slowly in a direction fromhigher ground toward lower ground ; sobe careful not to locate a well so thatthe water coming to it will have soakedthrough barnyard manure or privy filthabove the well. Wells should, wheneverpossible, he located on high ground, wellaway from privies, hogpens, and barnyards.Wells located on high groundusually have to be put down somewhatdeeper than wells located on low ground,butthe quality of the water from thewells on high ground will justify theextra expense.Lse foresight and do not locate a wellwhere it may later become polluted byprivies or other sources of pollution notunder your control.Never locate a well where the heaviestkind of a rain or even a "cloudburst"can wash surface material fromthe ground into the top of the well. Ifthere is any possibility of such a thinghapiiening. grade around the top of thewell so that rain and surface water willdrain 20 or 30 feet away from the well—the farther the better. This Is veryimportant.Never use an open-top well. The.vare many times moi'e liable to contaminationthan wells with pumps. Pumps,either wooden or iron, never injure thequality of the water or the health ofthe users. The more you protect thetop (if the well, the better. Note in theaccompanying illustration how thewalls are laid u]) with cement joints.The toil of the well is carefully coveretl.cement is jiacked around the toj)of the well, a trdugh and drain pre-

108 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.vents waste water from returniug tothe well, and all surface water isdrained away from the well by theslope of the ground. This is an excellentform of well, and if privies, hogpens,etc., are kept away from it andon lower ground, it should give excellentwater.IMPROVING BAD WELLS.To make a good well out of a bad oneis a very hard and uncertain job. It isusually cheaper to locate a new well andbegin all over. Sometimes, by makingthe walls water-tight, grading the surfaceof the ground away from the well,placing a tight cover over the well,using a pump, draining the wastewater away, and removing all sourcesof pollution, the water may be improved; but the results cannot be guaranteed.PROTECTING SPRINGS.The same general principles apply tosprings that apply to wells, except that,as a rule, springs are already located.and we have to leave them where theyare and protect them as best we can.An excellent way to protect a springis to surround it with a cement bowlor basin and cover it with some closefittinglid. This will exclude frogs andbugs, and also leaves and other debrisfrequently blown into oiien springs.If possible, the water from the springshould be piped down tothe house direct.If this cannot be done, an ironpipe or terra-cotta pipe should dischargethe overflow from the spring sotnat it can be caught in pails, etc. Inthis way promiscuous dipping of cupsand pails into the spring bowl itselfcan be avoided.To protect a spring from surfacedrainage, it is an excellent plan to cuta small ditch around the spring on itsupper side at a distance of some 20 or30 feet, and drain the surface washaway from the spring. Live stockshould not be iillowed to pasture for adistance of at least 100 feet above thespring, and privies should be kept entirelyoff the catchment area of smallsprings. In the case of large springs,possible sources of pollution should,a general rule, not be allowed within500 feet above the spring. Groundabove a spring or around a well, ifused for farming, should not be fertilizedwith barnyard manure, etc.. iffor no other than esthetic reasons.No definite rule can be laid down asto a safe distance from a source ofpollution to a well or spring. In sandyand clayey soils there is less dangerthan where rocks, more or less crackeland seamy, exist a few feet under thesurface. The safest rule is to keepall sources of pollution as far awayas possible, the farther the better, andunder no circumstances permit them toexist within one hundred feet of evena carefully protected well such asshown in the illustration.A GOOD FORM FOR A DUG WELL.Protected from Surface Pollution by aGood Cover, Well Laid Wall, and aTrough Which Drains the Waste WaterAway. Note Also the Concrete Aroundthe Top. and the Direction of SurfaceDrainage.as

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 109MOSQUITO WARFARE IN PANAMA.How They Fight Mosquitoes to Save Human Lives.Dr. W. S. Rankin, Secretary.The Isthmus of I';inama has seentwo great battles. Thirty years ago,when the French started the Canal, themosquitoes undertook to drive out theinvaders, and they did it. The deathrate among the French was 240 per1,000 annually—a clear-cut victory forthe mosquito. To-day, while the Americansare digging the Canal, they arealso making war on the mosquito, andthe mosquito is losing. The presentdeath rate is only 14 per 1.000. We canappreciate this better when we rememberthat the death rate in North Carolinais about 30 per cent higher, orsomething over IS per 1.000.Methods used in controlling the mosquitoproblem consist of filling anddraining collections of stagnant wateroiling and using larvacide where fillingand draining cannot be employed ; inscreening; in catching mosquitoes byhand and by traps; and in persuadingpeople subjected to bites of mosquitoesto use small doses of quinine daily.Three to five grains daily will preventmalaria in a malarial district.The most permanent method of controllingmosquitoes is the filling ordrainage of stagnant water. Thismethod attacks the problem from itsvery source. It prevents the bree

i110 THE HEALTH BULLETIN,water in tbe tropics bj' the variousmethods nientioueti is tbe fact that nostagnant water, not even small collectionson a hillside a fourth or aneighth of an inch deep, nor even thewater in a sheep's track, is neglected.Tbe treatment is complete, and this isone of tbe important points that theauthorities in tbe Zone make in dealingwith tbe mosquito problem.VALUE OFSCREENS.If mo.squitoes are allowed to breed,the malarial death rate can be helddown remarkably low by thoroughlyscreening all bouses and by catchingmosquitoes by hand and by traps. Theoccurrence of malaria in the screenedsection and unscreened section of thesame settlement, both sections of whichare equally exposed to the mosquitoes,has demonstrated that there is onethirdless malaria in screened than inunscreened houses. The authorities ofthe Zone stress the point that screeningshould not be done unless it is donethoroughly. An imperfectly screenedhouse frequently serves to admit andretain the mosquitoes, acting as a trap.In screening, an IS-mesh copper wire isused ; a larger mesh will admit of tbeentrance of certain varieties of mosquitoes.The authorities of tbe Canal Zonethink a great deal of catching the mosquito.Mosquitoes are caught in twoways : Wire traps, very much likesome forms of fly traps, are fastenedover the transoms of the doors. Tocatch the mosquitoes entering tbehouse, tbe convex part of the trap isturned in: to catch the mosquitoesleaving the house the position of tbetrap is reversed. A still more importantway than trapping, in catching themosquitoes that reach a dwelling, isby the "band catch." "Hand catching"as carried out in the Canal Zone isdone by ordinary day laborers. Tbemosquitoes are looked for early in themorning, when they are usually foundon the wire screens trying to get out, orlate inthe day in the dark corners oftbe rooms, under shelving, or behindl>ictures. Tbe mosquito catcher carriesa little bicycle lamp and a cylindricalbottle, about 4 inches deep by aninch in diameter, with a little piece vfcotton in the bottom soaked with chloroform.With tbe rays of the lightthrown in tbe dark place he spies themosquito on the wall and graduallyslips the mouth of the bottle over theinsect, which soon becomes anesthetizedand falls into the bottle. In someof the temporary camps, where fillingin and draining are too expensive, ithas been possible to bold tbe malarialdeath rate down to tbe average prevalencein tbe Canal Zone by tbe "handcatch" method. This demonstrates tbeimportance of this measure in controllingthe malarial problem. About tentimes as many mosquitoes are caughtby hand as by traps.The effect of the mosquito work inthe Canal Zone has been to entirelyeradicate yellow fever, the last case ofwhich occurred in lOOG. and to reducemalaria 00 per cent.As will be apparent to our readers,many of tbe methods used in the CanalZone are applicable to North Carolina,and many of the methods used by tbeCanal Zone can be used by the individualfor bis own and his family'sprotection, independently of the iudifferenceof the municipality in whichbe lives to the importance of mosquitoeradication. There are over .oOO deathsand G.'.OOO to 7.5,000 cases of malariaevery year in North Carolina, ninetentbsof which occur in the easternhalf of the State. It is evident that itis time for our people to begin to takean interest in tbe mosquito and malaria.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN.IllTHE CARE OF MILK IN THE HOME.Milk is a perishable food. The lengthof time it remains sweet depends largelyupon the care it receives after deliveryto the consumer. Keep it clean, cool,and covered, and it should remainsweet during the 24 hours in which itshould be used.Germs, to grow, require three importantthings, namely : food, moisture,and moderate heat. Milk furnishesfooti nnd moisture and the room airfurnishes the necessary warmth. Milkis therefore a very good medium forthe growth of germs, if not kept cold.Dust, dirt, and flies are the carriersthrough which germs get into milk.Milk, therefore, should be protectedfrom dust, dirt, and flies.Remember : the most important ruleabout the care of milk is : keep themilk clean, Keep it cold, and keep itcovered.Do not allow milk to stand on thedumbwaiter, stoop, window-sill, orother place where the driver leaves it.Place it promptly in the ice box.Keep your ice box cold and wellstocked with ice. You cannot obtaingood refrigeration without a well-filledice compartment.Keep your refrigerator clean andfree from disagreeable odors. Milk absorbsunpleasant odors very readily.Strong smelling foods, such as onions,garlic, and strong cheeses, should not bekept in the same compartment withmilk, butter, or cream.Where ice boxes are not available,some makeshift arrangement should beprovided. The following has been recommendetl"An emergency ice box may lie constructedby placing a piece of ice in acovered tin pail or bucket having ahole in the bottom. An old leaky pailwillanswer."Place the bottles of milk in directcontact with the ice. and cover thewhole with a heavy cloth or blanket.The pail may be kept in the sink."Milk inirchased from stores shouldbe delivered in a clean condition andat or below .30 degrees F.Keep the milk prepared for infantfeeding in nursery bottles in the icebox until just before using. The practiceof heating the baby's milk at eveningand keeping it warm until thenight or early morning feeding is verybad. The heat thus maintained is mostfavorable to the growth of germs.Return promptly to the ice box anyunused portion of milk. Standing inthe warm room will greatly hasten thegrowth of germs. Keep the milk tightlycovered, so that dust, dirt, and fliesmay not enter.Wipe the mouth of the bottle carefullywith a clean towel before removingthe cap. Replace the cap immediatelyafter pouring out what milkis wanted.Pour the milk into clean receptacles.Dirty vessels will as readily contaminatethe milk as will dust. dirt, andflies.Place milk dipped from cans ortanks only in clean covered pails orother covered receptacles.Mix the milk well before using.Invertingthe bottle rapidly two or threetimes will accomplish this. Cream separatesand rises to the top, making thisnecessary.Pour only enough milk from thebottle for the specific use. Do not putany unused portion back with the milkfrom which it was taken, but place itin the ice box in another covered vessel.Do not keep more than one day'ssupply of milk at a time. Order afresh supphj daili/.As a matter of courtesy, at least,consumers should wash the milk bottlesbefore returning them to thedealer. In some towns this is requiredby law. The proper way to wash amilk bottle is to first rinse it thoroughlywith cold water. When all the milky

112 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.film has been removed from the inside,then wash carefullj with veryhot water. All vessels used for holdingmilk or cream should be cleansedin the same manner.Do not use milk bottles for any otherpurpose than the holding of milk orcream.Pdnse nursery bottles and nipples incold water and wash in boiling waterimmediately after each feeding. Turnthe nipple inside out and thoroughlycleanse. Rinse the bottles and nipplesagain in boiling water before using.Remember, above all things, to keepthe milk clean, keep it cold, and keep itcovered.(From circular issued by the NewYork Sanitary Milk Dealers' Association.)WHAT BERLIN DID, WE CAN DO.The death rate of the city of Berlin,which has a population of over 2,000,-000, was 17.95 per 1.000 for 1911. In1877 it was 35 per 1.000, and for thetwenty years preceding that time it hadaveraged about 36 or 37. It is apparentfrom these figures that the death rateof Berlin has been cut in half duringSome one always has to "get in thelast word." In formal debates it is therebuttal speaker. In informal debatesit is usually "the woman in the case."In this case it seems to devolve uponthe new editorthe last 34 years, the era coincidentwith the development of preventivemedicine. And yet there are peoplewho are still talking about the "theoryof public health." What is more real,more vital, than the facts which thesedemonstrate?figuresTHE LAST WORD.of The Health Bulletin.Next month we shall endeavor tolet some of our readers "have a say"on this page.The Secretary of the Board, theformer editor or The Bulletin, hasfound that the executive duties of hisoffice and the demands on his time forservice outside of the office make itwell-nigh impossible for him to findtime to do justice to the work of editingthis Bulletin. This duty has fallento the lot of the Assistant Secretary,who takes up the work with considerablehesitancy and misgiving.Several changes have been made in tliisissue of The Bulletin, and of coursewe are anxious to know just how our40.000 readers will like them.With the next issue we shall endeavorto reserve this or a similarspace for "Brickbats and Bouquets"from our readers. We want to knowjust what you want, how you like thechanges, and what your ideas are asto the most helpful material to be runin these columns. Of course, we havesome ideas of our own. but we want toget in touch with your ideas and seejust where we can meet on some commonground and work together withthe most efficiency.For this reason we especially invitecriticism of this issue. We want yoursuggestions. We want to improve thisBulletin and make it supply the latestinformation on personal health andpublic health in a simple, direct, popularform easily understood by the averageperson who has but little time orinclination to plod through long. hard,dry, technical articles.In a nutshell, these are our ideas.Now what are your views? Let ushear from you.

^^COLLECTiONLut)Ii5}YedbijTR£.^°KJACAR9LI/^A 5TATLE)9AR.D s^AmLTABulleliiAwillbe -serxt free to arwj citizen of "the StcrteupoAreqaest IPublished monthly at the office of the Secretary of the Board, Raleigh, N. C.Entered as second-class matter at Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, under Act of July 16, 1894.Vol, XXVIII. OCTOBER, 1913. No. 7.Better Babiesfrom otherSouthernStatesWatch this page for North Carolina Prize Winners after the State Fair. October 20-25

CONTENTSBbief a.vd to the Poixt 115Thk Bettsb Babies Contest 116NuEsix^G THE Baby 119Why 1 Ail Down on- Patent Medicines 120FsEiGHT Rates and the Real Issue 121Chsonic Constipation 121i."H?:^j»EB Sanitation 124What is the Matter With Your Stomach 125Bbk'kbats and Bouquets 128FREE PUBLIC HEALTH LITERATUREThe State Board of Health has a limited quantity of health literature onthe eubiects listed below, which will be sent out, free of charge to any citizenof the State as long as the supply lasts. If you care for any of this literature,or want some sent to a friend, just write to the State Board of Health,at Raleigh. A post-card will bring it by return mail.No. 9. Medical Inspection of Schools and School Children.No. 10. Care and Feeding of Babies.No. 11. The Plague of Flies and Mosquitoes.No. 12. Residental Sewage Disposal Plants.No. 13. Sanitary Privy.No. 14. Hookworm Disease.No. 15. Malaria.No. 18. Tuberculosis Leaflet.No. 19. Compilation of Public Health Laws of North Carolina.No. 20. Tuberculosis Bulletin.No. 21. Fly Leaflet.No. 22. Baby Leaflet.No. 23. The Vital Statistics Law.No. 27. The Whole-time County Health Officer.Anti-Spitting Placards (11 inches by 9 inches).Anti-Fly Placards (11 inches by 19 inches).

I1put1 culbsisiuntilIPUBLI-SM^D^a^^oiiJMVi^:^^^^'6YTML nPI^TM CAIgOLIhA 5TATL BOAIgD q^MLALTM ifTlVol. XXVIII, OCTOBER, 1913. No. 7.BRIEF AND TO THE POINTIt is not the babies born, but thebabies saved that count.— oGood morning! Yes, sir, the biggestBetter Babies Contest in theState will be held at the State Fair,October 20th to 25th. Be there.— —Babies from some of the best familiesin the State are being enteredat the Better Babies Contest—that'sone reason it is called a Better BabiesContest.— —It costs $1,700 to fire some of SecretaryDaniels' big guns. It's a pitya lot of North Carolina counties can'thave the price of about two shots toin a county health officer.— oYou don't need to wait for the newlaw requiring the reporting of tubertogo into effect. If you havetuberculosis or know of anyone thathas it, send the name of the patientin to the State Board of Health, andthe Board will do all it can for youthe Bureau of Tuberculosis isestablished.—o—The Boy Scouts will assist the RaleighNurses' Society in renderingfirst aid to the sick or injured at theFair. An army tent will be provided,and the lives, health and comfort ofthe people will be looked after asneverbefore.Health is purchasable. Within naturallimitations a community candetermine its own death rate.— —Have you entered your baby intheBetter Babies contest? Better getbusy if you want to have any choicein the matter of time to be judged.The schedules are filling up rapidly.— oRight now is a bully good time tostart a campaign for a sanitary privyordinance in your town. Have it gointo effect January first, and have noold, open privies in your town nextsummer.— oOver .$400 in prizes for Better Babiesat the State Fair, but that isthe least important feature. The informationthe children's specialistsv.'ill give the mothers will be worthten times the value of the prizes.— —If a murderer were slipping up benindyou, you would thank somtfriend for telling you in time to makeyour escape and reporting the matterto the police, or would you prefer notto be told for fear it would scare youto death? The same thing applieswith reference to tuberculosis. Ifyou have tuberculosis, the sooner youare told and the sooner it is reportedto the State Board of Health, themore chances you have to make your'get away."

THE BETTER BABIES CONTESTWhat it is, How it is Conducted, Prizes Offered, Results Expectedand How to Enter.Last month we announced theBetterBabies Contest to be held at theState Fair October 20th to 25th, underthe direction of the State Board ofHealth. This announcement musthave been just what our readers werelooking for. As soon as the Bulletinwent out applications for entries andinquiries liave poured in at an alarmingrate. They have been coming fromparents, rich and poor, in all stationsof life. We have had to make largerarrangements at the fair grounds, arrangefor more judges, provide resttents for tired mothers and sleepy babies,and arrange everything on alarger scale than at first contemplated.Many inquiries still come in regardingthe details of scoring and howthe babies are graded. For the benefitof our readers we here give a fewextracts from the score card just togive an idea of the nature and scopeof the contest.When the mother and child arrivethey will be received by a doctor anda lady from the Reception Committee.The doctor will examine the child forindications of contagious orinfectiousdiseases while the lady will proceedto enroll the child in the contest.Should any babies be found with contagiousdiseases it will be necessaryto exclude them from the contest.The ladies will explain the objectof the contest and any details connectedwith it. At the same time theywill record the child's name, age,sex, weight at birth, whether it isbreast fed or bottle fed and on whatfoods, frequency of feeding, numberof teeth, whether or not it sleepsalone, or with the windows open, aswell as the name, age and occupationof father and mother. All this givesthe physicians a better understandingof each individual baby.From the reception room the motherand child pass to tlie mental testroom. In the accompanying cut isshown a two-year-old b^'y taking aGiving a two year old boy a mental test.mental test. We cannot give all the testsfor the various ages, but as an exampleof these tests it may be stated thata baby twelve months old should beable to sit alone, stand and walk witha support, should play with toys, listento the ticking of a watch, look inthe direction of unexpected noises,follow moving objects with his eyes.He should also speak a word or two,recognize nis mother (shown by. cryingor uneasiness when taken awayfrom her) play with other children

"OFTHE HEALTH BULLETIN. 117and be interested in liis surroundings.He sliould not be highly nervous, irritableor have an exceeding bad temper.Of course the mental requirementswill vary for different ages.This mental test counts 100 points outof a total of 1,000 for a perfect baby.After the mental test the baby istaken to the measurement roomwhere he is weighed and measured.nose, teeth, throat, chest, abdomenand in fact every part of the body.This is by far the most importantexamination and counts 800 pointsftCNCE OF HEADTO -FRONTAL)UMFEftlNCeCHEST AT NIPPLtNERCUMFERENCBF ABDOMENAT NAVELOF LEG FROMROCHANTEI^FOOTWhere four important measurements are made.The accompanying cut shows wherefour important measurements aretaken. We quote here a few standardsfor babies of 6 months, 12 months, 24months and 36 months of age. Theother ages are in proportion.The weights and measurementsalso count 100 points out of the total1,000.From the weighing and measuringroom the baby and mother enter thelast room, where the physical examinationis given. There the doctorscarefully examine baby's eyes, ears.

118 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.these prizes will range from about$15.00 for the first prize in each classto about $1.00 for the fourth prize.Then besides the money prizes therewill be four championship prizes forthe four bestbabies in the State, boy orgirl any age. These State championshipprizes consist of gold, silver andbronze medals together with beautifulcertificates of reward. The Woman'sHome Companion is furnishing thesemedals and certificates besides $100 incash for the other prizes.Governor Craig has just promisedthe managers of the contest that ifpossible he will arrange to present theprizes to the champion babies on Fridayafternoon at 4 o'clock, immediatelyafter the close of the contest.Entries are pouring in to the officeof the State Board of Health rapidlyand arrangements are being made toaccommodate about one baby every fiveminutes. While it will take from 20to 30 minutes to judge a baby enoughdoctors will be provided so that ababy will be judged every five minutes.Two large rest tents with cotswill be provided for the convenienceof the mothers and babies. Thesetents will be in charge of trainednurses and mothers may leave theirbabies there insafety while they visitthe fair. Everything possible will bedune to provide for the health, happinessand comfort of the mothers andbabies.Many mothers are entering theirbabies not so much for the prospectof winning prizes but as an endorsementof the movement for the satisfactionof knowing how their babiescompared with other North Carolinababies and for the benefit of experts'advice in regard to correcting anyslight defects which may be found.It is already planned to offer a specialset of prizes next year for the babieswho were entered this year and showthe greatest improvement made duringthe year. To be eligible to enterthat contest it will of course be necessaryto enter the present contest.Entrance to the contest is easy.All that is necessary is to write theState Board of Health stating the dayyou expect to attend the fair and themost convenient hour to have thebaby judged. You will then be sentan entrance card with an appointmentas near the hour mentioned asit is possible to make it. Then ifyou will present the baby and card ateast wing of Floral Hall at the appointedhour, the baby will be judgedand scored on his physical merits."With their parents' consent, somegood, first class babies will beweighed, measured and examined inpublic at the State Fair in orderthat the people may see how partof a Better Babies Contest is held.How do we get hookworms? Easilyenough. Somebody else who did notuse toilets and sewers or a sanitaryprivy polluted the soil. Our barefootchildren soiled their feet in this materialand a case of "ground itch" developed.That meant that the littlehookworms from this filth were burrowingtheir way into the child's systemat this point. After that, the childgets tired easily, fails to grow right,or, if a severe case, it becomes punyand sickly. To cure and to preventhookworm, write the State Board ofHealth. _q_A Toast.Heard at the Maggots' banquet in theManure-Box: Eat, drink and bemerry, for to-morrow we'll be files.Ex.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 119NURSING THE BABYkA baby should always be nursed byIts mother, unless the mother hastuberculosis or some other grave disease.The mother saves herself troubleby nursing her baby. When shefigures up the saving from diminishedillness and adds to it the troubleof fixing the baby's bottle duringthe night as well as the day, she findsthat she nets a gain by nursing herbaby.During the first two days the babyshould be nursed four times a dayand once at night. From the thirdday to six weeks the baby should benursed every two hours during theday and twice at night ; from six weeksto six months every three hours andonce at night; from six months to ayear, six times between 6 o'clock a. m.and 10 o'clock p. m., and not at allduring the night.In addition to milk, babies requirewater from the very first. The oldgranny who gave the baby teas wasa pretty good scientiest, though shedid not know it. Of course, the herbswhich she used to make the tea hadno particular effect, but she was givingthe baby sterilized, warmed water,and that was as it should be.After about the second month thebaby should have some orange juiceevery day. The juice should be givenfreed from pulp. The amount shouldbegin with two teaspoonfuls a dayand should be gradually increased tofour tablespoonfuls, especially wherethere is a tendency to constipation.It is much better to relieve constipationwith orange juice than by enemas,and certainly than by medicine,since babies need a little fruit juiceto correct any tendency to scurvyand rickets.That the mother may give enoughmilk to supply the baby, it is necessarythat she be free from worry andnot called upon to do a greatamount of physical labor. Emotionhas more effect on the secretion ctmilk than does the food taken. Occasionallya woman will overeat untilshe becomes obese trying to givemilk enough for her baby, and thenworry so, fearing her milk will fail,that she gains nothing for her trouble.There are no special foods whichmake milk. Beer does not; neitherdoes milk. Some women have theidea that milk taken as a food run»without much change Into milk forthe baby. This is not correct. Amother should eat good, nutritious,simple, staple food containing a gooddeal of fluids.That which she eats does not godirectly to milk. It is digested andchanged chemically thereby. It Is obsorbedand still further changedEventually it is changed Into milk.She should increase the quantity offood eaten, since, for her own use,,she needs more than she usuallydoes, and, in addition, she is eating;for the baby.The average woman nursing out*baby can supply the child with foodout of her surplus if she will keepher mind calm, her rest unbroken,and not have too much work to do.The average woman who thinks shecannot nurse her baby can do so ifshe will try.—Dr. W. A. Evans, inChicago Tribune.— —Next year a special set of priaesgoes to those babies who make thegreatest improvement during the year.Enter the baby this year to get Inon the improvement prizes next year.A poor baby has the best chance towin here.

120 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.WHY IAM DOWN ON PATENT MEDICINESSimply Because They are Expensive and More Likely to doHarm Than Good.Hardly a week passes that I do notreceive a letter giving simple homerecipes for ailments. I am alwaysglad to get them and expect to makeuse of most of them, as I am filingthem for future reference. In severalletters I have received are expressionssuch as this: "I know ofsome good patent medicines, butsince you are down on them you wouldnot want to hear about them."Listen. Are you "down on" theweeds in your garden? Are you "downon" the lice on your chickens? Areyou "down on" the root-worm in yourcorn? No, you are not "down on"them. You have studied them andtheir methods and you know thatthey lower the vitality and usefulnessof the crop. Just so, one of mypurposes in spending those years ofstudy of domestic science was to gaina knowledge of the body and thehealthfulness or harmfulness of thosethings which affect it, as the farmerstudies those things which affect hiscrop. In advertising against the useMr8. W. N. Hutt, in the Progressive Farmer.of them I am not "down on" them. Isimply recognize their harm as anyonemay do if she cares to read theliterature published by the UnitedState. Government and the AmericanMedical Association.We all recognize the fact that thereis no known drug that will be "soothingsyrup" to the baby except onewhich temporarily paralyzes thebrain. We know that the headachemedicines are heart depressants, andso on through the list. It does nottake much thought to realize thatwith each succeeding dose the bodyreacts less and less—but how manyhave not taken the time to think?Nor are the patent medicines theonly ones that harm. Turpentine andsweet spirits of nitre are exceedinglyhard on the kidneys. A physicianmight have given them to Mrs.Smith, who recommends them sohighly to you, but he who had mademedicine a study would never in theworld have though of letting you takethem, because your kidneys were notstrong enough for the extra strain."But," I hear someone say, "what isin it is on the outside of the bottle."Next time you go to town buy thepublished ingredients instead of themedicine and see the result. If byany chance you should get a similarresult—which you will not—you willfind that paying retail prices, you canmake quarts for the price of a bottleof the stuff.All the large patent medicinemakers of whom I know havegrown exceedingly wealthy with dollarsfrom the pockets of country people.The point is, let us pay our moneyto the physician who knows us andgives us the results of knowledge inreturn for our dollars, but let us alsorealize that God gave us the finestmedicines in the world free, air andwater and sunshine, and the opportunityto study foods, and the intelligenceto get them pure and wholesome,well cooked and well balanced.Hard work does not kill; hard livingdoes. Hard living means using thebody badly. Three meals of pig meator food cooked in it mean lessenedhealth and energy; three meals ofpure milk and fresh fruit are goodand medicine and mean increasedhealth and energy.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 121FREIGHT RATES AND THE REAL ISSUEOn an average, for every death duringa year, there are two persons sickthroughout the year. Over 40 percent of all our deaths are either preventableor postponable. Therefore, ofour 40,000 North Carolinians whowere last year swept into the greatbeyond, something like 16,000 shouldbe with us today.No, it is not God's will that weshould let all these our brethren dieneedless deaths. Don't blame it onthe Almighty. We are our brother'skeeper. He has given us amplemeans of stamping out preventabledisease, but we don't use them. It isup to us.We might as well admit the facts.Here they are: 16,000 North Caroliniansare being sacrificed annually onthe altar of ignorance and lethargy.Within the memory of some of us,common laborers were bought andsold for from 750 to $1,500 apiece.May we assume that the average valueof these 16,000 of our loved ones is$1,700 each, or a total of over $27,-000,000? That is a tremendous lossto our State a heavy drain on ourState's wealth.We have 80,000 North Carolinianssick the year around. Half of thissickness is preventable. That leavesour needless sick loss at 40,000 fortheir entire time. Assuming that onethirdof our sick are in the earning orproductive period of life and earn onan average only $700 a year, we have,therefore, 13,300 times 700 or over $9,-000,000. Add $9,000,000 more for medicine,nursing, and special fond, andwe have over $18,000,000 as our annualloss from sickness. This makesa total annual loss to North Carolinaof $18,000,000 plus $27,000,000, or over$45,000,000 annually.Talk about conservation of nationalresources—here's the greatest opportunityopen for us today. No otheropportunity will compare with it.When it is estimated that our Stateloses as much as $5,000,000 annually inexcessive freight rates, we hold conventionsand conferences, we organizeand call extra sessions of the Legislature;but when we lose $45,000,000worth of our best North Carolina citizenshipno one gets excited, no onetalks of an extra session. Why? Themain trouble is that most of us don'tknow that we are suffering a loss of$45,000,000 annually. Many of us thatdo know it don't know that the loss ispreventable. When we once recognizethat this $45,000,000 is a preventableloss and can be stopped, we will takeup the main issue. We will beginpublic health work in earnest. Asit is now, there is practically no publichealth work done in over 85 per centof the counties. The only work donethere is what the State Board ofHealth can do through its health literature,lectures, and various campaigns.CHRONIC CONSTIPATIONWhat it Does, Hov^^ We Acquire it, and the Rational Way to Treat ItD. H. Kress, M.D., in October Life and Health.Chronic constipation exists to analarming extent among all highly civilizedpeoples. It is, in fact, the productof high civilization. It does notprevail among animals or among savages,whose habits are natural.

122 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.We have not appreciated in the pastthe relation constipation sustains tomany of the diseases of a chronicor constitutional nature. Diseases ofdegeneracy, which have been ascribedto various causes, we now know aredue chiefly to the toxins absorbedfrom the colon as a result of constipation.From cases which have come undermy observation during the past fewyears, I have been led to recognizeconstipation as the chief causativefactor where insomnia, thickly coatedtongue, bad breath and high bloodpressure are present, when a specificorigin is excluded, and when no historyof the free use of tobacco orother toxic substances exists.In fact,I have concluded that it is not theexcessive use of meats, tea, coffee,tobacco, etc., that is wholly responsiblefor arteriosclerosis, but toxinsof a more injurious and subtle naturedeveloped in the alimentarycanal, and especially in the colon.These poisons are likely to beformed as a result of the prolongedretention of waste substances whichreadily undergo decay. Not only domeats, tea, coffee, pepper and mustardtend to bring about these degenerativechanges by the toxins theycontain, but they favor constipationand the formation of poisons evenmore injurious. In chronic constipationwe have probably the chief factorof degenerate arteries, heart, liver,kidneys, thyroid glands, and otherglands of the body. There is strongreason to believe that it is largelyresponsible for the rapid increase inthe mortality rate from heart failure,apoplexy, diabetes, and Bright's disease.In diabetes and Bright's diseasethere practically always existsa history of constipation.There are many annoying disorder^of every-day life, among which maybe mentioned dyspepsia,, i headaches,drowsiness, melancholia, insanity,which may be due to chronic constipation.Appendicitis seldom occurs ina person whose bowels are regular.From the prolonged retention of theeasily putrefying wastes, a diseasedcondition of the mucous membraneof the cecum results. This latter extendsinto the mouth of the appendix,and an inflammatory condition is established.There is a probability thatcancer is in some cases traceable tothe toxins absorbed from a stagnantcolon.It would be difficult to conceive ofanything more defiling to the bodythan the decay within it of fish, oysters,rabbits, cheese, and other proteinfoods, and the absorption of theresulting impurities and poisons.Cells bathed in such a liquid becomediseased.A blocked-up city sewer is recognied as a source of danger and is nottolerated, but here we have a conditionthat is very much more offensiveand dangerous, and yet very little seriousthought is given to it.Over thirty per cent of the presentmortality is ascribed to thiscause by Prof. Eli Metchnikoff, whohas made a careful study of theinfluence of these poisons on the humanbody, and who believes this tobe the chief cause of early degeneracyand premature old age. His contentionis that by preventing the formationof these alimentary toxins, manmight be at his best at eighty years,be still active at one hundred andtwenty, and live to the age of onehundred and forty. He has beendriven to some conclusions whichr^ay seem almost absurd, and yet,reasoning from his viewpoint, theyare logical and conclusive.Chronic constipation is more commonthan is supposed. In extreme

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 123cases tht/e exists a movement oncein two or three days, and in exceptionalcases evacuation of the bowelsoccurs only once a week.A natural evacuation of the bowelsonce in twenty-four hours is considereda normal condition. This is amisconception. One evacuation aday is not sufficient. A bowel movementshould be secured at least twicea day, or, better still, after each regularmeal, in order to safeguardagainst putrefaction, and the absorptionof toxins from the colon.It is surprising how easily thishabit may be established and maintained.When once established, thedesire naturally recurs after eachmeal, for the ingestion of food intothe stomach sets up a peristaltic wavewhich travels along the entire alimentarytract. In fact, it is less difficultto evacuate the bowels twice daily thanonce daily. Where but one movementoccurs daily, the moisture is absorbedfrom the feces, and a plug forms inthe rectum. The contact of this hardmass benumbs and destroys the sensitivenessof the parts. The rectumhaving been restored to a normal conditionthe desire to defecate occursas soon as feces reach it. The stoolsare never hard, the consistency beingpractically the same all the time.The best time to evacuate the bowelsis shortly after regular meals.The taking of food on an empty stomachis a most powerful stimulus tothe motor activity of the colon.During meal-time the contents of thecolon make more progress than duringfour hours preceding the meal.It is quite important that the stomachbe empty before introducing food.Frequent meals and eating betweenmeals do not impart this stimulusand hence tend to cause constipation.Regularity of meals, at all events, isa necessity in overcoming this condition.The same regularity should beestablished in securing bowel evacuations.The establishment of a right habitis as effective in getting rid of constipationas the establishment of irregularityis in its causation. It is necessary,therefore, to have a stated timeto go to stool.If success does not attend the effortthe first week or even the firsttwo weeks, the thing to do is to keepup the practice. A little assistancemay be given by the injection of acupful of cold water, or the introductionof a suppository; a soft pruneor a date, turned inside out, willanswer for this purpose. While I donot as a rule recommend laxatives,in order to establish regularity itmay be well to take a mild laxativeeach night before retiring, for a weekor ten days.Agar-agar is of value. About twotablespoonfuls soaked in a little hotwater and eaten with apple sauce orsome other stewed or canned fruitshould be taken with the morningand evening meal. This should bekept up for at least a month. Agaragarmay be secured in any drug store.If the druggist does not have it, hecan procure it, as it is regularly usedin all bacteriological laboratories.Liquid paraffin is also of value invery obstinate cases. The dose is onedessertspoonful twice daily at first.These preparations can be graduallygiven up. The purpose of their useis to establish regularity and theformation of a correct habit.The food is of the greatest importance.Foods which tend to constipateshould be given up. Meatsshould be used moderately, if at all;it is better to give them up all together.Tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate,pepper, mustard, and other substanceswhich cause constipation, should be

124 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.abandoned. The tannin extracted inst3eping tea is especially bad.Laxative foods are of value. Amongthese may be mentioned bran crackers,whole-wheat or Graham breads,shredded wheat biscuits, whole-wheatbiscuits, puffed wheat, etc.The following vegetables are valuable:parsnips, carrots, turnips, spinach,raw vegetable oysters, cabbage,etc.The sweet fruits are all laxative.Prunes, figs, dates, etc., are of value.In the use of the foregidng foods,care must be exercised in their combination.In cases where irritability of thestomach exists, with an excess of gastricjuice, the above foods should beused sparingly; and where the conditionborders on ulceration, theyshould be entirely avoided until improvementoccurs.The agar-agar and paraflBn are especiallyhelpful in these cases. Agaragarsupplies the bulk, but is nonirritating,while the parafBn is a splendidlubricant.Where digestion is slow and thegastric juice diminished, the foodsreferred to are indicated.There are local and general treatmentsand exercises which are greataids in overcoming constipation, butdiet alone will accomplish marvelousresults if persevered in.CHEAPER SANITATIONOne thing in North Carolina sanitationstands head and shouldersabove everything else when it comesto getting the greatset results for theleast money. It is the entire solutionof the hookworm problem, the solutionof over half the typhoid feverproblem, a great share of the problemof so-called "summer complaint," anda big factor in the fly problem. It isnothing more or less than the adoptionof the sanitary privy everywhere,where access cannot be had to sewers.It is an easy thing to show anyintelligent person or board of aldermenthat the lack of sanitary priviesis the cause of the continuation ofall our hookworm disease, half ourtyphoid, and much of our diarrhcealdiseases, to say nothing about flies.However, when you tell such a personor board that a sanitary privymade of iron, wood and concretecosts upwards of $25, you give themcold feet, and of course no such privyis built. We now know that it costsno more to build a sanitary privythan it formerly cost to build an insanitaryone. If the individual hasto furnish the cans it will cost himsome 50 cents or sixty cents extrafor each can, where he used to haveto pay $1 or more. For cities andtowns it is recommended that municipalitiesown and clean the cans.The State Board of Health is nowsecuring proposals from several canmanufacturers for prices on standardprivy cans. Of course, the Boardcannot advertise any one make of canto the exclusion of others, but it appearsthat one or two manufacturersare able to make standard cans meetingthe specifications laid down bythe State Board of Health for betweenone-half and two-thirds the price formerlycharged, when bought in lotsof 100 or more. By addressing theBoard interested parties may securethe benefit of the best proposals receivedby the Board for such cans.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 125WHAT ISTHE MATTER WITH YOUR STOMACH?Samuel Hopkins Adams, in the Ladies' Home Journal.The American stomach is a generallycondemned organ. We tend tohold it criminally responsible for allour lesser ills. Nearly half of allmedical advertising is aimed at thestomach. As a matter of fact our digestionis as sound as any of our functions.The trouble isn't with ourstomachs. It is with our heads. Welack common sense about our processesof nourishment. Nine-tenths ofthe digestive disorders which lead tothe doctor's office or to the hospitalare not only preventable and avoidable,but, medically speaking, they areinexcusable. In other words, almostall of our troubles of this sort are dueto our own stupidity."The average man," says a notedauthority, "never considers his stomachuntil it fairly yells for help."Now the human stomach is a bag,equipped with nerves and suppliedwith gastric juice which serves to digestfood. It is not an absolutely essentialportion of the anatomy. Peopleget on very well and comfortablywith half a stomach or a third, oreven a fourth; and, at a pinch maylive without any at all, the small intestinemaking shift to do the workof digestion. But normally the stomachis there to receive food, digestit, extract from it the energy necessaryfor the running of the humanmachine, and pass the residue on tothe intestines for disposal. The processesare highly intricate in detailand, in some phases, still mysterious(nobody can tell, for example, whythe stomach doesn't digest and destroyitself) ; but, in normal conditions,they are carried on so capablyand quietly that the body is no moreawara of them than of the circulationof the blood. When we becomeconscious of our digestion it is becausesomething is wrong with it.MIND WHAT YOUR STOMACH TELLS YOU ABOUTFOODEvery stomach has its little eccentricitiesand inhibitions. This onesays: "I cannot digest salt fish."Another warns: "Don't give me preservedstrawberries, for I won't havethem." A third ordains: "Anythingbut honey." Or bananas. Or smokedmeat. And so on. There is but onerule to cover all these cases: Mindwhat your stomach tells you; itknows best.In a broad general sense it may besaid that we pamper ourselves toomuch in the matter of food. Over refinementis a prevalent fault. We eattoo much delicately prepared andhighly seasoned food and too littlecoarse and simple food. Processes ofpreparation sometimes devitalize ourviands. Certain nourishing qualitiesare polished out of the shining whiterice which we get exclusively. Ouroatmeals are refined down to a pointwhere only half of their value is left.And the white flour which is so generallyused lacks certain essential attributes.Whole-wheat bread is givenonly medicinally nowadays, yet wholewheatflour is the natural flour, andif it were in common use a majorityof those who depend upon laxativesto aid their digestive processes couldcast away those noxious drugs.The same is true of uncooked fruitsand vegetables. A considerable portionof the virtue of our vegetablefoods goes up the kitchen chimney.How many people come back froma vacation in the wilds feeling as ifthey had acquired a brand-new digestionand talking enthusiastically

^126 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.about the tonic effect of mountain orforest air! Doubtless the air helpedin the matter of general condition.But as people don't feed on the atmosphereto any great extent it hasn'tmuch immediate effect upon the stomach.What reconstitutes the camper'sinterior is the fact that he eats plainfood, simply prepared, and gets exerciseenough to make him digest properly.It may sound like heresy, butit Is a fact that it doesn't really mattergreatly what we eat—in conditionsof sound health, that is. S -mefood is better than others, but mostof it is pretty good. The healthystomach is willing and able to takecare of any reasonable article whichis sent down to it. Only when itis impaired does the owner need togive much thought to diet. In fact,to be continually worrying over thestomach, to exclude this article offood lest it be indigestible, and toeschew that because it might "disagree,"to be continually narrowingdown the appetite—all this worriesthe stomach and makes it unhappy.A specialist of wide experience anda somewhat unconventional habit ofthought suggests the following rulesto be framed and hung in every diningroom:Eat what you want, and all youwant of it, but not more.Don't eat when you're not hungry,just because it's meal-time.Take your time over it.Remember that enjoyment of foodis the best of known digestives.WHAT IS INDIGESTION?Most familiar to the physician ofall forms of complaining is this:"Doctor, my digestion is bad." Inperhaps half the instances the reverseis true. The patient's digestionis not bad; it is good. In fact, it istoo good. OverefBciency is whatcauses the difficulty. The stomach,stimulated into overwork, producestoo great a flow of gastric juice, anda condition of hyperacidity results,causing the familiar "sour stomach,"with uneasiness, fullness* and sometimespain. It may arise from causesnot connected with food, such asoverindulgence in smoking or alcohol,or continued nervousness. Inthe early stages it is readily correctedby adjustment of habit and diet, andby rest, particularly after eating.Once fixed it is ugly and obstinate.But the stomach always gives warningof its onset, and the man whoallows himself to fall into this conditionhas only himself to blame for it.One absolutely and universally indigestiblething there is. All authoritiesagree upon this. It is worry.No stomach can do anything withit. The stomach is simply incapacitatedfrom doing its work properlywhen the mind is harassed. Farmore digestions are ruined by mentalthan by physical causes."Hurry and worry are the twincurses of the twentieth centurystomach," one physician put the matter,"and worry is the worse of thetwo. Give me a man who has systematicallylived on the poorest andmost indigestible food, but has eatenit with a mind free of taint, and I'lltake his case with far more confidencethan that of the most carefullynurtured person who regularlybrings a harassfccl spirit to the dinnertable.There is a good deal of truthin Stevenson's picturesque referenceto the dining-room as the battlefieldupon whi3h most of our ancestorshave left their bones; but it wasn'tthe flesh that they ate, but the spiritin which they ate it that killed thembefore their time. The most difficultlesson I have to teach my patients isthat the stomach is a highly imaginativepiece of mechanism; largely gov-

erned by the mind. Under the wrongnervous stimulus it will either quitwork entirely or race like the liftedscrew of an ocean liner. But thetypical patient declines to be impressedby this, and demands drugsand treatments and training to do thework which his own mind could dowith a little determined effort."Because of their specious prnmisesof immediate relief the "patent medicines"secure many patrons fromamong the hopefully credulous. Usuallythese pills and powders are cathartics.Their use, continued, soonestablishes a hold upon the trustfulbeliever in their virtues.Probably the cathartic habit is themost widely prevalent addiction in theUnited States today. Comparativelyharmless in the early stages of use,these drugs create aTHE HEALTH BULLETIN. 127demand for a constantlyincreased dosage, as the systembecomes habituated to them, untilat length the victim finds himselfa slave to them. The ordinary processesof Nature become paralyzedwithout them. Then, as he repeatedlylashes his intestines into action bythis means, an irritation is set upwhich has serious and far-reachingresults. Fully one-third of the casesof obstinate constipation which cometo the specialist show a history ofcathartichabit."The worst of all common errors,"says an expert, "is to overload thestomach and then appeal to purgingdrugs to carry off the surplus."A certain "patent medicine" fostersthis serious error by advertising thata person can digest anything by takingthe pills regularly. This is thekind of advice which makes dyspeptics.As a matter of fact not one personout ofa hundred would need laxativemedicines if ordinary carewere taught from childhood. Thestomach and bowels are very muchcreatures of habit, and it is reallyeasier to maintain them in good habits,which are natural to them, thanto teach them bad ones.Torpid bowel action, the commonestof complaints, is almost invariablydue to neglect and carelessness,and to thac alone. Even when it becomesfixed it can generally be cured,by patient attention, without recoursetodrugs.Liberal amounts of water, eitherhot or cold, immediately upon rising,followed by a hearty breakfast includingstewed or raw fruits andwhole-wheat bread, will be foundmore efficacious than any of thewidely advertised nostrums.COMMON-SENSE RULES FOR DIGESTIONTo set forth comprehensively rulesfor restoring to health a deranged digestivesystem would more than fillthis magazine. To set forth rules forpreserving in health a sound stomachis a short and simple matter. Thefollowing represents a concensus ofadvice given by leading authoritieson gastric and intestinal ailments:Eat well-selected, well-preparedfood, the simpler the better, chewedthoroughly with sound and cleanteeth.Eat it deliberately; never boltyour good.Don't be a faddist; whatever youlike is good for you in moderation.Use tobacco and alcohol moderatelyif at all, but remember that they areirritants even in the smallest quantities.Shun cathartics and laxative drugs.Obey the natural orders of yourstomach and intestines.Don't harry and shock your stomachwith icedconcoctions.Never eat when very tired or underemotional or nervous stress.Above all, don't mix work or worrywith your meals.

128 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.The man or woman who follows time; but at least, for that one, deaththese primary regulations will still will not be hastened nor life poisonedhave left a reasonable range of ills b/ the too common torments of indifromwhich to die in the fullness of gestion and dyspepsia.BRICKBATS AND BOQUETSLast month several changes weremade in the Health Bulletin. Atthe same time we offered our readersa "come back" in this issue of theBulletin in order to find out howthey liked the changes. It wasplanned to head the department"Brickbats and Bouquets," but so farthe department lacks the variety wehad hoped it would have. We areanxious to have some good stiff constructivecriticisms. It won't hurtour feelings. We simply want toknow how to make the Bulletin morevaluable to our readers.Here is what a few of our readerssaid:"I congratulate you on the "tiurrentissue of the Bulletin. I wish you tosend me 200 copies if available andplace the following names on themailing list. * * *"J. Howell Way,''President State Board of Health.""Many thanks forthe Health Bulletin.It is fine."Anna Steese Richardson,''Woman's Home Companion.""1 have just run through the SeptemberBulletin. I didn't know whowas editing it until I reached thelast word. If power to interest andinstruct makes good editing, my experiencewith this number is evidencethat you are a success from thestart."You and Rankin are engaged inthe most useful business that I knowof. J. W. Bailey,"Collector Internal Revenue.""The September issue of the Bulletinis jusy 'bully.' Keep at it. Youare on the right track. The brevitiesare fine;the 'Brickbats and Bouquets'I am sure will be popular."Geo. a. Wood,"Nazareth Catholic Orphanage.""I think the September Bulletinis excellent. I have enjoyed it thoroughly.Dr. Wm. S. Jordan.""I am very much interested in yourmonthly Health Bulletin. Thismonth's issue is very good. I haveoften wished that everybody in theState could read it each month."Geo. Y. Watson.""I certainly did enjoy reading yourlast Bulletin—the September number.B. F. Montague."When a thing reaches the point ofbecoming a problem, there is hope. Itis the utter indifference to the seriousnessof the health situation that hasmade the death rate so high and thelife interest so low. When men madepublic the appalling waste of life, thepublic made assault upon them fortheir "unpatriotic" exposure of homeconditions. Health reformers haveto fight their way, as every other reformerhas had to do, and it is now acceptedthat the so-called "fancy diseases"are not fanciful and that preventionof more than half the deathsshould be easy.—W. T. Bost in TheNews and Observer.

i/SANATORIUM SPECIAL1 This Bulklinwillbe -sent free to arxg citizerN of the Stcrte upoa request jPublished monthly at the office of the Secretary of the Board, Raleigh, N. C.Entered as second-class matter at Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, under Act of July 16, 1894ol. XXVIII. NOVEMBER, 1913. No 8."Public health is purchasable.Within natural limitationsa community can determine its own death rate.CONTENTS•'Mechanical Fakes": The Electropoise—Oxypathor 132Yadkin County Decides to Spend $200 a Year on Health 134A Girl's Encouragement 135>>m •Typhoid Vaccine Free I35Mental Hygiene Conference and Exhibit Coming 136Charlotte's Campaign against Typhoid I37The Death Rates of Wilmington I37Mr. Mayor : This for You I39The State Sanatorium 141(a) State Tuberculosis Policy 141(b) The Cost of This Policy I43(c) Requirements for Admission I43(d ) Location of Sanatorium I45(e) Site of Sanatorium I45(f) Equipment of Sanatorium I45Sanatorium Staff-^M(a) Dr. Wilson Pendleton I47(b) What Others Say of Dr. Pendleton 147(c) Business Management 151

IPUBLI5ME-D BY TM^ noR.TA CAI^OLIMA 5TATL BOAgP °^MEALTMJ. Howell Wat, M.D., President, WaynesvilleRichard H. Lewis, M.D., Raleigh.J. L. Ludlow, C.E., Winston-Salem.W. O. Spencer, M.D., Winston-Salem.Thoma.s E. Anderson, M.D., Statesville.Charles O'H. Laughinghodse ,M.D.Greenville.Edward J. Wood, M.D., Wilmington.A. A. Kent, M.D., Lenoir.Cyrus Thomp.son, M.D., Jacksonville.W. S. Rankin, M.D., Secretary and Treasurer, Raleigh.Vol. XXVIII. NOVEMBER, 1913. No. 8."MECHANICAL FAKES *'The Electropoise -- Oxydonor -- Oxygenor -- OxygenatorOxypathor -- Oxytonor."It is sometimes hard to decidewtiich. is the greater—the impudenceof the quack or the credulity of hisvictims. The comparative ease withwhich the medical faker is able, bythe most preposterous claims, to separatethe trusting from their moneyindicates the enormous potentialitiesin advertising. It might be supposedthat an individual who set out tosell,as a panacea for all the ills of the flesh,a piece of brass pipe with one or twowires attached to it, would, commerciallyspeaking, have a hard and rockyroad before him. But such a suppositionwould be incorrect. Not onlywould the enterprising faker find customersfor his gas pipe, but therewould be such a demand for this mostinane of 'therapeutic' devices that twoor three imitators would immediatelyenter the market."Sanche's Inventions.The American Medical Association'sexpose tells how one Hercules Sanche,self-styled "Discoverer of the Laws ofSpontaneous Cure of Disease," becamethe original exploiter of mechanicalfakes. "Sanche's first and simplestgas pipe cure device he called the Electropoise."The shrewd Sanche realized that, inorder to patent his device and at thesame time prevent physicists andchemists and other scientists applyinglaboratory tests to the device andexposing it as without any knownphysical, chemical or other influence,it would be necessary for him to"discover" and attribute to his gas pipecure some hitherto and thereafter unrecognizablepower; so he said thatthe instrument rendered the body oxygenpositive; that is, that it made thebody absorb larger quantities of oxygen.He later named this newly "discovered"power "Diaduction." Oh,you needn't look in the dictionary;the word isn't in it. No one, Sancheargued, "had ever realized before thatby attaching a piece of nickel-platedbrass tubing to the body by means of aflexible cord the system could be madeto absorb oxygen."Of Diaduction Mr. Justice Shiras, ofthe United States Supreme Court, says:"I am entirely certain that I do notunderstand the working of this socalledforce, if any such exists, and I

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 133greatly doubt whether Dr. Sanche hasany clear conception of the force orprinciple which he seeks to describeunder the name of 'Diaduction.' "Other judges have said: "From therecord evidence we have tried to getsome intelligent idea of 'diaduction.'We have failed utterly."And again: [The theory] "is a merepretense, that is to say, a theory notentertained by the inventor in goodfaith, but put forward as an imaginaryhypothesis merely for the purpose ofobtaining a patent on a very simplecontrivance, which was not patentableunless the claim was reinforced bysome such pretended discovery."The Progeny of the Electropoise.From Sanche's original idea, embodiedin the Electropoise, there descendedthe whole family of "MechanicalFakes," to wit: The Oxydonor,Oxygenor, Oxygenator, Oxypathor, andOxytonor.The members of this family bear wellmarked family resemblances. They allconsist of nickel-plated metal tubeswith closed ends. To this tube is attachedone or more flexible cords,which end in a strap to be buckled orattached to some part of the body. TheElectropoise was empty ; the Oxydonorcontained a stick of carbon; the Oxygenorcontained sulphur, sand, andcharcoal; the sulphur and sand togethercomprising 97 per cent of thewhole. The Oxygenator also calledthe Oxypathor, according to the Laboratoryof the University of Vermont,"is filled with a black powder, whichanalysis disclosed to be a crude mixtureof inert substances, apparentlythe waste or by-product of a manufacturingplant. * * * The powder isa rough mixture of iron filings, clayeymaterial, and a dark-colored carbonaceousmass, * * * apparently nothingmore than coke dust or carbon-black."The family resemblance is again apparentin the claims as to their modeof action. They are all claimed to actby "diaduction," or by causing the bodyto absorb oxygen. They claim alsoto cure practically all diseases, withthe exception of cancer and tumor andfar advanced consumption. The exceptionmade is probably for the purposeof avoiding prosecution under thefederal law that prohibits a considerableamount of fake cancer cure advertisements.The Oxypathor.According to "Nostrums and Quackery"it would seem that the Oxypathoris the youngest member of the familygroup or the last alias adopted bySanche's original idea."In many ways," says Nostrums andQuackery, "this last type of gas-pipecure isthe worst, inasmuch as claimsare made for it that are not only absurdbut dangerous. For instance:'Diphtheria: This overwhelmingchild's disease finds its supreme masterin the Oxygenator. No earthly powerexcept the Oxygenator can take theslowly choking child and with speed,simplicity and safety bring it back tohealth.'Don't jeopardize the health and lifeof your children by allowing to be injectedinto their veins and blood theoften fearfully contaminated and deathdealingserum of an animal, otherwiseknown as antitoxin.'"It is difficult to restrain one's indignationat the thought that such viciouslycruel lies as these are permittedto be scajttered broadcast. Let theneurotic and neurasthenic adult, if hecan convince himself that a nickelplatedpiece of gas-pipe possessescurative properties, experiment with iton his own person if he wishes. Butthat a helpless child in the throes of afearfully dangerous—and yet, rightly

134 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.treated, curable—disease, should l:e allowedto suffer and die because ignorantparents have been persuadedto reiy on these mechanical frauds, isno less than criminal. As for themiserable harpies who for a few filthydollars will write such cold-bloodeduntruths as those quoted above, thesafety of society demands that theybe put where they can do no furtherharm.""The State Board of Health of Vermontdeclared the Oxygenator to be'physically and therapeutically inert'and prohibited the sale of the fraud.""To sum up:Summary.The 'Electropoise,' the'Oxydonor,' the 'Oxygenor,' the 'Oxygenator(or 'Oxypathor') and the 'Oxytonor'are utterly worthless except asa means of enriching their exploiters.Their therapeutic value, aside fromthe element of suggestion that may beinduced in those who are willing topay from ten to thirty dollars for apiece of nickel-plated tubing, is absolutelynil. As already said, if adultswish to squander their money on suchfoolishness and are content to confinethe 'treatment' to their own persons,well and good.If they have nothingmuch the matter with them theymay believe they have received benefit;if they are dangerously ill, Nature willprobably exterminate them as unfit.But let no person try to 'cure' thehelpless child with such frauds; assoon as that is attempted, such an individualceases to be a harn?less idiotand becomes a dangerous one."YADKIN COUNTY DECIDES TO SPEND$200 A YEAR ON HEALTH.This is going some, isn't it? A physicianof that county writes: "OurBoard of Health lets everything takecare of itself. We are now havingscarlet fever in several portions of thecounty and 'not a one' has been quarantined.Our Board of Health metthe first Monday in October and electedDr. S. L. Russell for one year at theextravagant salary of $200. So yousee we will have everything quarantinedand fumigated. (He is to furnishall disinfectants)."In Yadkin County there are 16,000people—men, women and little children.Assuming that the average deathrate of the United States t»revails inthat county, there are 250 of thesepeople who die every year. There isan amount of sickness equivalent to750 of the Yadkin folk being in bed theentire year. 100 of these deaths arefrom preventable diseases, and 250 ofthe bedridden sick people ought to beon their feet earning a living for themselvesand others.35 of the 100 deathsare from consumption; there are 100other active cases of consumption inthe county. There are 8 deaths fromtyphoid fever; there are between 80and 90 other cases of fever every year.There are 8 or 10 deaths from contagions.20 babies under two years ofage die in that county every year fromdiarrheal diseases, and about 150other babies are sick from that disease.Now, evidently these diseases, thatmost of the civilized world has regardedof a preventable nature, acquirevery peculiar properties when theybreak out in Yadkin; they becomewholly unpreventable. Up there manhas no control whatever over thesediseases and therefore no responsi-,,bility for their occurrence. All thatfthe rest of us can do when the tolkfdie in Yadkin is to extend our sympathy,and let the preacher say, "theLord giveth and the Lord taketh"; thecounty commissioners can't help it.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 135A GIRL'S ENCOURAGEMENT.Some days ago the State Board ofHealth received a letter asking for aninvestigation and an opinion as to theinfluence of a swamp on the communit}-inwhich the writer of the letterlived. The letter indicated suchmature and intelligent interest inhealth matters that in our reply westated that we would try to make theinvestigation at an early date, and atthat time to meet and advise with thewriter and other authorities ofin regard to the proper treatment ofthe ponds. In reply to our letter thewriter of the initial letter among otherthings said: "I am only a girl. Dr.Rankin, and I don't know that I wouldbe of any help to your representative."This letter is one of the most encouragingthat we have received in sometime; it indicates the interest of theyounger generation, and what they aregoing to do when a few more yearsgive them some control in civic matters.It has been a long time sincethe State Board of Health received arequest that it will more gladly complywith than this one from "only agirl."TYPHOID VACCINE FREE.The State Laboratory of Hygiene announcesthat it is now ready to distribute,on request, typhoid vaccinefree to the citizens of North Carolina.The Laboratory trusts that only thosecitizens who expect to use it will requestthe vaccine, but the Laboratoryis very anxious that as many of ourcitizens be persuaded to take advantageof the State free vaccine as it is possiblefor our influence to reach.Now do not get the idea, because weare giving the vaccine away, becauseit will cost you nothing, my fellowcitizen, that it is without value. Vaccinationagainst typhoid fever haspassed all the tests of science and practiceand has won as permanent a placeamong sanitarians as vaccinationagainst smallpox.In a very thorough review of the resultsof anti-typhoid vaccination in theJournal of the American Medical Association,under date of August 30,1913, Major Frederick F. Russell, ofthe medical corps of the United StatesArmy, presents such convincing factsand figures as to leave this questionof vaccination against typhoid fever nolonger a matter of opinion. In thelast four years over 200,000 people havebeen vaccinated against typhoid fever;no bad effects from the vaccinationhave occurred. Among the 85,000 vaccinatedmen in the United States Army,located at different posts in the UnitedStates and her colonies, there has notbeen a single case of typhoid feversince December 6th, of last year.There have been fewer cases of typhoidfever among the vaccinated soldiersthan cases of smallpox among the soldiersvaccinated against smallpox. Theopinion among sanitarians at presentis that typhoid vaccination is as effectiveas smallpox vaccination.The vaccine is in liquid form and isadministered hypodermically, being injectedeither into the outer side of thearm or into the tissues of the breast.The discomfort—because we can notcall it pain—of the injection is practicallythe same as the injection ofvarious forms of medicine. Any doc-

136 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.tor can administer the vaccine. Thevaccine is in three doses, which haveto be given on three separate days, fivedaj^s apart. In from ten to fifteen percent of the cases there is slight swellingand redness, and a little pain aboutthe Injection lasting for a day or so;associated with these local symptomsis usually a slight feeling of indisposition,vague, dull aches similar to thepreliminary symptoms of a cold, and,maybe, from a half to a degree of fever.The second injection is not nearly solikely to be followed with these sensationsas the first, and the third injectionstill less likely than the secondto be associated with unpleasant sensations.The protective power of typhoidvaccine lasts for four years. The protectivepower not only protects againstthe contraction of the disease but, inthose exceptional cases where the diseaseis contracted, protects to a considerableextent against a fatal outcome,a kind of double protection.The State Board of Health entertainsthe hope that those counties employingwhole time health officers willhave their officer arrange certaindates in the county, town or other convenientplaces for citizens to visit,where any citizen in the county canbe vaccinated, without cost, either fortyphoid fever or for smallpox. If thehealth of the human animals of thecounties are worth anything from apurely economical standpoint in theproduction of cotton and corn andwheat and meat, thereby increasingthe value of land, and by all this addingto the wealth of the county treasurythrough the taxes that are levied,it would seem to be a very fine pieceof business for the owners of this productivesource of wealth, for the countygovernment, particularly the countycommissioners, to spend the small sumnecessary for this free public vaccinationin the maintenance of their humanmachinery.MENTAL HYGIENE CONFERENCE AND EXHIBIT COMINGA great treat is in store for NorthCarolina teachers and others interestedin Mental Hygiene and the bettermentof the race. Through the initiative,generosity, energy, and forethoughtof Dr. Albert Anderson, Superintendentof the State Hospital at Raleigh,arrangements have been made tohave a Mental Hygiene exhibit andconference at the Raleigh Auditoriumfrom November 28 to December 5th.This is the same exhibit which attractedso much attention at the InternationalCongress on Hygiene and Demographyat Washington last year.The exhibit is free and the public iscordially invited. Demonstrators andattendants will be on hand to expL-iineverything connected with it. It willundoubtedly be one of the best exhibitsever given in North Carolina. It willmean a tremendous uplift all over theState if several thousands of our teachersand public spirited citizens willlearn the great lesson taught by thisexhibit.Besides the exhibit, there will beheld North Carolina's first conferenceon Mental Hygiene. A program is beingarranged for two sessions daily,afternoon and evening. Some of theforemost specialists in the country willlecture on various phases of mentalhealth. Among others will be Dr.Adolph Meyers, of Johns Hopkins University;Dr. Wm. A. White, of Washington,D. C; Dr. James Parrott, ofKinston, President of North CarolinaMedical Society, and many others ofequal calibre. The daily press will »make full announcement of the program later.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 137CHARLOTTE'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST TYPHOID.Several weeks ago the City of Charlotteelected Dr. R. F. Linebach AssistantSuperintendent of Health, and delegatedto him the work of preventingdisease. Doctor Linebach seems tohave definite Ideas as to his work; hiscampaign in attacking preventable diseasessuggests the idea of selectingone specific thing and going after that,and then taking something else. Welike this. There is entirely too muchdiffusion in planning health work, andwe sometimes think the plans of healthofficers might be made a little lessvague and a little more definite.Doctor Linebach has selected typhoidfever as the first disease with whichhe will deal;he has made an interestingstudy of the typhoid problem ofCharlotte; his investigation has shownthat 74 per cent of the typhoid feveroccurring in Charlotte occurs in familiesusing wells, and 90 per cent of thewells used by these families have beenfound polluted. His investigation hasbeen in line with all other investigationsin finding that the frequency oftyphoid fever is greatest in those wardswith open privies, and less in thewards that are thoroughly sewered.Based upon his investigation and findings,considerable pressure is beingbrought to bear on the city fathers toextend their water and sewer mains.Another important point still underconsideration in the fight against typhoidin Charlotte is the propositionto close all polluted wells as soon astheir pollution is shown by laboratoryexamination.THE DEATH RATES OF WILMINGTON.We have been taken to task for neverhaving referred in the Bulletin to thedeath rates of Wilmington. We do notrecall having referred in the Bulletinto the death rates of any particulartown under the name of the town; wehave used, however, in our effort toeducate public opinion tothe point ofenacting a vital statistics law, thedeath rates of several towns and citiesin North Carolina under fictitiousnames. We have not thought it fairto call attention in the Bulletin to thecomparative death rates of differenttowns and cities when we have feltreasonably sure that some of thetowns and cities with low rates werenegligent inthe complete registrationof their deaths.This office has been without meansof verifying local death rates untilwithin the last two months, sincewhich time we have had an inspectoron the road. We trust that this explanationwill satisfy those who seemtothink that we have been negligentin not having given space already tothe Wilmington death rates.The death rates of Wilmington arevery interesting and the followingcharts are worthy of careful study.The figures of the charts up to andincluding the year 1910 are taken fromthe Mortality Statistics, United StatesBureau of the Census, and the figuressince 1910 from the records in theState Registrar's office.There is no witness so trustworthyin the study of the quality of healthwork as vital statistics. This witness,however, must be made to testify instrict accordance with the prescribedoath, "to tell the truth, the wholetruth, and nothing but the truth." The

_I^138 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.WILMINGTON. N. C.Year.General^ , .J jTyphoidDiarrheal, , DiseasesTuberculosis Under TwoYearsCombinedContagions191119121913 (estimatedThe general death rates are per 1,000; the special disease rates per 100,000.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 139great trouble with the statistical' witnessis not that the witness fails totell the truth and nothing but the truth(this witness never lies), but that frequentlythe witness is not given a fairchance to tell the whole truth.Attention has been specifically directedto the reduction in Wilmington'sdeath rates since 1911. Now the chartsshow that 1911 was an exceptionalyear and not an average year in thehealth record of Wilmington. Thisquestion, then, becomes pertinent righthere: Should exceptional years beused as the standard by which to measurethe efficiency of health work?Should a health officer, whose administrationbegan in a year characterizedby exceptionally low rates, rates lowerthan for ten years, be discredited becausehe gets no reduction or only avery slight reduction in his rates duringthe first and second years of hiswork? Likewise, should a health officerbe credited with the fullreductionof death rates coincident with an administrationwhich started during ayear with exceptionally high or epidemicrates?We believe that an average yearshould be used as a standard of measurement,and that such a standard isthe only fair measure to be adopted injudging the quality of health work ona death ratebasis.If we study the death rate of Wilmingtonfrom this standpoint, it wouldappear that the health work coincidentwith the half decade from 1906 to 1910inclusive, expresses itself in a statisticaldrop from a death rate of 25.3,which was even less than the averagein the preceding five years, to a deathrate in 1910 of 20.8. I submit that thisdecline, considered in accordance withthe principles of statistical practice, asabove suggested, is even more creditablethan the decline since 1911, whichwas an exceptional year.Now, in conclusion, I wish to saythat, notwithstanding that the ratesmost frequently quoted in regard toWilmington go back only to 1911, andstart, therefore, from an exceptional orepidemic year as a basis of measurement,we think the decline in deathrates, even during the last few years,is very satisfactory. We might pointout, however, in this connection, thatthere is still much to be accomplished.The typhoid rates are still threetimes the average for the United States.The diarrheal diseases of childrenunder two years of age are two andone-half times the average, and tuberculosisis 50 per cent higher than theaverage, and finally, the general deathrate for this year, 21.6, is 20 per centabove the average urban death rate inthe United States.MR. MAYOR, THIS FOR YOU."It is in health that cities grow; insunshine that their monuments arebuilded. It is in disease that they arewrecked; in pestilence that effortceases and hope dies."Therefore, in the not very long ago,you created a department. You bade itguard the public health. You gave ita trust that may not be broken. Youcharged it with a vigil that is sacred."And you assumed a duty. Youtendered fealty to this, your greatestdepartment; for had you not bade itwatch over the lives of men and womenand little children."Nor creed, nor faith, nor party mayforget."The Healthologist.

THE STATE SANATORIUMUnder the Management of the State Board of Health—BoardAnnounces Definite and Comprehensive State PoHcyfor DeaHn^ with TuberculosisThe management of the State Sanatoriumhas been transferred, by legislativeenactment of the Special Sessionof the General Assembly, to theState Board of Health. The transferwas initiated and engineered by theformer Board of Directors of the Institution.While the State Board ofHealth had not asked for the Institution,the Board very cheerfully acceptsthe responsibility of management. Webelieve the Institution to be capableof filling a very real need in the lifeof the State, and that it has a verybright future. The State Sanatoriumwill represent a part of a generalpolicy of the State Board of Healthfor dealing with the problem of tuberculosis.State Boards of Health should lookupon tuberculosis as something distinctivefrom the general run of preventablediseases. One-fourth of ca.11preventable deaths is due to tuberculosis.That means that one-fourth ofthe opportunity of State Boards ofHealth, and other health boards, forthat matter, is tied up in the managementof the tuberculosis problem.These considerations are responsiblefor the adoption by the State Board ofHealth of the followingState Tuberculosis Policy.The central idea of this policy isone of education. The educationalscheme will embrace the Sanatoriumas a sort of central school, and aBureau of Tuberculosis, to be establishedin connection with the generalhealth work, as a correspondenceschool. The State Sanatorium, by thefirst of January, will have a capacityfor 125 patients, which will be sufficientfor the treatment of 250 patientsa year, assuming the stay of the averagepatient to be six months. In theInstitution these people will be taughtby personal contact, by illustrated lectures,and by the rules of the Institutionhow to readjust their lives toNature's laws and so secure a newlease on life, and how to live withothers without infecting them. Thistraining will be carried back by these250 patients a year into their communitiesand counties, and its influence willbe of great benefit to their fellow sufferersat home who have been unableto attend the training school.The Bureau of Tuberculosis will havereported to it, under the requirementsof a recent enactment, seventy-five oreighty per cent of all recognizablecases of tuberculosis in this State.These people, from 8,000 to 10,000 victimsof the disease, will be matriculatedas members of a correspondenceschool for tuberculosis. At the headof this Bureau will be a man whoknows how to write a strong, personal,appealing letter,—a man of great resourcefulnessand tact, and a manabove all with a deep, sincere, altruisticnature. In an unofficious way and

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 143in a verj' personal way he will seek,by correspondence, to make the eightor ten thousand people reported tothe Bureau feel his interest in them;hy correspondence and by a leaflet orpamphlet from time to time he willendeavor to encourage his scatteredschool in their work for life, to teachthem how they may regain theirstrength and teach them their obligationin protecting others, with whomthey may be associated, from tuberculosis.Another function of the correspondenceschool that will call for a highdegree of resourcefulness is for theBureau of Tuberculosis to investigatethe claims of deserving indigents, andthrough boards of county commissioners,churches, lodges, or other organizationsto which the indigent, orthe person upon whom the indigent isdependent, belongs, secure the necessaryfunds to take care of those whowould die unless supported from outsidesources. One of the principalmeasures of success by which the Bureauof Tuberculosis will be judgedwill be its ability to keep the Sanatoriumfilled with patients who couldnot themselves pay for their treatment,but whose treatment ispaid forby interested organizations—political,social,individuals.or fraternal—and philanthropicThis combination of the CentralTraining School, as an educationalnucleus, with a correspondence schoolof eight or ten thousand consumptives,is suggestive of the educationalscheme in practice in the State of Wisconsinby the University of that State,which is rapidly and deservedly becominga model to other state universities.The Cost of This Folicj.The State of North Carolina has investedin its present plant somethinglike $50,000. The interest on that investmentamounts to $3,000 a year.The State appropriates for the maintenanceof this Institution and for themaintenance of the correspondenceschool idea, $20,000 a year; so that wemight say that this state tuberculosispolicy will cost the State, in roundnumbers, about $25,000 a year. It willbe necessary in our State Institution,as it is in practically all state sanatoria,that the patients pay $1.00 a dayfor treatment. This will seem to somerather expensive. On investigation,however, it will be found that this isthe general practice of state sanatoria;that in different state institutions theper capita charge is from four to tendollars a week. On the other hand,when one recalls the fact that it nowcosts one to get sanatorium treatmentor to be treated by a specialist, fromsixty to one hundred dollars a month,the State's charity at once becomesevident. While it is necessary tomaintain the Institution to charge eachpatient one dollar a day, it should beremembered that, under the policiesabove outlined, many of the patients,we hope most of them, will be patientswho themselves are paying nothing,but whose expenses are paid bytheir friends and the organized interests—political,social, and fraternalof which they are a part.Requirements for Admission.Patients, before being given a cardof admission, will be required to havefilled out by their physician a blankform furnished by the Medical Directorof the Sanatorium, and return theinformation contained on this form tothe Sanatorium in order that the managementmay know their condition.Incipient patients will be given preferenceover moderately advancedcases, and advanced cases will not beadmitted. Patients and physicians arewarned against going to the Sanatoriumwithout first communicating

THE HEALTH BULLETIN". 145with the Medical Director and ascertainingwhether the capacity of theInstitution and the condition of thepatient will permit the admission ofthe patient. The fatality of incipienttuberculosis under average treatmentis not more than 10 or 15 per cent;the fatality of moderately advancedtuberculosis is 40, 50, or 60 per cent;and the fatality of advanced tuberculosisis 90, 95, or even a higher percent. It is, therefore, as evident as itis reasonable, that as long as theState's capacity to take care of herconsumptives is as limited as at present,advanced consumptives, bedriddenconsumptives, who have already practicallylost their chance to live shouldnot be allowed to occupy the few bedsthat the State now has, and that wouldotherwise be used for consumptivesin the incipient stage of the diseasewith 85 or 90 chances in a hundred toget well. The reasonableness and theeconomic considerations, as well as thehumanitarian considerations underlyingthis fundamental principle in thefuture management of the Institutionare too evident for argument.location ofSanatorium.The Sanatorium is located at Montrose,in Hoke County, on the Rockfishand Aberdeen Railroad, nine milessoutheast of Aberdeen. The Sanatoriumis about twelve miles from Pinehurstand about the same distancefrom Southern Pines. In this regionof these well known winter resortsthe Institution has an ideal location.The warmer and more uniform temperatureof this region gives the MontroseInstitution a natural asset whichvery probably more than makes upfor the better equipped and larger endowmentof the more widely known institutionsof our northern, colder climate.Here the air is dried by itscourse across the white sand and isfiltered pure and healthful through theneedles of the long leaf pine.Site of Sanatorium.When one alights from the train atthe little station of Montrose, afterhaving passed through a flat country,rather desolate looking, with sandysoil and blackjack and pine growth,and ascends a gentle slope, a mostsurprising view opens up beforehim.So suddenly and distinctly different isthe scenery from that of the surroundingcountry, that its very unexpectednessadds interest to its beauty. Indeed,Nature seems to have preparedand set apart this spot for the verypurpose to which it is now dedicated.Standing on a plateau about six hundredfeet above sea level, one can seefrom ten to fifteen miles in almost anydirection. The view invariably makesone think of the mountains of WesternNorth Carolina. In one direction asand road eight or ten miles away canbe seen easily.Equipment ofSanatorium.The Sanatorium is situated on afarm of about 1,300 acres. There areabout 700 or SOO acres of this landsuitable for farming; there is alsomuch valuable timber on the land. Acreek passes through the farm which,after it is dammed, will furnish thenecessaiT power for electric lights andlight machinery needed in an institutionof this kind.At present there are three buildingsfor patients, with capacities of 15, 35,and 75 patients each; there is a diningroom sufficiently large to seat 100 people.A refrigerating plant will be installedbeneath the kitchen some timebefore next spring. There is a nurses'building for the nurses, a small cottagefor the physician, and a pavilionwhich will be immediately equippedand hereafter used as a library and

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 147club room. This building will beequipped with such games as patientswith incipient and moderately advancedtuberculosis may engage in;a good Victrola with suitable recordswill add to the attraction of the pavilion.On the grounds there will besuch light outdoor games as croquet,and other games that tuberculous patientsmay enjoy. The new MedicalDirector, who is familiar with the constructionof sanatoria, is delightedwith the construction of the buildings.The buildings are lighted by electricity,heated by open fires, and suppliedwith warm water and shower baths.There is also a good two-story farmhouse and a well constructed dairywith capacious silos.SANATORIUM STAFF.Dr. Wilson Pendleton.Dr. Pendleton is the man to whomthe State Board of Health pins its faithin taking over the Sanatorium. Dr.Chas. L. Minor, so well known as atuberculosis authority, not only in thisState, but in the nation, in writing tothe Board strongly recommending Dr.Pendleton and urging the Board toelect him as Medical Director of theSanatorium, says:"I am sure you willagree with mo that the first thing is aman. With a strong, competent manat the head of affairs, the simplestbuilding makes a strong sanatorium;without it, the most elaborate is useless."We thoroughly agree with Dr.Minor's reasoning, and because we do,we know that the absolute success ofthe State Sanatorium is henceforth assured.We have the man.Allow me just a few words to introduceDr. Pendleton, and then, Ishall let those who speak with authoritytell you how well qualified heis to take care of our patients. Dr.Pendleton is a Southern man and waseducated at the University of Virginia.He looks to be about twenty-eight orthirty years old. After graduating atthe University of Virginia in medicine,he was assistant to Dr. Watts, Professorof Surgery in the hospital connectedwith that Institution. Servingunder Dr. Watts, he contracted tuberculosis,went to Saranac Lake and wascured. Like most specialists in tuberculosis,he became interested in andtook tuberculosis as his specialty as aresult of his personal experience withthe disease.After regaining his healthat Saranac Lake, and incidentally afterlearning the methods of cure practicedin that well known Institution,he accepted an assistantship with Dr.David R. Lyman, of the Gay lord FarmSanatorium, the State Institution atWallingford, Connecticut, where heserved three years, for five monthsof the time having absolute charge ofthat Institution. From the GaylordFarm Sanatorium, he went to the HopeFarm Sanatorium, Marshallton, Delaware,to take charge of that Institution.What Others Say of Dr. Pendleton.Dr. Livingston Farrand, ExecutiveSecretary of the National Associationfor the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis,who is qualified to take acomprehensive view of the tuberculosisproblem as a national problem, writesconcerning Dr. Pendleton: "I havemade further inquiries concerning Dr.Wilson Pendleton, * * * with referenceto his administrative capacity andgeneral availability for the positionyou have in mind with your department.I have this morning received aletter from Dr. David R. Lyman, ofGaylord Farm Sanatorium, Wallingford,Conn., who says that Pendletonhad entire charge of that sanatoriumduring an absence of Dr. Lyman'slasting for five months, and in additiontothat he was with him as an assist-

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 149ant for two and a half years. He sayshe is an excellent disciplinarian anda man who makes friends wherever hegoes. He has plenty of enthusiasm,but does not let it run away with hisjudgment, and he thinks decidedly thathe would make good in such a positionas that you have in mind."I am inclined to lay great stresson Lyman's opinion, for his own sanatoriumis one of the best managed inthe country and its standards are peculiarlyhigh. I think it would bedecidedly worth your while to get intouch with Pendleton and look himover. He is, all things considered,know atthe strongest man of whom Ipresent."I can give you a list if you care forit of half a dozen other names of menwho are looking for positions, butnone of them are as highly recommendedas Pendleton."Dr. David R. Lymau, Superintendentof Gaylord Farm Sanatorium, a manknown to all autliorities on tuberculosisand sanatorium work in thiscountry as one of the foremost authoritieson this disease and in sanatoriumexperience, says of Dr. Pendleton:"Dr. Pendleton was with me for nearlythree years, prior to that time havingbeen first assistant to Watts at theUniversity of Virginia. When he cameto me Watts wrote me that I was gettingthe best man that he had or knewof. When he left me at the end ofthree years I was ready to make thesame remark about him. His medicalwork is of the best. He is a good disciplinarianand is a man who makesa very good impression on the peoplewhom he meets casually. If you finda better one for the position you areindeed to be congratulated."Dr. Chas. L. Minor writes: "* * *Coming now to the purpose of my letter,my friend, Dr. David Lyman, ofthe Connecticut State Sanatorium atWallingford and one of the best in thisline in the whole country, has writtenme about his former assistant, nowtoin charge of the Delaware State Sanatorium,Dr. Pendleton. * * * While Ido not know him [Dr. Pendleton] personally,I know Dr. Lyman so well asa man of high character and greatability, and the fact that he has writtento me endorsing him [Pendleton]in the highest terms as an Al mansatisfies me of his unusual competencefor the place. * * * Having hadexperience in so admirably conducteda sanatorium as Wallingford, which,from my personal experience, I considerthe best even in the country, andthen more recently in Delaware, Dr.Pendleton should be an excellent manfor the place. Trusting you will givehis application most serious consideration,I am, with best wishes for thesuccess of the new sanatorium, etc."Another well known North Carolinaauthority on tuberculosis, Dr. Wm.Leroy Dunn, Asheville, N. C, writes:"I have received a letter from myfriend. Dr. David R. Lyman, statingthat he had recommended to your considerationDr. Wilson Pendleton, whowas formerly his assistant, for theplace of House Physician at the StateSanatorium. I think I met Dr. Pendletona few years ago when I wasat Wallingford, but on any impressionobtained at that time I would not placeany weight. However, I would givethe greatest weight possible to anyrecommendation made by Dave Lyman.I do not know whether you know himpersonally or not. If not, you havemissed a lot. Lyman is one of thevery best men in this line of work inthis country. He has been very successfulat Wallingford, besides youcan count absolutely upon every wordhe says, and any man that he wouldrecommend for the place would be inevery sense persona grata to Minorand myself, and to any of those men

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 151witti whom we are more intimatelyassociated in Aslieville."Mr. A. R. Kimball, Chairman of theExecutive Committee of the GaylordFarm Sanatorium, writes: "I takegreat pleasure, as Chairman of theExecutive Committee of Gaylord FarmSanatorium, in testifying to the abilityand high character, the conscientiousnessand close application to duty,which characterized Dr. W. Pendletonwhile for two years and a half he wasassistant to Dr. Lyman, Superintendentof Gaylord Farm Sanatorium. Fornearly four months Dr. Lyman wasincapacitated, being inVa.,Charlottesville,recovering from a very severe operationwhich all but cost him his life.During this time. Dr. Pendleton wasIn full charge and the credit of carryingon the work of the Sanatorium isin largest part his. From my closepersonal experience, as I am reallythe business head of Gaylord Farm, Ido not think the Sanatorium of NorthCarolina could secure a better manthan Dr. Pendleton."Miss Emily P. Bissell writes: "AsPresident' of the Delaware Anti-TuberculosisSociety, I take pleasure inheartily recommending Dr. Pendleton,and I hope that you may be able tosecure him."Finally, Dr. Laurason Brown, SaranacLake, New York, writes: "Dr.Pendleton is a competent man, and Ithink j^ou could get no one better thanhe. I would strongly urge you to takehim."BUSINESS MANAGEMENT.The business manager of the Sanatorium,Mr. Tyre Glenn, who has givenentire satisfaction in that office for thepast two years, and who is sufficientlywell known throughout the State not toneed introduction, will be retained inoffice.Mr. Glenn will have charge of thethirteen-hundred-acre farm, the buyingof supplies, the employment oflabor, and the bookkeeping of the Institution.Dr. Pendleton will have absolutecharge of the medical work of the Institution.His official title will be MedicalDirector. He will employ his ownnurses and orderlies, admit and dismisspatients, and prescribe diet, exerciseand daily habits for the patients.

Published b4 TnZ. N°KJI\ CAR9LI/iA STATE. D9ARD s^AEMJAIThis Bullelinwillbe 5er\t free to orwj citizen of the StoteupoATeguestjPublished monthly at the office of the Secretary of the Board, Raleigh, N. C.Entered as second-class matter at Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, under Act of July 18, 1894.Vol. XXVIII. DECEMBER, 1913. No. 9.Master Robert Royal Smithwick, Champion Baby, Receiving His Gold Medal from SecbetabyOF State J. Bbyan Grimes.

CONTENTSFree Public Health Literature 156EditorialJottings1^"^Pacts About the Oxypathor •• •158Report on The Better Babies Contest 165The Philosophy of Cold Feet1'70OUE Whole Time County Health Officers 173Facts About Colds1'^'*Providence Not to Blame1'75When and How to Bathe1'76The Press on the OxypathorTobacco and AlcoholCollier's on The Oxypathor 1781'?'^1'^'^FREE PUBLIC HEALTH LITERATUREThe State Board of Health has a limited quantity of health literatureon the subjects listed below, which will be sent out, free of charge,to any citizen of the State as long as the supply lasts. If you care forany of this literature, or want some sent to a friend, just write to theState Board of Health, at Raleigh. A post card will bring it by returnmail.No. 9.The Whole Time CountyHealth Officer.Typhoid Fever.Rules and Regulations forCounty Boards of Health.Measles.Whooping Cough.Diphtheria.Scarlet Fever.Smallpox.Some Light on Typhoid.County Health Work on anEfficientBasis.Anti-Spitting Placards (11inches by 9 inches).Anti-Fly Placards (11 inchesby 19 inches).

IPUSLISALDBY TML noR.TM CAgOLirSA 5TATE- BOAIgP °>-MLALTM"1 [BJ. Howell Wat, M.D., President, Waynesville. Charles O'H. Lauohinghouse , M.D.Richard H. Lewis, M.D., Raleigh.Greenville.J. L. Ludlow, C.E., Winston-Salem.Edward J. Wood, M.D., Wilmington.W. O. Spencer, M.D., Winston-Salem.A. A. Kent, M.D., Lenoir.Thomas E. Anderson, M.D., Statesville.Cyrus Thomp.son, M.D., Jacksonville.W. S. Rankin, M.D., Secretary and Treasurer, Raleigh.Vol. XXVIII. DECEMBER, 1913. No. 9.EDITORIAL JOTTINGSThe January number of the HealthBulletin will be our almanac number.It promises to be one of the bestnumbers we have issued. Be on thelookout forit.If you have time to read but onearticle in this issue, by all means letthat article be the one about the exposureof the Oxypathor. If youdon't learn something, besides have asmile or two coming before you getthrough with it, cancel your subscriptionto the Bulletin and demandyour money back.This month the State Sanatoriumfor the treatment of tuberculosis, atMontrose,pens under the direction ofthe State Board of Health. Only incipientand moderately advanced casescan be admitted. The capacity of theinstitution at present is only fifty beds.For further information regarding admittancewrite to the Secretary ofthe Board, atRaleigh.According to a newspaper account,the Oxypathor Company claims thatsince this Board exposed their gaspipe fraud their sales have increasedgreatly, If that is true, why does thiscompany object so strenuously to beingexposed? Such statements remindus of liquor people, who when votedout of a territory brazenly declarethat they sell more liquor there thanthey did before.Don't close your bedroom windowsthese nights just because it is cold.Your lungs need just as much pure,fresh air as they did last summer,when your bedroom didn't seem to havehalf enough windows. The whole secretis in keeping warm at night.Dress warmly and sleep comfortably,if you have to wear heavy woolenSOX and a suit of underwear, besidesthick, warm pajamas. Then don't pileon thick comforts that feelheavy, butuse lots of light, warm blankets.Keep warm at all hazards, and thensleep toith your windoxos open.Some time ago we offered to loanlantern slides and stock lectures tothose who desired to use them, iftliey would pay the transportationcharges. Since that time we havebeen completely swamped with requestsfor the loan of the slides andlectures we then had, and now we arepreparing other similar lectures onconsumption, patent medicines, care ofthe eyes, ears, nose and throat, andothers. If you want them, writeearly.

FACTS ABOUTTHE OXYPATHORHow Six Inches of Nickel-plated Gas PipeSells for $35.00ANY ONE CAN MAKE HIS OWN OXYPATHORHow and Why the State Board of Health Laid Barethe Modern Rabbit's FootWahben H. Booker, C.E."Save the babies!" How? With sixinches of brass gas pipe and a handfulof sand, sulphur and charcoal. Thisis what our good mothers were toldto do a few weeks ago at the StateFair. Of course, they were not toldin just those words. They were invitedto i>ay $35 for an Oxypathor,which is the same thing, except thatthe latter has a green cord fastenedat each end of the gas pipe.Now, when any concern sets up anexhibit directly opposite a betterbabies contest and proceeds to makecapital of innocent babies, claimingthat a piece of gas pipe will curesome one hundred and seventy oddailments, and recommending its usein cases of pneumonia, infantile paralysisand diphtheria, it is time forsome one to sound a note of warning.In the case of diphtheria time isworth more than money. In manycases time is life itself, and no honorable,intelligent person will, forgreed of a few paltry dollars, takechances with the lives of innocentbabes by recommending the wastingof precious time with a piece of gaspipe instead of hurrying toapply antitoxin.What the Oxypathor Is.That the public might know justwhat they are getting when they buyOxypathors, the State Board of Health,through its agent, bought an Oxypathorof the Carolina Oxypathor Company,for which it paid $35. ProfessorBrowne, professor of physics and electricalengineering at A. and M. College,.Raleigh, was then asked to examine itfor any and every known force. Themost delicate tests failed to show thatany force whatsoever was generated ortransmitted by the apparatus whentested according to the directions givenin the Oxypathor "Direction Book" accompanyingit. Professor Browne wasthen asked to take it apart and findhow it was made. The carefullymilled caps at either end might indicatethat they could be unscrewed.Not so. A vigorous application ofwrenches and pipe tongs failed toloosen them. The gas pipe was thensawed open, and was found to containabout a handful of black, gritty powder.Perlaps for the purpose of reinforcingthe caps at either end, a solidbar about one-half inch in diameterextended through the pipe from cap tocap. The powder found in the pipewas turned over to Prof. W. A. Withers,professor of chemistry at A. andM. College, with the request that heexamine it. His report shows that it.consistsofCarbon (free) 28.36%Silica 27.46%Carbon Dioxoide 8.37%Magnesium Oxide 7.61%Antimony 7.26%Aluminum Oxide 5.65%Sulphur 4.97%

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 159Ferric Oxide 4.48% That, in a nutshell, is the story ofPotassium Oxide 3.81% ^v.^ n^„..o+v,^,. rm.^^^ Oxypathor. TheMoistureaccompanying1.75%Nitrogen 0.28% ^^^ shows how the Oxypathor wasProfessor Withersexposed atfurtherthe State Fair.statesAttachedthat "the substance, in*° *^^^the main, ap-"PP^'' left-hand chart is thepears to be probably a mixtureoriginalof coalOxypathor bought of the Cardust,clay, sand, antimony sulphide, °^^°^ Oxypathor Company for $35. Inand magnesium carbonate." the bottle attached is some of theORICINALOXYPATHORBOUGHT FROM THE-CAWUMOXYPATnmCO.WOWHlfSS—-_ y~--X)-^AND THfr ~"PW^I^FDUND INSIDEIGAS PIPE FRAUDEXPOSED/SHE WH.Q-r ,-A Scientist SaysOXYPATHORinm^homom and His RfpivDOHT BUY»"OXYPATtlORUNTIL YOUSe€ Our SubstitutePrice 10^justasgood.^y>t&!eBoQrdO(Heatth'slSubstitute forOxypathor.Save The Bubies:1%BUTDonlWasteYourMoneii/I Gas Pipe Fraud.IS THE'Adv/iceOf TheState BoerdMeaitt^..,„£?""" ?^^''^^ T\^. 'VjP?^'°f ^^'^ Oxypathor fraud at the State Fair. Note the original Oxvnathorirl-i"*^° ^°d attached to the upper left-hand chart, and the old tin canoppositeand shS^nL shoestring s^ft^f,,?!substitute

;160 THE HEALTH BULLETIX.worthless black powder found in thegas pipe, the composition of whichhas already been referred to.To the lower left-hand chart areattached the writer's letter to ProfessorBrowne, asking him to examine theOxypathor, and Professor Browne's reply,stating that there is absolutelynothing of value in the device, so faras its ability to generate or transmitany known force whatever is concerned.The two letters are reproducedherewith in full.Raleigh, N. C, October 18, 1913.Prof. Wm. Hand BroWxNE, Professorof Physics and Electrical Engineering,N. C. College of Agricultureand Mechanic Arts, Raleigh,N. C.Deab Sir:—Under separate cover Iam sending you today one Oxypathorpurchased this morning from the CarolinaOxypathor Company, of this city,at a cost of $35. I shall thank youto examine this apparatus for any andevery known physical, chemical orother force which it is possible forthis instrument to generate or transmitalong a wire or cord when used asdirected in the accompanying book ofinstructions, and advise me as to yourfindings in this respect.I wish, furthermore, that after makingsuch examination you would takethe apparatus apart and carefully examinethe contents and advise me asto your findings.Respectfully yours,Warren H. Booker,Chief Bureau of Engineering and Education,North Carolina State Boardof Health.Raleigh, N. C, October 21, 1913.Mr. Warren H. Booker, Chief of Bureauof Engineering and Education.North Carolina State Board ofHealth, Raleigh, N. C.Dear Sie:—Pursuant to your instructionsunder date of October 18th,I carefully examined and tested theOxypathor according to your instructionsand according to the directionsaccompanying the apparatus.Tests for magnetic effects showedthat this apparatus has no magneticproperties whatever.Testing for electrical effects failed toindicate the slightest electrical action—indeed, the construction of the apparatusmakes such action impossible.These are the only two forces whichcould be brought into action by meansof the device, and hence my tests haveshown that the device, even whenpacked in crushed ice, causes no actionwhatever.I have furthermore opened the socalledelectrode and find that it consistsof a brass cylinder, throughwhich passes a copper bar firmly attachedto the ends of the cylinder. Thespace between was filled with blackish,inert, gritty powder, which, due to theconstruction of the so-called electrode,can produce no magnetic, electrical orother action. In my opinion there isabsolutely nothing of value in the deviceso far as its ability goes to gener^ate or transmit any known force whatever.Very truly yours,W. Hand Brownt),Professor of Physics and ElectricalEngineering, A. and M. College.Then, to show the utter absurdityof the whole thing, to the upper righthandchart is attached an old tin canwith shoestrings tied to either end.The State Board of Health guaranteesthat this can will have just as muchaction as the Oxypathor, and net theipurchaser a neat little saving.In the lower right-hand chart isquoted the slogan "Save the babies,"appropriated by the Oxypathor Company,which they displayed directlyopposite the Better Babies Contest.To this the State Board of Healthadded the advice, "But don't wasteyour money on a gas pipe fraud."It is needless to say that the wholeOxypathor business is a fake from beginningto end. It simply illustratesthe credulity of a few of our people.It illustrates how a gigantic lot of untruthsand absurdities repeated thousandsof times by printer's ink canmislead a few sick or near sick who aregullible enough to believe such extravagantclaims when accompanied by a

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 161mysterious looking, highly polishedapparatus, surrounded with highsoundingwords unknown to science orthe dictionary writers, and especiallywhen reinforced by a lot of testimonialsfrom users, many of them prominentpeople, who report marvelous cures.Cures and Testimonials.This brings up another interestingphase of this and many similar patentmedicine frauds, the cures and testimonials.Some one says, "If it is afake, what about all those cures andtestimonials?" That is easy. Did youever stop to consider that at leastninety-five per cent of all the aches andpains and sickness that you or anyoneelseever had, or thought you had, gotwell? You never had a headache ora toothache that didn't get well, if yougave it time enough. And what'smore, you never will have but one fatalcase of sickness, and after that is overthere will be no testimonial forthcoming.This gives a very wido margin ofills and near ills that get well fromnatural causco, frequently even inspite of patent medicines, Oxypathorsor old tin cans and shoestrings; andthis wide margin is where the Oxypthor and similar industries flourish.Take a case where some one has $35worth of faith in an Oxypathor (that'ssome faith these days), and buys one.Now, if that person has enough faithin a piece of gas pipe to spend$35 for it, it goes without saying thathe believes it is going to cure himof whatever he has or thinks he has.Otherwise he would not have boughtIt. To be sure, in 95 cases out of 100he gets well, and such a person wouldnot be true to himself if he did notdeclare that it was the Oxypathor thatcured him. For such people the Oxypathoris simply a high-priced faithcure, but it is not so advertised. Thenegro who cannot afford an Oxypathoruses a rabbit's foot to equal advantage,and some people use buckeyes,but no one has capitalized or has amonopoly on rabbits' feet or buckeyes.But does that prove that the Oxypathorcured this person? Whatabout the thousand and one naturalcauses? What about people, perhapsthis very person himself, who recoveredfrom this same trouble threeyears ago, before the advent of thismarvelous instrument? We defy anyoneto prove, in all the advertised curesand testimonials, that a single curewas in any manner whatsoever dueto any action of the Oxypathor. Thefact that the Oxypathor has beenpalmed off on people that are verysusceptible to mental suggestion isshown in the fact that since the exposur) of the fraud people who used themhave confided to the writer, "I did thinkit helped me, but since I found outwhat it is, it doesn't do me a bit ofgood." Was it Barnum who said, "TheAmerican people like to be humbugged"?Now, let us be serious just a momentand look at this testimonialbusiness from a common-sense viewpoint.How about your family physician?When he treats you, does hecome around after you get well andask you for a testimonial? Whatwould you think of him if he did?How about your preacher? Does headvertise in the newspapers or publisha pamphlet telling what nicethings his other congregations saidabout his preaching? Does your dentistor lawyer have to drum up tradeby means of testimonials? Whatwould you think of them if they did?Did any really great invention or discoveryhave to resort to such meansyear after year to make the publicaccept it? If the Oxypathor reallywere such a good thing as it is saidto be, don't you think everybody would

162 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.have known about it long ago? Doyou suppose the newspapers wouldhave to be paid to carry ads., or do yousuppose that any of the newspaperswould decline to carry such matterin their columns? The truth of thematter is that the testimonial featureis one of the tell-tale, weakest featuresof the whole business. When thatfeature is worked so hard, and particularlywhen no testimonials are publishedfrom people who were not benefittedby the use of an Oxypathor, doesit not begin to look as though therewere something radically wrong? Furtherinferences regarding testimonialswe leave to the reader.Some one says, "Well, if it is a fake,why doesn't the State Board of Healthstop their selling such things?"That is also easy. In the first place,this is not our business. We knowof no state law giving us powerto prohibit this or any other fakewhatsoever from operating in NorthCarolina. However, when an effortwas made to capitalize a better babiescontest in order to exploit sucha thing, we felt it our d ty to immediatelybrand it what it is, a fake anda fraud. In the second place, we haveexposed it, and if you waste yourmoney on it, that is your business.However, for your benefit it may besr.id that if you have been innocentlyduped into buying one of these fakesand want your money back, and arewilling to go on record in court, theAttorney-Ganeral is of the opinionthat you can have your money refundedLast of all, we have branded it afake. We could not do so with safetyand impunity were it not so, becausesuch a charge is open torefutation incourt, and we invite those who contendotherwise to have it settled in thecourts if they do not accede to ourcharge.The Joke Book.Even the shortest expose of the gaspipe fraud would be incomplete withoutone or two passing references tothat prize joke book, otherwise knownas the "Oxypathor Direction Book,"which accompanies the Oxypathor andis the mouthpiece for the device. Inthis book the happy possessor is assuredover and over again of the almostmiraculous curing and healingpower of his $35 acquisition. He istold that "The Oxypathor gives to icspossessor practical mastery over allforms of dangerous infection," andthat "The diseases which the Oxypathorwill not cure are easy to enumerate,becnuse they are comparativelyfew."In the index of this wonderful volumeone finds listed something over170 human ailments for which theOxypathor is recommended. This listof ailments extends from headache toheart disease, from diphtheria andd afness to dropsy and dyspepsia, fromboils, burns and bruises to paralysis,piles, pregnancy and pellagra. Infact, if one could read this book believinglyhe might have visions of makingMethuselah look like a youth, if,indeed, he should ever find it necessaryto die at all.And how does the Oxypathor cureall these things? We quote one or twodirections just as samples. Toothachebeinji a short one, we quote it in itsentirety:''Toothache—generally due to exposureof the sensitive interior portionof the tooth after the loss of the nonconductingenamel, or to an inflamedor diseased nerve root. A simpletoothache is sometimes relieved byplacing disk at Strong Force underhot compress over the aching spot."The strong force referred to simplymeans placing the gas pipe in coldwater. But note the hot compress.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 163That is a time-worn remedy for toothachethat was ancient even to ourgrandmothers. They used bags of hotsand or salt, or even a hot iron, whena "cold settled in a tooth," with excellentresults. Now why, in this dayand age, should we give the credit forsuch a cure to a nickel-plated gas pipe?Certainly some of us do like to behumbugged.Constipation is one of the subjectstreated at length in the joke book.Some four pages are devoted to thissubject. We quote again:"There io but one true way of overcomingand curing constipation, andthat is to begin at the fountain-heador source of the difficulty. Every oneafflicted with constipation should takean inventory of his daily habits as tobreathing, eating, drinking and exercise,and correct the faults that hesees hrve brought about his condition."Now, it is a matter of common knowledgethat such a course will cure mostcases of constipation without furthertreatment. But note what follows:"While correcting the causes of hisconstipation, which the patient can andmust do in order to be permanentlycured, let him aoopt the following program:Apply the Oxypathor at StrongForce with one disk over the liver atlower margin of right ribs and coverabdominal surface with cold water orapply, with the disk removed, a coldcompress for 2 or 3 minutes."And so it goes on giving the timehonoredtreatments for constipation,including proper habits and diet, hotand cold compresses, fruit and a glassof cold water before breakfast, and soon, but never failing to have the Oxypathorapplied in some spectacularway in every instance. And yet somepeople can be persuaded to pay $35for a piece of gas pipe and for suchinformation, which they have beentaught or should have been taughtfrom childhood up. In this joke bookthere are enough simple home remediesour grandparents taught us, togetherwith a little everyday hygieneand sanitation that the average schoolboyought to know, to remedy theminor ailments, but the constant referencetothe Oxypathor misleads peopleeasily susceptible to suggestion toattribute their recovery to the Oxypathor,instead of to the real cause.History ofthe Fraud.The Oxypathor has an interestinggenealogy and a varied history. Wehave examined its family tree for severalshort generations, and allbranches lead to the fertile brain ofone Hercules Sanche, who oscillated««u««>*s««o

simply164 THE HEAXTH BULLETIN.recall that some eighteen or twentyyears ago this fake was advertised inmany of the popular magazines. Torefresh the memory of our olderreaders, and for the information ofour younger readers, we reprint apicture of the Electropoise that usedto accompany many of these ads.The "Electropoise" was an.empty metal cylinder about threeand one-half inches long, called the"Polizer." To the end of this cylinderwas attached a cord which terminatedin a small disc which was tobe secured to the ankle or wrist bymeans of an elastic band. Accordingto the inventor of the "Electropoise,"there was apparently no disease,known or unknown, that it would notcure.About 1896 Sanche got out a revisededition of the Electropoise which hetermed the "Oxydonor." There weretwo principal points of difference betweenthe Electropoise and the Oxydonor.First, instead of being empty,the gas pipe, in the case of the Oxydonor,contained a stick of carbon;and, second, instead of selling for $10,it sold for $35. The accompanyingcut shows the similarity of the two.The revised edition of the Electropoise, termedthe Oxydonor. It sold for $35 and contained atick of carbon.Financially, the Oxydonor was ahowling success, and as might be expected,imitators got into the game.This resulted in Sanche's bringing asuit against one imitation, the Oxygenor-King.It should be stated, however,that in this case the UnitedStates courts decided that Sanche'sinstrument was not of sufficient valueto entitle him to standing in a court ofequity.The Oxygenor-King, a piece of gaspipe filled with sand, sulphur, charcoal,white lead and brass, had threecords attached and sold for $25.The Oxygenor-King, a competitor of the Oxydonor;It was filled with sand, sulphur, charcoal,white lead and brass, and sold for $25.Of course, it was claimed to be capableof curing practically every humanill. In fact, it was said to possesscomplete mastery over "all curablediseases."Space forbids our describing othersimilar fakes, such as the Oxytonor,the Oxybon, and others. Followingc^ose upon the heels of the Oxygenor-King came the Oxygenator. From thesimilarity of the names one would imaginetha the courts could be invokedon the ground of infringement,but perhaps the promoterdeemed it wise to remain out of thecourts. The "00 Duplex Oxygenator,"as this gas pipe was called, hadbut two cords and sold for from$25 to $35. In 1910 the VermontState Board of Health examinedthe instrument under their pure foodand drugs act, found it filled withiron filings, clay and coke dust, andprohibited its sale.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 165Since that date the name of thissame fraud has been changed to the"Oxypathor." In fact, from the writer'sdesk can be seen on a windowacross the street the sig-n, "CarolinaOxygenator Company," placed thereseveral years ago. At the main oflBce ofthe Oxypathor Company, three blocksthe cat will jump next, or what thisfake will be called next year, is a matterof conjecture. As a suggestion,however, it might be mentioned thatin one of the closing paragraphs ofthe joke book an 000 Animal Oxypathoris described as follows:"This instrument is made with theFollowing close upon the heels of theOxygenor-Kingcame the Oxygenator . Since the Vermont StateBoard of Health prohibited the sale of this fraud thename has been changed to Oxypathor.away, the device is now known altogetherby the name of "Oxypathor."In other words, just enough changehas been made in the name to evadethe law, but the window sign on theold office, now used for other purposes,has not been kept up to date.Such, therefore, is the story of theOxypathor up to this time. Which waysame conscientious care that distinguishesthe 00 Duplex Oxypathor.For stock growers the Animal Oxypathoris invaluable. Price, $50."At least this is not a poor man'sfraud, and we must give the promotercredit for commercializing the factthat many persons care more fortheir pets than for themselves.REPORT ON THE BETTER BABIES CONTESTThe Better Babies Contest at theState Fair is now history. This andsimilar contests all over the Statemark the first chapter in the historyof the development of a proper appreciationof the value and importanceof child life. The babies and the childrenare beginning to come into theirown. Yesterday no one ever dreamedof a Better Babies Contest. Todaywe are having them. Tomorrow theywill continue, and soon our betterbabies will have become better schoolWarben H. Booker, C. E^children, largely on that account andlon account of medical inspection ofschools. The next step will be bettercitizens.In the meantime, no doubt therewill be better mothers contests andbetter parents contests, and the endis not yet. A tremendous movementhas been launched unconsciously.At the State Fair entries were madefor every five minutes of the fourdays,but so many mothers wanted toenter their babies that they had to

166 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.be admitted every two minutes.Nearly four hundred entries weremade. Cold weather and heavy rainkept over one hundred babies fromattending. Requests for entry nextyear have already been made.The arrangements at the FairGrounds, while the best to be had,were, of necessity, crude and woefullyinadequate. Furthermore, noone connected with the contest hadever had similar experience. Everyonewho assisted with the work did itout of goodness of heart, without acent of pay or the hope of reward.Of course, with such a rush andunder such conditions, errors weremade and the work was of necessitysuperficial, but now that somethingis known about such contests we areconfident that next year the contestwill be much larger and much betterin every w^ay. For instance, as itwas, many different people assistedat different times, and of course thisnecessitated the loss of much valuabletime and many opportunities forvaluable work in learning just whateach person was to do. Next year,as far as possible, the same personswill help throughout the entire contest.We wish it might be possibleto pay at least the doctors and nurses.This would insure more uniform work,and work w-hich could be done understrict uniform supervision.But a beginning had to be made,and judging from the enthusiasm ofthe Fair visitors, the public press, andespecially from the mothers, even thebeginning was a first-class success.Many mothers have written since inregard to remedying some of the defectspointed out at the contest. Inmany instances doctors and nurseswere able to offer, at various points inthe contest, valuable advice and suggestionsin regard to the care andfeeding of the babies, which mighthave been strongly resented at othertimes.A few pessimistic persons were heardto prophesy that such a contest wouldengender the hardest kind offeelings,as every mother thought her babywas the prettiest baby in the State.Of course, these people were mistaken.They knew absolutely nothing about ahealth contest. They had nothing tobase their opinion on but the oldfashionbeauty show and voting contest.Of the nearly three hundred babiesjudged, only two inquiries weremrde in regard to why a baby was notscored higher, and in only one instancewas the question of unfairness raised.We are glad to say that in each casethe score card plainly set forth thefacts of the case, and when defectswere found the score card indicatedthe amount to be deducted.In the case of a health contest,nearly every mother comes not withthe expectation of having the prettiestbaby in the State, which she is stillfree to believe if she cares to, but tohave her baby's physical defects pointedout;with normal babies of that age, and,to learn how he measures upso far as possible in the short spaceof time permitted, to learn just whatto do to remedy these defects.Those entering the contest had thegraciousness to recognize that as theyhad paid no entry fee, as all thoseassisting in the work were doing it outof the kindness of their hearts, and asthe prizes were just so much morethat there was a chance of winning,they had little room for complaint,and much reason to be grateful. Expressionsof thanks have been receivedfrom a great many parents whosebabies were examined and from thosewho won prizes at the contest. Wecannot refrain from quoting just oneat this point, as it is typical of manyothers: ,

THE HEAXTH BULLETIN. 167FIRST PRIZE BABYwinners and their scores, as well asthe pictures of the four championbabies.CHAMPION BABIES1st, Robert Royal Smithwick, Wendell.. 99.92d, Dick Hester Frazier, Bahama ..99.83d, Charles Aycock Poe, Raleigh 99.74th, Calvin Nelson Murray, Raleigh 99.0The regular prize winners and their scores areas follows:Raleigh DivisionClass 1.— (Boys over 6 months and under 24months of age.)1st, Charles Aycock Poe 99.72d, David Graham McLeod 99.5ill, Henry Hadley Dalton, Jr 994th, R. Horace Porter. .98.5Class 2.— (Boys over 24 months and under 36months of age.)1st, Calvin Nelson Miirray 99.62d, Junius Earl Goodwin, Jr 983d, Alston Grimes 974th Hyman Mewborn Bizzell .96.8SECOND PRIZE BABYRobert Royal SmithwickWendellAge, 33 months. Score, 99.9.Dear Sib:—I am just in receipt ofletter informing me that my babywon a prize in the Better Babies ContSt at the State Fair, and inclosingcheck. Please accept my sincerethanks, which I desire to extend toall who helped make this good fortunepossible.Much as the prize is appreciated,however, I am still more grateful forthe physical examination which wasgiven my baby.I can partially understand the difficultieswith which your departmentliad to contend, and feel that you deservegreat credit for the work done.Before knowing that my boy wona prize, I was wholly satisfied; nowI can only say that 1 am delighted,indeed. Most sincerely,Mrs. * * *So much interest was manifested inth-^ prize winners that we reprintherewith the complete list of prizeDick Hester FrazibbBahamaAge, 18 mcnths. Score, 99

168 THE HEALTH BULLETIISr.THIRD PRIZE BABYClass 3.— (Girls over 6 months and under 24months of age.)Dorothy M. Tilley, Fuquay Springs 95Virginia Green, Raleigh, R. 5 95(These two babies tied for firstprize.)Doris Whitaker, Cardenas 94.5.Minnie Gladys Simpkins, Raleigh, R. 5 94.5(These two babies tied for third prize.)Class 4.— (Girls over 24 months and under 3&months of age.)1st, Mary Jones Ragsdale, Fuquay Springs 95.52d, Rachel Frances Whitley, Wendell 94.S3d, Marj- Hudson House, Cary 94.2(Only three examined in this class.)Eastern Carolina DivisionEast of Wake County.Class — 1. (Boys over 6 months and under 24months of age.)Ist, Edwin McHenry Norton, Maxton --982d, Walter Graham Lynch, Roanoke Rapids..97. S3d, Samuel Parvin HoUowell, Goldsboro, R. 4.974th, Selby Lawrence Turner, Pink HilL- 96.5Class — 2. (Boys over 24 months and under SB'months of age.)Turner Battle Bunn, Jr., Rocky Mount.-- 96.5Haughton Randolph, Washington 96.5(These two babies tied for first prize.)FOURTH PRIZE BABYCharles Aycock PoeRaleighAgs, 6 months. Score, 99.7.Class 3.— (Girls over 6 months and under 24months of age.)Ist, Annie Katherine Riddle 992d, Martha E. Castlebury9t*3d, Lucile Johnson "7-4th, Eleanor Kennedy 97Class 4.— (Girls over 24 months and under 36months of age.)1st, Jean Powell Farabee 97..52d, Allie Mcllwain Scott 973d, Jeanie K. Brown 964th, Dorothy Fooshe _.93.oWake County DivisionClass — 1. (Boys over 6 months and under 24months of age.)1st, James Henry Mitchell, Wake Forest 99Raymond Wingate Allen, Apex 97.5Theo. Bunyan Davis, Jr., Cary... 97.5(These two babies tied for second prize.)4th, Vernon Woodrow Sherron, Morrisville 96Class 2.— (Boys over 24 months and under 36months of age.)Ist, Robert Royal Smithwick, Wendell. .-1----99.2d, William A. Green, Morrisville 96.53d, Wayland Seagroves, Holly Springs --95.54th, Stanley Hamerick, Wendell - 93.5Calvin Nelson Murray,RaleighAge, 29 months. Score, 99.6.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 1693d, Boyce Brooks, Enfield ---954th, Ronald Jefferson Matlock, Hookerton..-94Class 3.— (Girls over 6 months and under 24months of age.)Ethel Inez Lee, Garner, R. 1 96.5Elizabeth Moore McRimmon, Rowland 96.5(These two babies tied for first prize.)3d, Kathleen Kimmell Miller, Oriental.-- 964th, LaVenia Mitchener, Franklinton 95.5Class 4.— (Girls over 24 months and under 36months of age.)1st, Eunice Smith, Kenansville 952d, Katherine F. Herring, Wilson- 94.53d, Mattie McCuUen, Henderson - 944th, Delia McRimmon, Maxton - 91Western Carolina DivisionWest of Wake County.Class 1.— (Boys over 6 months and under 24months of age.)1st, Dick Hester Frazier, Bahama 99.82d, Paul E. Russell, Biscoe 99.4Robert Maynard Hobgood, Jr., Durham 97.5Harvey Clegg Womble, Moncure, R. 2... 97.5(These two babies tied for third prize.)Class 2.^(Boys over 24 months and under 36months of age.)William Allen Kindel, Jr., Asheville - 98Robert Worth Wilson, Durham 98(These two babies tied fox first prize.)3d, William B. Morris, Gastonia 964th, Zalpheus Lakey Rochelle, Durham 94Class 3.— (Girls over 6 months and under 24months of age.)1st, Lillie B. Bynum, Goldston-- 96.5Elizabeth Elaine Baucom, Carthage ..94.5Alice Irma Hawkins, Oxford 94.5(These two babies tied for second prize.)4th, Dorothy May Holt, Durham 93Class 4.—(Girls over 24 months and under 36months of age.)Ist, Virginia Adams Douglas, Greensboro 982d, Mary Frances Wagstaff, Chapel Hill 97.53d, Frances Elizabeth Carlton, KernersviUe..974th, Ruth F, PhilUps, Sanford 96.5Even the briefest report of the contestwould be incomplete without expressingpublicly the debt of gratitudeof the mothers, the babies, and thosepromoting the contest to all thosewho assisted so generously with theirfinancial means, time, talent and services."We cannot enumerate all, butcertainly the following contributors ofprizes and prize funds should haveprominent mention:The Woman's Home Com,panion, ofNew York City, which contributed $100in cash, besides valuable medals, certificates,scbre cards, literature on thecare and feeding of infants, and muchother assistance; the State Fair Association,which contributed $100;the State Department of Agriculture,which contributed $57 in prizes forcountry babies; and the following listof Woman's Clubs and personal contributorsto the cause throughout theStateRaleigh Woman's Club.Wake County School BettermentAssociation.Goldsboro Woman's Club.Southern Pines Civic Club.Southern Association of CollegeWomen, Raleigh Branch.Mrs. M. T. Norris, Raleigh.Carthage Civic Club.Community Club, Chapel Hill.Oxford Civic League.Southport Civic Club.Wilmington Sorosis.Whiteville Civic League.Greensboro Friday Afternoon Club.Henderson Woman's Tuesday Club.Henderson Civic League.Greenville End of the CenturyClub.Wadesboro Woman's Club.Farmville Ladies' Magazine Club.Besides this list of cash contributions,the following Raleigh merchantscontributed special prizes for the Raleighbabies:Tyree's Studio.J. P. Hayes.Hunter-Rand Company.H. Mahler's Sons.Jolly & Wynne Jewelry Company.Dobbin-Ferrall Company.Cross & Linehan Company.Raleigh Banking and Trust Company.Merchants National Bank.Citizens National Bank.Commercial National Bank.Goodwin-Smith Furniture Company.Boylan-Pearce Company.Barber & Towler.Weathers Furniture Company.Ellington's Studio.G. L. Vinson Company.

170 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.But the prizes were only the sugarcoating. The feature that reallycounted most of all was the personalservices and sacrifices of those whostood the burden of the work. Prominentamong the workers were thevariousphysicians throughout the Statewho made the examinations, the membersof the Raleigh Nurses' Associationwho assisted the physicians, the Raleighclub women, who served on thereception committee, the young ladiesfrom the Educational Department ofMeredith College, who recorded thephysicians' findings and kept the scorecards, the Raleigh Boy Scouts, whowere ever on the job as pages to runerrands and be generally useful, theband from the Institution for theBlind, which rendered music at thepresentation of the prizes, and a greatmany others whose deeds of kindnesscannot here be enumerated.Many of those who rendered themost assistance with the contest haveremarked to the writer that they feltwill repaid when they saw the goodthat was being accomplished and sawhow gladly many of the mothers receivedsimple suggestions and advicein regard to bringing up "Better Babies."THE PHILOSOPHY OF COLD FEETRev. George W. Lay, Rector of St. Mary's School, Raleigh, N. C."He got cold feet" is a colloquialphrase involving several logical stepsof cause and effect. These few wordssuggest the ideas that a person whosefeet get cold has his vitality lowered,and that this has an effect on hisnerves, and that when his nerves areaffected his courage oozes out.There is no more important point inpersonal hygiene than keeping thefeet warm. There are several waysin which we ward off attacks of disease,but the most important of all isthe very simple method of keeping thewhole body in a very high state ofhealth. We are continually surroundedby the germs of disease, and,in fact, our bodies frequently containthem. We do not succumb tothese diseases, because the body hassufficient resisting power to overcometheir attack. The stronger the body,the more temperate and healthy themode of life, the more sanitary oursurroundings, the less likely are we togive in to attacks of disease. Onequarterof all of us have pneumoniagerms in our mouths all the time. Wedo not have pneumonia because weare able to resist the attack of thesegerms, but if we become thoroughlychilled in any way we have pneumonia,not because we obtain thegerms at that time, but because thegerms we already had in our systemare able to get in their deadly work.The same thing holds true of suchgerm diseases as our common colds,and some of the forms of indigestion.Plenty of exercise in the open air,abundance of fresh air at night, coldbaths in moderation, and the rightamount of simple and nourishingfood, are all of them means to keepour bodies in their best state ofstrength to ward off the attacks of disease.If we are not sufficiently clothed,our circulation may be strong enoughto keep us apparently warm and makeus feel comfortable, but the systemhas had an extra strain put upon -t,and our vitality is thereby lowered.If all the windows and doors of a

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 171house are left wide open, where thehouse is heated by steam, the radiatorsmay still be hot, and the circulationof steam continuous, but if wego down to the boilerroom we willfind a fireman using extra exertion tokeep the fire in the boiler up to theproper state of efficiency. The systemof steam heating is apparently inits normal condition, the difficulty wefind to lie in the overtaxing of thefurnace and boiler, and especially theoverworking of the fireman. Anywaste of heat places an extra burdenon the heating system. It is for thisreason that boilers and steam pipesare surrounded by an asbestos coveringwhich corresponds exactly to theclothing we put around our bodies.If we clothe ourselves properly ourboilers, so to speak, will have lesswork to do and we can lay up an extrasupply of vital energy, while a differentcourse taxes our system to theutmost point of strain.The feet are in the most unfavorableposition to retain heat. They areon the floor or ground where the temperatureis the coldest. They are alsoin contact as a rule with cold substanceswhich quickly withdraw theheat from the body. We frequentlysee shoes and other garments onpeople, especially on the ladies, whichas far as protection from cold is concernedare the mere symbols of clothing.A thin white slipper with a soleone-sixteenth of an inch in thicknessis a mere symbol of a shoe. Othergarmentsfrequently worn are no better.The savage tattoos his body tolook like clothes, but he is not protectedthereby from the cold. Thesesymbolic garments may look likeclothing, but as far as protectingfrom cold is concerned they are entirelyuseless, and simply deceive usinto misplaced confidence.If I put my hand on somethingwooden I do not feel cold. If I putthe same hand on a metal object inthe same room, it seems distinctlycold. The temperature of the woodand the metal is exactly the same, butthe metal is a better conductor of heatand takes away heat faster from mybody, thereby giving the hand thesensation of cold. In like mannerif I place my finger on a dry piece ofcloth it does not feel cold, but if thecloth be wet it feels very cold, becausethe wet cloth, being a goodconductor of heat, abstracts the heatfrom my body very rapidly.It is for this reason that wet shoesare generally recognized as being acause of illness. The same leatherwhich would be a poor conductorwhen dry, becomes a good conductorwhen wet, and rapidly takes awaythe heat from the feet, and in turnreduces the temperature and vitalityof the whole body. There is no particulardanger in getting the feet wet,and in fact all of the clothes wet, ifone keeps in motion and immediatelythereafter changes one's clothes entirely.But a person whose shoes arewet in the morning, as in going toschool, and who sits for several hoursin a room where the feet are in thecoldest air and next to a cold floor,thereby takes the best means possibleto abstract heat from the body andadd to the task to be performed bythe internal boiler, and thus so weakensthe system as to make it likely togive in at its tvcakest point.The general idea is that this isbound to give one a cold. As a matterof fact, getting the feet wet or chillingoneself suddenly is quite as likely logive a bad headache or some indigestionas it is to give a cold. It merelymakes us more likely to get ill in theway to which we are at the time mostliable. Rubber overshoes keep theordinary shoes dry, and when the

172 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.former are removed the feet are protectedby dry shoes which are nonconductorsof heat, and therefore protectthe body.Even though the soles of the shoesare not completely wet so as to makethe best conductors of heat, the presenceof a layer of wet leather nextto the ground constitutes a refrigeratingapparatus which rapidly absorbsheat. Salt on the ice in an ice-creamfreezer causes the ice to melt andthereby abstracts the heat from theice-cream holder and causes the icecream in turn to freeze. The armycanteen is a metal holder for watersurrounded by a cotton or woolen cloth.By dipping the whole canteen in waterthis cloth is made wet, and thenwhen hung in the air the water evaporates,and in doing so becomes arefrigerating apparatus causing thewater within the canteen to becomecool and fit to drink. A similararrangement is very common in thewest, and possibly other parts of thecountry, especially among those whouse automobiles. It is a bag abouttwelve by eighteen inches, usuallymade of strong, thick canvas. Thishag is thoroughly soaked in water, andwhen it is filled with about two gallonsof water, sufficient water leaksthrough to evaporate and keep thewater within at a temperature suitablefor drinking purposes. This sameresult is obtained in various partsof the world by the use of a porous,earthenware jar, which will allowsufficient moisture to escape throughthe pores to evaporate and cool thewater within.We are more familiar with thiscooling effect in the case of alcohol,or cologne, which is largely alcohol.We know that if we put cologne onour foreheads when we have a headache,it has the effect of cooling theforehead and giving relief. This isbecause the cologne evaporates morerapidly than water does. Also theprovision of nature by which we perspirein hot weather is for the samepurpose, namely, that the slight moistureon the skin, by continual evaporation,shall cool the skin and therebyreduce the temperature of the body.When even a part of the soles ofour shoes is wet we have a refrigeratingapparatus which rapidly reducesthe temperature of the whole body.is not necessary that the feet or stockingsthemselves be wet, because thesame results to a certain degree willbe accomplished even though thewhole sole of the shoe may not bewet. There is nothing in water thatgives a cold or reduces temperature.If we kept our feet in water that wasof the temperature of the body it wouldnot abstract any cold from us and wewould not suffer thereby. But thetemperature of the damp earth or ofthe rain is lower than that of ourbodies, and, as shown above, the wetshoe by evaporation reduces the temperatureeven lower.Everyone should wear in damp andcold weather sensible shoes with fairlythick soles; the thicker the sole, thethicker the layer of dry, nonconductingleather.ItCare in the protection of ourlower extremities may seem too simplea thing to think much about, but itwill prevent a very large proportionof the ordinary headaches, indigestions,and colds that we have, and willalso make us far less liable to attacksfrom other diseases, including tuberculosis,to which our systems arelikely to succumb.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 173OUR WHOLE TIME COUNTY HEALTH OFFICERSWhat Outsiders Think of Themp. W. CovinWith Rowan and Nash, whose commissionersat a recent meeting madean appropriation for the employmentof a whole time county health officer,we have now twelve counties in theState which belong to the whole timecounty health officer group. Theother ten are Columbus, Sampson,Johnston, Robeson, New Hanover, Durham,Guilford, Forsyth, Rockingham,and Buncombe. It is expected fromtime to time that others of our pro-GTON, M.D.ment: a member of President Wilson'sCabinet writes:Department of Agbiculttjbe,Washington, D. C.Db. p. W. Covington,State Board of Health,Raleigh, N. C.Dear Doctor:—I was glad to getyour letter saying that you are pushinga plan to give each county a fulltimehealth officer. I know of no moreimportant step for any state to takethan this. I think it is time that thegreat mass of people living in theThe shaded counties have a whole-time health officerand an active county health department, while thecounties in white have an inactive county board ofhealth and no whole-time health officer.gressive counties will join this groupwhen more of our county officialsrealize that public health is purchasableand that, within natural limitations,a community can determine itsown death rate,and that the greatestadvertisement any community canhave is that of a low death rate. Thiswill be brought out all the moreforcibly in that now we have the enforcementof the vital statistics law.Soon every community will realizethat its greatest asset is the healthof its citizens and that it is wiseeconomy to spend money in conservingthis.The following is what a few ofOUR leading men think of theWhole Time Health Officer moveruraldistricts be induced to provideadequate local arrangements. Certainlynothing is more important thanthat they should have a thoroughlycompetent man giving his entire timeto the care of the public health. I thinksuch an arrangement will be an investment.It will pay in dollars and cents,and immeasurably in physical comfortand peace of mind. I think every countyin the Union should have a full-time,well paid, competent health officer,with adequate authority, financial supportand assistance.Sincerely yours,D. P. Houston,Secretary.William F. Snow, of California, oneof the most intelligent commissionersof health, says, among other things,in a recent letter to Dr. Rankin:

174 THE HEALTH BULLETIN."I want to congratulate you on thevery valuable and practical bulletinwhich you have recently issued and"Which contains an article on the fulltimecounty health oflBcer. You arestriking at the very heart of our administrativproblem, I think."Dr. Chas. 8. Prest, of the StateCharities Aid Association of NewYork, says in a recent letter:"The marked copy of the recentlyamended health laws of North Carolinaand the pamphlets giving argumentfor the employment of thewhole time county health officer areat hand, and I thank you for them. Iam particularly interested in thewhole time county health officer, forNew York State is about to inauguratethe employment of district health officerswhich were intended to bewhole-time men * * * i wouldappreciate it if you would send meone-half dozen copies each of thepamphlets on the whole time countyhealth officer, as well as an additionalcopy of your Compilation of PublicHealth Laws. I wish to transmit thecopies of the pamphlets to the membersof the State Board of HealthCouncil."Dr. Dinsmore. of the AlabamaState Board of Health, tvrites:"Dr. Sa^c'ers is busy in the fieldand has asked me to write a letter forhim seeking certc'.in informationabout the whole time county healthofficer. North Carolina seems to beleading the other states in this matterand I feel that you are in a positionto give us valuable information.We are making a si ecial effort justnow to secure whole time countyhealth officers in two counties in ourState, and the prospects for doing soare very good."FACTS ABOUT GOLDSColds are the commonest malady wehave. Everybody should know the AB C's about colds. Here they are, putin practical form by an authority onthesubject:"1. Colds are shown to be contagiousand, therefore, caused by germsby the simple fact that they are 'catching';one can take cold from anotherperson who has a cold."2. Severe colds always begin witha sensation of chilliness, followed bymore or less of a fever—chills andfever. That is the identical mannerin which practically every infectiousdisease caused by microbes begins itscareer."3. Like all germ-caused diseases,colds have a tendency to run a moreor less definite course. They are selflimited;that is, after a certain timethey usually begin to recover of themselves.In this way a cold behaves exactlyas do measles, chicken pox, scarletfever, pneumonia, etc."4. Like other infectious diseases,colds may be followed by inflammationsin various internal organs, producinga congestion of the stomach,lungs, liver, spleen, or kidneys. Thesesecondary results are due to the irritatingeffects of the poisons (toxins)of the germs circulating in the bloodstream of the patient. These symptomsof secondary poisoning followin the wake of colds and influenza,ju£t as they follow attacks of diphtheriaand scarlet fever."5. Colds are shown to be infectiousby the fact that they are usually,sometimes highly, contagious; whenwe have a severe cold, we can give itto others, to those individuals whoare susceptible."6. Colds, like other contagious maladies, can be prevented, controlled,

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 175and regulated by isolation and quarantine;and we should hasten thetime when they will be thus sensiblyregarded and scientifically treated."7. Colds are shown to be more orless infectious by the fact that theycan generally, in their earlier stages,be successfully treated and effectuallyaborted by the use of antiseptic nosewashes and germicidal throat gargles."8. That common colds are of an infectiousnature is further suggestedby the well known fact that a severecold seems to confer a short-livedimmunity upon its victim. That is,a healthy, robust person, who Is justrecovering from a very bad cold, isnot likely to have another such attackfor several months, maybe notfor a full year. Some folks have theirregular colds once each winter; thenthey are seldom bothered for anotheryear."PROVIDENCE NOT TO BLAMEWe often see resolutions of condolencebeginning with: "Whereas ithas pleased an All Wise Providenceto remove from the scene of his earthlysuffering, and after a long and painfulillness, our beloved friend, JohnSmith, whose death from typhoidfever occurred on the blank day ofblank," etc. Some day in the not fardistant future a death from typhoid,the king of filth diseases, will invokea resolution from the mourningfriends of the deceased which willread something like this:Whereas, through the criminal neglect,carelessness and incompetencyof our city officials, our water supplywas permitted to be polluted withsewage and other dangerous filth, tothe extent of making it unsafe to use;and,Whereas, as a result of such criminalcarelessness, neglect and incompetencyof our city, our beloved friendand fellow townsman, John Smith,was killed with typhoid fever; therefore,Be it Resolved, That we condemn thelack of care and vigilance shown bythose whose business it is to safeguardthe public health and whosenegligence and disregard of their oflBcialduties have caused the death ofour friend and brought sorrow to hisfamily; and,Be it further Resolved, That weearnestly urge upon the public prosecutorthat he take immediate stepsto bring before the bar of justice themen who in their official capacitiesare responsible for the death of ourfriend and for the presence of a dangerousand loathsome disease in ourcity.In the light of sanitary science weare becoming less and less inclinedto place the blame on Providence forthe sickness and suffering that aredue to our ignorance or carelessness,or both. God's agencies, if left towork unmolested, make the waters ofour lakes and rivers pure. Men defileand pollute them. So, when anepidemic of typhoid breaks out In acommunity and is traced to a pollutedwater supply, the resulting sicknessand loss of human lives should not becharged against an all wise and mercifulProvidence, but rather to an ignorant,unenlightened and carelesscommunity. Chicago Health Department.

not176 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.WHEN AND HOW TO BATHEIf you want health, a clear complexion,a system well toned, you shouldmake it an invariable rule to takesome kind of a bath not fewer than365 times a year.The temperature of the bath?Thatdepends. If you are of a vigorousconstitution—or wish to be—I wouldadvise a cold water bath, provided youhave enough vitality for the necessaryreaction; if not, begin with lukewarmwater, and have it less warm eachday, as the body gradually becomesaccustomed to the change. The watershould be of a temperature to suittV body rather than the mind.A certain Chicago doctor claims thatbathing of any kind, especially withsoap, is detrimental. He further claimsthat consumption may be cured andalso prevented by non-bathing. Thereare thousands of people (lazy people)who will rise up and call that doctorblessed. His legitimate sphere isamong the "Weary Willies."Bathing, daily bathing, is necessaryto obtain the very best bodily conditions.Health requires that the foureliminating agents of the body (lungs,kidneys, bowels, skin) should be keptnormally active. Deep breathing isessential to the first; water, Inside andoutside, for the three remainingagents.A cold bath is always stimulating,and has no detrimental reaction forone who is sufficiently robust to takeit.If you are obliged to exercise afterbathing for the purpose of gettingwarm, it is a sure indication that yourvitality is too low for such a bath.This applies with equal force to thematter of dressing immediately afterbathing.When the cold water comes in contactwith the skin, the superficialblood vessels contract, the blood isdriven to the internal organs, and thet mperatu-e there is raised, while thetemperature at the surface is temporarilylowered. Then when the reactiontakes place(a healthful reaction),the skin vessels dilate, the blood rushesback to them, and the bather experiencesa pleasant glow overthe entirebody. A cold water bath in a coldroom is a positive luxury—for onewhose vitality is high.A hot water bath, as a rule, shouldbe avoided, especially by those thatare nervous. While it is a powerfulstimulant of the nervous and vascularsystem, it is usually followed withstrong reaction. The fibrous ends ofthe nerves, extending over the surfaceof the body, are thrown into a state ofexcitement, and so-called nervous leakagefollows. Should you insist upontaking a hot water bath, it should betaken immediately before retiring. Iftaken during the day, do•fail tofollow it with a plunge or, at least, adash of cold water. Be neither overwarmnor chilled when passing fromthe bath to the outer air. A hot waterbath being a reducer, it may be desiredby the very obese, but the thin,spare person should avoid it.A warm water or tepid bath ishighly recommended for those thatcan not take a cold bath. The effectis soothing, the blood flowing into therelaxed superficial vessels of the skin,and thereby increasing its functions.As heat facilitates the bodily functions,a warm bath will often do moreto freshen a fatigued person than silonger time spent in sleep.If the bathbe only moderately warm (tepid) iiacts as a sedative to the nervous system.Those who take the cold bathdaily should take a warm bath, withsoap, at least once a week, for thesake of cleanliness. Idaho State Boardof Health.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 177THE PRESS ON THE OXYPATHORIn commenting on the exposure ofthe Oxypathor fraud, the State Journalgives voice to the following:"If the State Board of Health iscorrect, then it is unquestionably theduty of the press to lend its aid bygiving as wide publicity as possibleto the exposure. The fact that theOxypathor pays certain papers largesums for advertising should not alterthe case. Until the State Journal isready to attack the State Board ofHealth as a useless department ofgovernment, or call for the retirementof those now composing that Boardas unworthy public servants, it standsready to cooperate with it in protectingthe health and lives of the people.This course may lose us much money,which we might otherwise get fromadvertising of a questionable character,but we say frankly that if this papercan not be published without being aparty to defrauding the people andendangerirg their health and lives, itwill cease publication."Lack of space forbids our quotingfreely from state papers in regard tothis matter, but to show what we believeto be the general attitude ofthe press in regard to exposing suchfrauds, w quote the following fromCharity and Children:"We are especially fortunate inNorth Carolina in having a StateBoard of Health that stands betweenthe people and the fakes and fraudsthat abound in the practice of medicineand the selling of 'remedies' byquacks and rascals. The people arehelpless in defending themselves fromimpostors who advertise freely andmake glowing promises, but our StateBoard of Health scans the whole fieldwith eagle eyes, and suffers no fraudto escape. They have recently pickedup one or two of these clever promoterswho proposed to trade on thenecessity and distress of those whodo not know, and we are constantly receivingwholesome advice from thegentlemen as to what is spurious andwhat is genuine in the field of medicine.There is much for this Boardto do, and they are faithfully performingtheir duty, but in our judgmentnothing in all the broad domainsof their activity surpasses in importancethis matter of protecting thepublic from frauds and deceivers."While we appreciate the nice thingssaid about the work of this Board,and feel that perhaps we are givenmore credit in this direction than wedeserve, yet it should be borne inmind that frauds and fakes are hardto reach at best, and that no lawswhatsoever exist to back up the effortsof this Board in such matters.TOBACCO AND ALCOHOLThe question is frequently asked,"Have you any statistics on the effectof tobacco and alcohol on the length oflife?" No, we have none here inNorth Carolina. In fact, we just begangathering our first general birthand death certificates on the 15th oflast November, and it will be severalyears before they begin to show verymuch. However, we have just runacross some interesting facts and figurescompiled by life insurance companiesalong these lines. Certain lifeinsurance companies, particularly inGreat Britain, have found the mortalityrate so much lower among abstainersthat they are quoted a lowerlife insurance rate than others. Themost striking figures, however, are furnishedby a New England company.

ALMANAC NUMBERE)i]ill(g§5)Publi3lYedb4 Tni. ^°Km C^^LI/^A STATE. B9ARD s^rtEMJA1 Thi5 Bul'lelin will be sqy\\ free to arwj citizen of Ihe State upo:\ request, jPublished monthly at the office of the Secretary of the Board, Raleigh, N. C.Entered as second-class matter at Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, under Act of July 18, 1894.Vol. XXVIII. JANUARY, 1914. No. 10THE WOMEN'S WARDState Sanatorium for the Treatment of Tuberculosis^^^^^^^^^B^^Br MU^^i^^Br

miTHuaion m-scfooi. iPineirr ncoicife sflnir/iRY imncnaiZODIAC OF HEALTHThe many good points about the zodiac of healthrequire that we republish it. No almanac is quitecon: J lete without a zodiac, hence our health zodiac.A DIRTY CUSS"Who for the public has no better useThan to smear clean walks with tobaccojuice,Expecting others to clean his muss,Can be justly termed a 'dirty cuss.' "* * *"The nation with the keenest senseof justice and the highest standardof intelligence and morals is the onewhich should place the highest valueupon human life and surround itwith the greatest protection."Roll on thou stiff and dark old towel,roll—A hundred hands are wiped on theeeach day;Thou leavest mystic records, like ascroll,And finger prints of all who pass thyway;And where be those who saidst thoushould not stay?They pass, but thou rollest thy lengthimmense.FREE PUBLIC HEALTH LITERATUREThe State Board of Health has a limited quantity of health literatureon the subjects listed below, which will be sent out, free of charge,to any citizen of the State as long as the supply lasts. If you care forany of this literature, or want some sent to a friend, just write to theState Board of Health, at Raleigh. A post card will bring it by returnmail.No. 9. Medical Inspection of Schoolsand School Children.No. 10. Care and Feeding of Babies.No. 11. The Plague of Flies andMosquitoes.No. 12. Residential Sewage DisposalPlants.No. 13. Sanitary Privy.No. 14. Hookworm Disease,No. 15. Malaria.No. 18. Tuberculosis Leaflet.No. 19. Compilation of Public HealthLaws of North Carolina.No. 20. Tuberculosis Bulletin.No. 21. Fly Leaflet.No. 22. Baby Leaflet.No. 23. The Vital Statistics Law.No. 25. Typhoid Fever Leaflet.No. 27. The Whole Time CountyHealth Officer.Typhoid Fever.No. 28.No. 29. Rules and Regulations forCounty Boards of Health.No. 30. Measles.No. 31. Whooping Cough.No. 32.No. 33.No. 34.Diphtheria.Soarlet Fever.Smallpox.No. 35. Some Light on Typhoid.No. 36. County Health Work on anEfficientBasis.Anti-Spitting Placards (11inches by 9 inches).Anti-Fly Placards (11 inchesby 19 inches).

IPUBLI5AEDTtS?KmrniQ)M&YTML HPf^TA CAIgOLIhA 5TATL BOAIgP 5-^M£ALfal |[°]xxvm. JANUARY, 1914. No. 10.yiTAL STATISTICS REMINDERS.Physicians, midwives and parentsare required to report each birthwithin ten days to the local registrarin whose town or township thebirth occurs. If you don't knowwho is the local registrar in yourtown or township, ask your mayor,the chairman of your Board ofCounty Commissioners, or write theState Board of Health.Failure to report births may deprivethe individual of personal,social or property rights, and is aviolation of law.Undertakers, or persons acting assuch, are required to furnish a completedeath certificate to the localregistrar in the town or townshipin which the death occurs.Failure to secure a certificate ofdeath which gives the cause of deathand family history may deprive awidow or orphan of a pension orinsurance fund, prevent the StateBoard of Health from locating anepidemic which it can stop, causethe spread of disease, and is a violationof law.Local registrars should informthe State Registrar of violations ofthe law, giving names and addressesand the facts.If an epidemic occurs in a community,local registrars should informthe State Registrar, that theState Board of Health may takesteps at once to stop the spread ofthe disease.GOVERNOR TO COMPLIMENTMOTHERS.Will Write Personal Letter to EveryMother Who Has Her BabyRegistered.Governor Craig is greatly interestedin JJ^orth Carolina babies andin extending the full privileges ofthe new vital statistics law toevery baby born in the State. Tothis end he has just announced that,in special recognition of every babywhose birth is recorded under thisnew law, he will write the mothera letter and not only complimenther on her motherhood, but expresshis personal appreciation of her havingavailed herself of the privilegeof the new law. Babies whose parentsdo not think enough of themto have their births recorded will ofcourse not hear from the Governor.Along with the Governor's letterthe State Board of Health has askedto be allowed to send some of itsbest literature on the care and feedingof infants, in this way endeavoringto reduce our tremendous infantmortality.The Governor fully appreciatesthe great privilege the State affordsits citizens in making complete officialrecords of their births anddeaths. 'There is a provision in thenew law whereby births and deathsthat occurred before the law becameeffective last fall may be registered,and it is interesting to note that ourown Governor was the first citizenof the State to avail himself of thisprivilege and to file his birth certificate.

182 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.STOMACH TROUBLE.How often we hear this term"stomach trouble." Did you everhave it? If you have, you knowwhat a humbler it is, how effectuallyit humbles one's pride, howthoroughly it dissipates one's egotism.Yet stomach trouble is nota wholesome discipline, for thelonger it continues the grouchierand more impossible we become.The stomach these days is a sort ofgarbage can. It is suspended bystraps immediately south of the thoraciccavity, and being connectedwith that funnel called the mouthby a good strong tube, it readilycatches chunks of dead animals,lumps of poorly baked bread, bolusesof vegetables, ices, pickles, soggypies, weinerwurst, booze, and muddycoffee. The tobacco eaters add thatportion of tobacco juice which theydon't use for flooding sidewalks.There is no more patient andlong-suffering organ in the humanbody than the stomach. It is amazinghow long it will stand abuse,but once it kicks back, then lookout, for something is coming to yousure. You may hit it with an unkilledrailroad sandwich, scorch andburn it with pepper and mustard,irritate it with salt and vinegar,.»hill it with ice cream, ice waterand mint juleps, pour stinking mineralwater into it, shrink it withrotgut whiskey, assault it in anyold way, and it will work uncomplaininglyfor a long time ; untilalas ! and alack ! some day it willgo on a strike, and then the doctorfor you, or you run to the drug storeand proceed t© souse the poor thingwith patent medicines. Of coursetbey do harm, although temporaryrelief may be secured. So the worldbecomes dark and lifp is a failureto you, but you quit bolting andgorging, that's sure; for that muchsense will come finally to any kindof a fool. Oh, that we could havethe good sense to know, when young,that the stomach should not be usedfor a garbage can. Then we wouldnot load our tables with foods, somegood, some bad, and then chase themhalf chewed down our gullets witbblack coffee or ice water."Full many a man has lost his headThrough eating soggy, half-cookedbread,And he who would his kidneys saveHad best avoid the whisky wave.Your heart and nervous system, too,Are surely worth a heap to you.Why prod them, then, with nicotine.And make believe all is serene?In tobacco heart there is no wealth,And what is more, there's weakenedhealth.Oh! foolish man, when thus youchooseYour soul and body to abuse;You'll realize, some pleasant morn.That you have raised an awfulstorm." — Indiana Bulletin.GIVE YOUR BABY A GOOD STARTIN LIFE.i"The latest reports of the Bureau ofCensus on mortality statistics showthat slightly more than 42 per cent ofthe infants dying under one year ofage in the registration area in 1911did not live to complete the first monthof life, and that of this 42 per cent, almostseven-tenths died as a result of 1conditions existing before they were iborn or of injury and accident atbirth."In many instances the expectantmother does not consult her physicianuntil the child is about to beborn, if, indeed, she consults himat all, presuming the condition toibe a perfectly normal one that needs>no assistance. This mistake is made,frequently. In order that themother can intelligently prepare mid

1st Month. JANUARY, 1914. 31 Days.SunMoonImportant Days, Dates and HealthgramsRisesSetsRisesorSetsThFrSaSuMoTuWeThFrSaSuMoTuWeThFrSaSuMoTuWeThFrSaSuMoTuWeThFrSaNew Year's Day. Start the year right.Take a bath every day this year.Ventilate—don't hibernate. Fresh air is cheap.Gov. David L. Swain of North Carolina born, 1808,An open window is better than an open grave.Epiphany. Too much fresh air is just enough.When grown people have "chicken pox," keep awayfrom them.Battle of New Orleans, 1815.The neglected cold is the season's greatest danger.The best disinfectants—sunshine, soap and hot water.Sir Hans Sloane, father of British Museum, died, 1753.Warm rooms have killed more people than ever frozeto death.Sunshine is God's best germ destroyer.To avoid colds, keep your feet dry and warm, andventilate your house.Fall of Fort Fisher, 1865.[kerchief.Cough and sneeze on the Q. T. Get behind a hand-Benj. Franklin born, 1706. Victory at Cowpens, 1781.Don't cork up your house like a bottle.Robert E. Lee's birthday. Paul Revere's ride, 1775.Avoid patent medicines as you would a pestilence."Stonewall" Jackson born, 1824.Wilmington captured by the Federal Army, 1865.William Gaston died, 1844.Edward Hyde appointed first Governor of NorthCarolina, 1712.Air your house thoroughly every day.Jenner, discoverer of vacciaation, died, 1823.Many a cough ends in a coffin.Cuban independence, 1909. Don't spit.Every careless consumptive infects at least four others.A "stiff drink" makes the stomach warm but theskin cold.Thinly clad feet make for heavy colds.7 117 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 97 94 5855 15 55 65 65 95 1010 0011 211 57morn571 593D3 First Quarter, 4:2) Full Moon, 11HM7 55 morning11 55 eveningMOON'S PHASES

184 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.care for lier baby, she should selectand consult her physician early inpregnancy. Those who are unableto employ a physician should placethemselves under the care of the localmaternity societies.A poorly fed or abnormal mothercan not give birth to a vigorous,healthy infant and nurse it; hence,the quantity and kind of food, themethods by which constipation isto be avoided, the importance ofbathing, the forms of exercise andwork which should be indulged in,the style of clothing which shouldbe worn, pelvic deformities, and theprevention of kidney complicationsare vital topics which should bediscussed with the family physician.A lower death rate among babiescan only be accomplished throughintelligent motherhood, maternalnursing, cleanliness and fresh air,and pure and properly preparedmilk for the babies who have to beartificiallyfed.ADD THESE TO TOUR RESOLU-TIONS FOR THIS TEAR.I will ventilate.I will not wilfully spread contagionamong my fellow-men.I will endeavor to make myneighbors' front yards envious of myback yard.I will not drive hob nails intomy liver by the excessive use ofalcohol.I will endeavor to get more ofGod's good sunshine and pure air.I will not patronize the dirtymilkmen, fly-infested markets andrestaurants, unprotected fruit andcandy stands, the "hokey-pokeyman" or other health-menacingagencies.I will hold health in higher esteemand will try so to live that I,my family, my neighbors, myfriends, may be healthier, happierand more content.I willinterest myself in securinglarger appropriations for publichealth work in order that the healthand life of every member of myfamily may be more efficiently safeguarded.Chicago Bulletin.DR. OSLER'S CHALLENGE TO THEUNVACCINATED.Dr. Osier, one of the greatest livingmedical authorities, takes occa-lay down the strongest chal-sion tolenge to the unvaccinated -we haveseen for some time. Those timidones who are afraid of a sore armor those ignoramuses who do notknow the protecting power of vaccinationwill do well to read Dr. Osier'schallenge.A great deal of literature has beendistributed casting discredit upon thevalue of vaccination in the preventionof smallpox. I do not see howany one who has gone through epidemicsas I have, or who is familiarwith the history of the subject, andwho has any capacity left for clearjudgment, can doubt its value. Somemonths ago I was twitted by theeditor of the Journal of the Anti-vac-,cination League for "a curious silence"on this subject. I would liketo issue a Mount Carmel-like challengeto any ten unvaccinated priests ofBaal. I will go into the next severeepidemic with ten selected, vaccinatedand ten selected unvaccinatedpersons— I should prefer to choosethe latter—three members of Parliament,three anti-vaccination doctors,if they could be found, and four antivaccinationpropagandists. And I willmake this promise—neither to jeer norjibe when they catch the disease, butto look after them as brothers, andfor the four or five who are certainto die, I will try to arrange the funeralswith all the pomp and ceremonyof an anti-vaccination demonstration.American Magazine.

i2cl Month. FEBRUARY, 1914. 28 Days.SunMoono>> dQImportant Days, Dates and HealthgramsRisesSetsRisesorSetsISu2JMosItu4!we5Th6Fr7Sai; 8SU9Mo10 Tu11 We12iTh13Fr14 Sa15Su16jMo17Tu18lWeIQTh20 Fr21 Sa22 Su23 Mo24Tu25WeAmericans defeated by the British at Cowan's Ford,1781.Ground Hog Day. Don't be a ground hog. Comeout every day.Wiley, North Carolina's first superintendent of publicinstruction, born, 1819.The man who dreads vaccination never saw smallpox.Whiskey is the chief ally of pneumonia.France concluded treaty with the United States, 1778.Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament, 1765.To avoid pneumonia—^keep your windows open.A stitch in the underwear may save a stitch in theside.Pneumonia is spread by intemperance, exposure andWake Forest College founded, 1834. [carelessness.Abraham Lincoln born, 1809. First student enteredUniversity of North Carolina, 1795.Keep on being a fresh air fiend even if it is cold.St. Valentine's Day. Don't spit.Destruction of battleship Maine at Havana, 1898.Safeguards against pneumonia—a temperate Ufe,fresh air, ample clothing, abundant food.Most colds are catching.Richard H. Lewis, Secretary North Carolina StateBoard of Health, born, 1850.James Davis, first printer in North CaroUna, appointedpubUc printer to the province, 1754.Sleep with your windows open—make health whilethe moon shines.Armed resistance to the landing of British stampsat Brunswick, 1766.George Washington born, 1732. Get vaccinated.Thomas Fanning Wood, first Secretary North CarolinaState Board of Health, born, 1841. . .Keep the indoor air pure and healthful.Ash Wednesday. A large pock on the arm beatssmall pocks on the face.The best weapon against pneumonia—high bodyBattle of Moore's Creek Bridge, 1776. [resistance.North Carolina voted against calling a conventionto carry the State out of the Union, 1861.7 1 5 27 11 457 5 28 morn76 596 586 586 576 566 556 546 536 536 526 516 506 496 486 476 466 446 436 426 416 406 396 385 28 46293031325 335 34:5 355 365 375 385 39485052505 426 28rises6 538 109 2210 395 40| 11 545 41' morn5 42 1 95 43 2 215 44 3 245 45 4 205 461 5 7

186 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.GET WHAT'S COMING TO TOU.There's twenty-four hours' worthof fresh air due you every day, andif you don't get it, the changes arethat you are to blame. Of course,there are the close, stuffy, vile-smelling"movies," and the churches butlittle better. You are not altogetherresponsible for the poison youbreathe there. There may be someexcuse for the "movies." Theyhave to be closed and darkened, butchurch ventilation—well, someonesaid, "the devil only knows" aboutthat. Even when a minister poursout his very life itself before adrowsy congregation, is it any wonderthat he doesn't get results ?But it is not always up to the"movies" or the churches, not by anymeans. There is your own house,the very room in which you are nowsitting. If you have a single windowopen six inches, don't read anotherword of this article. Itdoesn't concern you. But if youhaven't any windows open, thechances are ten to one that you areafraid of that "cold draft." No,of course you are not a draft crank.We didn't say you were. But, bythe way, did you ever notice howthat genus, of the set-you-know,just not "our kind"—the "draftcrank," has his inning from aboutthe middle of October to the middleof April? Then that hoary ignoramusgives way to that delightfulnymph we court on the verandas, inthe shade, or out in the summersleeping porch, whose maiden nameis Delightful Breeze, fairest daughterof Fresh Air.But we must get back to the house,and, in most cases, the stove heatedhouse in winter. There is wherewe heat the same old air over andOTer again, and breathe it over andover again, until the wonder is thatthe stuff doesn't wear threadbare.What are we going to do aboutit? Easy enough. In the firstplace, we'll raise the window.That's settled. 'No, we will not geta "cold draft," either. That is avulgar phrase, never used except bythe unlettered. What will we do?WINDOW VENTILATOR.Aslanting piece of glass ( or a board ) placed ina window frame diverts incoming fresh air upwardinto the room without causing objectionable"drafts."We'll set a piece of glass, about afoot high and as long as the windowis wide, in a slanting position acrossthis opening, as shown in the picture.Then those life-giving incomingzephyrs will be slanted upwardand diffused with some ofthose vile emanations from excretinglungs, to say nothing of decayingteeth, offensive mouths, neglectedlaundry or forgotten bath.In the accompanying cut you seesuch a glass placed on two slantingcleats, with the lower part of thesash above the top edge of the glass.and no draft. That is the best andcheapest window ventilator we havefound. When placed as shown, itis as easily removed as a book fromthe table. Try it. Tf you think

WhenDon't^@lII3d Month. MARCH, 1914. 31 Days.MoonQImportant Days, Dates and HealthgramsRisesSets 1RisesorSets6 34IjISu Ratification of the Articles of Confederation completed,5 54 10 35Su spit on the floor or sidewalk.6 20 9 29Mo The little brown jug is a poor doctor.6 20 10 30Tu The best nerve restorer— "keeping sweet." 6 21 11 30Mo 1781.Clean up and keep clean—and don't spit.6 32 56 11 36Tu Consumption can be cured, if taken in time.6 30 57 mornWe The undertaker comes seldom to the house with open 6 28 58, 39Th Boston Massacre, 1770. Dont' spit. [windows. 6 26 59 1 38Fr The tubercular dairy cow is a menace to public 6 242 35health.[consumption.Sa Fresh air, rest and good food are the only cures for 6 23 6 1 3 31Su Bath, first town in North Carolina, incorporated, 1705. 6 22Mo Sleeping in the open air is insurance against con- 6 20Tu Davidson College incorporated, 1837. [sumption. 6 18We The best thing about a window—raising it.6 17risesTh To give other people consumption—spit on their 6 16 6 56floors.Fr Fresh air in the lungs is as helpful as money in the 6 14 6 6 8 14Sa The only bad night air is last night's air. [bank. 6 13 6 6 9 36Su Defeat of Greene by Cornwallis at Guilford Court 6 12 6 7 10 53House, 1781.Mo Fresh air is cheaper than drugs and better than doc- 6 11 6 8 mornTu St. Patrick's Day. No spit, no consumption, [tors. 6 9 6 9 8We Keep the windows open and the piU box shut.6 8 6 10 1 17Th It is better to sleep in a cold room than in a cold 6 6 6 11 2 17grave.Fr Fake consumption cures guarantee only one thing 6 4 6 12 3 6Sa Beginning of spring. [death. 6 3 6 12 3 46Su It is easier to ventilate a room than to dig a grave.4 18Mo A fool and his health are soon parted.4 43Tu First charter of Carolina issued by King Charles II,5 5We Patent medicines never cure consumption. [1663.6 16 5 22Th Feed yourself plenty of oxygen.6 17 setsFr Fresh air is the prime factor in acquiring physical6 18 7 27perfection.Sa you don't know what to eat, eat nothing. 5 53 6 19 8 29D H3 First Quarter, 4 11© Full Moon, 11 11M49 evening i4 evening|MOON'S PHASES.DLast Quarter, 18New Moon, 26H

188 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.baby may interfere, replace thepiece of glass with a thin board.That's just as good, except that itshuts out some of the light.Yes, there's the bedroom, too. Ina bedroom, as elsewhere, one personis enough, two are company, andthree are a crowd. Where there iscompany, or less in a room, closeall the bedroom doors and all butone window. Open that windowwide. Roll the bed alongside it,place your pillow over as near thewindow as you can, or even on thewindow sill, if possible. Thendress warmly, cover up well, and goto sleep with your head as near thewindow as possible. Where there ismore than company in a bedroom,that is, where necessity requiresthat there be more than one bed ina room, it is best to open all thebedroom door and windows and letthe fresh air circulate at will. Inother words, keep your windows justas you do in the summer time, andmake up for the difference in temperatureby adding warmer clothing.That's all there is to it. In themorning you will feel like a threeyear-old,if you have had senseenough to dress warmly. If youhaven't dressed warmly enough, youwill deserve the brand new cold youwill probably have.Then, if you have dressed warmlyenough, and if you care to take outan insurance policy against coldsand issue an injunction against gripand consumption, just wring atowel or wash cloth out of coldwater, and wash the neck, chest, andabdomen. Don't neglect to rub fastand furious. Follow this with agood, stiff rubdown with the roughestdry towel you can find, and youwill be surprised to find how yourwork looks like play.THE EIGHT KIND OF MAN.In the initial issue of the littleHealth Bulletin being issued by Dr.George M. Cooper, Whole TimeCounty Health officer of SampsonCounty, we find the following,which goes to show the altruisticspirit shown by men who are takingup health work for the sake ofhumanity, regardless of personalconveniences, loss of income andthe uncertainties of public offices.These are the kind of men that aremaking the new North Carolina oftoday. We quote the introductionhe gives in his bulletinIn this, the first appearance of ourBulletin, we want to try to explainsomething of the task ahead of us. Weshall issue a record of our work fromtime to time in order that the peoplemay know what is being done.As is generally known, Sampson isone of twelve North Carolina countieswhich recently decided to spend someof their money in trying to make abetter place for their people to live, byendeavoring to prevent some unnecessarydiseases, in other words, tryingto prevent sickness, among the childrenespecially, rather than spend itall in caring for paupers later.We realize that, like all reforms, itis a departure from the usual, and assuch must fight ignorance and selfishness,and prejudice, and greed, and,worst of all, petty politics. We realizefully that we shall, in all probability,be kicked down and out forour trouble,sooner or later, and we have enteredthe work with our eyes wideopen, so to speak.But we also realize that while reformssometimes go backward for atime, it is never for long. For example,we well remember with shame thatthe people of Clinton once ACTUALLYVOTED DOWN HER GRADEDSCHOOL, but not for long; you see theprinciple could not be voted down.Again, we realize that we must havethe cordial co-operation of the peopleif the work is to have the effect forgood we hope and expect it to have.Therefore, we want to request hereand now the help of all the people inthe county.

\jI4th Month. APRIL. 1914. 30 Days.MSunMoonImportant Days, Dates and HealthgramsjRisesSetsRisesorSetsIWe2Th3Fr4Sa5Su6 Mo7Tu8 We9Th10 Ftll|Sa12SuIBMo14TuI15We16 Th17 Fr18 Sa19Su20 Mo21 Tu22 We23 Th24Fr25|Sa26 Su27 Mo28 Tu29 We30 ThAU Fools' Day.A city's most valuable asset is wholesome water.Second Provincial Congress of North Carolina metat New Bern, 1775.Nothing is more important to health than good water.The old oaken bucket was fine sentiment, but poorsanitation.The North Pole reached by Peary, 1909.Polluted water is not purified by painting the pump.Last General Assembly to meet under the auhorityof British crown dissolved, 1775.Battle of Appomattox, 1865. The last volley wasfired by North Carolina troops under Gen. Cox.Good Friday. A dirty well is more dangerous thana dirty kitchen.A healthy thirst is better than polluted water.5 47 65 46 65 44' 65 42 65 41 6 25i 2 535 39 65 38 65 36 65 35 65 34 65 33 622 morn23 2823 1 2224 2 1026' 3 2927 3 5728 4 234 53rises8 27Easter Sunday. Provincial Congress at Halifax authorizedthe North Carolina delegates to the Con-5 31 6 31 9 46tinental Congress to vote for a declaration of in-Thomas Jefferson born, 1743. [dependence, 1776. 5 30 6 32 11 1Assassination of Pres. Lincoln, 1865. Steamship 5 28 6 33 mornTitanic wrecked, 1912.[health.Money spent on a good pump pays dividends in good 5 27 6 34 6Every well should have a sound, tight top.5 25: 6 34' 1 1In the people's health lies the nation's strength. 5 24| 6 35' 1 45The best spring tonic is pure air and sunshine.5 23 6 36i 2 20Battle of Lexington, 1775. Earthquake at San 5 22 6 37Francisco, 1906.Many a "pretty" spring has caused a dismal funeral. 5 21 6 38Old Dr. Booze always collects his bills. 5 20 6 39,Are you dull and stupid? Take a big dose of fresh air. 5 18 6 40All the time is clean-up time. Keep a-scrubbin'. 5 17, 6 41A good iron pump costs less than a case of typhoid. 5 15 6 41A city is as clean as its people 5 14 6 42;Your backyard reflects your habits of cleanliness. 5 13 6 43First expedition sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh 5 12 6 43sailed from England, 1584.2 471029491030sets8 229 23A good blood medicine—work and a laxative diet. 5 11 6 44 10 22A city is known by the streets it sweeps. 5 10 6 45 11 17Washington inaugurated as first president, 1789. 5 9 6 46^ mornD^ First Quarter, 3© FuU Moon, 10MOON'S PHASES.

190 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.TREATMENT IN EMERGENCIESWhile Waiting: for the Doctor to Come.Suffocation from Inhaling IlluminatingGas ok Damp Gas inWells or Mines—Get into the freshair as soon as possible and lie down.Keep warm. Take ammoniatwenty drops to a tumblerful ofwater, at frequent intervals; also,two to four drops tincture of nuxvomica every hour or two for fiveor six hours.For Convulsions—Give nauseatingdoses of ipecac. Rub spirits ofturpentine on the stomach. If fromteething, give paregoric and magnesiaand a high enema. Bathethe body in warm water; put coldwater on the head.For Colic—One or two heapedteaspoonfuls of common salt in coldwater will sometimes relieve ;repeatif necessary. A teaspoonful of turpentineand twenty drops of peppermintis also good. Cover up warmin bed and lie still. Wrap body fromneck to knees in blanket that hasbeen immersed in boiling water. Puta mustard plaster on the chest.For the Bite of a Snake—Bindabove the wound tight and suckblood from wound. Give whiskey orsome liquor or give sweet oil, a wineglassfulat once. Repeat, and bathethe wound in sweet oil.For a Fresh Cut—Draw thesides together and bind with stripsof adhesive plaster and a cloth overthis kept wet with arnica.Cinders in the Eye—Roll softpaper up like a lamplighter, andwet the tip to remove, or use amedicine-dropper to draw it out.Rub the other eye.In Case ofPoisoning.First—Send for a physician.Second—Induce vomiting, bytickling throat with feather or finger.Drink hot water or strongmustard and water. Swallow sweetoil or whites of eggs. Acids are antidotesfor alkalis, and vice versa.Special Antidotes and Poisons.Acids—Muriatic, Oxalic, Acetic,Sulphuric (Oil of Vitriol), :N"itric(Aqua Fortis)— Soapsuds, magnesia,lime-water.Pkussic Acid—Ammonia inwater. Dash water in face.Carbolic Acid—Flour and water,mucilaginous drinks.Alkalis—Potash, Lye, Hartshorn,Ammonia—Vinegar or lemonjuice in water.Arsenic—Rat Poison, ParisGreen—Milk, raw eggs, sweet oil,lime-water, flour and water.Bug Poison—Lead, Saltpetre.Corrosive Sublimate, Sugar of Lead,Blue Vitriol—Whites of eggs ormilk in large doses.Chloroform— Chloral, EtherDash cold water on head and chest.Artificial respiration.Carbonate of Soda—Copperas,Cobalt^—Soapsuds and mucilaginousdrinks.Iodine—Antimony, Tartar Emetic—Starchand water, astringentinfusions.Blue or Antiseptic Tablets—Whites of eggs, milk, mucilaginousdrinks.Opium—Morphine, Laudanum.Soothing Powders or Syrups, Paregoric—Strong coffee, hot bath.Keep awake and moving at any'cost.Simple Home Remedies.For Corns and Bunions—Burnwith caustic after bathing, and ifnecessary repeat. Or, apply thepulp of lemon until the hard partcan be easily removed.

IConvention! jtheEatTheScreensAFirstWhatWhenGov.iprovince,I! sembledGodHealthBoundary5th Month. MAY. 1914. 31 Days.SunMoonImportant Days, Dates and HealthgramsRisesSetsRisesorSets1 Fr Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila, 1898.2 Sa Got your backyard cleaned up? Looks better,doesn't it?3 Su Nice, clean fly! Born and bred in the privy! Ugh!*4 Mo The fly is the disseminator of dirt and disease.5 Tu Night air is dangerous—if it's last night's air.6 We Bedbugs are clean, compared with flies.7 Th The insanitary privy is the fly's heaven.and comfort demand that we keep out flies.line between North Carolina and SouthCarolina surveyed, 1765.10 Su Memorial Day. Second Continental Congre.ss asatPhiladelphia, 1775.11 Mo blessI the man who first invented screens.12 Tu A fly in the milk often means a baby in the grave.13 We 1st English settlement in America, Jamestown, 1607.8 Fr:9Saj14 Th Vaccination first tried, 1796. Got your screens up?15,Fr It costs less to build a privy than to shroud a corpse.16 Sa Clean up—and keep clean.j1Ij!I17 Su Flies breed and live in filth.18 Mo Cleanliness is a civic, social and health requirement.19Tu The typhoid fly is a menace to public health.20|We Mecklenburg Declaration, 1775. North Carolinaadopted Ordinance of Secession, 1861.21iTh aid to the dyspeptic—a good laugh.22 Fr we eat today isIworking and thinking tomorrow23jSa flies come in at the door, health flies out ofwindow.24 Su Martin, last of the royal governors, fled the1776.25 Mo in a hurry—die in the same way.26 Tu only good fly is a dead fly.27jWe in the windows keep crape from the door.28jTh North Carolina admitted to the Confederacy, 1861.29 Fr "Civic pride" for a dirty city is false pride.30iSa Federal Memorial Day.31 Su-grocer's best advertisement is cleanliness.6 476 486 496 496 50,6 506 5l!6 52]6 537524 59, 6 541 8 3558576 546 559 4810 5056' 6 56 11 4055:54!6 576 58morn1953 6 59 494 53 74 52' 7 14 52: 7 14 511 7 24 50 74 49; 74 48| 74 48 7 548!47147,464645 104 45 7 111 141 341 522 172 342 573 233 56sets9 1310 410 5011 2911 59mornII

192 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.For Chilblains—Bathe the soreparts with crude oil each night beforeretiring. As this will makegrease strains on the bed-clothes itis well to wrap in muslin and thenin oiled silk.Struck by Lightning—When aperson is struck by lightning, dashcold water over the face, neck andAs they recover they shouldbreast.be kept quiet. If the feet are coldapply hot-water bag.Care of Sick Room—Avoid loudtalking or whispering : either are objectionableto a sick person. Turnthe pillows frequently and arrangethe bedclothes quietly. Assist thepatients to change their positionsand anticipate their M'ants in givingdrink, nourishment, etc., butavoid being "fussy." A nervousperson would prefer neglect to beingneedlessly questioned. ISTever situpon a sick person's bed unless requestedespecially to do so. Darkenthe room to a mellow twilight, andso ventilate the room that a draughtof air will not blow directly uponthe patient. Wear slippers or clothshoes and let everything about theroom be neat and your movementsquiet.To relieve pain from bruises, andprevent discoloration and subsequentstiffness, nothing is more efficaciousthan fomentations of water as hotas can be borne.Five or ten minutes spent everymorning during winter in rubbingthe body briskly with a flesh brush,or piece of flannel over the hand,will do much to keep the skin activeand prevent colds.For frost bites, keep away fromthe fire and rub the parts affectedwith snow or iced ^ water untilthawed, then treat as you would abum.When the eyes are tired, or inflamedfrom loss of sleep, apply anold linen handkerchief dripping withwater as hot as you can possiblybear it.Every family should have a preparationof flaxseed oil, chalk, andvinegar about the consistency ofthick paint constantly on hand forburns and scalds. The best applicationin cases of burns and scaldsis a mixture of one part of carbolicacid to eight parts of olive oil. Absorbentcotton, lint or linen rags areto be saturated -nath the lotion andspread smoothly over the burnedpart, which should then be coveredwith oil silk or gutta percha tissue toexclude air. If none of these remediesare available exclude the airfrom the injured part by wrappingit in cotton batting.SOME BUYING DON'TS FORHOUSEWIVES.Don't buy unprotected food exposedto flies.Don't buy unprotected food exposedin dirty shops.Don't buy food where employesare unclean.Don't buy food where cats anddogs are allowed.Don't buy food exposed to streetdust.Don't buy food where carelesscoughers and pitters are allowed.Don't blame when you canpraise.Don't fail to tell grocers why youdon't approve of their insanitaryconditions.Don't fail to be constructive inyour criticisms.Don't rest until your town has asalaried inspector and health officers.

ConventionjBattleICharlesI1 ^6th Month. JUNE. 1914. 30 Days.SunMoonS ^Important Days, Dates and HealthgramsRisesSetsRisesorSetsIMo2TuIBathe thirty times this month.See that the baby gets fresh and pure milk.3 We Jefferson Davis born, 1808. Starve the fly.4Th for revising the Constitution met inRaleigh, 1835.5Fr Keep the baby in the fresh air as much as possible.6Sa God made mother's milk for the baby and cow'smilk for calves.17 Su Dirty mUk is death to babies. [Island, 1585.8 Mo Sir Thomas Drake anchored his fleet off Roanoke9Tu If the baby is sick, send for the doctor at once.10 We Battle of Bethel, 1861. Henry L. Wyatt killed; firstConfederate soldier to fall in the Civil War.11 Th Spare the ice and spoil the miLk. [babies.12 Fr Puppies couldn't survive the treatment given some13 Sa Keep the milk, the bottles and the baby away fromflies.14 Su National Flag Day. Screen the kitchen.15 Mo Magna Charta granted, 1215. Washington appointedCommander-in-chief of Continental forces, 1775.16 Tu A nursing tube is a tunnel to death.17 We Battle of Bunker HUl, 1775.18 Th United States declared war against Great Britain,1812. Battle of Waterloo, 1815.19 Fr Dress your baby to keep him comfortable and happy.20 Sa Community health is piu-chasable.21 Su Summer begins. Capitol at Raleigh burned, 1831.22 Mo Longest day in the year. Screen the dining room.23 Tu Well kept alleys pay bigger dividends than well kept24 We Bathe the baby every day. [cemeteries.25 Th Gov. Tryon proclaims repeal of the Stamp Act, 1776.26 Fr A dirty neighbor is a menace to neighborhood health.27 Sa Dr. EUsha Mitchell perished while exploring the topof Mt. MitcheU, 1857.28Su 1of Monmouth, 1778.29 Mo Good health is wealth; iU health is poverty +30 Tu Second charter of North Carolina issued by KingII, 1665.4 44 7 114 44' 7 114 43| 7 124 424 414 4128511 197 12 1 427 137 132 122 464 41 7 14 3 314 41 7 14 rises4 4i: 7 15 9 284 4lj 7 15' 10 144 411 7 16 10 484 41 7 16 11 154 41i 7 16 11 384 4114 41'7 17 11 567 17 morn4 41 7 17i 194 41 7 18 3&4 411 7 18 594 424 42l4 444 444 4419,19|191919'1919;192024552 323 18sets8 489 3010 310 317 20 10 567 20 11 257 20 11 463 First Quarter,© Full Moon,DH1 88MMOON'S PHASES49 morningLast Quarter, 154 morning ^_New Moon, 23First Quarter, 30THINGS TO DO ON THE FARM IX JUXK.DH9102M6 morning:19 morning10 evening1. Keep up rapid, shallow, level cultivation of the crops. If a dry spell comes, all the moisture in thesoil will be needed.2. Cut the wheat and oats as soon as they have colored up well. Don't let them get "dead ripe."'Make a special effort to get them under shelter or in stack without injury from rain.3. Cut grass and red clover when in full bloom. Much hay ia allowed to get too ripe.4. Keep an eye on the health of your hogs. If any get sick, or if cholera breaks out near you, get iuitouch with your State Department of Agriculture and prepare to inoculate against cholera.

194 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.HEALTH RULES.FormuLited and adopted by the Association forthe Prevention of Tubercolosis, Washington, D. C.1. Good air. Avoid badly ventilated,badly lighted, dusty, dirty,overheated, or crowded rooms.2. Avoid bouse dust. Breathingdust, notably house dust, oftencauses disease. Have no tackeddown carpets and mattings. Haveloose pieces of rugs, and clean themfrequently outdoors. Keep lowersashes closed while sweeping ordusting. Open upper sashes.Never sweep rooms with a broomthat raises dust.3. Pure water. Drink pure Avater.Avoid water from shallow and unprotectedwells, and from ponds andstreams. If in doubt boil the water.Some corner pumps are dangerous.Filtered river water is safe to drink.Avoid public drinking cups.4. Safe milk and cream. Tuberculosis,typhoid fever, and other diseasesare often caused by drinkingdirty raw milk and raw cream. Investigateyour dairyman. Patronizethe dealer with clean, up-to-datemethods.5. Keep clean. Take a bath orsponge daily, and a warm bath, followedby a cold splash, plunge orshower, once or twice a week or oftener.Use soap freely. "Wash yourhands before handling food. Don'tput fingers, money, paper or pencilsin your mouth. Don't bite your fingei-nails. Clean your teeth morningand evening.6. Food. Don't eat raw foodthat was exposed to flies or dust ortouched by unclean hands. Fruitsor vegetables so exposed should firstbe rinsed or washed thoroughly.Chew your food well. Tea, coffee,and alcohol are stimulants, notfoods.7. Sleep. Get enough sleep.Sleep with windows open,still,outdoors.or better8. Head up. Sit and stand erect.Practice deep breathing. Breathethrough your nose.9. Exercise. Take plenty of outdoorexercise, but avoid excess inathletics. It may cause hearttrouble. Don't eat or drink whenoverheated by exercise.10. Liquor and tobacco. Avoidtobacco and liquors. They are especiallyinjurious to the young.Alcohol is a preservative, but notof the health.11. Don't neglect colds. Don'tneglect coughs or colds.If you donot get well soon, go to a doctor ordispensary for treatment. Nevercough, sneeze, or breathe into anotherperson's face. Don't spit onfloors, sidewalks, or street cars.12. Sunshine. Admit plenty ofsunshine into your houses and intoyour lives. Cultivate cheerfulnessand kindliness; it will help you toresist disease. Your mind acts onvour bodv.OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM, ORNEW-BORN BABIES' SORE EYES.toNew-born babies' sore eyes are duethe gonococcic infection enteringthe eyes of the baby at the time ofor shortly after birth. It may beprevented by dropping into each eyeone drop of a one per cent solutionof silver nitrate. This is washedout immediately with asaline solution.If such precautions are nottaken and the disease develops andruns its course unchecked, the sightis often totally destroyed in twoweeks.

7th Month. JULY, 1914. 31 Days.SunMoonImportant Days, Dates and HealthgramsRisesRises Sets orSetsIWe Battle of Gettysburg began, 1863.4 45 7 20 morn2Th The first summer boarder—the typhoid fly.4 46 7 20 123iFr Pettigrew's charge at Gettysburg, 1863.4 47 7 2& 444Sa Declaration of Independence, 1776.4 47 7 20j 1 22Su First landing of Enghsh at Roanoke Island, 1584.Mo4 48 7 19 2 11Kill all flies that get into the house.4 48 7 19 3 10Tu No spit—no consumption; no filth—no flies.4 49 7 191 risesWe Fhes in the dining room precede nurses in the sick 4 50 7 19 8 45room.Th Avoid the pubUc drinking cup. It spreads disease. 4 50 7 I9I 9 16Fr Christopher Columbus born, 1447.4 51 7 18! 9 39Sa "Dog Days" begin. Dirt is deadly.4 52 7 18i 10Su Don't buy food where flies are tolerated.Mo10 20Put a top to the well—a stop to the fever.10 43Tu Beginning of French Revolution, 1789.11 3We Eat clean food, drink pure water, and be merry.11 25Th Take a bath every morning and every evening.11 53Fr Filth and health never make good bed fellows.15! mornSa Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables in summer.15! 27Su Patriots of the Cape Fear capture and burn Fort 4 57 7 14 1 9Johnston, 1775.Mo Keep your temper cool and your body will not get so 4 57 7 13 1 58hot.Tu Battle of Bull Run, 1861.We2 56Wear thin, porous clothing in hot weather.4Th City of Raleigh founded on Roanoke Island, 1587.setsFr If you can not work outdoors, sleep outdoors.8 34Sa Keep your head cool and your heart warm.9Su The best hot weather drink—cool water.Mo7 10 9 23Preventable diseases are born of ignorance.7 9 9 51Tu The manure heap is the chief breeding place for flies.7 8 10 16We $2 for a doctor is cheaper than $100 for a funeral.7 7 10 44Th Don't take medicine for sleeplessness—take a bath.7 7 11 21Fr The city dump is a city disgrace.7 6 mornMOON'S PHASESD H MD H©MFull Moon, 7 8 46 morning _ New Moon, 22 9 24 eveningC Last Quarter, 15 2 18 morning J) First Quarter, 29 6 37 eveningTHINGS TO DO ON THE FARM IN JUIA.'^^ ''°''' *° '"^''^^*' '^^""^ """^ '^^^^^'TJ^J's'orma'Lrditihes^''*^« '^"^-^ level-don't cut the'""^ ""' ^°" ^""''^ '*' ^'"^ ^^^""^ """ ^'''"^' '"'' otherwise employed^'"""orTeed'croi"to some manure^""barn "°~*''^* '"' '^ ^"^ ^^''^ "'^'^^ ^°^' P^°'-''^''°^ * fi" it- Clean up and patch up about the*^^* """^^ ^'itfr?Ll''°P^°''/° f^^'*" ^?°^ ^^'"'^^- Take care of the straw after threshing BeeinKee^on nlLt7n''.°fnTh''°'' ^°, '^'* '°y ^^^ "i^'^"^^?°r^^^ "^^^'e^^ '=»bor of fodder ^pulling^"^ garden-and don't forget a patch of latecorn.^ roasting-ears and a patch of pop-Have a consultation with the lady of the house and see that the screens are all rightfireless cooker andthatthat sheshe has acan get, water without carrying it.

196 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.THE OLD ROLLER TOWEL.How dear to our hearts are the thingsof our childhood,When fond recollections presentthem to view;The old district schoolhouse, the pailand the dipper,The same cud of gum which in turnwe would chew.No fear of a microbe forever beset us,No state board of health interferedthen at all;We bathed dirty faces in one commonIxasin,And turned to the towel that hungon the wall.The old roller towel, the stiff rollertowel.The germ-laden towel that hung onthe wall.Of crash was this towel, in gen'rousproportion.And never was changed more thanonce in a week;We turned it around and used it allover.And for a dry spot it was idle toseek,With use and abuse it grew grayishin color,Acquiring an odor exceedingly rank;By Saturday night it presented a surfaceAs hard and unyielding as any inchplank.The old roller towel, the stiff rollertowel,From which the fastidious foolishlyshrank.•But now it is gone, vanished out of existence.By vir.tue of power which the Boardof*Health holds;No more can we bury our streamingwet facesWithin its bacterial, dangerous folds,No longer we meet with the discoloredbanner.Which hung from a roller nailed upon the wall;On clean huckabuck, initial embroidered.We wipe away tears which intrusivelyfallFor old roller towels, the stiff rollertowels,The germ laden towels that hung onthe wall.— George White, in the RnndophHerald.THE WOMAN WITH THE HOE.Last spring the press of the Statecarried the following news item,which is here changed only enoughtoconceal the name and locality"Mrs. B. I. Avey, who lived about onemile north of Axeton, was found deadnear her home yesterday afternoon atabout 4 o'clock. She had been plantingcorn and had fallen into a ditch inthe field. She leaves a large family,all of whom are grown and living inthis community. She was about seventy-fiveyears old and a consistentmember of the Blank church of thisplace. She was buried at Sunrise cemeterytoday."They have told how she diedthis woman with the hoe. But noone has thought it worth while toexplain why she died as she didwhy an old woman who has passedher three-score years and ten, andwho had often trod the perilous pathof motherhood, should be digging inthe field for bread, as women didthousands of years ago. We havedoubled the yield of corn, but awithered old woman must still answerthe call of seedtime and go outinto the field with the hoe. Tenthousand automobiles go back andforth in this State, lifting the burdensfrom the beasts of the field,but no way was found to lift theburden of the hoe from her bentfigure as it tottered over the brokenground to a tragic death.The burden of labor, like all otherburdens, follows the line of weakestresistance, and it is resting heavierand heavier on the shoulders leastable to bear it because least able toresist it. Yet men marvel that wo-mad-men in England are moved toness and women the world over areprotesting against the old order oflife—aa:ainst the woman with thehoc. In this highly Christianizedcommonwealth many can tell of thechild widows of India and the footboundwomen of China, but they

i ofFoodATubercularIfAIAAI!I8th Month. AUGUST, 1914. 31 Days.MMoon^1Q^QImportant Days, Dates and HealthgramsRisesSetsRisesorSets1 Sa Council of Safety at Halifax officially proclaimedthe Declaration of Independence, 1776.2Su No mosquitoes—no malaria. [born, 1729.3 Mo Richard Caswell, first governor after independence,4Tu little ditch is sometimes better than pounds ofIquinine.Jterity.5 We Money invested in health pays dividends to pos-'6Th little tin can may breed a host of mosquitoes.7Fr Good water is more to be prized than rubies, andclean hands are better than much fine gold.8 Sa Fight the mosquito bj'- destroying its breeding place.9 Su A good housekeeper's house is free from flies.10 Mo It is better to be healthy than pretty.llTu Flies on the table are worse than bugs in the bed.12,We Stale milk is poison to the baby.13 Th Indian chief, Manteo, baptized at Roanoke Island,1587. First baptismal service by English-speakingpeople in the New World.14 Fr Save your teeth and you save your digestion.15 Sa fly in the kitchen is as dangerous as a rattlesnake.I16 Su A barrel • full of rain water—a house full of mosquitoes.17 Mo You can't buy good health at the drug store.18 Tu Virginia Dare born on Roanoke Island, 1587. Firstchild born of English-speaking parents in America.19,We A little dirty milk can ruin a lot of clean milk.20 Th Civic uncleanliness kills civic pride.21 Fr Stick close to the simple life.22 Sa Thomas Fanning Wood, first Secretary State BoardHealth, died, 1892.5 6 7 5 75 7 7 4 105 8 7 3 2 25 9 7 2 3 105 10 7 1 rises5 11 7 1 7 425 11, 7 0; 8 35 12 6 581 8 225 175 186 566 556 546 536 528 479 59 269 5210 246 51 11 26 50, 11 4719 6 49 morn19! 6 48 4120 6 465 2123 Su left between the teeth fermentsj and causesdecay.[soul.24|Mo Health is a normal functioning of body, mind and25Tu First Provincial Congress of North Carolina met at26|We Patronize the clean grocer. [New Bern, 1774.27 Th Battle of Long Island, 1776.28,Fr The first wealth is health.29 Sa filling in time1saves a tooth—and a digestion.30Suj31 MoIdairy cows are a menace to the public.!common hair brushes, why not common toothbrushes?

198 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.have hardly heeded the burdenbearer—thewoman with the hoe—their own fair land of plenty.So they laid her away—this oldwoman, whose life was no less tragicthan her death—and in a thousandchurches they can tell how she led aChristian life and how her soul nowrests in peace, awaiting the greatday when labor and sorrow shallcease and she shall stand face toface with her God to receive herreward—as if Christ did not say,"God is not the God of the dead,but for the living." State Journal.FRESH AIR MAXIMS STOLEN ANDREHASHED.Colds are easily "caught" but hardto lose.Coddle yourself and you invitepneumonia.Pure air makes pure blood; pureblood makes you disease-resisting.Don't hibernate ; ventilate.Pure air for bodily and mentalvigor; impure air for inefficiency.Fresh air is the certain means forraising the limit for "Oslerization."Coddling— preparing for consumptionand pneumonia.Fresh air makes the fires of lifeburn brightly.Consumption comes with a hackand cough and goes with a hack andcoffin.Sleep with open windoAvs."Make health while the moonshines."Better keep on being a fresh airfiend, even if it is cold.THE STUDENT'S HEALTH CREED.I believe my body and good healthare sacred. If I am sick it willvery probably he because I have violatedone or more of Nature's lawsofhealth.I will study J^Tature's laws ofhealth and will obey them for myown sake.I will not suck my fingers, or pickmy nose or wipe my nose on myhand or sleeve, for these practicesare insanitary and very impolite.I will not wet my fingers in mymouth when turning the leaves ofbooks.I will not put pencils in my mouthor wet them with my lips.I will not put pins or money inmy mouth.I will not buy or use chewing gumnor buy and eat cheap candies.I will use my mouth only for eatinggood, plain food, drinking purewater and milk, and for saying goodand kind words.I will always chew my food thoroughly,and never drink whiskey orwine.I will strive against the habit of"clearing my throat" because it isnearly always unnecessary, and maybe disagreeable to others.I will not cough or sneeze withoutturning my face and holding apiece of paper or handkerchief beforemy mouth. Polite people nevercough in public if they can preventit.I will keep my face, hands, andfinger nails as clean as possible.I will not spit on the floor, stairwaysor sidewalks, and will try notto spit at all; ladies and gentlemendo not spit.I will wash my mouth everymorning on getting up and at nighton going to bed, and will use atoothbrush if I can get one.I will be clean in body, clean inmind, and avoid all habits that maygive ofi"ense to others.I will get all the fresh air I canand will open wide my bedroom Avindowswhen T go to bed.

IjPutIBattleA'IWearFirstDJl9th Month. SEPTEMBER, 19 14. 30 Days.^SunMoonImportant Days, Dates and HealthgramsRisesSetsRisesorSetsliTuSuMoTuBeware of ground itch.2 We No soil pollution—no hookworm. JBritain, 1783.3,Th4Frj5jSa19|We10|Th11 Fr i12 SaIPeace of Paris between the United States and Greatshoes to prevent hookworm disease.Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, 1774.Constitutional Convention met at Raleigh, 1875.Labor Day. Dr. Richard H. Lewis made Secretaryof State Board of Health, 1892.The hookworm is about as thick and half as long asa pin.[worm.The sanitary privy is the lasting enemy of the hook-Victory of the Americans under Com. Perry on Lakeof Brandywine, 1777. [Erie, 1813.hookworm in the body is a load on the back.13 Su Use a sanitary privy and make others use it.14 Mo Don't forget to bathe every day.15 Tu Wm. A. Graham born, 1804. Wm. Taft born, 1857.16jWe Hookworm disease isprivy.prevented by using a sanitary17Th The man who poHutes the soil deserves sickness.18 Fr Constitution of the United States adopted, 1787.19 Sa Hookworm disease can be cured by thymol.5 355 365 365 405 415 425 435 44 65 45 65 45 66 286 276 256 246 226 216 196 186 166 156 146 126 116 106 86 62 63 144 22rises6 527 548 238 579 3910 2911 25morn291 362 484 25 1920 Su If you want smallpox, don't get vaccinated.21 Mo Beginning of autumn.22 Tu Massacre of white settlers on Neuse River by TuscaroraIndians, 1711. Beginning of the greatIndian wars of 1712-1715.23 We Victory of Paul Jones off Flamborough Head, 1779.24 Th A little thymol can transform a hookworm sufferer.25 Fr A physic is a poor substitute for exercise and temperance.26 Sa Battle of Charlotte and defeat of Cornwallis, 1780.5 465 46 65 47 55 505 52sets6 477 2088 509 4710 5127 Su This is the age of baths, not of perfumes.28 Mo Ship with stamps for use in North Carolina arrivedin the Cape Fear River, 1765.29 Tu Chew your food — your stomach has no teeth.30 Wejnothing into the mouth but food and drink.5 515 515 525 535 505 495 475 4611 59mornMOON'S PHASES.D H MIH(^ Full Moon, 4 8 47 morning © New Moon, 19 4C Last Quarter, 12 34 eveningIFirst Quarter, 26 6TFIIVGS TO DO OX THE FARM IX SKPTKMBER.M19 evening^49 morning1. Save feed—cut and shock the corn if you have no silo, shredding or cutting it up later if you canharvesteverything that will make good hay, and store and stack it so that it will keep2. Save seeds—select cotton and corn for next year's planting if you do not exppct to buy from s'omcone who has better than you have; don't put it off till next spring and then plant poor seedi. bow oats if land can be made ready; keep land intended for wheat well stirred: use a grain drill toput in oats if possible. ^ '^4. Sow rape, crimson clover, turnips, etc., for pasture and winter cover.0. Get in the winter's wood and store it in the dry; fix a walk to the woodshed if there is noneb. figure a little and see if you cannot afford to put in a water supply system before cold 'weathercomes; if you find you can do it at all, go ahead—it will pay.

200 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.BABY.What is a baby?"About twenty-two inches of cooand wriggle, writhe and scream,filled with suction and testing apparatusfor milk, and automaticalarm to regulate supply.""It's a sweet and tiny treasure,A torment and a tease.It's an autocrat, an anarchist.Two awful tilings to please.It's a rest and peace disturber,With little laughing ways.It's a wailing human night alarm.And terror of your days.""The bachelor's horror, themother's treasure, and the despotictyrant of the most republican household.""A stranger with unspeakablecheek, that enters a house without astitch to his back, and is receivedwith open arms by every one.""A bold asserter of the rights offree speech.""A diminutive specimen of perversehumanity that could scarcelybe endured if he belonged to anyone else, but, being our own, is anever-failing treasury of delight."IS IT ANY WONDEE?Out in Kansas we find a newspaperthat starts back at the root ofthings. They don't mince wordseither, and when you get throughreading what they have to say youwill agree that it is no wonder someof us have todie:Man drinks whiskey that clogs thevalves; he drinks beer and that clogsthe wheels; he downs lemonade, gingerale, buttermilk, iced tea, coffee, andwhat not, and then wonders why theboilers do not burst. If you shouldtake an ox and put him through a likeperformance, he would be dead in amonth. The simplest and plainestlaws of health are outraged every dayby the average man. Did Adam smoke?Did Eve wear a corset? Did Solomonchew tobacco? Did the children ofIsrael make for a beer garden aftercrossing the Red Sea? Did Rebeccachew chocolate bonbons and ice creamand call for soda water?Adam was the first man, and wasmade perfect from head to heel—howlong would he remain so after eatingpie before going to bed? Suppose hehad slept in a bedroom five-by-seven,with the windows closed down, thedoors shut, and two dogs under thebed?Suppose Eve had been laced up ina corset, worn tight shoes, hobble figleaves,and sat up all hours of thenight eating chicken salad and Welshrarebits and trying to keep on fourpounds of dead people's hair? KansasCity Star.WHY BLAME PROVIDENCE?How long will it be before the usualresolutions of condolence, whichnow begin "Whereas, it has pleasedour Heavenly Father to remove fromour midst our beloved Brother orSister who surrendered thislife after a long illness from typhiodfever," shall be changed to read,"Whereas, another case of criminalnegligence has occurred in this community,through the death of Mr. orMrs. , resulting from the drinkingof water from a polluted publicsupply. A coroner's jury has aflBxedthe blame on certain careless privateparties and some public officials, andrecommends that they be held for manslaughter.The county attorney hasdetermined that such shall not occuragain, and will push prosecution.This is the headline in case of automobileaccidents—why not in thelatter instance? It's a poor rulethat fails to work both ways. Anyhow,why blame the Lord ? He hasenough charged to him by shortsightedand unthinking mankind.— Bulletin of the Kansas StateBoard of Health.

10th Month. OCTOBER. 1914. 31 Days.SunMoon§! ^Important Days, Dates and HealthgramsRisesSetsRisesorSetsITh2Fr3SaCool weather does not call for closed windows.The best guide to dress is the weather.Keep the children at home when there is diphtheriain the neighborhood.5 545 555 565 445 435 413 184 205 184Su5Mo6|Tuylwe8Th9FrlOSaBattle of Germantown, 1777.Prevention is better than cure, and far cheaper.Laying of cornerstone of Salem Academy, oldestschool for girls in the South, 1803.Defeat of British at Kings Mountain, 1780.Antitoxin destroys the poison generated by diphtheriagerms.Keep the screens up another month.Antitoxin is a sure cure for diphtheria, but there isdanger in delay.5 57' 5 40 rises5 58 5 39 5 575 59. 5 38 6 255 365 355 345 326 587 378 229 1411 Su12Mo13'Tu14We15 Th16 Fr17;SaGreat epidemics from little sore throats grow.Columbus landed in America, 1492.Antitoxin is to diphtheria what sunshine is to snow.Morning eye-opener—a pint of water—inside.Have your cows tuberculin tested.A syringe of antitoxin is better than volumes ofadvice.Burgoyne's surrender, 1777. Rockefeller Hospitalopened, 1910.610 1529 11 1828 morn27 2625241 372 4918 Su19 Mo20 Tu21 We22 Th23 Fr24 SaA dirty home is a dangerous home.Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, 1781.Sunshine will keep you yovmg.Rockefeller creates Hookworm Commission, 1909.To cure consumption—begin early.Don't overwork your digestion if you would keephealthy.A light overcoat is better than a heavy cold.25 Su26 Mo27 Tu28 We29 Th30 Fr31 SaWash your neck—inside.Every cold weakens the system.Theodore Roosevelt born, 1858.A little forethought is the best ally of common sense.Never stay in a close room.Common sense is the best protection from colds.Hallowe'en.Have you been vaccinated?

2U2THK HKALTH i!ULI.KTK\.HEALTH HINTS WORTH BEMEM-BERING.That a bag of hot sand relievesneuralgia.That warm borax water will removedandruff.That a little soda water will relievesick headache caused by indigestion.That a cupful of strong coffee willremove the odor of onions from thebreath.That well-ventilated bedroomswill prevent morning headaches andlassitude.That a cupful of hot water drunkbefore meals will sometimes relievenausea and dyspepsia.That one in a faint should be laidflat on the back, the clothes loosenedand let alone.That the best time to bathe isjust before going to bed, as anydanger of taking cold is thus avoidedand the complexion is improved bykeeping warm for several hours afterleaving the bath.STARTLING NEWS FOR THEUNMARRIED.If you were asked the question,"Who live longer, married or singlepeople?" you would very likely reply,single, because they have less toworry about.Yet such is not the case, it seems.Professor W. L. Wilcox of CornellUniversity has been making comparisonsbetween the number ofmarried and unmarried people dyingin the State of ISTew York, not includingBuffalo and ?^ew York City,and he found the death rate amongunmarried men, from 20 to 29 yearsinclusive, to be fifty-seven per centgreater than among married men.and that, from 30 to 49 vears. morethan twice asdie.many unmarried menAlso, among unmarried womenover 30 years, the death rate ishigher than with their married sisters,reaching thirty-seven per centgreater between 50 and 59 years,inclusive.THAT OLD OIL STOVE.At this time of the year, whejimany feel that it is not cold enoughto use the general heating systemof the house, but is too cool to beentirely without heat, the use ofportable gas or oil heating apparatusis a great convenience.Cleanliness and comparative lowcost, of operation make this type ofheating deservedly popular. Unfortunately,many of these heatersare used without a flue pipe to carryoff the products of combustion.The use of such heaters is to be deprecated.This is especially true ofthose devices of low efficiency thatmake it practically imperative thatthe doors and windows be keptclosed if the object sought—that ofraising the temperature of the room—is to be obtained. These heatersput a premium on insufficient ventilation.The current issue of ahigh-class monthly magazine carriesa full-page advertisement of a gasheater that is specifically recommendedfor use in the children'splay room. It is advertised as "theideal heater for the nursery," andin heavy type the claim is made thatit "will not vitiate the air." Sucliadvertisements are dangerous, saysthe Journal of the American MedicalAssociation. There may betimes when one is willing to sacrificehealth for comfort for a shorttime ; when an increase of temperaturein the room is sought, even at

IIth Month. NOVEMBER. 1914. 30 Days.SunMoonoImportant Days. Dates and HealthgramsRisesSetsRisesorSetsiSu2|Mo3iTu4|We5The'Fr7SaAll Saints' Day.All Souls' Day. Be a fresh air crank.As the weather grows colder, take more exercise.Sunlight and fresh air kill the germs of consumption.Pure air promotes comfort and safeguards health.Abraham Lincoln elected President of the UnitedStates, 1860. [1811.Indians defeated by Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe,6 226 236 246 256 266 276 28' 4 595 126 13rises5 356 217 9s'Su9!MolOiTull|We12jThISFr14Sal5SuI6M017jTu18Wel9|Th20|Fr2lSa22!SuMoTuWeThFrSaA little ventilation is better than much quinine.It's good for what ails you. What? Fresh air.Consumption is difncult to cure but easy to prevent.The tighter your house the tighter your colds.Convention to form a State Constitution met atHalifax, 1776.It is better to have faded carpets than faded cheeks.Regulate your clothing according to the weather.Congress adopts Articles of Confederation, 1777.It is better to sleep in a cold room than in a coldgrave.Suez Canal opened, 1869.If war is hell, what is consumption?A stuffy room is the germ's best ally.Convention at Fayetteville adopted the Federal Constitution,1790.Drink plenty of water every day.Whiskey never cured consumption.A little ventilator is a great protector.Don't make a junk shop of your stomach.Evacuation of New York by the British, 1783.Thanksgiving Day.What you don't eat seldom hurts you; what you doeat, often does.We need as much fresh air in winter as in summer.6 286 296 306 326 336 346 356 366 376 386 396 406 416 426 436 446 456 466 476 486 494 544 534 53i4 5219 810 1211 19morn301 412 5151| 6 5151} sets50 6 2050 7 304 49 8 424 479 5210 59morn61 92 o3 5Su30;MoAndrew Jackson, seventeenth President of the UnitedStates, born at Raleigh, 1808._Signing of preliminarv treaty of peace with GreatBritain, 1782.6 506 514 46: 4 64 46: 5 6H

204 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.the expense of vitiated air. Whenthis is done with a full knowledgeof possible danger, it may not betoo severely criticised. But to leadpeople to believe that any room canbe heated healthfully for any lengthof time by means of flueless gas oroil heaters is dangerous doctrine.An efficient gas or oil heater witha flue attachment is an admirablepiece of household apparatus; aflueless heater—except for the mosttemporary of uses, and then usedwith a full knowledge of the dangersinvolved— is an abomination."WHERE THE WEAK GROW STRONG"How North Carolina isGoing After TuberculosisNorth Carolina has decided tohandle her tuberculosis problem ina good, vigorous style. Down atMontrose, in the very heart of thesand hill region, and high up on asand ridge amid the long leafedpines, is where '^the weak growstrong" and the consumptives getwell. The little sanatorium up therewas reopened under the managementof the State Board of Health onlya few weeks ago, but already applicationshave been made for somethinglike 35 or 40 of the fifty bedsnow available.Within a few weeks more the presentbuildings will be filled. Fortunately,an extension to the presentinstitution is well under way, andabout the last of February it willbe ready to take in 75 additionalpatients.Sanatorium life is made as attractivefor the patients enrolled as itis possible to make it, and infinitelybetter in every way for sick folksthan the average home. The patientis informed when he arrivesthat his entire business for the nextfew months is to get well. He isshown how and why people get tuberculosis,and is also shown howthe disease is combated, very largelyby just the reverse methods of livingfrom those which brought about thecondition. It is explained how foulair and closed bedroom windows tendto foster tuberculosis. From the accompanyingcuts, as well as thatshown on the front cover page, itwill be seen how the patient is shownby example, as well as precept, aboutthe marvelous curative power offresh air.The food given the patients is thevery best that money can buy. Consumptionis a wasting disease. Infact, loss of weight is one of the veryfirst symptoms. A competent dietitianis in charge of the kitchen anddining room, and the diet of everypatient is carefully watched and supervised.In fighting consumption,good, first class food, plenty of it,properly cooked and served in anappetizing way, counts for a tremendouslot.The subject of very careful personalhygiene is taught every patient,not only by means, of regularlectures by the medical director, butalso according to careful personalsupervision of the nurses. A recentvisit to the sanatorium showed suchscrupulous cleanliness and a degreeof carefulness on the part of the patientsthat one could not help feelingthat, so far as the danger of con-

12th Month. DECEMBER, 1914. 31 Days.j3

2U6THE HEALTH BULLETIJ!?.tracting tuberculosis is concerued,the average person who goes tochurches, moving picture shows, orwho occasionally finds himself incompany with people who cough orsneeze without holding handkerchiefsbefore their faces, is in fargreater danger of contracting thedisease than a person would be wholived, ate and alept- right among thepatients at the sanatorium.Any mention of this institution,however brief, would certainly beincomplete without at least a wordin regard to those in direct chargeof the patients, the medical directorand the nurses. It is not necessaryto mention personalities inthisTHE MEN'S WARD- -STATE SANATORIUM FOR THE TREATMENT OFTUBERCULOSIS.A small house completely surrounded with porches. The windows are never closedexcept during storms, and then only on one or two sides.connection, but the vitally importantfacts as regards the staff is that themedical director and every one ofthe nurses has had tuberculosis andbeen cured at a similar institution.They know the trials, the difficultiesand discouragements of their patientsas no one else does.They canfeel for and sympathize with patientsin their every effort to getnell. and. best of fill, the patients intheir charge look upon these peopleas elder brothers and sisters whosympathize with them and are willingto go the limit in helping themrecover. Last of all, backed by suchexperience, such a staff not onlyknows all the ins and outs of curingtuberculosis, but with their personalknowledge and experience their patientshave vastly more confidencein them than thev would have in a

TJiii HEALTH BHLLETIK. 20"similar staff who have never had thepersonal experience of having consumptionand recovering from it.Under such direction we may reahighlyessential that treatment beundertaken as soon as possible.For detailed information regardingthe sanatorium or admission toSIDE VIEW OF WOMEN'S WARDState Sanatorium for the Treatment of Tuberculosissonably expect the cure of fully it, inquiries shouldeight-tenths of all the cases of incipientor early tuberculosis, and ofhalf the moderately advanced cases.As the chances for recovery decreaserapidly as the disease advances, it isbeaddressedeither to W. S. Kankin, Secretaryof the State Board of Health, Raleigh,or to the Medical Director,State Sanatorium, Aberdeen, N. C.THE STORY OF TUBERCULOSISWhat Everybody Should Know About ConsumptionTold in Simple LanguageFor many of us there is too muchsaid about tuberculosis that is tootechnical or long drawn out, and notenough that is written in a simplestraightforward style, giving just theplain, everyday facts that everybodyshould know. The MissouriAssociation for the Relief and Controlof Tuberculosis say just aboutenough and say that right. Here istheir storyTuberculosis is an infectious andcommunicable disease caused by thegrowth of the tubercle bacillus withinthe body. This bacillus is a vegetableparasite, rod-shaped, and of suchlength that it would require ten thousandof them laid end to end to measurean inch. It lives a strictly parasiticlife, which signifies that underordinary circumstances it does not liveindefinitely and propagate its kind outsideof its living host, which may beman, almost any domestic animal, orone of the many animals that have notbeen brought under domestication.Though incapable of propagating itselfoutside of its living host, it is capableof living for a long period of time

208 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.under favorable conditions outside ofthe body.These conditions which most favorthe prolongation of its life outside ofthe body are darkness, moisture, andordinary temperatures. It dies in afew minutes when exposed to directsunlight, when not deeply imbeddedin the albuminous discharges fromthe lesions which are characteristicof the disease. In the human bodythe commonest form of tuberculosis isconsumption, or tuberculosis of thelungs, but it may occur in any partor organ of the body, especially in thebones, joints and lymph glands of children,in which structures it is knownrespectively as white swelling of bonesand joints, and scrofula. It is a verycommon cause of hunchback and ofmeningitis in children.The tubercle bacillus in the bodystimulates the growth of cells which,under the influence of toxins or poisonswhich are elaborated by the bacillus,die, disintegrate, and are givenoff from the body in the form of dischargesthat are peculiar to the organor tissue in which the lesion is located,e. g., from the lungs as sputum, fromscrofulous glands and white swellingas pus, and from the intestines in thefeces. All these discharges are capableof starting the disease in thehealthy, whether by being taken intothe stomach, inhaled in the lungs, orby the inoculation of open superficialcuts and wounds.PredisposingCauses.Approximately ten per cent of allcases of tuberculosis occurring inchildren have resulted from the ingestionof milk or meat from tuberculousanimals. Tuberculosis is not inheritedas was formerly supposed. It is alwaysacquired through infection fromsome other case by the transmissionof the tubercle bacillus either directlyor indirectly. Because it is a germdisease it is preventable and curable,not unavoidable and fatal as until recentlyit has been regarded. All peopleare not equally susceptible to thedisease. Those who are in a weakenedphysical condition, or who lackproper and sufficient food, or who areaddicted to the use of alcohol, or whohave suffered from grippe, colds,measles, typhoid, pleurisy, etc., or whotake insufficient rest, or exercise toolittle in the open air, or sleep in closerooms, or work in a moist, dark ord sty atmosphere, are predisposed tothe disease.While tuberculosis is not essentiallya disease of the poor and destitute, itis with this class of people that it ismost prevalent.Commonest Early Symptoms.The commonest early symptoms ofthe disease are persistent cough orcold lasting a month or longer, hoarseness,loss of weight and appetite, rundownfeeling, slight fever in the afternoons,night sweats, spitting of bloodor streaks of blood in the sputum.Any one, or any combination of thesesymptoms, should lead one to suspecttuberculosis, and he should consult aphysician immediately. If the physiciancan not find a cause for thesesymptoms, in nine cases out of tenthey should be attributed to tuberculosis.It is most important that thedisease be recognized early so thattimely treatment may be begun. Mostcases of tuberculosis that have beendiagnosed in the incipient or very earlystage, under modern methods of treatment,are cured.Tuberculosis in Cliildren.Tuberculosis is a house disease, adisease of the home. It runs in families,not because inherited, but becauseof home association. It is probablethat most infections occur in childhood,though the disease may not developto the point of recognition untillate in life. It is acquired by childrenthrough kissing, caressing, use ofcommon eating utensils, and fromplaying on an infected floor. A consumptivein the family may be themeans of transmitting the disease notonly through spitting, but by coughing,sneezing, and even by- speakinginto the face of another.How TuberculosisMay Be Prevented.The sputum wiiich a consumptiveraises should be received in a cuspidorcontaining an antiseptic solution, orhe should cough or spit into a napkinor on to a paper held before his face,and these should then be thoroughlydisinfected or burned. The preventionand treatment of tuberculosis rest uponthe principles that have been setforth above. They are:

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 2091. Early and frequent examinationin suspected cases and of all individualsof a family in which tuberculosisis known to exist or to have existed.2. The control and destruction ofall tuberculous discharges.3. Living and sleeping in the openair as much as possible.4. No tuberculous patient shouldsleep in the bed or even in the roomwith an unafflicted person.5. Proper food in sufficient quantity.6. Plenty of sleep.7. Absolute rest in bed when thetemperature is over 99 degrees, or thepulse is over 100.These conditions are best obtainedin the early stages of tuberculosis ina sanatorium, in the advanced stages ina hospital. All treatment of tuberculosisshould be under the direction ofa physician, whether at home or in aninstitution. All patent medicines andalcohol must be avoided.An important adjunct to the treatmentat home of incipient tuberculosisin children is the open-air school; inadults, the day camp or the nightcamp.^Vliat isBeing' Done to Prevent Tabercnlosis.In its broader aspects the campaignagainst tuberculosis includes popularand systematic school education andsocial or visiting nursing. Under populareducation are included free lectures,exhibits, whether local or traveling,moving picture plays, lanterndemonstrations, special popular educationalliterature in the form of circularsor magazine articles, and newspaperpublicity and visiting nursing.Under systematic school education maybe included lectures, natural sciencelessons, recitations, the organizationof Red Cross Seal selling campaigns,and the employment of school nursesand the medical inspection of schoolchildren. This systematic educationalwork should be graded in adaptationto the age and maturity of the pupil,and should be illustrated and demonstratedin the various ways employedin the teaching of natural science, sofar as possible.The general movement against tuberculosisincludes also the securingof proper state and municipal legislation,as well as co-operation with allmovements for the betterment of livingand working conditions.How You Can Help.1. Teachers.—By instructing pupilsas to the nature, prevention and careof tuberculosis; teaching children simplerules of health, how to breathedeeply, etc.; keeping the classroomwell ventilated, and by insisting uponthe medical inspection of school children.2. Parents.—By keeping the homeclean and well ventilated; teachingchildren to sleep with windows open,to eat proper and nourishing food, toobserve the laws of health, to keepthe teeth clean and in repair.3. Children.—By keeping clean; bynot putting anything into your mouthsexcept food; by staying as much aspossible in the fresh air and sunshine;by eating only wholesome and nourishingfood; by always washing the handsbefore eating.4. Everyone.—By taking care ofyour own health; by stopping indiscriminatespitting; by joining in themovement to stamp out tuberculosis;by buying and otherwise promotingthe use of the Red Cross ChristmasSeal; by insisting upon the employmentof county-paid tuberculosis visitingnurses; by promoting the organizationof a county or district tuberculosishospital in your community.Here Are Some of the Things ThatMust be Done.1. Every city and village must havean ordinance, and enforce it, forbiddingspitting in public places or inpublic vehicles.2. When a case of tuberculosis isfound in a family, other members mustbe examined to learn if they be infected.3. Every city and county must havea well organized health departmentand a tuberculosis visiting nurse.4. All living cases of tuberculosismust be reported to the State Boardof Health..5. Every living case of tuberculosismust be sent to a hospital, to theState sanitorium, or must be underproper care at home.6. Every county must have a tuberculosishospital for advanced cases.

310 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.AOPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.Big Name for an Easily PrerentableDisease.Do you know what ophthalmianeonatorum means ? It is the scientificname for baby's sore eyes. Itmeans a pus discharge from the eyesand lids of little new-born babies.It means that the baby's eyes havebeen infected at the time of birthor soon afterward. There are overone hundred thousand blind peoplein the United States today, over tenthousand of them have been madeblind by this disease. Enough peopleare made blind by this diseasealone every few years to populate afair sized city, because of the carelessnessor neglect of some one incaring for the little new-born babies.Doctors have been trying for yearsto stop this unnecessary blindnessby educating nurses to recognize itin its beginning and by getting lawspassed which require midwives,nurses and others to report at once,anything wrong with the little one'seyes or lids, so that proper treatmentmay be given before it is toolate. But so far the public is notsufficiently educated to appreciatethe importance of preventing thisdreadful disease, nor the danger ofthe neglect of these cases. Thereare still many such cases occurringevery day in which life-long blindnessfollows for want of precautionson the part of parent, midwife ornurse, or some one else who hascharge of the little bnby. It is nnawful responsibility when throughsuch carelessness or neglect, a babyis allowed to become blind for life.This disease progresses rapidlywhen once contracted. Some doctorsmake it a rule to have everybaby's eyes cleansed carefully immediatelyafter birth and preventivemethods used, to destroy any possibleinfection that may have enteredduring birth. But doctors are notalways present, and it is for thisreason it is necessary that every parent,every midwife, every nurse,or whoever has charge of a new-bornbaby should report to the healthofficer, any trouble with a new-bornbaby's eyes, for on prompt actionmay depend whether the baby mustbe blind through life or not.AIR LINES.The cold snap is more of a "snap"for the undertaker than it is for thelifeinsurance companies.* * *The best way to avoid doing businesswith an undertaker nowadavsis to ventilate.* * *Ventilate now, if never before.Pneumonia and tuberculosis are diseaseschiefly of improper house condition.s—ofimpure house air.* * *Pure air is your best protectionagainst diseases of the respiratoryorgans.H: * ^Ventilate! you lobster! Ventilate'

PuHs^edbLi Tn£./^°KmCAK9LI/iA aiML D9AR.D s^AmU7\Thi5 Bullelinv/illbe 5er\t free to arwj citizen of fh.e StcrteuporNrequeat jPublished monthly at the office of the Secretary of the Board, Raleigh, N. C.Entered as second-class matter at Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, under Act of July 16, I8B4.Vol. XXVIII. FEBRUARY, 1914. No. II.HEALTH" Health is a state of physical, mental and moralequilibrium, a normal functioning of body, mind andsoul. It is the state when work is a pleasure, whenthe world looks good and beautiful, and the battle oflife seems worth while. Health is the antithesis ofdisease, degeneration and crime." The laws of health are as inexorable as the lawof gravitation, as exacting as eternal justice, as relentlessas fate, and their violation is the beginning andcause of all disease, suffering and sin." Health is the most desired of earthly blessings.When finally lost it cannot be purchased by uncountedmillions, restored by the alienist, or returnedby the pulpit." Health is that state of happiness, faith and lovewhose prototype was the hrst man—Adam ; whoseideal isthe CHRIST."—5. J. Cmmbim, M.D., Topeka, Kan.oo2!m^-^^'^M^i^vt'^a%^'^^'^^n'H>rfi"^" CAROLINAaoi aaj.Ni anx ao •i,daa'SMaaM a • s HVi

CONTENTSThe Gist of It 213County Hrat.th Officers 214A New Awakening 215Let Patent Medicines Alone 216Uncle Walt on the Early Fly 216The Doctor's Dbeam'^^'The Educational Value of a Medical Society ...... 222Who's Your Registrar? 224^^^CartoonFREE PUBLIC HEALTH LITERATUREThe State Board of Health has a limited quantity of health literatureon the subjects listed below, which will be sent out, free of charge,to any citizen of the State as long as the supply lasts. If you care forany of this literature, or want some sent to a friend, just write to theState Board of Health, at Raleigh, A post card will bring it by returnmail.No. 9. Medical Inspection of Schoolsand School Children.No. 10. Care and Feeding of Babies.No. 11. The Plague of Flies andMosquitoes.No. 12. Residential Sewage DisposalPlants.No. 13. Sanitary Privy.No. 14. Hookworm Disease.No. 15. Malaria.No. 18. Tuberculosis Leaflet.No. 19. Compilation of Public HealthLaws of North Carolina.No. 20. Tuberculosis Bulletin.No. 21. Fly Leaflet.No. 22. Baby Leaflet.No. 23. The Vital Statistics Law.No. 25. Typhoid Fever Leaflet.No. 27. The Whole Time CountyHealth Officer.Typhoid Fever.No. 28.No. 29. Rules and Regulations forCounty Boards of Health.No. 30. Measles.No. 31. Whooping Cough.No. 32. Diphtheria.No. 33.Scarlet Fever.No. 35. Some Light on Typhoid.No. 36. County Health Work on anEfficientBasis.Anti-Spitting Placards (11inches by 9 inches).Anti-Fly Placards (11 Inchesby 19 inches).

is?mmmIPUBU.5AE:D SY TML HQI^TM CA^UhA 5TATL BOAIgP °^MFAI^ [RVol. XXVIII. FEBRUARY, 1914. No. II.THE GIST OF ITIt costs less per year to raise a babythan to bury it.Better be a fresh air crank than acanned air corpse.The permanent foundation for thegeneral prosperity of the State must,in its final analysis, rest on the generalhealth of the people.Sudden changes in the weathershould be met by sudden changes inclothing.It is folly to follow the fashions orthe almanac as an index when tochange from light to heavy clothing.Public health is purchasable. Withinnatural limitations, a communitycan determine its own death rate.You can not consistently pray, "Thykingdom come on earth," with a flybreedingplace in your back yard.A little attention to the quality ofthe air you breathe for the next monthor two is likely to save you a lot oftrouble.The sleeping porch is not only amatter of comfort in the summer, butit is fast getting to be a necessity allthe year round.The Chicago Department of Healthhas inaugurated an excellent plan ofinspecting the ventilating system oftheir moving picture and other theaters.If the ventilating system isfound satisfactory, a certificate forgood ventilation is granted, which isdisplayed at the ticket window.This is an excellent idea. It puts apremium on good ventilation and discountsthe "canned air" house. Whynot extend it to all places of publicmeeting including churches andschools?This is the height of the smallpoxseason. If you go about unvaccinated,you do so at your own risk, and if youcontract smallpox you have no one toblame but yourself. If you are vaccinatedyou can give smallpox thelaugh. You need be no more afraid ofsmallpox than you are of a Mexicaninvasion. If you have been vaccinatedwithin the last five years, you cannurse a smallpox patient without anymore danger of contracting the diseasethan in nursing a case of toothache.Until your local health departmentor the state health authorities can inspecttheaters and public halls, rememberthat unventilated theaters andhalls are little more than incubatorsof disease. If the air seems "close"when you enter such a place, or if theoutside air "smells fresh and good"when you come out, consider yourselflucky if you don't contract that otherfellow's cold or grippe. Pneumonia,consumption and other diseases spreadIn just such places, too.

2 ItTHE HEALTH BULLETIX.COUNTY HEALTH OFFICERSWhat They Are Doing, According toTheir Own ReportsLike all Gaul, the monthly reportsof the physicians employed by the variouscounties can, for the purpose ofcomparison, be conveniently dividedinto three parts:I. Reports From County Physiciaxs.Under the recently amended healthlaws it is no longer required of thecounty physicians to mail to the StateBoard of Health reports covering theiractivities, as they are entirely in therealm of curative medicine—visitingcounty dependents—and a record ofsuch work is of no value to a departmentwhose activities are devoted entirelyto preventive medicine.II.Reports Not Subject to Check.Certain reports from the whole-timehealth officers are vague, indefinite,and not subject to check. As an illustrationof this, we have reports statingthat "many children have been examined";"many defects found"; and that"there is a great deal of typhoid in ourcounty." Other reports give the numberof schools visited and the numbe.-of children examined, but omit thenames and addresses of the principalsof such schools and the names and addressesof the children examined. Suchreports as these are not only vagueand indefinite, but inasmuch as it isabsolutely impossible to check them,they are utterly worthless.IllIdeal Reports.Buncombe Report.As an example the accompanying cutis used. This cut is a reproduction ofthe report of Dr. Sevier, the V/hole-Time County Health Officer of Buncombe.The report covers his activitiesduring the first month of office.It will be seen that during the lasteight days of this month Dr. Seviervisited nine rural schools and lecturedon sanitation and hygiene at each ofthem. The total enrollment is 539;the number examined is 279. Eachpupil received a careful physical examination,as well as an examinationof the special organs, such as the nose,throat, eyes and ears. Of the 279 childrenexamined, he found 112 children,or a fraction more than 48 per cent, tobe defective; or, in other vv^ords, toneed medical attention so that theymight develop into healthy and happvmen and women, not physically handicapped in the struggle for life, health,happiness and usefulness. The 112children who proved to be defectivewere so from the follo^Aing causes:Forty-four had astigmatism (nearsightedness) ;eleven had defectiv.-^hearing as a result of adenoid.^ anddiseased tonsils ;thirty-eight had teeththat were so defective as to seriouslyaffect their health; thirty-six had enlargedtonsils, producing a susceptibilitynot only to diphtheria, but toother contagious diseases common tochildhood; thirty-one had adenoids:two had skin defects; three had enlargedglands of such a character asto arouse a suspicion of consumption;six children v,-ere excluded fromschool on account of contagious lesions.Each child that proved to be d?-fective was given a card upon whichwas printed an important message tothe parents calling their attention tothe nature of the defect and urgingthat the child be placed in the handsof a competent physician so that thedefect might be remedied. This reportfurther shows that the parents of nineof these children carried out the doctor'sinstructions and had the defectspromptly removed during the monthin which they were examined. Othershave doubtless followed since.SampsonReport.Another example of a good reportonefrom Dr. George M. Cooper, Whole-

THE HEALTH BULLETIK. 215

216 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.Time Health Officer of Sampson, forthe month of December, shows that hegave eleven lectures on public health,at various points in his county, to anaggregate audience of 1,575 people,and, further, that during that monthhe examined 721 rural children, finding376 of them seriously defective inteeth, vision, or hearing, or because ofadenoids or diseases of the tonsils.There were also several incipient casesof tuberculosis. Of those found defective,his report show-s that fifty wereTotreated and cured of their defects.accomplish these results Dr. Coopertraveled 505 miles on the public roadsof his county during that month.A NEW AWAKENINGHealth and Child Welfare Coming to'the FrontThree years ago no one ever thoughtof asking the State Board of Healthabout how to raise babies. Peoplethought then that health work consistedin pensioning off some good oldsoul in every town and calling himthe "health officer." It was understood,of course, that this pension should bevery modest, and his duties, if possible,even more modest. Sure enough, theywere. About all he ever did was toitack up yellow placards aroun smallpoxcases and condemn dead horses,hogs and cattle as "a public nuisanceand a menace to health." Great healthwork, wasn't it! Such work looks likechild's play now, compared to the reallife-saving work being done by wholetime county health officers.As a matter of fact, there is at thepresent time a hundred times as muchvolunteer health work going on in theState as was done by most of the socalled"health officers." To illustrate,the writer reproduces herewith the firsttwo letters he opened in this morning'smail. The first is from a mother in alittle village that never was able topension off a health officer, and it isjust about as well off, anyway. Theletter reads as follows:State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C.Gentlemen:—Please send me someliterature, about a half dozen copies, todistribute to some poor, ignorant motherson the care and feeding of babiesfrom birth to two years of age.Very truly yours,Mrs. J. P. PThe next letter was from a very busyphysician. His letter is brief and tothe point, but he still has time to domore than deal out pills and renderbills. His letter, with the namesslightly changed, is as follows:State Board of Health, Raleigh. N. C.Gentlemen:-—Please send Miss HattieRoberts, of Doesville, your literatureon tuberculosis.Sincerely,C. LThese are not special or selected letters,but they represent the general runof requests for literature and informationon public health and sanitation.Three years ago not as many such requestswere received by the StateBoard of Health in a month as arenow received daily.All this represents the dawn of thehealth age and a special movement inthe direction of child welfare. Childrenare beginning to come into theirown. It certainly argues well for astate when we begin paying more attentionto the health and well-being ofour babies, when we are taking ourchildren out of factories and when wegive them longer school terms. Remember,these little children will bethe citizens of North Carolina in thefuture, and the greatness of a state isno greater than that of her citizens.Let the good work go on. Whereyou know of a case of tuberculosis askthe State Board of Health to send abulletin on tuberculosis; where youknow of a baby whose mother mightprofit by receiving free literature on

• getTHE HEALTH BULLETIN. 217the care and feeding of babies send apostcard to the Board and the desiredliterature will go forward.LET PATENT MEDICINESALONE1. There may be any one of a hundredthings the matter with you. Youcan't tell which trouble you have.try a negro conjure doctor than take aconcoction of drugs prepared by a manwho probably has no medical training,has never seen you, knows nothingof your case, and whose mixturehas ninety-nine chances of missingyou to one of hitting. The negro conjuredoctor will at least do you noharm; the patent medicine almost certainlywill. Progressive Farmer,2. There are a hundred different concoctionsadvertised. You can't tellwhich one you need. This again isguess work—mere guess work whenlife and health are in the balance.3. In either case, if you guess wrong,positive injury is done; for any medicinestrong enough to do good workwhen needed will do harm when notneeded.4. A remedy useful in one stage of adisease may be positively injurious atsome other stage of that disease. Withthe patent medicine there is no discrimination.5. Because you get well after using acertain preparation is no reason youwell because of it. When you aresick there are fifty chances to one thatyou will get well anyhow, and if youtake a patent medicine, the chancesare that you recover in spite of takingit, and not because of taking it.6. The recuperative powers in thebody—the natural tendency to throwoff disease, readjust our physical machinery,and get things back in goodUNCLE WALT ON THE EARLYFLYThe early fly's the one to swat. Itcomes before the weather's hot, andsits around and files its legs, and laysat least ten million eggs, and everyegg will bring a fly to drive us crazyby and by. Oh, every fly that skipsour swatters will have five million sonsand daughters, and countless first andsecond cousins, and aunts and uncles,scores of dozens, and fifty-seven billionnieces; so knock the blamed thingall to pieces. And every niece and everyaunt—unless we swat them sothey can't—will lay enough dcdgastedeggs to fill up ten five-gallon kegs,and all these eggs, ere summer hies,will bring forth twenty trillion flies.And thus it goes, an endless chain, soall our swatting is in vain unless we dothat swatting soon, in Maytime and inearly June. So, men and brothers, letus rise, gird up our loins and swat theflies! And sisters, leave your cozybowers where you have wasted goldenhours; with ardor in your souls andeyes, roll up your sleeves and swat theflies! Walt Mason..order—these are your greatest helpsin getting well again, and a drugwhich is not needed by your systemhinders and checks these recuperativepowers—and if you use patent medicine,there are a hundred chances toone that you will get a drug that 's notneeded for your particular malady andyour particular stage of that malady.7. Right living will make it unnecessaryto drug yourself except at veryrare intervals, but if you do get sickenough to really need treatment, betterAn average of six months' treatmentwill cure four-fifths of the early casesof tuberculosis. That costs only $180at the State Sanatorium for the Treatmentof Tuberculosis. Statistics showthat the value of the average personcured of tuberculosis is $7,000. Apretty good investment, is it not?

•JISTHE HEALTH BULLETIN.THE DOCTOR'S DREAMA Graphic Picture of a Doctor's Duties As They Are andAs They Should BeBy Dr. Victor C. Vaughan, President American Medical Association, Ann Arbor, Mich.The Dreamer.Dr. Smith is a practitiontr in oneof the large cities of the Middle West.He is a man of good training, a classicalgraduate, took his professionalcourse in one of our best schools, anddid hospital service both at home andabroad. He is a general practitionerand keeps well posted in all that hedoes. He makes no claim to universalknowledge or skill, but is conscientiousin all his work, and when hemeets with a case needing the serviceof a specialist he does not hesitate tocall in the best help. He has made agood living, demands fair fees fromthose who are able to pay, and givesmuch gratuitous service to the poor.He is beloved by his patients, held inhigh esteem by his confreres, and isrespected by all who know him. Heis a keen observer, reads character forthe most part correctly, and is not easilyimposed upon. While he recognizesthe value of his services, he is not inthe practice of medicine with the expectationof getting rich, and his interestsare largely human and scientific.He has deep sympathy for thosewhose ignorance leads them to sinagainst their own bodies, but he is devoidof weak sentimentality and doesnot hesitate to admonish and even denouncethe misdeeds of his patientswhatever their social position. Duringtwenty years of practice in thesame locality he has become acquaintedwith the vices and virtues ofmany families.He is not looking for the coming ofthe millenlum, but he is often impatientof the slow pace with which therace moves toward physical, mentaland moral betterment. One of his patronsis a large manufacturer employingmany unskilled laborers. Dr.Smith has often pointed out to thisman that the efficiency of his workingforce would be multiplied many timeswere the men paid better wages, thework done in rooms better lighted andventilated, and in general with a littlemore humaneness shown them. Anotheris at the head of a big mercantilehouse which employs clerks at thelowest possible wages and makes theconditions of life well nigh unendurable.A wealthy woman gives largelyto church and charity from her revenues,which come from the rental ofhouses in the red light district. Anotherof the doctor's patrons is a grocerwho sells "egg substitutes" andsimilar products "all guaranteed underthe pure food law."We will not continue the list of thedoctor's patrons, and it must not oe inferredthat all are bad, for this is nottrue. The majority are honest, conscientious,people as is the case in allcommunities. Our country has a populationof nearly one hundred millions.Millions of these are decent, respectablecitizens, not altogether wise, butfor the most part well intentioned.Thousands are brutal in their instincts,criminal in their pursuits, andbreeders of their kind. We claim tobe civilized, but there are those amongus who would be stoned to death were

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 219they to attempt to live in a tribe ofsavages.The Day Bei ore the Dream.But I must stop these parentheticalexcursions and get back to Dr. Smithand his dream. On a certain day inNovember of the present year he hadbeen unusually busy, even for onewhose working hours frequentlydouble the legal limit. During hisoffice hours he had seen several caseswhich gave him grave concern. Therewas William Thompson, the son of hisold classmate and college chum, nowJudge Thompson. William finished atthe old University and is now an embryolawyer promising to follow in thefootsteps of his honored and honorablefather, but William belonged to afast fraternity at college and came toDr. Smith this morning with coppercoloredspots over his body and a localsore. The doctor easily diagnosedthe case and pointed out to Williamthat he was a walking culture flask ofspirochetes, a constant source of dangerto all who should come in contactwith him, and that years of treatmentwould be necessary to render himsound again. On the lip of a girl, thedaughter of another old friend, thedoctor had found a chancre caused bya kiss from her fiance, a supposedlyupright man prominent in church andsocial circles. He had seen a caseof gonorrhea in a girl baby contractedfrom her mother, the wife of a laboringman. A case of gonorrheal ophthalmiain a young man, whose only sinwas that he had used the same towelused by an older brother, next demandedhis attention. Several casesof advanced tuberculosis among thosewho had been told by less conscientiousphysicians that the cough wasonly a bronchial trouble made Dr.Smith lament the standard of skill andhonor among some of his professionalbrethren. Rapid loss in weight in anold friend who had been too busy toconsult him earlier was diagnosed asneglected diabetes. In another instancedimness of vision and frequentheadaches persisting for months hadnot sufficed to send an active businessman to the physician. This proved tobe an advanced case of Bright's disease,which should have been recognizedtwo years earlier.Urinary, ophthalmoscopicand blood pressure testsdemonstrated the seriousness of thepresent condition. A breast tumor onthe wife of an old and respected friendshowed extensive involvement of theaxillary glands and the operation demandedpromised only temporary relief,while had it been done monthsbefore, complete removal of the diseasedtissue would have resulted.In making his calls for the day Dr.Smith had experienced both among thewell-to-do and the poor many thingswhich had brought within the rangeof his vision more and darker cloudsthan those which floated in the dullNovember sky. More than a year beforehe had become estranged fromthe family of one of his oldest and bestfriends. The breaking of this relationship,which had continued fromhis earliest professional service andhad been filled with the common joysand sorrows shared only by the familyphysician and those under his charge,had cast a deep shadow over the doctor'slife. He had officiated at thebirth of each of his friend's five children,and he felt a parental love andpride in them as he saw them growinto healthy womanhood and manhood.A little more than a year agohe learned that the eldest of thesechildren, a beautiful and healthy girlof eighteen, was engaged to a youngman whom he knew to be a rake. Ina spirit of altruism he had gone to thefather and mother, and protestedagainst the sacrifice of the daughter.This kindly intended intervention was

220 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.met with a stormy rebuff, and the doctorwas rudely dismissed from hisfriend's house. But when the youngwoman, whose life with her unfaithfulhusband had made her deeply regretHowher fatal infatuation, felt the firstpains of childbirth, she begged of herparents that her old friend might besent for, and that morning he had deliveredher of a syphilitic child.unlike the previous births at which hehad officiated in this friend's house!It had been the custom to have thedoctor at every birthday dinner giventhe five children, and one of the boysbore his name. There would be nobirthdays for this, the first grandchild,and what could the future promise theyoung mother? Surely, the Novemberday was overcast with clouds for Dr.Smith before its gray light awoke theslumbering city. As he walked thefew short blocks from his friend'sto his own home, he cried in deepestsorrow how many thousands of daughtersmust be sacrificed before their parentswill permit them to walk in thelight of knowledge and not in theshadow of ignorance. After breakfast,which was scarcely tasted, he read inthe morning paper that the announcementthat "Damaged Goods" was to begiven in his University town had metwith such a storm of protest fromthe learned members of the facultythat the engagement had been cancelled."Surely," he said, "the fettersof prudery and custom bind both thelearned and the unlearned."After his morning office hours Dr.Smith visited his patients at the cityhospital. Here is a wreck from cocaineintoxication, the poison havingbeen purchased from a drug storeowned by a prominent local politician.In a padded cell is a man with deliriumtremens, a patron of a gilded saloonrun by another political boss. Inthe lying-in ward are a dozen girls seducedin as many dance halls, withdrinking alcoves. Time will relievethese girls of the products of conception,a longer time will be required tofree them from the diseases whichthey have contracted, but all time willnot wash away the stains on theirlives, and what of the fatherless childrento be born? Thirty beds are filledwith typhoids, who under the best conditionsmust spend long weeks in thebondage of a fever which day by daygradually but inexorably tightens itsgrasp. The furred tongue, glazed eyes,fiushed cheeks, bounding pulses, emaciatedframes, delirious brains wereall due to the fact that a large manufacturerhad run a private sewer intothe river above the water works. Thegreed and ignorance of one businessfirm had been permitted to endangerthe lives of half a million of people.In his family calls the doctor metwith conditions equally lamentable.A fond mother in her ignorance hadnursed a sore throat in one of her childrenwith domestic remedies. Themembranous patches on the tonsils,extending upward into the nasal passagesand downv/ard into the larynx,and the cyanotic face with laboredbreathing showed that even the magicalcurative action of diphtheria antitoxin,that wonderful discovery ofmodern medicine, would be of littleavail in this individual case. The otherchildren were treated with immunizingdoses, and the doctor had the consolationof knowing that death's harvestin that household would be limitedto the one whom the mother's ignorancehad doomed.The next call brought Dr. Smith toa home in which the condition wasequally deplorable and still more inexcusable.One of the children somemonths before had been bitten by astrange cur, which soon disappearedin the alley. The wound was only ascratch and was soon forgotten. Now,the child was showing the first symp-

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 221toms of that horrible disease, hydrophobia.But dogs must not be muzzled.Women with plumes, torn fromliving birds, in their hats, formed a societyfor the prevention of cruelty toanimals and so declared.It must not be inferred that all ofDr. Smith's experiences on that Novemberday were sad. Men are mortal;all sickness is not preventable;accidents will happen and distressingInjuries result. This world is not anEden and no one expects that all sorrowwill be banished from it. Decayand death approach with advancingyears. Strength and weakness arerelative terms, and those possessed ofthe former must help bear the burdansof those afflicted with the latter.Dr. Smith being a hard-headed, reasonable,scientific man, is no Eutopian,and he frequently meets in sick roomsexperiences which greatly increaseboth his interest and his confidence inman. He finds the young and vigorousdenying themselves many pleasuresin order to brighten the pathwaysof the old and infirm, the fortunatelending a helping hand to the unfortunate,and the wise leading the unwise.No one, more than the familyphysician, can measure and appreciatethe innate goodness that springswithout an effort from the heart ofhumanity. It is difficult for the physicianof large experience to unreservedlycondemn anyone, and he is inclinedto regard all sins as due toeither heredity or environment. However,it must be admitted that on thisday Dr. Smith had seen but littlesunshine,and the clouds that had gatheredabout him had hidden the virtuesand magnified the vices of his community.Especially was this trueof the vice of ignorance, for ignorancewhich results in injury to one's fellowsis not only a vice but a crime, amoral, if not a statutory one.The Deeam.Late that night as the doctor sat beforehis grate he fell asleep, and nowhe is busy among his patients in a wayhitherto quite unknown to him. Hiswaiting-room is filled with people, oldand young, of both sexes, who havecome to be examined in order to ascertainthe exact condition of theirhealth. A young man before proposingmarriage to the woman of hischoice wishes a thorough examination.He wishes to know that in offeringhimself he is not bringing to the M'omanany harm. He desires to becomethe father of healthy children and heis not willing to transmit any seriousdefect to them. He tells the doctorto examine him as carefully as hewould were he applying for a largeamount of life insurance. The doctorgoes through the most thorough physicalexamination and tests the secretionsand blood with the utmost care.He understands his own responsibilityin the matter and appreciates the highsense of honor displayed by his patient.A young woman for like reasonshas delayed her final answer tothe man who has asked her hand inorder that the doctor might pass uponher case.Here is the doctor's old friend, WilliamStone. Mr. Stone is in the earlyfifties. He has been a highly successful,honorable business man, has accumulateda sufficiency and enjoys thegood things which his wife preparesfor the table. A careful examinationof the urine leads the doctor to cautionMr. Stone to reduce the carbohydratesin his food. Mr. Perkins, alawyer who throws his whole strengthin every case he tries, and of late hasfound himself easily irritated, showsincreased urinary secretion and ablood pressure rather high. A vacationwith light exercise and more restis the preventive prescription which

TH£ JIEALTH BULLETIN.he receives. Mrs. Williams, after beingexamined by Dr. Smith, undergoesa slight operation under local anesthesia,and is relieved of the first an:]only malignant cells found in herbreast. Richard Roe, who is preparingfor a long journey, is vaccinatedagainst typhoid fever, a disease nolonger existent in Dr. Smith's city,since pollution of the water has beendiscontinued. John Doe, who is amiueralogical expert and wishes to dosome prospecting in high altitudes,has his heart examined.There are numerous applicants forpulmonary examinations. This isdone by Dr. Smith and his assitants ina most thorough and up-to-date manner,and advice is given each accordingto the findings. It has been manyyears since Dr. Smith has seen an advancedcase of pulmonary tuberculosis,and the great white plague will soonbe a tiling of the past. Everybodygoes to a physician twice a year andundergoes a thorough examination.The result of this examination isstated in a permanent record, and notwo consecutive examinations aremade by the same physician, in orderthat a condition overlooked by onemay be detected by another. Cases ofdoubt or in which there is differenceof opinion are referred to specialboards.The average of human lifehas beengreatly increased and the sum of humansuffering has been greatiy decreased.Preventive has largely replacedcurative medicine. Tenementsare no longer known; prostitution, andwitli it the venereal diseases, has disappeared;institutions for the feeblemindedare no longer needed, becaussthe breed has died out; insanity israpidly decreasing, because its chiefprogenitors, alcoholism and syphilis,have been suppressed.These and many other pleasingvisions come to Dr. Smith in hisdream, from which he is startled bvtlie ring of the telephone at his elbow.The call says: "Come quickly to PatRyan's saloon at the corner of Myrtleand Second. There has been adrunken row. Bring your surgical instruments." Then the smiles whichhad played over the face of the doctorin his dream were displaced by lines ofcare, and he went forth into the darknessof ignorance and crime.There are many Dr. Smiths andthey have been seeing pleasing visionsin their dreams and meeting withstern realities in their waking hours.Nearly fifty thousand Dr. Smiths constitutethe American Medical Association,which is expending thousands oidollars annually in trying to so educatethe people that unnecessary diseasewill be prevented. The doctors areasking that the work of the national,state, municipal and rural health organizationsmay be made more effective,that the knowledge gained in th-^study of the causation of disease maybe utilized. The world has seen whathas been done in Havana and in theCanal Zone, how yellow fever and malariahave been suppressed, and hovrthe most pestilential spots on earthmay be converted into healthful habitationsfor man. Scientific medicinehas made these demonstrations, andthe world applauds, but seems slow tomake general application of the rulesof hygiene.The unvaccinated are the dangerouspeople. They are the ones, and theonly ones, that perpetuate this loathsomedisease, that cause gullible publicofficials to erect "pesthouses" atpublic expense. And, by the way, publicexpense usually means at the expenseof the vaccinated, for the bestand most intelligent people of todayare vaccinated. Only the careless, theignorant, and particularly the negroe?,are unvaccinated. To which class diyou belong?

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 223THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF A MEDICAL SOCIETYPresidential Address Before ihe Wake County Medical Society, January 9, 1913By Hubert A. Rotster, A.B., M.D., Raleigh, N. C.It is quite unnecessary to enterupon an argument to demonstrate tliebenefits to be derived from -membershipin a medical organization. Itgoes witlicut saying that, in order tobe effective in the world, each profession,trade or business must be organizedand that the individual membersmust stand together. The medicalprofession is no exception to thisprinciple. When we club together intosocieties, we are helping to cementcloser the whole profession everywhereinto a homogeneous body sothat v/e may act as a unit on questionswhich concern all of us. Cooperationis a vital thing in these days andphysicians particularly need it, to promotetheir own social and professionaluplift, to secure adequate sanitarylaws in their communities, and to protectthemselves against impostors, delinquentsand quacks. Surely nonecan deny that these are worthy aimsand righteous prerogatives.But these purposes, excellent as theyare, do not represent all that the organizedprofession stands for. I mostemphatically believe that the highestfunction of a medical society is educational.Its chief reason for existenceis to make better doctors of itsmembers. Mutual relations hold hereas well. We can all teach each othersomething and we all learn from eachother. After all, we are on earth onlyfor this—to do our work each day asv.ell as we can and to give humanitythe advantage of our knov\iedge andlabor. The differences between us asphysicians consist not in the incomeswe make, or in the number of patientswe see in a day, but rather in what weknow and how industriously and con-'icientiously we use what we know."The knowledge which we can use isthe only real knowledge All elsehangs like dust about the brain ordries up like rain drops off thestones." When we acquire knowledgeit is our privilege to pass it on to others.In doing so we strengthen ourown store and inspire thoughts inthose who receive it. Great is the rewardof the man who causes two ideasto grow where only one grew before.No man can possibly master a subjectunless he either talks it or writes it.When a paper is prepared it meansthat the author has got hold of hissubject matter and improved himselfto that extent: when it is discussedthe thoughts are scattered broadcastand some kernel is certain to springup fourfold. Without debate there canbe no progress; if we all agree, thewheels stand still. And this is whatthe medical society does—it causes usto progress in knowledge, it takes thekinks out of our thought waves, itmakes for a breadth of ideas that allthe reading, all the schools and all theclinical experience can never give.The most interesting thing about amedical meeting is. the feeling that wehave come both to receive and to impartthat which will be of service. Ihave sometimes wondered if we realizedthat the most important part ofour program each month is that whichrelates to the actual professionalwork—clinical reports and the readingof papers—and that whatever elsecomes up is purely incidental. Theframers of the by-laws for county societiesover the country evidently hadthis in mind, for they wisely placedthe scientific portion first and thenarranged for the business side. In societieswhich have the opposite rule,I have seen the time so taken up withparliamentary proceedings and unfinishedbusiness that the appointedsubject for discussion was actually

224 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.postponed to the next meeting. Debateon the fee-bill will at any timebring a large attendance, while hardlya corporal's guard may be musteredto hear a paper.No objection can possibly be offeredto the consideration of business affairs,to the question of cooperativecollections or to conferences for beneficentlegislation; but these matterscan never be paramount. Somehow Ifeel that it is abhorrent to look uponour society as a trades-union or a protectiveassociation. We are not in theprofession to keep somebody out or tosecure laws for our own aggrandizement.We need cooperation, truly, butonly with those who are striving forthe same ideals as we are: we needprotection, but chiefly to protect ourselvesagainst ignorance in our ownranks. This can be done solely byteaching each other and learning fromeach other. The public part and thebusiness side of the profession willtake care of themselves, if we butstrive every day to know more thanwe did the day before. And rememberthat in medicine, knowledge, notmoney, means fame; and that famewill bring fortune, if rightly directed.This is the reverse of a trade or abusiness, where money means fameand special knowledge counts for solittle.The value of membership in a medicalsociety is exactly what each individualmember himself sets upon it.Those who go the oftenest, pay thestrictest attention and do their bestwork get the most out of it; whilethose who absent themselves, takesmall interest in the proceedings andnever engage in them get very littleout of it. I have heard men say thatthey got nothing out of any societymeeting, that they could read it up athome, that they never saw one moredollar come to them by virtue of theirmembership. Such remarks make mefeel sad and hopeless. I should thinkthe social contact would appeal tothose men, if nothing else. It is a finething to rub elbows and swap jokeswath your colleagues. We do not enjoythis as much or as often as weshould. There is no reason why weshould not be as hearty and well-metas men in other departments of theworld's work. But we are much improvedover ten years ago. The pettyjealousies and unjust bickerings arefast disappearing,—are almost gone.And it is the medical society that hasdone it. Show me the man who neverattends his local meeting and I willpoint out to you a man who ispracticallyunknown to his professionalbrethren. He is aloof and alone. Morethan this, he is not keeping abreast ofhis profession. He is tested by hiswork (or lack of it) in the society.There are some doctors who arealways too busy to learn how to do itbetter.The surest way to show one's interestin a society is to attend its meetingsregularly. Whatever else onemay or may not do, being present isthe essential thing. No church, lodgeor club ever succeeded unless its memberswere enthusiastic in att- 'dance.That is the spirit to infuse here. Itwould be a splendid sight to find atleast two-thirds of our membersin their seats at each session duringthe coming year. Shall not all ofus take the pledge that nothing exceptextraordinary circumstances willkeep us away from the regularly appointedhours? It will mean perhapsa sacrifice of comfort to many, a strainon the memory of some and a fanciedsmaller purse to others; but nothingis done without sacrifice and we mayafford it once a month.I crave your indulgence and askyour support for the program which isherewith submitted. I thank you fromthe bottom of my heart for the honorof presiding over your deliberationsfor 1913. Be assured that I feel veryclose to you all as brothers of thesame household of faith.i

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 225WHO'S YOUR REGISTRAR?Where and How to Register Births and DeathsNow that the new State law requiresthat every birth and death be registered,a great many people want toknow where to have such matters recorded,and how.It is all very simple. There is oneperson, known as the Local Registrar,appointed in each incorporated townby the mayor, and in each township inthe county by the chairman of theBoard of county Commissioners. Thislocal registrar is supplied with allblank forms for recording births anddeaths, and reports all such recordseach month to the State Registrar atRaleigh.In the case of a birth the doctor ormidwife who attends the birth reportsthe facts to the local registrar, anda birth certificate is made out givingthe date of birth, sex of the child, andother statistical particulars regardingthe names and address of the parents,and so on. Where there is no doctoror midwife in attendance, the parentsare required to attend to this matter.In the case of a death the doctorfills out the medical cause of death onthe death certificatefurnished by theundertaker, and the undertaker securesthe other statistical items, suchas age, date of birth, occupation, andso on, from any one competent to furnishsuch information. Where thereis no undertaker, the person who sellsthe casket at retail is required to placea blank death certificate and a printedinstruction sheet (both of which arefurnished by the State Board ofHealth) in each casket. Then the personacting as undertaker is requiredto fill out and file the death certificatewith the local registrar.The local registrar therefore becomesa very important personage inevery town and township. For thisreason we give below a complete listof all local registrars in the State. Besure to look up your own local registrar,in order to get in touch with himin case of a birth or death in theneighborhood. As every town andtownship in the State wants completeregistration of every birth and deathoccurring within its borders, it is avery good idea to keep the local registrarposted about all births and deathsoccurring in your neighborhood, in orderthat none may be omitted.List of Local Registrars of Vital Statistics in North Carolina byALAMANCE COUNTY.Towns.Burlington—G. L. Amick.Elon College—Mrs. J. N. Newman.Graham—W. J. Nicks.Mebane—Miss Jennie S. Lasley.Townships.Albright—Geo. P. Thompson, Graham,No. 1.Counties, Towns and Townships*Boon Station—Mrs. J. N. Newman,Elon College.Burlington—G. L. Amick, Burlington.Coble—Green A. Nicholson, Burlington,R. P. D.Fai'cett— C. A. Wilson, Burlington.Graham—W. J. Nicks, Graham.Haw River—J. H. Blackman, Sr., HawRiver.Melville—Miss Jennie Lasley, Mebane.Morton—D. M. Ireland, Altamahaw.'Every incorporated town and every township in North Carolina conatitutes a registration district.

THE HP:aLTH Bl'IXETIN.Newlin—J. M. Foust, Graham, No. 1.Patterson—June Hornady, Liberty.Pleasant Grove—J. E. Sellars, Mebane,No. 3.Thompson—Chas. A. Thompson, Svvepsonville.ALEXANDER COUNTY.Towns.Taylorsville—R. K. Moose.Townships.Ellendale—G. C. Keller, Taylorsville.Gwaltneys—J. A. Lowrence, Hiddenite,No. 1.Little River—Millers—L. Dagenhart, Stony Point.No. 2.Sharpes—W. C. Lackey, Hiddenite,No. 1.Sugar Loaf—Peter Daniels, Taylorsville.Taylorsville—R. K. Moose, Taylorsville.Wittenberg—J. L. Hammer, Taylorsville.ALLEGHANY COUNTY.Townships.Cherry Lane- -C. C. Thompson, CherryLane.Cranberry— S. F. Upchurch, LaurelSprings.Gap Civil—John C. Roup, Sparta.Glade Creek—E. C. Edwards, Eunice.Piney Creek—F. N. Roup, Piney Creek.Prather's Creek—C. M. Sanders, Stratford.Whitehead—W. B. Reeves, Whitehead.ANSON COUNTY.Towns.Ansonville—Dr. O. W. Shell um.Lilesville—J. D. Morton.McFarlan—Dr. T. F. Misenheimer.Morven—Dr. T. F. Meisenheimer.Peachland—S. L. Thomas.Polkton—W. T. Edwards.South Wadesboro—G. W. Huntley.Wadesboro—G. W. Huntley.Townships.Ansonville— Dr. O. W. Shellum, Ansonville.Burnsville—R. H. Thomas, Marshville.Gulledge—Dr. J. E. Hart, Wadesboro.No. 2.LansboroLilesville—Dr. J. E. Kerr, Lilesville.Morven—Dr. T. F. Meisenheimer,Morven.Wadesboro— Dr. J. M. Covington, Jr.,Wadesboro.White Store— C. H. Rivers, WhiteStore.ASHE COUNTY.Townships.Chestnut Hill— J. E. Gamble, Grumpier.Clifton—J. A. Jones, Clifton.Creston—W. J. McEwen, Creston.Grassy Creek—Wiley P. Colvard,Weaversford.Helton—Cleveland Francis, Helton.Horse Creek—Arthur Sheets, Lansing.Jefferson—W. E. Gentry, Jefferson.Laurel—Hugh Hagaman, Hemlock.North Fork—W. F. Lewis, Ashland.Obids—Oldfields—F. G. Ray, Bald-A-in.Peak Creek—J. C. Miller, LaurelSprings.Pine Swamp—W. H. Owens, Idlewild.Piney Creek—Roby Blevins, Brandon.Walnut Hill—A. R. Vail, Grumpier.AVERY COUNTY.Towns.Elk Park—J. R. Patton.Minneapolis—C. C. Burleson.Newland—Harry B. Burleson.Montezuma—W. S. Sudesth.Townships.Altamont—A. A. Johnson, Crossnore.Banners Elk—T. L. Lowe, BannersElk.Beech Mountain— S. N. Hodges, V/haley.Cranberry—H. T. Norman, Elk Park.Linville—C. C. Johnson, Crossnore.Roaring Creek—Robt. Burleson, Valley.Toe River.Wilsons Creek— (Colifax) Clarke, Naoma.BEAUFORT COUNTY.Towns.Bath—W. A. Tankard.Belhaven— J. W. Ricks.Chocowinity—M. G. Peele.Edward—Dr. O. 0. Kafer.Pantego— J. P. Clark.Pinetown—F. L. Morris.Washington—W. C. Ayers.Townships.Bath—D. D. Harrison, Bath.Chocowinity—J. E. Taylor, Chocowinity.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 227Long Acre—J. G. Mixon, R. F. D. 4,Washington.Pantego—Thos. Green, Pantego.Richland—Dr. W. T. Potter, Aurora.Washington—W. M. Cooper, R. P. D.,Washington.BERTIE COUNTY.Towns.Aulander^— J. Lawrence Harrington.Colerain—Carl B. Sessoms.Kelford—J. H. Prichard.Lewiston—H. G. Harrington.Roxobel—W. J. Watson.Windsor—E. W. Gray.Townships.Colerain—C. B. Sessoms, Colerain.Indian Woods—D. C. Outlaw, Windsor.Merry Hill-Mitchell—RoxobelSnakebite—T. T. Speight, Windsor, R.F. D. 1.Whites—P. F. Cobb, Merry Hill, R. F.D.Woodville—H. G. Harrington, Lewiston.BLADEN COUNTY.Towns.Abbottsburg—R. K. Craven.Bladenboro—W. W. Hester.Councils—Dr. A. B. Holmes, Box 78.Clarkton—Neil Siugletary.Elizabethtown—H. H. Barnhill.Townships.Abbottsburg—R. K. Craven, Abbottsburg.Bethel—W. F. McNeill, Doublin.Bladenboro—W. W. Hester, Bladenboro.Brown Marsh—• N. M. Singletary,Clarkton.Carver Creek—Dr. A. B. Holmes,Council.Central—J. O. Ellis, Yorick.Colby—D. A. Marshburn, Elizabethtown,R. P. D.Cypress Creek—G. W. Howard, Parkersburg.Elizabethtown—Hasley H. Barnhill,Elizabethtown.French Creek—L. R. Lyon, Kelly.Hollow—B. C. DeVane, Tar Heel.Turnbull—L. D. Melvin, Parkersburg,R. F. D.White Oak—Geo. H. Smith, White Oak.Lake CreekWhite's Creek— I. A. Register, Rosindale.BRUNSWICK COUNTY.Towns.Bolivia—J. P. Cox.Shallotte—L. C. Tripp.Southport—S. P. Tharp.Townships.Lockwoods Folly—L. H. Phelps, Supply.M. Williams, Phoenix.North West—F.Shallotte—Dalton Edwards, Shallotte.Smithville—S. P. Tharp, Southport.Town Creek—R. S. McKeithan, TownCreek.Waccamaw—D. B. Edwards, Exum.BUNCOMBE COUNTY.Towns.Alexander—W. R.Tillery.Asheville—Miss L. G. Williamson.Biltmore—Mrs. Lillian Dowtin.Black Mountain—Guy H. Dobbin.Jupiter—W. W. Crowder.South Biltmore—H. V. Miller, Biltmore.Weaverville—E. V. Merrill.Townships.Asheville—Miss Lula Gay Williamson,Asheville.Black Mountain—Guy H. Dobbin,Black Mountain.Every's Creek—Geo. B. Glenn, Arden,R. F. D.Fairview—Pinkney O. Merrell, Fairview.Flat Creek—Frank Blackstock, Stockville.French Broad—James Hunter, Alexander.Ivy—Lee Arrowood, Democrat.Leicester—J. E. Triplett, Leicester.Limestone—Chas. O. Case, Skyland.Lower Hominy—W. E. Fletcher, Candler,R. F. D.Reems Creek—E. V. Merrell, Weaverville.Sandy Mush—G. T. Anderson, SandyMush.Swannanoa—T. L. White, Swannanoa.Upper Hominy—W. E. Brooks, Candler.BURKE COUNTY.Towns.Glen Alpine—L. F. Brinkley.Hildebran—G. L. Stine.Morganton—R. W. Pipkin.

228 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.Townships.Icai'd—G. L. Stines, Hildebran.Jonas Ridge — Jake Teems, JonasRidge, R. F. D. 4.Linville—A.H. Giles, Fonta Flora.Lovelady—J. A. Perry, RutherfordCollege.Lower Creek—W. B. Berry, Morganton.Lower Fork—A. J. Wacaster, ConnellySprings, R. F. D. No. 3.Morganton Xo. 1—Jacob Williams,Connelly Springs, R. F. D. No. 4.Morganton No. 2—J. S. Jlnl", Morganton,R. F. D. No. 4.Quaker Meadow—T. W. Drury, Morganton,R. F. D. No. 5.Silver Creek—L. F. Brinkley, GlenAlpine.Smokv Creek—E. H. Tilley, Morganton,R. F. D. No. 2.Upper Creek — Alphonso McGimsey,TableRock.Upper Fork—S. L. Denton, Morganton,R. F. D. No. 4.CABARRUS COUNTY.Towns.Concord—Jas. C. Fink.Mount Pleasant—L. S. Shirey.Townships.Baptist Church—W. H. Stallings, Harrisburg,No. 5.Bethel Church—E. P. Black, Harrisburg,No. 4.Concord—Jas. C. Fink, Concord.Cooks Cross Roads—J. A. Winecoff,Glass.Deweese — Mack Bradford, Concord,No. 2.Faggarts—A. H. Penninger, Concord,No. 4.Mount Gilead—M. J. Shinn, Concord,No. 3.Mount Pleasant—Oscar Walker, Concord,No. 5.Poplar Tent—Davis Brumby, Concord,No. 1.Reed Misenheimers—J. H. Moose, GoldHill.Rocky River—C. L. Sims, Harrisburg.Smith—R. F. Widenhouse, Mt. Pleasant,R. No. 1.CALDWELL COUNTY.Towns.Granite Falls—Dr. J. O. Deal.Lenoir—A. A. Kent.MortimerPatterson—J. R. Parker.Rhodhiss—Dr. O. J. Corpening, GraniteFalls.Hudson—H. E.Austin.Townships.Globe—J. L. Gragg, Globe.Hudson—H. E. Austin, Hudson.Johns River— C. P. Clark, Adako.Kings Creek—J. T. Parlier, KingsCreek.Lenoir—Charlie Mitchel, Lenoir.Little River—Rev. James Shaver, Lenoir,No. 2.Lovelady—J. O. Deal, Granite Falls.Lower Creek—Charlie Ballew, Lenoir,No. 2.North Catawba—W. M. Smith, GraniteFalls, No. 2.Patterson—A. E. Nelson, Patterson.Wilson Creek—T. R. Caudill, Mortimer.Yadkin Valley—W. W. Turnmire, YadkinValley.CAMDEN COUNTY.Towns.South Mills—W. R.Dozier.Townships.Court House—W. E. Whaley, Camden.Shiloh—J. C. Wright, Shiloh.South Mills—J. Logan Sawyer, Lily.CARTERET COUNTY.Towns.Beaufort—Dr. C. S. Maxwell.Morehead City—B. F. Royal.Newport—A. L. Wilson.Townships.Beaufort—C. S. Maxwell, Beaufort.Hunting Quarter—W. T. Paul, Wit.Merrimon—C. S. Nelson, Merrimon.Morehead—B. F. Royal, Morehead City.Newport—A. L. Wilson, Newport.PortsmouthSmyrna—D. S. George, Marshallburg.Straits—M. F. Willis, Straits.White Oak—J. W. Saunders, Ocean.A. Koonce, Stella.White Oak—P.CASWELL COUNTY.Towns.Milton—W. E. Reagan.Yanceyville—Dr. S. A. Malloy.Townships.Anderson—J. S. Roscoe, Union Ridge.Dan River—Wilbur Watklns, Blanch.Hightowers—Dr. R. F. Warren, ProspectHill.Leasburg—J. A. Stephens, Leasburg.Locust Hill—Dr. J. F. Badgett, Ruffin,No. 1.

ITHE HEALTH BULLETIN. 229Milton—F. P. Tucker, Milton.CHEROKEE COUNTY.Pelham—Thos. Pierce, Pelham.Stoney Creek—Mrs. W. A. Maynard,Towns.Altamahaw.Andrews—Dr. W. C. Morrow.Yanceyville—R. L. Graves, Yanceyville.Murphy—S. W. Davidson.Townships.CATAWBA COUNTY.Beaver Dam — Mrs. Lillie Dockery,Towns.Unaka.Hothouse—J. M. Moore, Guy.Breckford—Robt. A. Lovelace.Murphj^— H. B. Elliott, Murphy, No. 1.Catawba—J. H. L. Coulter.Notla—S. A. Hughes, Cobbs.Conover—Rev. C. O. Smith.Shoal Creek—J. J. Rose, Suit.Claremont—R. M. Carpenter.Valley—W. B. Parker, Andrews.Hickory—J. W. Shuford.Longview—T. C. Carpenter, Hickory, CHOWAN COUNTY.R. P. D. No. 4.Maiden—G. L. Harbinson.Towns.Newton—J. H. McLelland.North Edenton—Miss Abscilla BunchWest Hickory—W. P. Austin.Edenton— C. T. Hollowell.Townships.Townships.Bandy—R. P. Havner, Henry.Edenton—Dr. H. M. J. Cason, Edenton.Caldwell—Samuel Jones, Newton.Catawba—J. H. L. Coulter, Catawba. Middle— Z. W. Evans, Cisco.Clines—R. M. Carpenter, Claremont. Upper—Dr. F. A. Ward, Ryland.Hickory— J. W. Shuford, Hickory. Yeopin—I. J. Morson, Edenton, No. 2.Jacob's Fork—P. R. Yoder, Newton.Mountain Creek—D. P. Smith, Terrell.CLAY COUNTY.Newton—J. H. McLelland, Newton.Towns.CHATHAM COUNTY.Hayesville—D. B. Ketron.Towns.Townships.Goldston—O. D. Barber.Brasstown -W. J. R. Anderson, Ogden.Haywood—E. E. Walden.Hiwassee - Robert Crawford, Hayes-Moncure—J. W. Wumble.ville.Pittsboro— S. D. Johnson.Shooting Creek—W. H. Hogshed,Siler City—J. B. Marley.Shooting Creek.Merry Oaks—T. C. Lawrence.Tusquitee—J. V. A. Moore, Hayesville,No. 1.Townships.Hayesville— D. B. Ketron, Hayesville.Albright— S. P. Teague, Siler City, CLEVELAND COUNTY.No. 1.Towns.Baldwin—Dr. Ben. H. Hackney, Bynum.Grover—Dr. Geo. Gates.Bear Creek—Dr. W. L. McManus, Bonlee.Lattimore—R. L. Hunt.Kings Mountain—D. H. Houser.Cape Fear—T. C. Lawrence, Merry Lawndale—Dr. W. T. Grigg.Oaks.Mooresboro—E. W. Gibbs.Center—Dr. L. E. Farthing, Pittsboro. Shelby—Lee B. Weathers.Gulf— Dr. R. W. Palmer, Gulf.Waco—A. J. Beam.Hadley—W. M. Lindsay, Roscoe.Haw River—Stephen Harmon, Moncure.Townships.No. 1—J. A. McCraw, Gaffney, S.Hickory MountainC.No. 2.Mathews— J. B. Marley, Siler City. No.New2—W. C. Hamrick, Shelby, No. 2Hope—Dr. C. G. Upchurch, Apex, No. 3—W. D. Earl, Earls.R. F. D.No. 4—D. H. Houser,Oakland—Kings MountainJ. C. Williams, Moncure, No. 5—A. J. Beam, Waco.No. 2.No. 6—Lee B. Weathers,Williams—Shelby.J. B. Council, Apex, R. F. D. No. 7—J. B. Lattimore, Lattimore.

230 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.No. 8— S. S. Mauney, Shelby, No. 5No. 9—Joe G. Hoyle, Fallston.No. 10—L. Z. Hoffman, ClevelandMills, No. 1.No. 11—COLUMBUS COUNTY.Towns.Acme—T. V. Moore.Boardman—R. L. Fields.Cerro Gorda—E.Chadbourn—J. R. Blake.A. Moffitt.Townships.Clarendon—J. D. Frink.Evergreen—W. C. Thomas.Fair Bluff—J. L. Lawson.New Berlin—Mrs. Martha M. Applewhite.Tabor—Hartford Fowler.Whiteville—W. E. MacDaniel.Bogue—J. R. Pierce, Hallsboro.Polton—J. D. Strauss, Bolton.Bug Hill—C. P. Gore, Bug Hill.Chadbourn—J. R. Blake, Chadbourn.Fair Bluff-Lees—B. A. Marlow, Old Dock.Ransom—S. B. King, Armour.South Williams—Hartford Fowler, Tabor.Tatums—E. K. Brown, Chadbourn.Waccamaw—Miss Lou Haney, ^^'ananish.Welch Creek—H. S. High, Whiteville.Western Prong—R. V. Owens, Clarkton.Whiteville—R. E. Powell, Whiteville.Williams—J. D. Frink, Clarendon.CRAVEN COUNTY.Towns.Bridgeton—W. R. Hopewell.Cove City— 0. C. Eubanks.Dover—W G. Rouse.New Bern—Dr. Walter Watson.Vanceboro—H. C. Butler.Townships.No. 1—H. C. Butler, Vanceboro.No. 2—Noah Fulcher, New Bern, R.F. D.No. 3—No. 5—Jno. S. Morton, N. Harlowe.No. 6—E. A. Armstrong, Havelock.No. 7—J. S. McGowan, New Bern, R.P. D.No. 8—Dr. Walter Wrtson, New Bern.No. 9—O. H. Weatherington, Tuscarora.CUMBERLAND COUNTY.Towns.Godwin—W. M. Pope.Hope Mills—Jno. H. Rogers.Stedman—Dr. O. L. McFadyen.Fayetteville—C. P. Overby.TOWNSHIPo.Beaverdam—E. E. Fisher, Roseboro,No. 3.Black River—W. M. Pope, Godwin.Carvers Creek—J. E. Lucas, Lane.Cedar Creek—Dr. K. G. Avritt, CedarCreek.Cross Creek—C. P. Overby, Fayetteville.Flea Hill—W. G. Holmes, Fayetteville,No. 2.Gray's Creek—R. L. Butler, Fayetteville,No. 8.Pearce's Mill—A. E. McLean, Fayetteville,No. 7.Rockfish—Dr. S. S. Hutchinson, HopeMills.Seventy-first—Joe A. Graham, Fayetteville,R. No. 3.CURRITUCK COUNTY.Townships.Atlantic—W. J. Fait, Otila.Crawford—L. Walker, Currituck.Fruitville—Dr. Maynard, K n o 1 1 sIsland.Moyock— Dr. F. W. Ritter, Moyock.Poplar Branch—Dr. W. T. Griggs, PoplarBranch.DARE COUNTY.Towns.Manteo—James A. Evans.Townships.Chicamacomico and Kennekeet—T. P.Gray, Avon.Croaton and Stumpy Point—J. V.Mann, Mann's Harbor.East Lake—M. D. Sawyer, East Lake.Hatteras—B. B. Dailey, Buxton.Nag's Head—J. A. Evans, Manteo.Hatteras—Wm. L.Gaskill.DAVIDSON COUNTY.Towns.Denton—W. W. Russell.Lexington—A. L. Fletcher.Thomasville—F. E. Sigman.Yadkin College—John T. Williamson.Townships.Abbott's Creek—J. B. Motsinger, Wallburg.Alleghany—W. M. C. Surratt, Newsom.Arcadia—Isaac P. Fishel. Arcadia.Boone—R. K. Williams, Linwood, No. 1.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 231Conrad Hill—A. S. Miller, Thomasville.No. 3.Cotton Grove— D. M. Feezor, Linwood,No. 2.EmmonsHampton— C. Spencer Davis, Clemmons.Healing Springs—C. G. Doby, HighRock.Jackson Hill—Jno. M. Glover, JacksonHill.Lexington—G. E. Leonard, Lexington,No. 1.Midway—J. M. Nifong, Wallburg, No. 1.Reedy Creek^—J. S. Hege, Clemmons,No. 2.Silver Hill—A. S. Miller, Thomasville,N . 4.Thomasville— S. E. Sigmon, Thomasville.Tyro—H. C. Fritts, Lexington. No. 3.Yadkin College—J. T. Williamson, YadkinCollege.DAVIE COUNTY.Towns.Mocksville —W. C. P. Etchison.Townships.Calahaln—A. A. Anderson, Calahaln.Clarksville—Dr. J. M. Cain, Calahaln,No. 1.Farmington—R. D. Griffin, Farmington.FultonJerusalem—J. M. Blount, Cooleemee.Mocksville—W. C. P. Etchison, Mocksville.Shady Grove— Dr. T. T. Watkins, Advance.DUPLIN COUNTY.Towns.Magnolia—George Edwards.Kenansville— Dr. J. W. Farrior.Rose Hill—Dr. R. L. Carr.Faison— Dr. B. F. Butler.Wallace—J. D. Southerland.Teacheys—W. B. Rivenbark.Warsaw—J. B. Cox.Townships.Albertson—Jones R. Smith, Kenansville.Cypress Creek—Dr. J. F. Landin, Chinquepin.Faison—Allen Bowden, Calypso.Glisson—Stacey R. Chestnut, Aloin.Island Creek—L. N. Savage, Wallace.Kenansville— D. N. Brock, Kenansville.Lime Stone— Dr. G. W. Kennedy, Bulaville.Magnolia—Geo. Edwards, Magnolia.Rockfish—N. E. Johnson, WallaceRose Hill—Dr. R. L. Carr, Rose Hill.Smith—LaFayette Smith, Kenansville.Wolfscrapp—A. H. Whitfield, Mt. Olive.Warsaw—Dr. J. M. Williams, Warsaw.DURHAM COUNTY.TOW^NS.Durham—Mrs. Ethel G. Cheatham.Townships.Carr—D. H. Stallings, Gorman, No. 1.Cedar Creek—A. J. Burgess, Morrisville.No. 2.Durham—R. T. Howerton, Durham.Lebanon—H. J. Pope, Durham.Mangum—A. R. Copley, Bahama.Oak Grove—W. E. Ferrell, Durham,No. 6.Patterson— -Josiah Atkins, Durham,No. 1.EDGECOMBE COUNTY.Towns.Pinetops—R. R. Langley.Princeville—J. W. Leathers.Rocky Mount—C. H. Harris.Tarboro—J. H. Jacocks, No. 1.Conetoe—W. J. Mayo.Whitakers—B. A. Strickland.No.Townships.-J. H. Jacocks, Tarboro.-Julian B. Warren, Conetoe.-Louis Knight, Tarboro.-R. C. Laurence, Speed, R. F.-W. J.Wholess, Whitakers.-W. G. Harrell, Tarboro, R. F.-J. Walter Edwards, Maccles--R. R. Langley, Rocky Mount,D.-W. T. Gorham, Tarboro, No. 3.-E. Y. Pleasants, Rocky Mt.-J. D. Lancaster, Pinetops.-O. B. Proctor, Elm City, R.FORSYTH COUNTY.Towxs.Kernersville—J. M, Greenfield.Winston-Salem— Dr. V. M. Long.Townships.Vienna—C. F. Mickle, Pfafftown, No. 1.South Fork—A. E. Hire, Winston-Salem.

232 THE HEAJLTH BULLETIN.Oldtown—Joe Pratt, Winston-Salem.Old Riclimond—A. B. Hendricks, Tobaccoville.Middle Fork—C. W. Jones, Walkerton.Lewisville—Jas. Wagoner, Lewisville.Clemmonsville—Frank Cook, Clemmons.Belew Creek—R. S. Linville, Kernersville,R. No. 3.Salem Creek—R. S. Linville, Kernersville,R. F. D. No. 3.Broad Bay—T. A. Sparrow, Winston-Salem.Abbott's Creek—J. H. McKaughan,Kernersville.Kernersville—J. M. Greenfield, Kernersville.Bethania—R. O. Butner, Bethania.Winston—Dr. V. M. Long, Winston-Salem.Salem Chapel—Joe F. Grubbs, RuralHall, R. F. D. No. 1.FRANKLIN COUNTY.Towns.Bunn—Dr. B. C. Johnson.Franklinton—J. W. Daniel.Louisburg— S. P. Boddie.Yuungsville—George N. Stall.Townships.Cedar Rock— S. H. Boone, Louisburg.Cypress—B. T. Sykes, Spring Hope,No. 2.Dunn—Dr. B. C. Johnson, Bunn.Franklinton—B. F. Cooke, Franklinton.Gold Mine—John H. Wood, Centerville.HarrisHayesville—A. A. Medlin, Manson, No.3.Louisburg— S. P. Boddie, Louisburg.Sandy CreekYoungsville—George N. Stell, Youngsville.GASTON COUNTY.Towns.Belmont—W. W. Davis.Bessemer City—R. L. Martin.'~'herryvilleT—Wm. J. Allran.Dallas—G. V. Lohr.Gastonia—W. Meek Adams.Lowell—Dr. J. W. Reid.McAdenville—J. H. Wagstaff.Mt. Holly—W. T. Johnson.Stanley— Dr. C. H. Pugh.E. Kings Mountain—Dr. J. E. Anthony.TOWNSHH'S.Cherryville—Wm. J. Allran, Cherryville.Crowder's Mountain—J. E. Anthony,Kings Mountain.Gastonia—W. M. Adams, Gastonia.River Bend—W. T. Johnson, Mt. Holly.Dallas—G. V. Lohr, Dallas.South Point—W. H. Stowe, Belmont.GATES COUNTY.Towns.Gatesville—Q. H. Trotman.Townships.Gatesville—Q. H. Trotman, Gatesville.Hall—J. R. Brown, Eure.Haslett—J. Frank Lawrence, DrumHill.Holly Grove—W. T. Benton, Corapeake,No. 1.Hunter's Mill—Edward Eason, Trotville.Mintonsville—W. A. Ellis, Gatesville,No. 1.ReynoldsonGRAHAM COUNTY.Towns.Robbinsville—A. H. Eller.TOWNSHH'S.Chevah—A. H. Eller, Robbinsville.StekoahYellow Creek—John H. Ditmore, YellowCreek.GRANVILLE COUNTY.Towns.Creedmoor— I. E. Harris.Oxford—0. D. Wilson.Stem—J. M. Bullock.Stovall—Mrs. B. T. Gregory.Townships.Brassfield—William S. Babbitt, Hester,R. F. D.Dutchville— I. E. Harris, Creedmoor.Fishing Creek— C. R. Gordon, Oxford,No. 2.Oak Hill—J. N. Watkins, Virgilina,Va.Salem—A. S. Green, Oxford, No. 5.Sassafras Fork—Mrs. Bettie ThorpeGregory, Stovall.Walnut Grove—Luther Russell,Tally Ho—W. S. Gooch, Stem.Berea.Oxford—O.D. Wilson, Oxford.GREENE COUNTY.Towns.Hookerton—J. E. Albritton.Snow Hill—John R. Dail.Walstonburg—J. B. Eason.Townships.Hookerton—A. H. Johnson, Hookerton.Olds—Frank L. Rouse, Snow Hill, R.F. D.BullCarrs^JasonHead

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 233Ormond—H. C. Ormond, Snow Hill, R.P. D.Shine—Jesse L. Mewborne, Snow Hill,R. F. D.Snow Hill—Chas. H. Harper, SnowHill.Speight's Bridge—Archie D a r d e n,Stantonsburg, R. F. D.GUILFORD COUNTY.— Towns.Gibsonville "W. J. Jennings.Greensboro—R. M. Rees.High Point—Dr. D. A. Stanton.Stokesdale—Mrs. Dora Morgan.Townships.Brucs—J. F. Medearis, Summerfield.Center Grove—L. A. Walker, Summerfield,R. P. D.Clay—Lewis Jones, Greensboro, No. 6.De.p River—J. W. Ingram, Kernersville.No. 2.Fentress—K. H. Mclntyre, PleasantGarden.Friendship—Dr. A. T. Millis, GuilfordCollege.Gilmer—J. M. Hendrix, Greensboro.Greene—Walter G. Causey, Liberty,No. 2.High Point—W. G. Brown, High Point.Jamestown—J. M. Davis, Jamestown.Jefferson—Jacob D. Clapp, Sedalia.Madison—A. J. Lambeth, Brown Summit,R. F. D.Monroe—M. D. Coffey, Brown Summit,No. 2.Morehead—V. R. Ttickley, Greensboro,No. 3.Oak Ridge—W. M. Brookbank, Stokesdale.Rock Creek—W. J. Jennings, Gibsonville.Summer—R. C. Short, Greensboro.Washington—Alfred Apple, Jr., Summit,R. F. D.HALIFAX COUNTY.Towns.Enfield—J. R. Powers.Halifax—Dr. O. H. McKnight.Hobgood—A. L. Burnett.Littleton— S. J. Stallings, on line betweenHalifax and Warren counties.Roanoke Rapids—R. W. Brown.Scotland Neck—Chas. L. Staton.Ringwood—Dr. B. M. Nicholson.Tillery—Dr. F. M. Register.Weldon—H. G. Rowe.Palmyra—T. C. Allsbrook.Townships.Brinkleyville—W. H. Hayes, Essex.Butterwood—A. E. Carter, Littleton,R. F. D.Conocanary—Dr. F. M. Register, Tillery.Enfield—J. R. Powers, Enfield.Faucette—E. W. Liles, AurelianSprings.Halifax—W. F. Coppedge, Halifax.Littleton—H. P. Robinson, Littleton.Palmyra—W. G. Hedgepeth, Palmyra.Roanoke Rapicis—R. W. Brown, RoanokeRapids.Roseneath—R. L. Bradley, ScotlandNeck, No. 2.Scotland Neck—C. L. Staton, ScotlandNeck.Weldon—H. G. Rowe, Weldon.HARNETT COUNTY.Towns.Angier— J.B. Dupree.Buies Creek—N. A. Stewart.Coats—Dr. H. C. Roberts.Dunn—Dr. Chas. Highsmith.Lillington—L. J. Arnold.Townships.Anderson Creek—E. S. Smith, Lillington,No. 2.Averysboro—Dr. Chas. Highsmith,Dunn.Barbecue—^Dr. J. H. Withers, Broadway,No. 1.Black River—W. H. Gregory, Angier.Buckhorn—Joseph Cade, Kipling.Duke—Dr. W. P. Holt, Duke.Grove—Dr. H. C. Roberts, Coats.Hector's Creek—O. Bradley, Kipling.Johnsonville—H. A. Morrison, Cameron,R. F. D.Dr. L. J. Arnold, Lillington.Neill's Creek-Dr. J. T. McKay, BuiesCreek.Stewart's Creek—Dr. W. C. Melvin,Linden.Upper Little River—T. A. Harrington^Broadway, R. F. D.HAYWOOD COUNTY.Towns.Canton—H. W. Spray.Clyde—Dr. S. B. Medford.Waynesville—J. H. Howell.Hazelwood—Harry Fisher.Townships.Beaverdam—H. W. Spray, Canton.Cattaloochee—Jarvis Palmer, Jr., Cattaloochee.Cecil—J. F. Justice, Sunburst.Clyde— Dr. S. B. Medford, Clyde.Crabtree—C. E. Williams, Crabtree.East Fork—W. W. Pless, Cruso.Fines Creek—Dr. W. A. Graham,Crabtree, No. 1.

THE KKAl/fH BVLl.y.rIvy Hiil—H. P. Campbell, Dellwood.Iron Duff— J. S. Davis, Waynesville,No. 2.Jonathan's Creek—H. W. Howell,Waynesville, No. 2.Pigeon— J. E. Wilson, Canton, No 2.Waynesville—J. H. Howell, Waynesville,No. 2.White Oak—Marshall Messer, TeagueHENDERSON COUNTY.Towns.Hendersonville—B. F. Hood.Townships.Blue Ridge—G. W. Morrison, Hendersonville,R. F. D.Clear Creek—Dr. W. G. Hutchinson,Fruitland.Crab Creek—R. S. Stenell, Hendersonville,R. F. D.Edneyville—L. R. Rhodes, Hendersonville.Edneyville—W. F. Pryor, Bear Wallow.Green River—P. J. Hart, Zirconia, R.F. D.Hendersonville—B. F. Hood, Hendersonville.Hooper's Creek— J. B. Russell, Fletcher.Mills River—Fred Whitaker HorseShoe, R. F. D.HERTFORD COUNTY.TownsMurireesboro—J. L Wall.Winton— J. E. Jones.AhoskieHarrellsville—E. B. Holleman.Union—T. N. Charles, Aheskie.Townships.Ahoskie—Mrs. A. W. Greene, Ahoskie.Harrellsville—Dr. J. A. Powell, Harrellsville.Maunys Neck—J. C. Picot, Como.Murfreesboro—J. J. Parker, Murfreesboro.Winton—J. E. Jones, Winton.St. Johns—J. M. Eley, Woodland.HOKE COUNTY.TownsDundarrach—Alex McMillan.Raeford—W. E. Freeman.Townships.Allendale—Allen Jordan, Red Springs.Antioch—Fred Brov.n, Antioch, No. 1.Blue Springs—J. H. Wilkes, Raeford,R. F. D., No. 1.Little River—M. P. Blue, Lobelia.McLaughlin—N. C. Blue, RockfishRaeford—H. W. B. Whitley, Raeford,No. 3.Stonewall—Alex. McMillan, Dundarrach.Quewhiffle— J. E. Covington, Timberland,R. No. 1.HYDE COUNTY.Towns.Swan Quarter—Wm. Watson.Townships.Currituck—Gratz Credle, Scranton.Fairfield—L. L. Swindell, Fairfield.Lake Landing—W. D. Mann, LakeLanding.Ocracoke—M. L. Piland, Ocracoke.Swan Quarter—William Watson, SwanQuarter.IREDELL COUNTY.Tow .vs.Statesville—Miss Anne S. Marvin.Mooresville— J. H. Deaton.Townships.Barringer—Sherwood Houston. Troutmans,R. F. D.Bethany—Sarah Howard, Dunlap.Chambersburg—G. W. McNeely, State.sville,No. 1.Coddle Creek—James H. Deato.i.Mooresville.Concord—J. Hall Scroggs, StoneyPoint, R. F. D.Cool Spring—F. R. Sills, Elmwood, RP. D.Davidson—Fulton Fi.sher, Mooresvill-e,No. 2.Fallston—J. P. Collins, Statesville.No. 3.Eagle Mills—J. R. Joyner, Houstonville,No. 1.New Hope—Byrd M. Redman, Jennings,No. 2.Olin—C. A. Vanstory, Olin,Shapesburg—C. E. Jones, Statesville.No. 5.Shiloh—E. A. Morrison, Stoney Point.No. 1.Statesville—Miss Annie Marvin Statesville.Turnersburg—Jesse Thomas, Turnersburg.Union Grove—W. P. Sharpe, Jr., Harmony,No. 2.

THi: HEALTH HUI.LETIX, 2;i5JACKSON COUNTY.Webster—J.Towxs.L. Brayles, Webster.SylvaDillsbcro—J. C. Fisher.Townships.Webster—J. L. Brayles, Webster.Sylva—Dr. D. D. Hooper, Sylva.Scott Creek—R. G. Snider, Willetts.Quallatown—R. L. Hyatt, Whittier.Mountain—M. L. Coggins, Erastus.Hamburg—John Henderson, Glenville.Green's Creek—G. M. Green, Green'sCreek.River—P. H. Price, Tucltaseigee.Dillsboro—T. B. Queen Dillsbcro.Callowhee—Dr. Ed. Bryson, Cullowhee.Cashier Valley—C. G. Rogers, Cashiers.Caney Fork—W. A. Brown, Cowarts.Canada—Elias Galloway, Wolf Mountain.Barker—W. W. Jones, Jr., Barker'sCreek.Savannah—R. D. Cowan, Gay.JOHNSTON COUNTY.Towns.Benson—Dr. G. E. Parker.Clayton—John I. Barnes.Four Oaks—J. Wm. Langdon.Kcnly—H. M. Grizzard.Micro—Dr. M. Hinnant.Pine Level— S. S. Montague.Princeton—Dr. Oscar Eason.Smithfield—J. D. Underwood.Selma—C. G. Wiggs.TowNSHirs.Banner—Dr. G. E. Parker, Benson.Bentonsville—Y/illis A. Powell, Beasley,No. 2.Beulah—Dr. J. C. Grady, Kenly.Boon Hill—Dr. Oscar Eason, Princeton.Clayton-—John I. Barnes, Clayton.Cleveland— Dr. G. E. McLemore, Clayton,R. F. D.Elevation—J. Shepp Johnson, Benson.Ingrams—Dr. J. H. Stanley, Four Oak :.Micro—Dr. Milford Hinnant, Micro.Oneals—W. G. Earps, Selma, No. 2.Pine Level—Dr. S. S. Montague, PineLevel.Pleasant Grove—E. S. Coats, Angier,R. F. D.Smithfield—Dr. A. H. Rose, SmithfieM.Wilders—J. Barnes, Clayton R. F. D.Wilson's Mills—C. M. Wilson, Wilson'sMills.SelmaMeadow— Dr. M. L. Barefoot, Dunn, R.F. D.JONES COUNTY.Towxs.Maysville—John Shaw.Trenton—P. B. McDaniel.TOWXSHIP.S.Beaver CreekChinqiiepinCypress Creek—Trenton— D. H. Herritage, Trenton.TuckahoeWhite Oak—PollocksvilleLEE COUNTY.Towns.Sanford—W. A. Campbell.Broadway—Dr. Leon Watson.Townships.W. Sanford—W. A. Campbell, SanfordPocket—Lonnie Dickens, Sanford.Jonesboro—C. A. Hamilton, Jonesboro.Greenwood—W. F. Edwards, LemonSprings.E. Sanford—W. A. Campbell, SanfordDeep River—G. F. Johnson, Sr., Moncure,No. 1.Deep River—J. A. Kelly, Osgood.Cape Fear—Dr. Leon Watson Broadway.LENOIR COUNTY.Towns.Kinston—Trent Haskins.LaGrange—John H. Rouse,Pink Hill—Thurman Davis.LaGrangeTOWNSHU'S.Contentnea Neck—Kinston, J RFields, No. 1.Falling CreekInstitute—Logan Hardy, LaGrange.Kinston—J. T. Haskins, Kinston.Mosely HallNeuse—J. H. Albritton, Kinston, No. 4Pink Hill—A. G. Howard, Pink Hill.Sand Hill—Southv,-est—Trent—Lake Smith, Seven Snrings, RF. D.VanceWoodington—C 1 a r e n c e HumphreyKinston, No. 7.LINCOLN COUNTY..Towns.Crouse— S. S. Sr>argo.Denver—P. A. Thompson.Lincolnton— D. A. Yoder.

236 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.Townships.Lincolnton— S. W. McKee, Lincolnton.Catawba Springs—W. H. Lowe, AlexisHoward's Creek—J. F. Heafner,Grouse.Ironton—S. L. Bolinger, Lincolnton,No. 3.North Brook—Wm. Hull, Cherryville,No. 3.Mcdowell county. *Towns.Marion—Thos. — McGuire.Nebo "W. J. Bowman.Old Fort—F. M. Bradley.Nealsville—A. R. Byrd.Townships.Brockett—Jno. E. Flack, Vein Mountain.Crooked Creek—C. B. Noblet, Old Fort,No. 2.Dysortsville—C. A. Jaquins, Dysortsville.Higgins—C. B. Morgan, Rocky Pass.Marion—Thos. McGuire, Marion.Marion—Ben Conley, Hankins.Marion—G. B. Woody, Old Fort, No. 1.Marion—J. P. Padgett, Sunnyvale.Marion—Ben F. Corpening, Marion,No. 2.Marion—Geo. F. Conley, Marion.NeboOld Fort—L. W. Williams, Old Fort.Montford CoveNorth Cove—C. A. McCall, North Cove.Broad River—Dan Davis, Red Top.Glenwood—Augustus Byrd, Nealsville.MACON COUNTY.Towns.Franklin—Frank L. Bryson.Highland—H. L. Rideout.Townships.Burnington—Chas. T. Ray, Franklin,R. F. D. 3.Cartoogechave—L. F. Setser, Franklin,No. 1.Cowell—T. C. Bryson, Franklin.Ellijay—J. P. Moore, Ellijay.Flat—E. P. Brown, Scaly.Franklin—Frank L. Bryson, Franklin.Highlands—G. P. Wright, Highlands.Millshoal—T. L. Fox, Ellijay.Nantahala—D. D. Moore, Aquone, N. C.Smith's Bridge—T. H. Brabson, Franklin,No. 2.Sugar Fork—John H. Fulton, Gneiss.MADISON COUNTY.Towns.Hot Springs—T. B. Ebbs.Marshall—N. B. Tweed.Mars Hill—A. H. Reese.Walnut—B. E. Guthrie.Townships.Big Laurel—James Leak, Revere, No.10.Big Pine Creek—Miss Attie Reese, BigPine.Bull Creek—R. A. Edwards, Marshall,No. 3.Foster Creek—C. C. Peek, Flag Pond,Tenn., No. 16.Grape Vine—R. J. Sams, Marshall, Na2.Hot Springs—T. B. Ebbs, Hot Springs,No. 9.Little Pine Creek—James Wilson, Marshall.Marshall—N. B. Tweed, Marshal, No. 1.Mars Hill—A. H. Reece, Mars Hill.Meadow Fork—T. F. Stamey, Joe, No.13.Middle Fork—H. J. Jervice, Buckner.Sandy MushShelton Laurel—B. T. Hensley, Carmen.Spring Creek—Jasper Ebbs, SpringCreek, No. 8.Upper Laurel—R. W. Rice, Pump, No.11.West Fork—T. L. Brown, CaliforniaCreek on Mars Hill, No. 5.MARTIN COUNTY.Towns.Everetts—J. W. Williams.Gold Point—Dr. J. E. Ward, Robersonville.Hamilton—Mrs. Delia S. Long.Jamesville—J. B. Allen.Oak City—N. M. Worsley.ParmeleRobersonville—Dr. R. J. Nelson.Williamston—Dr. W. E. Warren.Townships.Bear Grass—McD. Mobley, Williamston,No. 1.Crossroads—Staton Ayers, S. Everetts.Goose-Nest—B. M. Worsley, Oak City.Griffins—J. A. Daniel, Jamesville, No. 1.Hamilton—Mrs. B. L. Long, Hamilton.Jamesville—Alexander Carey, Jamesville.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 237Poplar Point—M. P. Taylor, Williamston.No. 3.Robersonville—Dr. J. E. Ward, Robersonville."Williams—J. W. Hopkins, Williamston,No. 4.Williamston—Dr. W. E. Warren, Williamston.MECKLENBURG COUNTY.Towns.Charlotte—Dr. F. 0. Hawley.Cornelius—J. B. Cashion.Davidson—Dr. Z. K. Justice.Huntersville—J. M. Knox.Matthews— Dr. T. N. ReidMint Hill—Dr. Ayer Whitley, Charlotte,R. F. D. 11.Pineville—Dr. E. Hand.Townships.Berryhill—Dr. R. Z. Query, Charlotte,R. F. D., No. 4.Charlotte—F. O. Hawley, Charlotte.Clear Creek—Dr. Ayer Whitley, Charlotte,No. 11.Crab Orchard—Dr. R. G. Jennings.Newell.Deweese—Dr. Z. K. Justice, Davidson.Huntersville—J. M. Knox, Huntersville.Lemleys—J. B. Cashion, Cornelius.Long Creek—Dr. W. P. Craven, Charlotte,No. 6.Mallard Creek—W. R. Jordan, Derita.Morning Star—Dr. T. N. Reid, Matthews.Paw Creek—Dr. L. W. Hovis, Charlotte,R. F. D., No. 6.Pineville—Dr. E. H. Hand, Pineville.Providence—T. A. Squires, Matthews,No. 17.Sharon—Dr. L. W. Hunter, Charlotte.No. 1.Steel Creek—Dr. J. L. Ranson, Pinpville,R. F. D.MITCHELL COUNTY.Towns.Bakersville—W. J. Slagle.Spruce Pine—Esther Mehoney.Townships.Bradshaw— I. W. Bradshaw, ReliefBakersville—L. Woody, Hawk.Bakersville—W. J. Slagle, Bakersville.Fork Mountain—Wm. Edwards, LittleRock Creek.Grassy Creek—T. A. English, Sprue-PineHarrell—W. G. Honeycutt, Ewart.Little Rock—Will Biddix, Little RockCreek.Poplar—Dr. S. J. Cooper, Poplar.Red Hill—J. B. Masters, Peppers.Snov.^ Creek-C. C. Willis, Penland.MONTGOMERY COUNTY.Towns.Troy—Dr. C. Daligny.Star—P. L. Harper.Candor—J. C. Currie.Biscoe—Dr. H. E. Bowman.*Mt. Gilead—Geo. McAulay.Townships.Uwharrie—W. L. Thayer, Uwharrie.Troy—J. C. Beckwith, Troy.Rocky Spring—T. B. Rush, SulphurSprings.Pee Dee—W. M. Matheson, Mt. Gilead,No. 2.Ophir—B. A. Davis, Ophir.Mt. Gilead—George T. McAuley, Mt.Gilead.Little River—R. D. Kearns, Ether.Eldorado—J. F. Bruton, Eldorado.Biscoe—R. L. Davis, Star.Cheeks Creek—W. H. Ussery, Pekin.MOORE COUNTY.Towns.Aberdeen—E. A. Bowen.Cameron—W. M. Wooten.Carthage—J. V. Larkin.Pinebluff—Henry S. Spaulding.Southern Pines—W. C. Mudgett.Vass—W. C. Leslie.Townships.Bensalem—D. C. M. Kinnan, EagleSprings, R. F. D.Carthage— J. V. Larkin, Carthage.Deep River—L. B. Street, Glendon.Greenwood—W. M. Wooten, Cameron.McNiell's—W. C. Leslie, Vass.Mineral Springs—F. W. VonCanon,West End.Ritters—C. H. Caviness, High Falls.Sand Hill—Henry S. Spaulding, Pinebluff.Sheffields—N. J. Carter, Hemp.NASH COUNTY.Towns.Bailey—Dr. C. H. Brantlev.Battleboro—Dr. G. C. Battle.Castalia—T. A. Mathews.Middlesex— Dr. E. C. Powell.Nashville—Dr. Jno. A. Winstead

238 THE HEALTH BULLETIX.Rocky Mount Mills—Jno. E. Moore,Rocky Mount, Falls Road.Sharpsburg—G. H. Pittman.Spring Hope—R. C. Wills.Townships.Bailey—Dr. C. H. Brantley, Bailey.Castalia—Dr. T. A. Matthews, Castalia.Cooper's—J. Henry Vaughan, ElmCity, No. 2.Dry Wells—Dr. E. C. Powell, MiddlesgxFarrell's—W. B. Bergeson, Middlesex.Griffin's-Dr. H. H. Whitaker, Nashville,No. 3.Jackson—Sylvester Brantley, SpringHope, No. 1.Manning—R. C. Wells, Spring Hope.Nashville—G. L. Jones, Nashville.North Whitakers—Dr. J. C. Braswell,Whitakers.South Whitakers—W. P. Davis, Battleboro.Oak Level—T. A. Bone, Nashville, No.1.Red Oak—C. D. Jones, Nashville, No. 3.Stoney Creek— S. J. F. Ellen, Battleboro,R. P. D.Rocky Mount—E. Y. Pleasant, RockyMount.NEW HANOVER COUNTY.Towns.Wilmington—Chas. T. Nesbitt.Wrightsville Beach—C. B. Parmele,Wilmington.Townships.Cape Fear—J. Herbert Johnson, Wilmington,No. 1.Federal PointHarnett—C. C. Redd, Wilmington, No.2.Masonboro—Addison Hewlett, Wilmington,No. 2.Wilmington—Dr. Charles T. Nesbitt,Wilmington.NORTHAMPTON COUNTY.Towns.Garysburg—R. A. Ellis.Pendleton—J. E. Taylor.Rich Square—R. B. Lassiter.Pendleton—J. E. Taylor.Jackson—George A. Moore.Lasker—Dr. G. T. Whims.Woodland—H. J. Purvis.TowNSHn>s.GastonJackson—Geo. A. Moore, Jackson.Kirby—Dr. P. C. Brittle, Conway.Oconeechee—Robt. A. Ellis, Garysburg.Pleasant Hill—T. J. Taylor, PleasantHill.Rich Square—R. B. Lassiter, RichSquare.Roanoke—Dr. G. T. Whimms, Lasker.Seaboard—H. C. Maddry, Seaboard.Wiccanee—J. S. Gay, Margaretsville.ONSLOW COUNTY.Towns.Jacksonville—J. J. Cole.Richlands—A. Z. Jarmon.Swansboro—F. B. Pittman.Townships.Jacksonville—E. H. Shiver, Jacksonville.Richlands—A. Z. Jarmon, Richlands.Stump Sound—Dr. L. D. Bryan,Sneed's Ferry.Swansboro—Dr. Daniels, Swansboro.White Oak—Dr. Daniels, Swansboro.ORANGE COUNTY.Towns.Chapel Hill—W. J. A. Cheek.Hillsboro—John Sharpe.Carrboro—Robt. Blackwood.Townships.Bingham—R. L. Smith, Chapel Hill,No. 3.Cedar Grove—Mrs. C. M. Hughes.Chapel Hill—S. S. Long, Chapel Hill.Checks—John F. McAdams, Mebane,No. 2.Eno—John A. McCaulay, UniversityStation.Little River—C. E. Wilson, Hillsboro.Hillsboro—J. F. Coleman.PAMLICO COUNTY.Towns.BayboroOriental—Dr. Wm. F. Griggs.Stonewall—Riley Ross.VandemereTownships.No. 1—H. H. Barrow, Reelsboro.No. 2—Miss Ruth Miller, Bayboro.No. 3—Miss Ruth Miller, Bayboro.No. 4—Geo. W. Daniels, Lowland.No. 5—Dr. Wm. F. Griggs, Oriental.PASQUOTANK COUNTY.Towns.Elizabeth City—Dr. C. B. Williams.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 239Townships.Elizabeth City—Dr. Zenas Fearing,Elizabeth City, No. 1.Nixonton—Sam S. Knowles, ElizabethCity, No. 1.Providence—R. N. Morgan, ElizabethCity, No. 3.Salem—C. W. Wilson, Weeksville.Mt. Hermon—Eddie Sample, Okisko.PENDER COUNTY.Towns.Atkinson—E. A. Hover, Jr.Townships.Burgaw—A. H. Paddison, Burgaw.Caintuck—W. C. Keith, Currie.Caswell—Geo. J. Moore, Atkinson.Columbia—C. D. Murphy, Atkinson.Grady—J. F. Herring, Currie.Holly—Luke McKay, Shaken.Long Creek—J. E. Taylor, Rocky Point.Rocky Point—J. B. Armstrong, RockyPoint.Topsail—Geo. Mallard, Hampstead.Union—W. D. Malfars, Watha.PERQUIMANS COUNTY.Towns.Hertford—W. C. Winslow.Winfall—Dr. B. W. Hathaway.Townships.Belvidere—E. G. Simpson, Belvidere.Hertford—W. C. Winslow, Hertford.New Hope—J. Mason White, Durant'sNeck.Parkville—Dr. B. W. Hathaway, Wiafall,No. 1.Bethel—Mrs. M. C. Broughton, Hertford,R. F. D., 1.PERSON COUNTY.Towns.Ro.xboro—Rupert E.Cheek.Townships.Allenville—W. T. White, Mill Creek.Bushy Fork—A. P. Daniel, HurdleMills.Cunningham— Geo. L. Cunningham,Semora.Flat River—J. S. Noell, Timberlake.Holloway—W. A. Moody, Bethel Hill.Mount Tirzah—Lee Cash, Rougemont.Olive Hill-W. A. Winstead, Roxboro.Roxboro— R. E. Cheek, Roxboro.Wocdsdale—R. H. Bailey.PITT COUNTY.Towns.Bethel—Mrs. L. J. Carson.FalklandTarmville—W. A. Darden.Fountain—J. T. Eason.GreenvilleGriffon—J. A. Jarrell.Grimesland—A. O. Clark.Winterville—Rudolph Croom.Ayden—Guy Tayloe.Stokes—Dr. T. G. Basnight.Shelmerdine—Roy Venters.Townships.Belvoir—C. A. Parker, Greenville, R.P. D.Bethel—Mrs. S. J. Carson, Bethel.Carolina—T. G. Basnight, Stokes.Chicod—A. 0. Clark, Grimesland.Contentnea— Dr. P. B. Loftin, Grifton.Falkland—J. H. Smith, Falkland.Contentnea—Rudolph Croom, Winterville.Farmville—W. A. Darden, Farmville.GreenvillePactolus—J. P. Davenport, Pactolus.Swift Creek—Paul Kilpatrick, Grifton,R. F. D.Beaver Dam—R. A. Nichols, Greenville,R. F. D. No. 6.POLK COUNTY.Towns.Columbus— L. H. Cloud.Lynn—R. A. Leonard.Saluda—Calvin Hill.Tryon—E. B. Cawthray.Townships.Columbus—L. H. Cloud, Columbus.Cooper Gap—J. C. Powell, MillsSprings, No. 1.Green's Creek—Dr. W. T. Head, MelvinHill.Saluda—Dr. E. M. Salley,Saluda.White Oak— Dr. H. H. Edwards, MillsSpring.Tryon—E. B. Cawthray, Tryon.RANDOLPH COUNTY.Towns.Archdale—W. M. Wilson.Asheboro— P. H. Morris.Liberty—Dr. R. D. Patterson.Ramseur—Chas. A. Reece.Raidleman—J. A. Ivey.Trinity— Dr. W. L. Jackson.Worthville—Clarence Groce.

240 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.Townships.Asheboro—P. H. Morris, Asheboro.Back Creek—Jno. F. Jarrell, Caraway.Brown—L. 0. Sugg, Erect.Coleridge—Dr. C. A. Hayworth, Coleridge.Cedar Grove—C. T. Luck, Seagrove, R.P. D.Columbia—Chas. A. Reece, Ramseur.Concord—Dr. C. C. Hubbard, Parmer.Pranklinville—C. H. Julian, Franklinville.Grant—S. S. Cox, Brown.Level Cross—R. L. Causey, Randleman.Liberty—Dr. R. D. Patterson, Liberty.New Hope—T. W. Ingram, Bombay.New Market—R. L. White, Glenola.Pleasant Grove—M. A. Ward, Cheeks.Providence—G. W. Pugh, Millboro, R.P. D.Randleman—J. A. Ivey, Randleman.Richland—J. C. Lowdermilk, Seagrove.Tabernacle—Dr. R. W. Myers, Pullers.Trinity—Dr. W. L. Jackson, Trinity.Union—C. H. Lucas, Pisgah.RICHMOND COUNTY.Towns.Ellerbee—Dr. J. M. Maness.Hamlet—W. H. H. Bagwell.Hoffman—G. C. Baldwin.Rockingham—Dr. A. C. Everett.TOWNSHH'S.Beaverdam—G. C. Baldwin, Hoffman.Marks Creek—Dr. John I. Powlkes,Hamlet.Mineral Springs—Dr. J. M. Maness, Ellerbe.No. 2.Rockingham—Dr. A. C. Everitt, Rockingham.Steeles—Dr. W. L. Howell ,Covington.Wolf Pit-Black Jack—J. P. Meacham, Ellerbe.ROBESON COUNTY.Towns.Pairmont— S. V. Stanly.East Lumberton—Richard Duncan.Maxton—Lucius McLean.Pembroke—Mrs. O. L. Andrews.Parkton—Collier Cobb.Lumber Bridge—J. L. Shaw.Rennert—C. W. Watson.Red Springs— D. G. McMillan.Rowland—Geo. K. McNeill.St. Paul—Claude T. Poole.Lumberton—Grover T. Page.Townships.Alfordsville— Geo. Bond.Rock Swamp—John T. Singletary,Lumberton, No. 6.Britts—A. L. Stone, Lumberton, No. 4.Burnt Swamp—J. L. McNeill, Buie.Gaddy—J. 0. McArthur, Rowland.Howellsville—N. C. Graham, Lumberton,No. 7.Pairmont—C. B. Thompson, Parmont.Lumber Bridge—Thos. Stamps, LumberBridge.Lumberton—G. T. Page, Lumberton.Orrum—Dr. L. B. Ayers, Proctorsville.Maxton—Dr. A. B. Croom, Maxton.Parkton—Dr. D. S. Currie, Parkton.Pembroke—Dr. N. H. Andrews, Pembroke.Raft Swamp—H. P. Townsend, Buie.Red Springs—Dr. H. H. Hodgin, RedSprings.Rennert—Dr. A. C. McGoogin, Rennert.Rowland—Dr. W. E. Evans, Rowland.Saddletree—J. B. Ward, Lumberton,No. 7.Smith's—Sandy McNeill, Wakulla.St. Paul—Dr. Claud Poole, St. Paul.Sterling's M i 1 1—W alter Murray,Barnesville.Thompson—P. M. Townsend, McDonald.White House—Dr. W. W. Early, Marietta.Wishart—J. Ed Tyson, Lumberton.ROCKINGHAMCOUNTY.Towns.Leaksville—W. R. Lynch, Spray, N. C.Reidsville—James D. Womack.Madison—G. W. Martin.Stoneville—Jasper Claybrooks.MayodanTownships.Huntsville—Dr. W. A. Payne, BelewsCreek, R. P. D.Leaksville—W. R. Lynch, Spray.Madison—Dr. J. H. Ault, Mayodan.Mayo—Jasper Claybrook, Stoneville.New Bethel—J. N. McCollum, Went- ^worth, R. P. D.Price—John W. Price, Price.Reidsville—Jas. D. Womack, Reidsville.Ruffin—Dr. C.R. Wharton, Ruffin.Simpsonville—Dr. W. A. Johnston,Reidsville, R. P. D.Williamsburg—G. T. Walker, Reidsville.R. P. D.Wentworth—Dr. W. W. Matthews,Wentworth.ROWAN COUNTY.Towns.China Grove—Dr. G. A. Ramseur.Cleveland—R. B. Harris.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 241Faith—R. A. Raney.East Spencer—L S. Cotter.Granite Quarry—A. L. Hall.Rockwell—H. W. Earnhardt.Salisbury—Dr. Charles W. Woodson.Spencer—John R. Cruse.Landis—B. 0. Edwards.Gold Hill—J. S. Russell.Townships.Atwell—Dewitt Patterson, ChinaGrove.China Grove—Dr. G. A. Ramseur,China Grove.Cleveland—Dr. A. B. Burns, Cleveland.Franklin — "William Kester, Salisbury,No. 4.Gold Hill—J. S. Russell, Gold Hill.Litaker—R. A. Rainey, Salisbury, No.3.Locke—John Wright, Salisbury.Morgan—Joseph W. Miller, Richfield.Mount Ulla—Dr. G. A. Brown, Mt.Ulla.Providence—Dr. C. M. Van Poole,Salisbury.Salisbury—T. W. Summerset, Salisbury.Scotch-Irish—Frank N. Bryan, Cleveland,No. 1.Steele—Jno. A. Locke, Barber.Unity—E. J. Roseman, Salisbury, No.5.China Grove—Dr. G. A. Ramseur,China Grove.RUTHERFORD COUNTY.Towns.Bostic—T. L. Harill.Ellenboro— S. H. Green.Forest City—H. B. Doggett.Rutherfordton—Z. A. Edwards.Townships.Camp Creek—Will F. Flack, UnionMills.Chimney Rock—John C. McDaniel,Ayer.Colfax—S.,H. Green, Ellenboro.Cool Spring—Chas. K. Flack, ForestCity.Duncan Creek—Grady Witherrow, Hollis.Gilkey—H. F. Killian, Gilkey.Golden Valley—M. G. Crow, Gamble'sSt >re.Green Hill—T. J. Jones, Green Hill.High Shoal—Boss Green, Henrietta.Logan Store—Ed. Thompson, Bostic,No. 1.jMorgan—L. D. Hemphill, Union Mills,No. 1.Rutherfordton—Y. A. Edwards, Rutherfordton.Sulphur Springs—Alonzo Robbins,Forest City, No. 2.Union—George Moore, Rutherfordton,R. F. D.SAMPSON COUNTY.Towns.Autryville—Jas. R. White.Clinton—L. S. Bell.Roseboro—L. M. White.Salemburg—Dr. G. L. Sykes.Turkey—W. B. McGowan.Townships.Dismal—R. L. Bennett, Cooper, No. 1.Franklin—J. B. Seavy, Kerr.Halls—D. A. Bass, Kerner.Herrings— S. A. Royals, Huntley.Honeycutts—F. D. Parker, Salemburg.Lisbon—Eugene Johnson, Ingold.Little Coharie—J. W. Underwood,Roseboro.McDaniels—J. R. T. Green, Parkersburg.Newton Grove—J. Harmon B r i 1 1,Keener, No. 1.North Clinton—L. S. Bell, Clinton.Piney Grove—J. S. Darden, Faisons.South Clinton—L. H. Best, Clinton.Taylor's Bridge—Dr. J. O. Mathews,Ingold.Turkey—Dr. T. G. Williams, Turkey.Westbrooks—Kirby West, Dunn, R.F. D., No. 6.Mingo—S. F. Jackson, Cooper, R. F.D.SCOTLAND COUNTY.Towns.East Laurinburg— S. J. Siler.Laurinburg—D. A. McDougall.Townships.Laurel HillSpring Hill—Daniel Monroe, Wagram.Stewartsville— S. W. Covington, Laurinburg.Williamson's—W. Z. Gibson, Gibson.STANLY COUNTY.Towns.Albemarle—W. W. Talbirt.Big Lick—D. E. Efird.New London—D. E. Ridenhour.Norwood—W. G. Snuggs, Norwood.Richfield—Geo.W. Miller,Townships.Almond—John W. Fink, Albemarle,No. 3.

242 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.Big Licks— D. E. Efird, Big Lick.Center—Dr. Carl Blalock, Norwood.Endy—J. I. Effird, Big Lick, No. 2.Furr—Dock Love, Locust.Harris—J. O. Allen, New London.North Albemarle—Dr. L. V. Dunlap,Albemarle.Ridenhour—M. J. M. Misenlieimer,Richfield, No. 11.South Albemarle— S. H. Hearne, Albemarle.Tyson—R. W. Thompson, Norwood,No. 2.STOKES COUNTY.Towns.Walnut Cove—R. F. Reynolds.TOW^NSHIPS.Beaver Island J. Frank Dunlap,Gideon.Danbury—A. J. Fagg, Danbury.Meadows— J. Walter Fowler, Germantown.Peters Creek—0. M. Bennett, Danbury.Quaker Gap—Frank S. Lynch, PilotMountain.Sauratown—H. G. Tuttle, WalnutCove.Snow Creek—A. B. Carter, Sa'ndyRidge.Yadkin—J. Walter Tuttle, King, No. 1.Yadkin—Dr. Oscar R. Kiger, King.Yadkin—H. H. Brown, Pinnacle.SURRY COUNTY.Towns.Dobson—Dr. W. Monroe Stone.Elkin—R. B. Lewis.Mount Airy—A. V. West.Pilot Mountain—J. A. Pell.Townships.Bryan—¥7. B. Williams, Rusk, No.Dobson— Dr. W. M. Stone, Dobson.2Eldora—John T. Simpson, Mt. Airy,No. 4.Elkin—Robt. S. Guyer, State Road.Franklin—G. E. Isaacs, Dobson, R. F.D. No. 1.Long Hill—Eddie M. Bryant, Ararat.Marsh—S. H. Gough, Cruchfield.Pilot—John M. Redman, Pilot Mountain.Rockford—W. R. Norman, Rockford.Mount Airy—E. A. Hannah, Mt. Airy.Shoals—John Whitaker, Pinnacle.Siloam—J. M. Whitaker, Siloam.Stewart's Creek—Logan Beame, MountAiry, No. 3.Westfield—W. B. Blair, Pilot Mountain,No. 2.Marsh—H. E. Bemar, Rusk No. 1.SWAIN COUNTY.Towns.Almond—A. L. Epps.Bryson—N. R. Bishop, Bryson City.Whittier— S. H. Justice.Townships.Charleston—N. R. Bishop, BrysonCity.Forneys Creek—G. S. Welch, Bushnell.Nantahala—A. L. Epps, Almond.Oconalufty— C. W. Parker, Cherokee.'TRANSYLVANIA COUNTY.Towns.Brevard—G. C. Kilpatrick.Rosman—W. P. Hogsed.Tow^nships.Boyd—Dr. A. E. Lyday, Penrose.Brevard—G. C. Kilpatrick, Brevard.Cathey's Creek—C. R. Sharp, Selica.Dunn's Rock—A. C. Landreth, Brevard.Estatoe—A. M. Paxton, Rosman.Gloucester—Vance Galloway, LakeToxaway.Little River—W. R. Kilpatrick. Penrose.Hogback—Ward Breedlove, Lake Toxaway.TYRRELL COUNTY.Towns.Columbia—D. W. Alexander.Townships.Alligator—W. E. Bateraan, Columbia,No. 2.Columbia—D. W. Alexander, Columbia.Gum Neck—Paul Jones, Gum Neck.Scuppernong—J. T. Alexander, Columbia,No. 1.South Fork—UNION COUNTY.Towns.Indian Trail— Dr. J. Y. Fitzgerald.Mineral Springs—G. T. Winchester.Monroe—T. L. Crowell.Unionville— Dr. A. D. N. Whitley.Waxhaw—W. R.Wingate—J. J. Perry.Steele.Stout—M. D. Gurley.Marshville— F. W. Ashcraft.TOWNSIIIPS.Buford—W P. Plvler, Monroe, No. 4.Goose Creek—Dr. A. D. N. Whitley.Unionville.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN.24^Jackson—W. R. Steele, WaxhavcLane's Creek—Dr. J. B. Eubank, Monroe,No. 1.Marshville— F. W. Ashcraft, Marshvillo.Monroe—T. L. Crowell, Monroe.New Salem—G. W. Smith, Sr., Marshville,No. 5.Sandy Ridge—W. L. Harkey, Matthews,R. F. D.Vance—J. W. Roberts, Indian Trail.VANCE COUNTY.Towns.Henderson—Dr. F. E. Perkins.Kittrell—C. E. Pennington, Box 14.Marshville—F. W. Ashcraft.Middleburg—Thos. H. Carroll.TOWXSHIPS.Dabney—E. S. Glover, Dabney.Henderson— P. E. Rowland, Henderson.Kittrell—H. A. Woodleif, Kittrell.Middleburg—T. H. Carroll, Middleburg.Sandy Creek—Joe N. Tunstall, Henderson,No. 2.Watkins—J. B. Glove, Henderson, No.5.Nutbush—B. F. Flemming, Manson, RF. D.Townsville— F. T. Tucker, Townsville.Williamsboro—R. A. Bullock. Dabney,No. 1.WAKE COUNTY.Towxs.Apex—R. J. Boiling.Bonsai—J. S. Sears.Gary— D. S. House.Fuquay Springs—E. H. Howard.Garner—J. D. Johnson.Folly Springs—J. D. Marcom.Morrisville—W. B. Johnson.Nev/ Hill—J. B. Rogan.Raleigh—W. T. Davis.Wake Forest—John H. Rcval.Wendell—J. Ashley Wall.Zebulon—Vr. B. Griffin.ForestvilleTow .N SHIPS.Barton's Creek—G. H. Ball, Neuse, No.1.Buckhorn— J. B. Regan, New Hill.Gary—D. H. House, Gary.Cedar Fork— E. M. Ellis, Morrisville.House Creek— T. E. Hailey, Gary, No. 1.Holly Springs—J. D. Marcom, Apex,No. 5.Leesville—A. M. Sorrell, Raleigh, No6.Little River—H. P. Gill, Wakefield.Marks Creek—J. A. Wall, Wendell.Middle Creek—A. S. Ballentine, FuquaySprings.Neuse—J. B. Wiggins, Neuse, No. 1.New Light—Nerous Watkins, WakeForest. No. 1.Panther Branch—N. F. Turner, Mc-Cullers.Raleigh—W. T. Davis, Raleigh.St. Mary's— J. D. Johnson, Garner.St. Matthews—J. J. Horton, Knightdale,No. 2.Wake Forest—John H. Royall, WakeForest.White Oak—R. J. Boiling, Apex.Swift's Creek— J. C. Smith, Raleigh,No. 4.WARREN COUNTY.Towns.Littleton— S. J. Stallings, on line betweenHalifax and Warren Counties.Macon—A. F. Brame.Norlina—T. T. Hawks.Vaughan—W. T. Carter.Warrenton—R. J.Jones.TowxsHrps.Fishing Creek—M. T. Duke, Marmaduke.Fork— R. M. Williams, Inez.Judkins—J. J. Stallings, Embro.Wise—H. C. Colimon, Wise,Nutbush— A. E. Paschal, Manson.River—B. E. King, Littleton.Roanoke—J. T. Delbridge, Elams.Sandy Creek— S. E. Allen, Manson.Smith Creek—J. F. P. Horton, Norlina.Shocco— J. William Limer, Afton.WarrentonSixpound—A. F. Brame, Macon.WASHINGTON COUNTY.Towns.Cherry—E. H. Liverman, Creswell.Creswell— Dr. W. H. Hardison.Plymouth—Thos. L. Smith.Roper—J. J. Hassell.Townships.Lees Mills—J. J. Hassell, Roper.Plymouth—W. T. Nurmey, Plymouth.ScuppernongSkinnersville—Geo. S. Swain, Mackeys.WATAUGA COUNTY.Towns.Boone— J. D. Councill, Boone.Blowing Rock—Geo. F. Coffey.

244 THE HEAXTH BULLETIN".Townships.Bald Mountain—W. H. McGuire,Brookside.Beaverdam—S. C. Eggers, Vilas.Blowing RockBlue Ridge—Granville Storie, BlowingRock.Boone—W. L. Trivett, Boone.Cove Creek—Dr. W. O. Bingham,Zionville.Elk—G. W. Carroll, Jr., Triplett.Laurel Creek—J. L. Glenn, WataugaFalls.North Fork—Riley May, Trade Tenn.Meat Camp—M. H. Norris, Sands.Shawneehaw—Thos. W. Rominger,Hackett.Stony Fork—J. M. Younce, Yuma.Watauga—0. L. Coffey, Banner Elk,R. P D.WAYNE CUNTY.Towns.Eureka—C. R. Aycock, Fremont.Fremont—C. R. Aycock.Goldsboro—Robert A. Creech.Mt. Olive—E. B. Flowers.Pikeville—A. Hosea.Seven Springs—G. G. Quinn.Townships.Brogden—Ernest B. Flowers, Mt. Olive.Buck Swamp—Milford Aycock, Pikeville.Fork—W. C. Hollowell, Goldsboro, R.P. D.Goldsboro—Robt. A. Creech, Goldsboro.Granthams—V. N. Bass, Goldsboro, R.F. D.Great Swamp—B. R. Edgerton, Kenly,No. 1.Nahunta—Clarence R. Aycock, Fremont.New Hope—L. D. Summerlin, Goldsboro,No. 3.Pikeville—A. Hosea, Pikeville.Saulston—Geo. H. Smith, Saulston,No. 1.Indian Springs—G. G. Quinn, SevenSprings.Stony CreekWILKES COUNTY.Towns.North Wilkesboro—W. A.Ronda—N. E. Parlier.Wilkesboro—B. S. Call.Bullis.Townships.Antioch—John Glass, Call.Beaver Creek—R. C. Walsh, Oakdale.Boomer—J. E. Phillip, Boomer.Brushy Mountain—P. A. Jennings,Poors Knob, No. 1.Edwards—E. W. Settle, Benham.Elk—S. J. Barnett, Mt. Zion.Job's Cabin—H. C. Baker, MapleSprings.Lewis Fork—A. L. Messick, Purlear.Lovelace—P. M. Reid, Spurgeon.Moravian Falls—W. G. Meadows,Poor's Knob.Mulberry—W. H. Sebastian, Hays.New Castle—C. M. Wellborn, New Castle.North Wilkesboro—J. N. Brooks, N.Wilkesboro, No. 2.Reddies River—G. A. Crysel, N.Wilkesboro, No. 1.Rock Creek—J. A. Sebastian, N.Wilkesboro, No. 2.Somers—J. W. Robbins, New Castle,No. 1.Stanton—W. E. Fletcher, Purlear.Trap Hill—A. P. Baugus, Chuckle, R.P. D.Union—R. L. Parson, Wilbar.Walnut Grove—Granville Billings,Dockery.Wilkesboro—T. M. Crysel, Wilkesboro.WILSON COUNTY.Towns.Black Creek—James A. Barnes.Elm City—Clarence Winstead.Lucama—Dr. I. W. Lamm.Stantonsburg—H. E. Thompson.WilsonTownships.Black Creek—James A. Barnes, R. F.D.Toisnot—Clarence Winstead, Elm City.Stantonsburg—H. E. Thompson, Stantonsburg.Spring Hill—W. P. Watson, Lucama,No. 1.Saratoga—Dr. C. S. Eagles, Stantonsburg,R. F. D.Old Fields—R. T. Barnes, Kenly, R. P.D.Gardner—W. B. Forbes, Elm City, R.P. D.Cross Roads—J. H. Lamm, Lucama.TaylorWilsonYADKIN COUNTY.Towns.Jonesville—W. S. Vestal.Yadkinville—Dr. G. T. Evans.East Bend—W. H. Norman.Boonville—Dr. J. R. Finley.

THE HEAiTH BULLETLN. 245Townships.Buck Shoal—Dr. V. F, Couch,Shoal.Boonville—Dr. J. R. Finney,ville.BuckBoon-Little Yadkin—W. A. Jones, Lewisville.Liberty—Dr. G. T. Evans, Yadkinville.Knobs—Dr. H. C. Salmons, Jonesville.Forbush—Dr. J. J. Clingman, Cona.Fall Creek—J. W. Williams, EastBend.East Bend- Dr. J. T. Benbow, EastBend.Deep Creek--J. H. Wooten, Yadkin-ville.YANCEY COUNTY.Townships.Ramsaytown—J. A. Hannum, Ramsaytown.Price Creek—Mrs. Bell Horton, CaneRiver.Pensacola—R. V. T. Riddle, Pensacola.Jacks Creek-J. W. Horton, Wilhite.Green Mountain—Jacob Bailey, Toledo.Crabtree—Nat Silver, Micaville.Cane River—Glen Proffitt, Bald Creek.Bush Creek—Alfred Green, Toecane.Burnsville—Dr. J. B. Gibbs, Burnsville.South Toe—Miss Sallie Trull, Celo.Egypt—Jno. King, Belog.IFresh Air Crank " Agin"OxypathorsHere is a sample of the letters receivedby the State Board of Healthafter the exposure of the OxypathorfraudBy all means continue sending methe Health Bulletin. I have derivedmuch benefit from studying it. Byreading it, I have become a "fresh aircrank," so much so, that we even sleepwith our doors open. The winter hasbeen so mild that we have had tokeep up our screens.I am highly pleased with your standon the alcohol and tobacco question,patent medicines, "Oxyfakors," etc. 1hope you will take up the fight on coffee,tea, etc., and show us, one and all,how to live a clean life and thus avoidmuch sickness that we bring on ourselves,but which, to excuse ourselves,or in self-defense, we charge to ourCreator.Very truly yours,W. L. GTRUE TO LIFE.The efficiency of a Health Departmentmay be tested or better, judged,by the death rate of the community itserves. But, of course, due allowancemust always be made for lack of properequipment of force and funds withwhich to work.A noted medical authority assertsthat our unclean mouths, diseasedteeth and gums, are a constant andinsidious menace to health; they area source of infection in the individualand a dangerous depot for the disseminationof disease to others.

246 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.Life of a Fly—COFfMAN IN NtW YORK AMEHICAN

ov-v.^iJilig®Publi5\edb4 TnZ.^9KmG\K9LI/^A STATE. B

The Use and Abuse of Windows. . 247Health Brevities 249Gold Bricks ix Health 250Good Hunting 251Responsibility 252No Help Yet for Fat People 252How Much Liquor a Sick ManNeeds 254Would You Blame the Lord? 256May Have Our Office Copy 257We Must Have Good Teeth 258The Doctor's Larger Duty 260The Practical Rural Privy 263A Study in Advertisements 266Charley Callow 266TABLE OF CONTENTSCity Privies 267Good Eyes Pay 271Stand Up Straight and avoid Tuberculosis271Insist on Wrapped Bread 272Not Even Advertising 272Hogs in Towns 273Two Meetings That May InterestYou 273Where Ignorance Is Death 274Our Respects to the Fly 276The Trademark of Ignorance 276Blame It on the Liver 277Learn and Live 277Two Milk Routes (Cartoon) 278FREE PUBLIC HEALTH LITERATUREThe State Board of Health has a limited quantity of health literatureon the subjects listed below, which will be sent out, free of charge,to any citizen of the State as long as the supply lasts. If you care forany of this literature, or want some sent to a friend, just write to theState Board of Health, at Raleigh. A post card will bring it by returnmail.No. 9.Typhoid Fever Leaflet.The Whole Time CountyHealth Officer.Typhoid Fever.Rules and Regulations forCounty Boards of Health.Measles.Whooping Cough.Diphtheria.Scarlet Fever.Some Light on Typhoid.County Health Work on anEfficientBasis.Anti-Spitting Placards (11inches by 9 inches).Anti-Fly Placards (11 inchesby 19 inches).

:l rightIPUBU5ALD BY TML nOR.TA CAgO LIhA 5TATL BOAigD s^MEALW] i_BjVol. xxvm. MARCH, 1914. No. 12.HEALTH BREVITIESYour county has just as muchhealth as it cares to purchase."Why protect the pig and forget thechildren?"—Senator Owen, Oklahoma.The fellow that's afraid of vaccinationnever saw real smallpox.The first and prime condition of goodgovernment is good health.It is only twenty years ago thatmedical inspection in schools wasstarted in the United States. GreatBritain and Germany began the practicesome years earlier.We keep school records of the mentalequipment of our children. Whynot keep physical records of eachpupil from the time he enters untilhe graduates?Investigation has shown that toothdecay is by far the most prevalentphysical defect among school children.Chicago has ten dental dispensariesfor the care of the teeth of its schoolchildren. North Carolina has none."Vaccination against smallpox shouldbe a requisite to admission to anyschool, public, parochial or private,and periodical re-vaccination, particularlyintimes of epidemics, obligatoryto continued attendance at school."—Dr. S. Adolphus Knopf.Unless your doors and windows arewell screened it will do little good touse the fly swatter. The swatter is allto use to kill the few flies thati get in despite the screens and yourvigilance. But it is a waste of timeand labor\to use the swatter in thei unscreened house.In measles there are cases that neverbreak out, and in whooping coughthere are cases that never whoop.However, these cases are just as"catching" as any.You don't need to apologize for allyour flies when friends and neighborsdrop in to see you. Your friends andneighbors know just as well as you dowhere those flies come from.We eat three times a day, but wemust breathe eighteen times a minute.And every breath we take should beof good, fresh air, not stale, secondhandor used, cast-off air, either.Few of us will eat tainted food, butmost of us breathe tainted air. Thismoves us to say that if we were ascareful about the air we breathe as weare about the food we eat, the deathrate from the dirty air diseases wouldsoon reach the vanishing point.

250 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.a way, don't you? And yet, when heloses his money, we just say, "A fooland his money are soon parted." Butwhat about the scoundrel that getsaway with this poor fellow's hardearned cash? What do we think ofhim? What do we think of all his accomplices?The prison is too goodfor them, and they are rarely ever sentthere, any way.But w^here thereis one gold brick inbusiness there area dozen in health.Where there is onefellow selling miningstock that willnever mine, or realestate that is notreal (lots in LongIsland Sound, outin the ocean, or insome river bed),there are a score ofscoundrelstheirandaccomplices,several shades blacker than thegold brick shark, who are not onlyfilching the hard earned money fromour people and giving them nothingfor it in return, but they are actuallyrobbing them of their most preciouspersonal possession, their lives andhealth.Whom do I mean by the scoundrelsand their accomplices? I refer to th?great host of patent medicine fraudsand fakes, and the accomplices arenone other than a great lot of thenewspapers and religious papers whichexploit the advertisements of thesefrauds. Of all papers that should beclean from cover to cover, that shouldbend every effort to make sure thatGOLD BRICKS IN HEALTHHow Fools are Soon Parted from their Money, Lives and HealthWabrex H. Booker, C.E.What do you think of a fellow that what is advertised in their papers isbites on a gold brick swindle these what it is claimed to be, it certainlydays? Feel kind o' sorry for him in devolves upon the religious press toLOOK OVER THE ADS IN YOURFAMILY PAPERS THIS EVENING.IF YOU FIND PATENT MEDICINEADVERTISEMENTS, JUST DROPA LINE TO THE EDITOR ANDTELL HIM WHAT YOU THINK OFSUCH ADVERTISEMENTS. THEONLY WAY TO STOP SUCHTHINGS IS TO LET THE FOLKSPUBLISHING THESE PAPERSKNOW WHERE YOU STAND ONSUCH MATTERS.set an example and, above all, to behonest with their readers.You would never think of lettingsome one thrust a loaded revolver intoyour hand, put your finger to the trigger,aim the gun at one of your friendsand commit murder for you, whileyou deliberately turned your head inanother direction. Did it ever occurto you that that isjust what takesplace when a paper,religious or secular,sells its advertisingspace to suchfrauds? It is themodern way of sellingour birthrightfor a mess of pottage.Was Judasmuch more to beblamed for betrayinginnocent bloodforsilverthirty pieces ofthan we are,if we betray our fellow man by beingparty to a plot to rob him of his moneyand give him, at best, some worthlessdrugs? Perhaps we also give him ashove and a kick down the road of illhealth toward a premature gravesometimes from the dangerous characterof the drug, more often becausethe promises made delude the victimand keep him from getting genuinemedical relief.To be concrete, witness the followingincident. The accompanying pictureshows a man who saw "Nature'sCreation" advertised in a paper. Accordingto the advertisement, themedicine will cure consumption. Itsells for $5.00 a bottle. The poor.I

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 251that in Chicago the venereal quackeryemaciated fellow in the picture is aconsumptive in the last stages. Headmits having taken at least twentybottles of "Nature's Creation." However,he did not pay for the medicine,but received it in return for a testimonialhe wrote endorsing this nos-A consumptive in the last stages and his patentmedicine bottles (Nature's Creation) which helpedto put him there.trum.This young man is now in a sanatoriumfor the treatment of tuberculosis,and has little hope of recovery.After learning the real worthlessnessof this nostrum, he consented to bephotographed with a number of theempty bottles. He is indeed a woefulspectacle.Verily, a fool and his health aresoon parted, but who parts them? Toofrequently the advertisers of patentmedicines.Be sure tosee that the birth of anychild in whom you are interested isreported and recorded; it may meana great deal to that child in lateryears.GOOD HUNTINGHow the Light of Publicity KnocksOut Patent Medicine FraudsQuack doctors are the most vulnerableof big game. How astonishinglytender their commercial susceptibilitiesare has been shown by the ChicagoTribune. One week of exposurethrough the Tribune's columns practicallyruined every venereal diseasequack in the city. Some shut up shopand disappeared. Others sat idle inempty offices, forlorn spiders at thecenter of flyless webs. Never beforewas so powerful and profitable an industrybrought to such instant wreckage.What destroyed this pirate tradewas not alone the direct result of theexposures, definite and potent thoughthat was. The lethal blow was theeviction of all this class of advertisingfrom the daily press."Within fourdays of the Trihime's declaration ofwar every morning and afternoon paperin the city, whether printed inEnglish or in some other language(and there is a great number of Chicagonewspapers published in foreigntongues), which was carrying thisclass of copy had been shamed oralarmed into throwing it out. Theevening paper of William R. Hearst,who a year ago bragged mightily ofhaving foregone his alliance withquacks, was forced to exclude advertisingwhich represents in the neighborhoodof $70,000 a year blood money tothat apostle of journalistic purity.Finally, the militant Tribune gives noticeof its intention to stir up prosecutionsunder the law; or, if the presentlaw be inadequate, to agitate for theenactment of a stronger statute underwhich the malefactors may be broughtto book. In view of this newspaper'sestablished reputation for carrying outto the fullest conclusion whatever itundertakes, it is a fairly safe prophecy

252 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.game is up. Out in Seattle the Sun, alusty infant of Far Western journalism,performed a like service for itscity; and some years ago the ClevelandPress made a valiant but onlypartly successful effort in that vicinity.But the Chicago campaign has been byfar the broadest and most significant.On its letterhead the Tribune termsitself "The World's Greatest Newspaper."To our mind its antiquack victorygoes far toward making the boastgood. Collier's Weekly.RESPONSIBILITYWho Is Accessory to the PatentMedicine Fakery ?Says one of the quarry of the Tribune'squack hunt: "I have paid mostof what I made to newspapers thatprinted my ads." Despite its source,that statement is indubitably true.Without newspaper advertising noquack can hope to do business. TheTribune, in its articles, showed that assoon as the advertising was cut off thevenereal sharks ceased to receive patientsenough to keep their oflBces going.Consider, you newspaper reader,It meansthe true significance of this.that the responsibility for quackery inyour town rests with your daily paper.If the newspaper owner didn't acceptthat poisoned and reeking money thequack couldn't continue to take hisprofit of human terror and human misery.And the responsibility of thenewspaper is readily brought home.No use in attacking the quack exceptby process of law, and most state lawsalong this line are wretchedly flimsy.Moral suasion cannot influence thecrooked practitioner because he has nocharacter. But a newspaper has acharacter, and that character is part ofits capital. Where the emoluments ofevil advertising bring open disgraceupon a journal that journal will dropthe advertising. It took the Tribunebut four days to clean up every newspaperin Chicago. In Portland the paperswere compelled by force of publicopinion, voiced through a committeeof citizens, to discard this class ofbusiness; and now there are no venerealquacks in Portland. What citywill be next in line? The task is possibleto any community which can organizepublic opinion. The methodis simple and direct. Compel the newspapers,by force of fear or by the persuasionsof decency, to cleanse theircolumns, and quackery will promptlyand surely die of inanition. Collier'sWeekly.NO HELP YET FOR FAT PEOPLERead This Before You Spend Moneyfor Obesity CuresSince the beginning of time thosefortunate, or unfortunate, persons whohave had too much to eat and too littleto do have endeavored to escapefrom the bondage of fat by some meanswhich would reduce them to normalproportions, but leave them free toovereat and be lazy. Probably antifatremedies were advertised to the Romanpatricians 2,000 years ago. Theyhave been ever since, and they alwayswill be so long as there are men andwomen who eat more than they needand work less than they ought to. Asthese individuals generally belong tothe leisure class, with plenty of moneyto spend on self-improvement, they forma tempting group for the confidenceman and the fake medical swindler.Antifat remedies and reducing treatmentshave been sprung on the publicby the score. Most of them have beenpromptly exposed as frauds or havedied a natural death as soon as a reasonablenumber of victims found thatthey did not fulfill the extravagantpromises made by their promoters.The public has recently been treated

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 253to a demonstration of the antifat remedyde luxe. The combination of aprofessional antifat faker with a popularand well-advertised burlesque actress,the use of an exuberant and variegatedvocabulary in framing advertising,and of an unlimited amount ofprinter's ink in making extravagantpromises to the overfed, has resultedin breaking the news tothe expectantworld that the "Texas Guinan World-Famed Treatment for Corpulency"will relieve all the ills of fat peoplefor $20 a bottle.This would be lovelyif it were true, but, unfortunately, itis not. The man behind the scheme isWalter C. Cunningham, who in 1906 issaid to have served a term in jail inMinneapolis for fraudulent acts in thereal estate business, and who later wentintothe mail order medical fake business,probably as offering greaterprofits with less risk. In 1909 hestarted, in Chicago, a mail order bustdeveloper and wrinkle eradicator concernunder the name of his wife, EvelynCunningham. In 1910 he sold outthis concern and started another underthe name of Delia Carson. In 1911,after being divorced from EvelynCunningham, he married MarjorieHamilton, the "calendar girl," andwent to Denver, where he started the"Marjorie Hamilton Obesity Cure,"the "Princess Tokio Beauty Company"and the "Cunningham Mail-OrderSchool." Early in August dispatchesfrom Denver stated that the "calendargirl" had been "deposed as the lightin the lives of fat women who seek toreduce." In an interview in a Chicagonewspaper at about the same timeMarjorie said: "Mr. Cunninghamnow has another scheme for moneymaking.I would advise the peoplewho are dealing with him to look out."Mr. Cunningham did have anotherscheme. It involved another womanwhose name he could use and anotherfat-reducing fake. This time thewoman was Texas Guinan, and thewonderful remedy which was offeredas an "absolutely unfailing fat reducer"was found on analysis in thelaboratory of the American MedicalAssociation to be a solution of alumand alcohol in water. A bottle of thiswonderful mixture costs 30 cents, andwas offered for sale by Cunningham as"Texas Guinan's World-Famed Treatmentfor Corpulency," at the low priceof $20, leaving an insignificant marginof profit on each bottle of $19.70. TheJournal of the American Medical Association,which has just published acomplete exposure of this fake, saysthat it will not have any more effecton surplus fat than so much ditch water,and that its sale under the claimsmade for it and at such an outrageousprice is a plain swindle and fraud.The fact that this business is carriedon almost exclusively through theUnited States mails ought to make itscareer a short one. However, as soonas this fraud is squelched, the versatileCunningham will doubtless findanother woman behind whose name hecan hide, and with whose assistance heanother worthless mixture atcan sellan exorbitant price. That unfortunatepart of the public which suffersfrom too much fat ought to understandby this time that there is noremedy for this condition but to eatless and work more, the only twothings which most of these victims areunwilling todo.Who's Been There, KnowsShe— "Take care, Alfred! That isn'tthe remedy for seasickness. Don't yousee the bottle is marked poison?"He— "That's the one I want."

254 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.HOW MUCH LIQUOR A SICK MAN NEEDSIs the Prescribing of Liquor a Privilege That is Abused ?ProposedWabren H. Booker, C.E.A Remedy"Just a little on account of sickness."That used to be an old excusefor keeping the jug around th2 housa.Now it is becoming^an excuse for get-"^ * w * * ^=.

pFrom the replies received to the lettersof inquiry, two important pointswere brought out:1. A great many of the doctorsstated that they were using much lessliquor now than they did from five toten or fifteenyears ago, and that, too,patients are more successfully treatedthan when more liquor was prescribed.2. It could not but be noted that, ingeneral, doctors who had received theirdegrees in medicine within the lastten years were prescribing a greatdeal less liquor than doctors who graduatedprior to that time. A great manyof the very best doctors of the youngerset prescribe no liquor whatsoever.From these two points it appearsthat unmistakably the tendency in thebest medical practice of the presentday is to decrease rather than increasethe quantity of liquor prescribed.One of the most striking features ofthe whole matter is that while the bestmedical practice both in the State andin large hospitals outside the Stateshows a strong tendency to decreasethe amount of liquor prescribed, yetthe actual amount of liquor prescribedby the profession as a whole is believedto be largely increased duringrecent years, and it will be noted thatthis increase is coincident with themore rigid enforcement of our prohibitionlaws.The replies to the questions submittedwere so interesting that we can notrefrain from quoting the gist of a few.Space forbids longer quotations, butthese are typical."I find it c^dvisable to prescribewhiskey to perhaps less than ten patientsa year."'—W. L. Dunn, M.D.,Asheville."During the year I have prescribedno whiskey or brandy at all."—JamesJ. Philips, M.D., Tarboro."With all of our practice, includingthe hospital and our private work, wedo not advise an amount exceedingone gallon a year."—J. T. Burrus, M.D,High Point.THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 255"The amount used in the institutionfor the year has been an averageof 201/i ounces per patient. Thisrather high average is due to thequantity required by certain chronic patients,and will be reduced this year."—Albert Anderson, M.D., SuperintendentState Hospital for the Insane,Raleigh."I do not use more than one dropof spirits to the patient."—F. R. Harris,M.D., Henderson."I am sure that on my hospital servicesonly two or three patients ayear ever get alcohol in any form bymy order."—H. A. Royster, M.D., Raleigh."I have prescribed no whiskey orspirits of any sort during the lastyear, or previous one."—Wm. M.Jones, M.D., Greensboro."I don't prescribe whiskey at all."John R. Irwin, M.D., Charlotte."During the last five years of myactive practice I am satisfied I did notprescribe over a pint a year, and if Iwere practicing now Iwould not prescribeany at all."—J. T. J. Battle,M.D., Greensboro."I have never prescribed whiskeyat any time; have advised patients totake very small quantities of brandy,and that was in very few instances.Since I gave up general practice Ihave not had any chance or occasionfor the use of such."—M. M. Saliba,M.D., Wilson."I prescribe for 3,600 patients peryear, including twenty-five 'drunks.'I prescribe one ounce of spirits foreach of these. Otherwise I neverwrite a prescription for spirits."—E.T. Dickinson, M.D., Wilson."I prescribe 8 quarts of whiskeyper year—this would be 20 drops foreach patient."—Frank H. Russell, M.D.,Wilmington."I do not prescribe whiskey. However,I recognise it as a valuable remedy.'"-Dr.D. A. Dees, Bayboro."I do not prescribe it in any shape."—J. E. Koonce, M.D., Wilmington."I don't suppose I have prescribedon an average one-half gallon of whiskeyper year, and I suppose I see atleast as many patients as any physicianin the city. I believe the neces-

256 THE HEALTH BULLETIX.sity for prescribing whiskey is veryseldom indeed. In fact, I believethere are other remedies that wouldbe equally as good, if not better, inthose cases in which it was prescribed."—A.J. Crowell, M. D., Charlotte.These few letters taken at randomshow unmistakably the present trendof medical science in regard to the useof liquor in sickness.The Remedy Suggested.In view of the facts in the case, itis plain that some sort of remedy isneeded for the present drugstore liquor4rade. It must be admitted that very:

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 257it was natural for babies to throw up.Another one prescribed soothingsyrup which contained morphine. Anotherone recommended anise seedcordial, and so it went; the youngmother being willing to depend upondrugs and remedies, but not willingto practice prevention by feedingrationally. When the digestive machinerywas put to the bad the babyfinally took dysentery and died.'"Continuing, the doctor said, 'I hadthree infants die of pneumonia lastwinter, simply because their motherswoiild not give them enough fresh air.In spite of my instructions that plentyof air made babies strong and protectedthem against colds and coughs,still they would cover their babies'faces with veils and napkins and keepthe life-giving air away. The foolishidea,' said the doctor, 'which seemsto exist everywhere, that fresh, coldair is injurious, must be somehow extractedfrom the minds of our people,or else pneumonia-dead babies willalways be with us.' "There are the two entirely differentstories about the cause of this baby'sdeath. These two stories are typicalof a great many other two-sided storiestold in regard to thovisands of needlessbaby deaths that occur in North Carolinaevery year. Are you inclined toagree with the preacher and place theresponsibility on the Lord, or with thedoctor and acknowledge that a verylarge part of it is "up to us"?Let's stop a great lot of these needlessinfant deaths. It can be done byimpressing upon the mother the importanceof proper care and feeding ofher baby. If you know of a motherwho probably has very little generalknowledge regarding the best way ofraising babies and making themstrong, vigorous children, just writethe State Board of Health asking thata bulletin on "The Baby" be sent themother. It will be sent free of chargeby return mail, a ad no mention willbe made that it was requested.Sound sanitation makes good health"catching."MAY HAVE OUR OFFICE COPYSince the exposure of the Oxypathorfraud by the State Board of Health afew months ago, letters have continuedto pour into this oflBce expressingthe appreciation of our readers thatthis fake was nailed and laid outcold. We have not space to reproducemany of these letters, but here isone from the mayor of a North Carolinatown which we can not help givingour readers:State Board of Health. Raleigh, N. C:Gentlemen.•—I have been receivingyour monthly bulletin and I verymuch appreciate the same. I loaned afriend my copy in which you exposedthe Oxypathor, and he has never returnedit. I think it was destroyed,as his brother is an agent for the Oxypathor.Will you please send me anothercopy of the Bulletin in whichyou expose the Oxypathor? I wouldvery much appreciate it if you coulddo so. Very truly,, Mayor.Such a man shall have anothercopy of the Bulletin containing thisarticle if we have to give -him our officeIncopy.only one way can future generationsbe relieved of the yoke of preventabledisease, and that way is by ageneral dissemination of facts concerningthose diseases. Is there anymedium that could be more effectivelyemployed for such teaching than theschool ? But first we must haveteachers who are capable of suchteaching.Indiana is preparing to add a coursein public health and sanitation to thecurriculum of its school of medicine inconnection with the State University,with the idea of preparing physiciansto intelligently meet the problems ofpublic health work.

258 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.A Practical Talk toWE MUST HAVE GOOD TEETHChildren and Grown-ups Who Don't Want to beBothered with Toothache and "Stomach Trouble"When They Get OlderGood teeth, like good health, are uotvalued as they should be, and it isonly after we have lost either that weunderstand how little we valued them.If you have never thought of it before,notice now how few grown-uppeople have really pretty teeth; andwhen you see a man or woman whohas beautiful teeth, observe whetheror not that person has not only goolteeth but also splendid health. Theremay be an exceptionnow and then,but it is the rulethat a beautiful setof teeth and perfecthealth go hand inhand, and we aregoing to try toshow you why thisis,for there shouldbe a reason' for It.When little b a-bies are born theirnatural food i smilk, for a time,for which no teethare required andfor which natureprovides none. Asthe months pass,the baby begins torequire solid food,and as this timecomes nature provides additionalpower in the stomach to digest thatmore solid food, and in addition furnishesin the mouth the tools by whichthis solid food may be crushed, groundup and divided so that the juices inthe mouth and stomach can quicklyand easily come in contact with itand fit it to be taken up into the bodyfornourishment.THE PRIME ESSENTIAL INHAVING GOOD TEETH IS PRE-VENTION. PREVENT DECAY BYTHE REGULAR USE OF THETOOTHBRUSH MORNING ANDEVENING. OMIT WASHINGYOUR FACE AND HANDS RATH-ER THAN CLEANING YOURTEETH. THEN PREVENT TINYCAVITIES FROM BECOMINGLARGER BY GOING TO A DEN-TIST AT LEAST ONCE EVERYYEAR OR SIX MONTHS ANDHAVING THE TEETH CARE-FULLY INSPECTED AND TINYCAVITIES FILLED.During the time that the teeth aregrinding it up and separating it intominute particles, there is being pouredinto it the saliva of the little glandsin the mouth, which is the first preparationneeded in its digestion. If itwere not for this fine division the foodgets in being ground up by the teeth,it would enter the stomach in moreor less large, solid pieces, unmixedwith the saliva, and the juices of thestomach would thenbe able to attackonly the outsideofit. While thesejuices would intime, perhaps, digestit, yet thegreater work thatthey would be requiredto do would,after a while, sotax their workingpower that theywould and do becomeweak and unabletodo the additionalwork, just asa man or a horsewho is sent outevery day to domore than he is capableof doing becomesweaker andweaker until at last he can do no more.You will see, then, how valuable it isto have each and every tooth in perfectcondition, simply from the standpointof the preparation of the foodfor digestion.When a person has a decaying toothin his mouth, he not only takes awayjust that much of his tools for th?preparation of his food, but he begin"-

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 259to mix with that food other thingsthan the saliva. The tooth commencesto pour pus (matter) into themouth to be mixed with the food. Thecavities in the tooth are splendid littlenests for the germs to live in andraise their large families. This pus,or decayed matter, and germs, beingmixed with the food, pass into thestomach and begin to attack thehealth.When one tooth after another isdecaj'edin this way you can see thatinstead of pure, wholesome food bein^taken up by the body all the time, poisonsare mixed with it, and after a timethe persons begin to wonder ichy theydo not feel tcell, and say they havestomach trouble, when in reality whatthey have is tooth trouble.To show you what decayed teethmean, we want to tell you of twentysevenboys and girls in Cleveland,Ohio, whose teeth were in very balcondition.These twenty-seven little girls andboys were not doing well in theirschool work, and it was determiaed tosee what effect the substitution ofgood teeth for bad teeth would haveon backward children. So each ofthem was put in the care of a gooddentist and his teeth restored to asnear good teeth as was possible. Afterthis was done a test of their schoolwork was made and compared withtheir previous school work. This testshowed that all of them had improved99.8 per cent. In other words, thesechildren were ablewith good teeth todo just twice as well as they did withbad ones.Now, the care of the teeth is not ahard matter. It means only a littlehabit of cleanliness which, after it isacquired, will never be neglected andwhich will repay you many, manytimes.If you are not in the habit of brushingyour teeth,start today, have yourtoothbrush where you will see it beforeyou night and morning, but especiallyat night, for no one should evergo to bed with dirty teeth.In using the brush, in addition tobrushing it back and forth across theteeth, you should brush from the gumsdown on the upper row and from thegums up on the lower row. This isimportant, for in this way we removethe food that is between the teeth.Too much brushing of the teeth isnot only unnecessary, but may beharmful, by irritating the gums.Brushing the teeth night and morningis enough.In spite of the best care that yougive your teeth, there will be timeswhen little spots of decay appear, andfor this reason It is important thateveryone have a good dentist examinethe teeth once or twice every year inorder to discover these little decayedplaces and take care of them at once,and so prevent them from becomingcavities.Your father or mother sometimesmay forget that it is time that yourteeth need looking at, and often w-illforget to notice whether you havecleaned them; so you must learn tothink of these things yourself, for theyare, after all, your teeth, given youfor your use. Bulletin St. LouisHealth Department.Iowa has a new law regarding thereporting ofcases of venereal disease.Failure to comply with the regulationsmakes the physician liable to a fine ofone hundred dollars, thirty days' imprisonment,and revocation of hislicense.Different Complaint"I believe I will run down to EurekaSprings.""Week end?""No; rheumatism."

260 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.THE DOCTOR'S LARGER DUTYHis Greater Privilege and the Possibilities Within His ReachAddress Before the Sixth District Medical Society by Dr. F. R. Harris, Henderson, PresidentWe are all keenly alive to our dutyto our patients, but may it not be truethat we are so engrossed with the individualthat we too often forget thatwe owe a larger service to the community?When we recall that, in 1911,we had in North Carolina over 2,000more deaths from tuberculosis, over1,000 more deaths from pneumonia,over 1,000 more from typhoid, over1,800 more from diarrheas (under twoyears), and nearly 500 more deathsfrom whooping cough than we wouldhave had with the average death ratein the United States, I am forced to theconclusion that somebody is at fault.This lamentable state of affairs is dueto indifference on the part of the public,and this is due to ignorance of thelaws of health.Now, to whom can the public lookfor relief but to our profession? Weknow the conditions; we know theremedy. Then is it not our boundenduty, as citizens, to give the benefitof our knowledge to the public? TheState Board of Health, with its efficientand wide-awake secretary, is doing allit can with the petty sum at its disposal.But this is only the enteringwedge. It rests with us, the rank andfile of the profession, individually andcollectively, to do our part in thisgreat work. If each member of this societywould do his part in this workduring the coming year, with the pen,on the rostrum, on the street, and especiallyin the homes whenever andwherever the opportunity offers, whata strong right arm might we not beto the State Board of Health, and whata blessing we would be to the publicin the prevention of sickness, the prolongationof life, and in promoting.in many ways, happiness and prosperityin our beloved State! This is whatI regard as the paramount privilegeand duty of the profession.The Physician and Vital Statistics.Our last General Assembly passeda strict and comprehensive vital statisticslaw. It is incumbent upon us,as guardians of the public health, topopularize this law by telling the peopleof its significance. In my judgment,we shall find a great many obstaclesto be overcome before the peoplecan realize that it is for the publicgood. Let us lose no opportunityto aid the State Board of Health inpopularizing this advance step bypointing out to the people the advantagesthat will accrue from its enforcement,and even by going out ofour way to personally see to it that everybirth and death is reported to thelocal registrar of the town or township,whether or not it occurred in ourpractice.The Physician and Preventive Medicine.Let our slogan be, "A competenthealth oflicer paid for his entire timefor each county in the State." Pardonme if I suggest right here that wesee to it that in each instance a competentcounty health ofl&cer is selected,and not be guilty of selecting a manbecause he needs a job. Rather let usselect a man because the job needsthat man. With a competent healthofficer paid for his entire time in eachcounty, each county should arrange aprogram of popular lectures to begiven by the members of the countysociety throughout the county, partic-

ularly in the school houses. In thisway every section of every county inthe State can be reached, and untoldgood will result. In my county, membersof our local society have donejust such work as this. We have usednot only the school houses, but alsothe churches, and we find that the peoplealways attend these lectures. Thepublic is beginning to see that there issomething in sanitation.The highest form of service whichthe medical profession can performfor mankind is in the prevention ofdisease. It is in the study of the preventionof disease that medicine hasno rivals, and is least likely to be misunderstood.This realm is not invadedby the charlatan, the pseudoscientificsect, or the patent medicineman. These are all zealous in thetreatment of disease, but the scienceof medicine differentiates itself fromthem in that, while they are concernedfor the sick, scientific medicineis searching out the causes of diseaseand applying preventive measures.Medicine, as an organized profession,is the only great movementhaving as an aim the reduction ofmorbidity by preventing the well frombecoming sick. Intelligent and scientificeffort in the prevention of diseaseis tangible and can be measured, andis freer from confusion than is treatment.In the treatment of disease theforces of nature are just as kind to themercenary quack, with his "incomparableelixir," as they are to the conscientiousand skilled physician. Thepatients of both will recover. Therapyis the inexact part of medicine.We all know what preventive medicinehas done with cholera. The samemay be done with typhoid fever. The15,000 persons who died of typhoidfever in the United States during thepast year are a needless sacrifice, formedicine has developed the knowledgewhich, if applied, would make typhoidfever an unknown disease. MedicineTHE HEALTH BULLETIN.261-----^has perfected the knowledge of thisdisease and the means for its prevention,and the people want the diseasestopped, but the representatives of thepeople are busy with mergers and tariffsand appropriations and jobs, whilethe pale faces of those 15,000 dying ofa preventable disease are seen only bythe profession of medicine. Whensome community is awakened by an awfulepidemic, it arouses itself and localmeasures are applied, always successfully,to prevent the disease, but whatis done for a village should be donefor the state and nation. This will bedone,—it should be done now—andthen typhoid will pass into history, aconquered disease.Give Facts About Alcohol.The time has come when we shouldtake a positive stand on the questionof alcohol. We know the harm thatalcoholic beverages are inflicting uponthe people. The ravages of alcohol areas well known as those of typhoid.Weknow them so well that we scarcelyneed to discuss them among ourselves.We know how much weaker is the resistanceto disease on the part of theman who has habitually taken alcohol.We know the frightful mortality inpneumonia and Bright's diseaseamong drinking men. We know thefrequency and dangers of deliriumtremens, occurring, as it often does, inmen who have drunk daily but neverin amounts to produce intoxication.We know the difficulties experiencedby the drinking man when he requiresa surgical operation. It devolves uponus to instruct the public as to the dangersof alcohol, just as it does to instructthem concerning the dangers ofpolluted water or bad milk. Alcoholis not a food. It causes one-tenth ofthe deaths in the United States, andyet the people spend over $2,000,000,-000 yearly for the poison. It devolvesupon us to give the facts to the public.I am not a fanatic on the subject

262 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.of alcohol. The facts are bad enoughwithout the exaggerated statements sooften made by the uninformed temperanceadvocate. The time is ripe for agreat and sane temperance movement,conducted by our profession, tellingthe public simply the truth about alcohol,disseminating knowledge of theincontrovertible facts. The value ofsuch a movement to this country isbeyond the power of the most hopefulto foresee.Venebeal Diseases.Our profession has signally failedin its duty to the public in that wehave not given them the facts in regardto venereal diseases. Of courseI do not mean that we should exposeindividual cases—a thousand timesno!—but we should let the peopleknow that an authority says that inthe United States 65 per cent of adultmales have had gonorrhea; that inthis country 800,000 males reach maturityannually, and of this number500,000 become infected with gonorrhea.The public should know that,of the 14,000,000 male adults under theage of thirty in the United States, themost reliable observers calculate that8,000,000 have gonorrhea or its sequelae.Our women should know thata man who has once had gonorrheais a dangerous man to marry,and that from 65 to 75 per cent of thewomen who wed are accepting this danger.The public should know thatone-third of the deaths from apoplexyare nothing but syphilitic affections.They should know that locomotorataxia, Brlght's disease, paresis, manyother forms of insanity, and those unaccountablemoral lapses are frequentlyvenereal indications. The trailof physical suffering which follows inthe wake of these diseases is insignificantwhen compared with the mentalanguish, the broken hearts, anithe saddened homes that mark theirpath.At the bottom of these troubles liesthe ignorance which it is incumbentupon us to help to remove. Wheneverthe public realizes that it pays, in dollarsand cents, to prevent disease, tosay nothing of the relief from sufferingand sickness, they will cooperatewith us, and not till then.In conclusion, I wish to repeat whatI said here a year ago. We are livingtoday in a time of transition, I mightsay a time of crisis. While our politiciansare fighting over the tariff, we, Jthe medical profession, have issues of ^paramount importance to solve. Forwhat is more important from everypoint of view than the health andracial integrity of a nation? Let us bein the vanguard with Him who said, "Iam come that they might have life, andthat they might have it more abundantly."Let us then realize the importofthe task before us. Let us go forward,harbingers of hope, pluck theprematurely dead from the tomb,strev/ flowers upon the path of theliving, and, in our unselfish service tohumanity, emblazon our names highup among the immortals.No AlternativeDoctor (to operetta Diva who wishes— to be vaccinated) "Shall I vaccinateyour arm?"Diva— "Heavens! No, of course not.Think of me as an artist with a scaron my arm! You must vaccinate mewhere it won't show."Doctor— "I think you had bettertake it internally."Keep your children away from otherchildren who are sick, at least untilyou are sure that the sick child hasno contagious disease.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 263THE PRACTICAL RURAL PRIVYWhy So-calied Sanitary Privies Are a Failure in the Country and a PartialRemedy ProposedPerhaps the biggest single sanitaryproblem in North Carolina countryhomes today is the satisfactory disposalof human excrement. Ever sinceWarren H. Booker, C.E.soon become history, typhoid wouldbecome rare, and we should still havehundreds of last summer's babies withus.wnt about 8 inches^square in each endfor onINIXP£N5IV£ RU2AL PSIVYNoT^ dy bui/dinq the privy vvifhouta bacf\ door^ and placing if oyer apit at o safe di3rance frv/n,andin a direction not /ihe/y topo/tuteffie t^e/i ttic resuttj are pnoct/co//yas good OS in itie caye of more erpens/vetvpes o/ priv/es, reguir.-nqmucti attention Wtien the pt" f(/7soney^ one /j dtyo neariiy, ttje otdone covered, and ftie pri^y moy^ct.All venti tote screened & pit maaf Hy-tight.(4 Pnvy to re^f upon e'^a,,/j7 timber^ Top Timbers to be fhihETwm ,imiii=iiii=/imm=//mT>>^cfw/^ surface of t^rcundPRIVY FOR RURAL USEBuilt withcut a back door and over a pit. The screened ventilator under the seat had best be omittedunless the odor becomes very objectionable.hookworms were discovered there hasbeen much talk about sanitary privies,but from present indications thelast word has not yet been said. Itis a fact that with the general use ofalmost any form of the so-called sanitaryprivies, hookworm disease wouldOur present methods of caring forhuman excrement range all the wayfrom elegant porcelain fixtures in tiledbathrooms to bent-over saplings or noprivies at all, even at school houses.We can not all afford porcelain equipments,and even the richest among us

264 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.Various types of so-called sanitaryprivies have been advocated fromtime to time. Most of them representsanitation gone mad and commonsense conspicuous by its absence.Theoretically, they will all accomplishthe one end sought. We must admit,nevertheless, that most of them havebeen flat failures. Why? Primarilybecause none of them were ever built.OLD OPEN BACK PRIVY REMODELED.By closing up the back and digging a pit underthe privy the fecal matter cannot be scattered orexposed to flies or domestic animals. A good typeof rural privy.And why were they never built?can not afford to take chances withhookworms, typhoid and diarrheal diseases.Because,in the first place, it usuallycosts from $20 to $50 to build them;and, in the second place, they requiredaily or weekly, or at least frequentattention. Either feature is too muchof an innovation for the rural dwellerwho has no privy at all, or only hiscustomary bent sapling. We are fastlearning that with such people sanitaryscience must make a "horsetrade." With such people it is folly totalk of $20 to $50 concrete arrangements,or to tell them that they mustbury a can of fecal matter once ortwice a week, or add a bucketful ofwater daily. In other words, we arefast coming to the point where wewould be glad to dee a six-tenths oreight-tenths eflicient privy to no privyat all.At the risk of making ourselves unpopularwith enthusiasts over highgrade sanitary privies, we venture todescribe briefly an inexpensive formof privy for rural use which requiresthe minimum of care and attentionand which costs but a few dollars tobuild complete, or only a trifle for twoor three boards and a few nails if anold open-back privy is remodeled.The cut on the preceding page illustratesa form of privy which we believewill meet nearly all the requirementsin rural districts where there issentiment for improvement along thisline. All that is necessary is to dig ahole in the ground three or four feetsquare and from four to six feet deepand set the privy over this hole so thatflies can not have access to the fecalmatter. That is practically all there isShould this hole fill up in a yearto it.or two, all that is necessary is to removethe privy, dig a new pit nearby,place the privy over the new pit, andcover the contents of the old pit withthe excavated earth. If the sides ofthe pit cave in readily, they may bewalled up with loose stones, brick, orboards, or one or two empty barrelsmay be used.One of the principal advantages ofsuch a form of privy is that almostany old privy Tfith an open back canreadily be made over by weatherboardingthis opening down to the ground.There is little danger from flies in thecase of such a privy, as flies will notgo down into the dark pit. There willbe some odors, but they are not dangerousto health. Where odors areobjectionable, a trap door may beplaced over the hole in the seat, so the

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 265door will fall down and cover the holewhenever not in use. As such lidsare an arrangement not generally appreciatedby renters or careless individuals,they may usually be dispensedwith.Where there is real objection toodors, and where it is certain that extraordinarycare will be taken by everyone using the privy, a small ventnot over four to eight inches squaretion with such an arrangement is verypoor, because there are no hot expandedgases present in the flue, asin the case of a stove or fireplace, tocause a draft.In order to furnish light insidethe privy, to exclude flies, and, at thesame time, to protect the seat fromrain and snow, it is best to have thelittle side openings near the top of theprivy covered with glass. The doorA type of privy all too common in rural districts.It shouldbe placed over a pit and boarded up tight in the rear.may be cut in each end of the seat boxand carefully screened. As this willadmit light to the pit and induce fliesto enter, the trap lid covering the holein the seat should be kept in goodorder. Unless there is a strong demandfor these two screened vents inthe seat box they should never be putin. On account of their position, theirexposure to dampness and liability torust,they should be rescreened everyyear. Vents on opposite ends of theseat box give better ventilation andcost less than a vent on one end and abox or flue extended from the seat boxto the roof on the other. The ventilashouldbe kept closed at all times bymeans of a spring hinge.Such a privy as this should be locatedat least 200 feet from any wellor spring, and also, if possible, onlower ground, or where the drainagefrom such a privy is away from thewell or spring. Care should also betaken to prevent surface water draininginto the pit, as this may cause itto cave in, and it also increases theodors given off.The chief objection to a privy ofthis kind is on account of pollution ofthe ground water, but we must bearin mind that where such pollution has

266 THE HEALTH BUELETIX,to pass 200 feet or more through theground to a well, there is less dangerthan where it enters the well from thetop in any of the many ways familiarto sanitarians.Of course, such a privy is a rathercrude arrangement. Later experiencemay indicate a better plan, but webelieve it is a great deal betterthan the open-back privy. Open-backprivies give chickens and domesticanimals access to the filth depositedon the surface of the ground, whenceit is frequently washed and scatteredfar and wide, exposed alike to fliesand barefooted children. This iswhere we get practically all our hook-ourworm disease and a great part oftyphoid, diarrheal diseases and summercomplaint. Such conditions arebut little better than no privy at all.Such privies could scarcely be recommendedin towns, even in the thinlypopulated outskirts of a town, v/herethe cost of Y/ater and sewers makessuch things out of the question. Insuch cases we believe it is better tocollect the fecal matter in water tightgalvanized iron pails, to be removedby the scavenger at regular intervals.Such privies are described elsewhereinthis bulletin.CHARLEY CALLOWHow the Law Taught Him SanitationHe was well-dressed and lookedpas.?ably intelligent, and was smokinga cigarette and spitting copiously uponThe signthe rear platform of the car.read: "Spitting on the floor of thiscar is unlawful. Two dollars fine."The health officer touched him on theshoulder and pointing to the pool ofspit said: "Don't you know spittingon the fioor of cars is unlawful?" Thecallow one indignantly said, "You'rea crank." The officer said, "You arenasty and a law-breaker." The cigarettesucker said, "'Tend to your ownbusiness, you crank." Being remindedof his business the ofiicer attended toit. Before the judge Charley Callowshowed no indignation and never saidcrank once. In the big record bookon the judge's pulpit was this entry:"Charley Callow, for spitting on floorof street car. Fine $2.00, costs $7.50;total $9.50." Charley is now knownaz "Charley the Spitless."Moral: When Charley pays two dollarsfor spitting, he just won't spit—Indiana Health Bulletin.A STUDY IN ADVERTISEMENTSCollier's Weekly picked up the two following advertisements, which appearedin the Newark (N. J.) Evening Neics four days apart. They make aninteresting comparison.ALEXANDEK theGreatdrank beer and conqueredthe world before he was 32.Perhaps he could have done itsooner if he had not drunk beer,but you'd better take no chancesPON FEIGENSPANAlexander the Great drank beer and conqueredthe world before he was ^2. Perhapshe could have done it sooner if he had notdrunk beer, but you'd better take nochances.(Brewery Advertisement in NewsJanuary 24th.)ALEXANDER the Great died in adrunken debauch at the age of 33.You'd better take no chances.Anti-Saloon League of New Jersey.

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 267CITY PRIVIESA Practical Design for Sanitary Privies for Urban UseWarrex H. Booker, C.E.Elsewhere in this bulletin we discussedthe question of privies in thecountrj'. The privy question in thecountry is quite different from that intowns. In the country, in manyplaces, there are no privies at all, andthose that are (or are not) affect, aslar education must be depended uponto encourage the best privy possibleunder the circumstances. It is unreasonableto expect regular, careful attentionto privies in rural districts,while in cities regular scavengers canbe required to look after such things.HOOKWORM .A.LLEY.What an elegant chance for chickens, children, flies, and domestic animals to spread infection fromthese old open-back privies. Such communities are almost sure to have high death rates.a rule, only one family.In cities thereis always some form of privy a ailablewhere water and sewer connectionsare not to be had, and, in general,flies and drainage from insanitarycity privies affect the communityrather than the single family. Again,in cities, ordinances can be passed requiringcertain standards for privies.Not so in the country. There, popu-Of course, where water and sewerconnections are available, no priviesof any kind should be tolerated. Eventhe best privy is a poor substitute forsewers. We must admit at the outset,however, the stern fact that in smalltowns and in the suburbs and outskirtsof cities it is even more impracticableto think of serving every householderwith water and sewer connections

268 THE HEALTH Bl'LLETIX,than to expect them to install the $20to $50 sanitary privy arrangementswe used to recommend. In view ofsatisfactory experience in the suburbsof cities and towns and in cottonmill communities, where water andsewer connections were out of thequestion, we know of no better formof privy than the one here shown. Inshould have a lid, and it may be providedwith screened ventilators atboth ends. It should be part of thescavenger's duty to see that the seatbox is always kept fly-tight. Thereshould he no back door to the privy.It is too small a house for two doors,and, besides, this back door increasesthe danger from fliesa hundred fold.NORTH CAROLINASTATE BOARD OF HEALTHSTANDARD SANITARV PPIVYInteriorPerspecfivDioqonal, screened-^verttJofoi^s G RanSANITARY PRIVY FOR CITY USE.The fecal matter is collected in cans and remolded throu jh the front door at least once a week.Sanitary privies must be flyproof and water tight. Note the absence of back doors.such cases regular scavenger serviceshould be employed, and sufficient uniformityrequired so that a standardinterchangeable set of cans owned bythe city can be used.The essential feature of this formof sanitary privy for cities is that, insteadof depositing the fecal matterin a fly-proof pit under the privy, asin the case of rural privies, it is depositedin cans inside the seat box andremoved at regular intervals. Theseat box should be made fly-tight. ItWhen back doors are used, they arenearly always left open, or they becomebroken or are knocked off altogether.Without back doors, priviescan be placed close up against backfences or against other buildings, and,furthermore, the scavenger can not removethe can while the privy is in use.Some towns require a special boxform of ventilator at one end of theseat, extending up through the roof,and a screened opening at the other,but these are a little more expensive

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 269and harder to build, and, as a matterof fact, they do not ventilate as well asscreened openings at both ends ofOLD OPEN-BACK PRIVIES CLOSED UP.theThese privies are now provided with pails whichare removed trom the front anil the backs areweatherboarded up fly tight. They illustrate aneasy way of remodeling existing privies.seat box. There is no draft in thesechimneys, because there is no stove orfireplace to furnish hot smoke and expandedair.Remodeling Old Privies.To make a sanitary privy out of anold open-back privy, all that is necessaryis to make the back of the privyfly-tight by weatherboarding it, put ina floor or fill up under the privy withearth until a heavy galvanized ironcan at least fourteen inches high andfourteen inches in diameter can b3placed close up under the seat, andthen fasten the seat top by means ofhinges so that it may be raised like alid and the cans removed and replacedfrom the front. Such alterations usuallycost from about fifty cents to twoor three dollars per privy.An effort should be made to havethe entire privy made as nearly flyproofas possible. Besides taking theprecaution of having a trap door overthe hole in the seat, the openings inthe sides of the privy near the topshould be covered with glass, and thedoor should be kept closed at all timesby means of a spring hinge. In theaccompanying cut are shown severalold open-back insanitary privies whichhave been remodeled and made sanitaryat very little expense. The chimneyson these might well have beenomitted, but the cut illustrates themethod of excluding flies and animalsfrom the fecal matter.Sanitary privies in cities contemplateregular scavenger service. Thebest plan is to have a scavenger witha platform spring wagon make regularweekly collections, replacing the filledor partly filled cans with empty cans.Such a method is shown in the cut onthe next page. The cans takenfrom the privies are hauled to a seweropening or specially constructed manhole,which in this case was made ina corner of the brick building just beyondthe wagon. This opening intothe sewer is shown in the small cut below,together with the small hand hoseused in washing out the cans. ByBySewer opening into which cans are emptied.moans of small hand-hose cans are rinsed out clean.using water tiglit cans the fecal matterand urine is always in liquid formand easily emptied from the cans. Bymeans of the small hand hose tlie cancan be easily rinsed out, and, if de-

270 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.sired, two or three pints of water anda small quantity of kerosene oil(about a half teacupful) may bepoured into each can before the cansare replaced. The scum of oil floatingon the liquid has a tendency to preventmuch of the odor, although there isvery little real damage done by odors.The use of chemicals, disinfectants,germicides, and all that expensivehigh if the cans are placed on the floorturers of heavy galvanized iron cansfor use in privies. We have correspondedwith several companies makingsuch cans, and find that standard26 gauge galvanized iron cans, 14inches high by 14 inches in diameter,cost, without lids, about 50 centsapiece in hundred lots. Cans much•larger than 14 by 14 raise the seat tooScavenger wagon with load of privy cans.and more or less vile smelling familyof deodorants is usually just so muchmoney thrown away. In the first place,they rarely ever kill all the germs; inthe second place, if the privy is madefly-tight, there will be little need fordisinfection if such were practicable;and, in the third place, there is practicallyno harm in the odors themselves.Furthermore, such chemicalscost a great deal of money that individuals,as well as cities, might useto miich better advantage for healthpurposes in other ways.This office is frequently in receipt ofrequests for the names of manufac-These cans are emptied into a sewer opening inside thebuilding opposite.of the privy.Furthermore, large cansare more expensive, harder to handle,and not necessary to hold the excretafrom even a large family for a weekNothing lighter can 26 gauge shouldbe used, while 24 gauge will be foundmuch more serviceable and perhapscheaper in the long run. These canscan usually be secured through localhardware dealers, or from the WheelingCorrugating Company, Chattanooga,Tenn., the American Can Company,Atlanta, Ga., or from the NationalEnameling & Stamping Company,Baltimore, Md. We mentionthese three companies as thus far they

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 271"have quoted the best prices on suchcans.If other companies care to quoteprices on cans, or be mentioned in thisconnection in correspondence and inthe Health Bulletin hereafter, weshould be glad to hear from them.A GOOD FORM OF PRIVY CAN.These cans should b'- 14 inches highby 14 inches across. The lid should fitdown into the can U to 2 inches.Such cans m-ide of 26 gauge galvanizediron without lids, cost about50 cents each in hundred lots.Authorities of citiesand towns contemplatinginstalling sanitary priviesshould also write the State Board ofHealth for their special bulletin onthe sanitary privy, which containssuggested ordinances requiring the useof sewers where water and sewer connectionsare possible, and also the useof sanitary privies where such connectionsare not possible.Good Eyes PayA San Francisco school teacher ha 1as one of her pupils a boy that wasboth stupid and incorrigible. H3played hookey, lied like a trooper andresisted all efforts to give him instructionof any kind. Finally the teachernoticed that the boy's eyes were bad,and sent a note to his parents to havethem attended to. No attention waspaid to the teacher's request and theboy grew more and more refractoryand unmanageable. Finally the teachertook him to an oculist and had hiseyes fitted with proper glasses. Th^transformation in the boy's mannerand habits was little short of marvelous.He seemed for the first time tob3 able to see things right. He soonbecame one of the brightest and bestpupils in the school, standing at thehead of all his classes. It was foundthat because of defective vision it hadbeen next to impossible for him to seeprint at all, and that his ludicrous attemptsto answer questions in his recitationsexcited the laughter and ridiculeof his classmates, with the naturalresult that he hated school andeverything connected with it. Butwhen his vision was restored he becamea changed boy, voluntarily givingup bad habits and soon winningthe reputation of being one of the moststudious and best behaved boys in theschool—and one pair of glasses savedthe boy.Stand Up StraightTuberculosisand AvoidThe first .essential in the avoidanceof tuberculosis of the lungs, or consumption,is to keep the lungs strong,so that if the germs are breathed theycan do no harm. One of the mostimportant things in keeping thelungs strong is to keep the chest wideopen so that the lungs can be properlyused. If the body is drooped orstoops, or if the shoulders are allowedto drag forward (round shoulders), orif the head is carried forward insteadof well back over the shoulders, thechest must be flattened, the breathingmust be shallow, and the lungs,not being freely used, become weak.It is in this type of chest that tuberculosisusually begins. The consumptiveis usually narrow-chested, withdrooped shoulders and with the headcraned forward. "While the developmentof a strong, well-formed chest isone of the most important factors inpreventing tuberculosis, the same

272 THE HEALTH BULLETIiN^,thing is to be desired if the disease hasonce started. Not only should we livein the open, but we should stand upstraight and learn to "throw a bigchest," so that the lungs can growstrong and the fresh air be taken in.The runner, the singer, or any onewho is obliged to make sustained effortis taught to stand and sit with chesthigh so that the lungs can be used tothe best advantage, and if every onewould do the same thing there wouldbe less tuberculosis because ther^would be fewer weak lungs.Insist on Wrapped BreadIf you buy baker's bread, make akick if they don't give you brealalready wrapped at the bakery. Itcosts less to wrap it in wholesale fashionat the bakery while it is fresh thanit does for each grocer to hunt up astring and piece of paper every timehe sells a loaf. Furthermore, wrappedbread does not have an opportunity t)dry out and become stale nearly sorapidly as unwrapped bread. Thechief reason, however, for havingbread wrapped at the bakery is toavoid the contact with dust, dirt, flies,dirty hands, dirty baskets, and so on.People buy bread because it is awholesome, nutritious, easily digested,economical food. They are willing touse bread made outside their ownkitchens when they are satisfied thatthe process of making it is carried onunder conditions about as good asthose prevailing in their own kitchensunder their own eyes. The cordwoodway of distributing breadstacked up in a fly-abounding salesroom,stacked up in an open wagonstacked up on the arm of a deliveryboy, stacked upon the floor of the backporchuntil some one finds it andtakes it in—prevents many a womanfrom buying bakery bread, and itshould prevent more from doing so.Recently bacterial examinationswere made in Chicago of wrapped andunwrapped bread. Of the unwrappedbread it was found that at least 39 percent of the loaves had an average of14,000 bacteria on them. Such loaveswere classed as "dirty." Nearly 39per cent more of the loaves examinedshowed an average of at least 4.000bacteria and were classed as "fair";while but 27 per cent of the loavescould be called clean, with an averageof 2,500 bacteria.Of the wrapped bread, 45 per centwas found to average only 848 bacteria,and 55 per cent averaged only371 bacteria. In other words, accordingto the bacteria found, unwrappedbread has from seven to twenty timesas much dirt and filth on it as wrappedbread.Not Even AdvertisingPrinters' ink is the life and soul ofpatent medicine and other frauds.When once the newspapers and magazinesstop advertising these fakesabout four-fifths of the danger to thepublic will be removed.Vv'^eare just in receipt of a very significantletter as regards the effectiveway in which one fraud was successfullyprevented from advertising;namely, by showing it up to be so rottenthat papers and magazines didnot dare to advertise it. The followingletter is very brief and to thepoint:State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C:Gentlemen:—You certainly did putthe quietus on the Oxypathor fraud Thave not seen their advertisement inany paper since your exposure in theBulletin—and I hope our church papersat least have been put to thinking.Fine work. Keep it up.Yours truly,Printers' ink is the life and soul ofpatent medicine and other frauds.When once the newspapers and magazinesstop advertising these fakesabout four-fifths of the danger to thepublic will be removed.

THE HEALTH BULLETi:^. 273Hogs in TownsFoul, fly-breeding hog pens withincorporate limits of cities and townsare getting out of date. The folkssimply will not stand for them anylonger, and they are right. They arenot going to stand for flies bred inhorse stables much longer, and when itcomes to pig-sty flies, why we simplydraw the line at that. It will net belong before every North Carolina townthat is on the map at all will not onlyhave no hog pens at all, but it willhave some other strict anti-fly rulesand regulations.The Clayton News hits the nail rightsquare on the head when it takes thefollowing stand:"Now that spring has opened andwarm weather is soon to appear, wouldit not be well to investigate the old'hog pen question' in Clayton? Canwe afford, for the value of a few fatpigs next fall, to risk chances on havingone case of typhoid fever in ourotherwise healthy town? We thinknot. And, besides, ground is too valuableto be used for raising hogs. Let'sleave that for our farmer friends, whohave plenty of room and are bettersituated for this kind of business.The cost of one case of typhoid fever inmoney would amount to far more thanthe profit on all the hogs that will befattened in Clayton this year. Let'snot have them this year. They arenot worth the trouble and worry."Clayton News.Of course, we do not mean that hogpens cause typhoid fever directly, butwe do mean that they breed vile odorsand flies, and the latter carry notonly typhoid from the sick to the well,but also diarrheal diseases (summercomplaint) among babies, and manyother diseases.You would not think ofhaving tinybits of manure and worse filth lyingaround in your house and on yourtable, yet you have flies, and thinkwhere they come from and what maybe on their feet.Two Meetings that May InterestYouMany of our readers will be interestedin the two meetings to be held inMemphis, Tenn., from May 6th to 15th.The Southern Sociological Congressmeets from May 6th to 10th, while theNational Conference of Charities andCorrections will hold their meetingfrom May 8th to 15th. These twogreat meetings of social workers havepurposely been arranged to overlap.Different phases of social work willbe taken up by the different sessionsduring the three days in which thetwo organizations are meeting at thesame time, so that little or no conflictor confusion will result to those interestedin different lines of socialwork.These two organizations, nationaland sectional in character, cover in abroader way what our own State Conferencefor Social Service covers inNorth Carolina. Some of the mattersdiscussed will be public health, childwelfare, defectives, community development,public charities, prison reform,and other similar questions.For full information and programs,those interested should write to TheNational Conference of Charities andCorrections, 315 Plymouth Court, Chicago,111., and to The Southern SociologicalCongress, Nashville, Tenn.Cough and sneeze on the Q. T. Getbehind a handkerchief when you doit. The other fellow doesn't want yourgerms coughed out and sneezed athim, any more than you want his.Now, let us keep the city clean.Let's keep the swatter nigh,Be ever alert for filth and dirt.And swat the nasty fly.•

274 THE HEALTH BL'LLETIN.WHERE IGNORANCE ISDEATHBy Alice Mayor Edwabds, Monrovia, Cal.He was not the kind of a man tofigure in romance; only a plain middleagedmachinist who had done his day'swork since he could remember withhearty thankfulness that there waswork to do. Plenty to eat of a sort,school books for the kiddie, and therent paid every month. He and thewoman had managed that.One day he began to cough. Theatmosphere was heavy in the shop.With close moist air, fatigue, and theshock of draught upon unprotectedshoulders—yes, one easily caught coldand, having once caught it, too easilykept it. So he coughed, all winter, allspring, and—it had never hung onquite so long before—all summer andall winter again.Then he noticed that he was notworking with his old vigor. Coughingtired him. It was becoming too muchtrouble to eat after a day's work. Hewould come home at night, fling himselfupon the couch and fall into anumbing sort of slumber, only to bewakened by the cough which shookhim more harshly at each paroxysm.Still, a man does not go to a doctorwhen a call means two days' wages,or a lay off from the chief business oflife. Instead, he coughs on. For fouryears John Jones coughed on, lostflesh, and worked without ambitionand with ever-increasing weariness.Then the drop came.The physician looked at him sharply.He was panting and trembling withthe fatigue of a few stairs' climb. Thephysician knew what the short breath,the feverish lips, the abnormallybright eye and that incessant coughmeant. He was not a brute. He wasonly a busy and harassed man whosehours for eating and sleeping had beenreduced to improper fractions by thedemands of just this sort of thing.There was the formal examination, ofcourse, the weary man's bewildermentgrowing with each new test, then"Consumption, man!"The doctor did not hesitate to usethe old-fashioned term for the diseasenow known under a more euphonioustitle."Quit work at once. Go down toArizona and live in the open airyour only chance. People get wellthere."And he bowed the stricken man outof the door with a throb of pity for thetwitching lips and anguished eyes.John Jones was not the kind of aman who thinks or acts quickly. Ithad 'become easier to do things slowlyin the past few years. And he wastired now—very tired. He found ithard to board the car at the corner.He scarcely noticed when the conductorcalled his street and roughlyurged him to hurry as he hesitatedwith a foot on the running board.Consumption! That was what thedoctor had said of Brown who hadworked next to him for years, and whodied there in the shop of suddenhemorrhage one day only a fewmonths since.Quit work! Why, he'd worked everyday, always— Sundays, too, most of thetime—a full, clean day's work. A manmight be tired; he might cough; buthe must work and work hard whenthere were Mary and the growing kid.Quit v/ork! Who paid the bills whena man quit work?Arizona—where was that? He hadheard of it remotely, as he had heardof Patagonia or Siberia or the Klon-

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 275dike. He must go, of course, if thedoctor said, for the doctor knew. Peoplegot well there, and he must getwell. The fight was hard enough whena man was strong. How did one get toArizona? HowHe ran across Casey here. Casey belongedto the bunch that met sometimesfor a glass and a smoke and asocial game together at "Mike's"—onlyonce in a while, though. Casey wasfat and red of face and had allthe insolenceof health."Hard luck, old man!" His heartyslap upon the thin shoulders made hiscompanion wince, but Casey did notsee that. "Got to go, have you? We'llsee if the bunch can help a little. Don'tget fussy." And terrified at the sightof any sort of human emotion, andeven more embarrassed at a display ofhuman gratitude, Casey was off.The "bunch" had helped; the bossand the boys at the shop had helped.They had been glad to give but theyhad not much to spare; and it was nosmall source of pride to them whenthey had collected just exactly seventyfivedollars.Mary could sew enough afterwards,she said; he was not to worry.And now he was in the day coachfor his four day trip, his lunch in a bigbasket beside him. One could not afforda sleeper when tickets cost somuch.Who would believe that it would costso much! He had not known beforehow desperately weary he was. It washard to breathe with the motion of thetrain which shook the piteously thinshoulders. The coal dust made onecough more raspingly. too. To eat wasan effort—why eat, when a man v/as sotired?Hunched into a corner of the seat hesat, a pitiful, broken-chested, shiveringcreature, hot fever touching his cheekswith livid color. He had tried to eatone of the sausage sandwiches whichMary had so carefully packed in withthe cheese and doughnuts. A fewsoiled handkerchiefs and cloths layabout the floor and in the rough plushseat, laden with death-dealing mucusfor the next occupant. John Jones wasnot an uncleanly man. But when onecoughed so hard and so long, it wasnot always easy to be careful. Theporter would not bother. John learnedthat when he called to him one morning,dizzy with that dreadful nauseafrom the car motion. "The companydidn't have anything to do with 'lungers,'there ought to be a law to preventtheir riding at all."If only he dared ask for a drinknow. But perhaps he could reach thecup himself there under the watercooler. It M^as hard to move, harderstill to stagger up the lurching aisle.But the water which he drank in gulpsof thirsty gratitude from the commoncup was most refreshing. Of germs hehad not heard. Of infection he did notdream. The doctor had not said.He pulled himself back to the seatand settled down again into his corner,shaking and spent with the effort.It was there that I found him as Iwas passing through from the Pullman.There was little to do, but he seemedgrateful that anyone should have theinclination to chat with him. It waslonesome, he said, and he was tired.He talked of Mary and the kiddie andof some of the things he hoped to dofor them when he was well—in Arizona,he would get some light jobright away, then Mary need not workso hard. He would be rested after hegot off the train. People always gotwell there.His hungry look as we passed thedepot lunch house at a little way stationsent me out to get a cup of coffeefor him. I came back to find a hushedcompartment, a Negro porter graywith superstitious terror plucking ata shriveled inert heap where JohnJones had lately sat.

276 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.And at home Mary was sitting halfheartedlypicking at a bit of unfinishedsewing, waiting to hear of a safe arrival.Loneliness had grown less endurablewith fvery hour. Anxiety hadmade the days a dragging suspense,the nights a prolonged terror. It hadbeen hard to let him go. But the doctorhad saidV/hat was it the doctor had said?The doctor had said just enough tosend a man with the sentence of immediatedeath upon him a torturingjourney of two thousand miles awayfrom such friends and comforts as hepossessed. He had gone with noknowledge of the disease he was combating,no resources for caring forhimself in a strange country, nothought of the precautions necessaryfor public safety.Three sufferers from the effects ofJohn Jones' wretched and ill-advisedjourney—John, Mary, the public. Buthow are John and Mary and the publicto know better? The Survey, January10, 1914.Our Respects to the FlyIt is said that the fly serves no goodpurpose. It is a mistake; he performstwo very good services. Heteaches the teachable to clean up andkeep clean, and he kills off the others.That is, he assiduously works to causea survival of the fittest.Let us give the , that is, thefly, his due. While we give him creditfor this much good, let us be amongthe teachable.Let us see that nothing around ourpremises breeds flies. Let us shun thepresence of flies in the house as wewould shun poison. Let us screen effectuallyour doors and windows, so asto avoid stray flies, and let us killevery fly that gets inside the sacredinclosure.It is wiser to do this than it is tocall the flies unkind names while theyswarm around our dining table. Ittakes a little more trouble, but it ismore pleasant, and it is safer. Especiallyif there is a baby in the familythe fly is dangerous. Funerals are expensive,and then we would miss baby.The fly is an undesirable guest. Hecontaminates every particle of food hecrawls over. He comes fresh from theprivy, or the manure pile, or the decayingheap, where he takes his firstfeed. Then he takes his dessert fromthe food you are to eat, and he doesit without first wiping his feet. Ifyou could see with a microscope whathe leaves, it would make you turnpale, and you would make more energeticefforts to keep him out of thehouse, and if possible you would stophis breeding.While you honor the fly for killingoff the unfit, see to it that he does notget you into the wrong class. Lifeand Health.The Trademark of Ignorance"I don't blame my mother, becausedoubtless she thought she was protectingme when she would not have mevaccinated. Many a time I have heardher say that virus was filthy andwould give me scrofula. I knew nobetter and grew up to manhood unvaccinated.While I was on the road,ten years ago, I stopped over night ina town where there was an epidemicof so-called 'chickenpox,' very mild,they said, and harmless. I went homeand in two weeks developed smallpoxin its virulent form. For three weeksI suffered the tortures of perdition,and when I was well again my facewas fearfully pitted, as you see. Thescars are bad enough, heaven knows,for they disfigure me for life, but Ihate them still more for another reason.Why? Because they brand mefor life with the trademark of ignoranceand useless suffering."Health Almanac.Virginia

THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 277Blame It on the LiverCheerfulness and a sluggish livercan't exist together in the same man.Although it might not perhaps be correctto say that the morbid states ofmind have their origin in the liver,they are unquestionably, in many instances,accompanied and aggravatedby derangement of this organ; and itis equally true that, independently ofeither hypochondriasis or melancholia,persons with "sluggish liver" are subjectto fits of great depression of spiritsand often groundless fears of impendingdanger which cease when the liveris restored to its normal state.Irritability of temper is another commonsymptom of a sluggish liver, andis sometimes the first indication ofanything wrong. A man who has previouslyborne the crosses of life withequanimity and been amiable to thoseabout him, gradually becomes disconcertedby trifles; his mind broods overthem, and he makes all around himunhappy, and himself the most miserableof all.His relatives frequently put down his"grouch" to something mentally ormorally wrong; but in nine cases outof ten it is to be traced to a sluggishliver. To overcome the difficulty, stopeating fora day or two, take exercise(horseback riding is the best) and ifnecessary a few doses of a good salinelaxative.If you are not cheerful in a few daysconsult your family physician. Exchange.Learn and Livepeople to do what ought to be leftundone.One of the great forces which keepscontagious diseases with us is thefalse notion that "children are betteroff to catch the various contagiousdiseases of childhood, and have themover with." There are people who,with the best intentions in the world,still willfully expose their children tocontagious diseases. These people are,in large measure, responsible for keepinggerm diseases alive. Diseasegerms are parasites which feed uponhuman blood and tissue. A few yearsstarvation would drive them out of existence.So long as there is a neighbor whocultivates thistles, dandelions, etc., inhis fields or lawn, it is well nigh impossiblefor the careful, industriousneighbor to secure the freedom he paysfor by his own care. Parents have aright to insist that their children benot contaminated by a carelessneighbor'schildren. Collier's.The windowless room is a curse tocivilization and should not be occupiedby either man or beast.Through domestic science courses inpublic schools, we are laying the foundationfor healthier people in the future—healthierbecause they will havelearned how and what to eat.Some people object to change and reformas a matter of principle. Thatis why so many school pupils are stillforced to use the old roller towel andbar soap instead of the individualpaper towel and clean liquid soap.Lack of information is responsiblefor no end of the burdens humanityis called upon to bear. Infinitely moredangerous than a want of information,however, is the possession of a greatfund of misinformation. Ignorancekeeps people from doing what oughtto be done. False information leadsThere are but three animals thathabitually use tobacco—the rock-goatof Africa, whose stench is so insufferablethat no other animal can approachit; the tobacco worm, whose intolerablevisage gives every beholder a shudder;and the third animal—who ishe?

278 THE HEALTH BULLETIW.TWO MILK ROUTES.WHICH FOR YOU?DIRTY MILK CLEAN/WSi£iL iAC£ f'ioMCATWfii oef^QfCkLMhap/r/G los £itrzi.**st/t.r'