annotated bibliography of new zealand research into family violence

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OFNEW ZEALAND RESEARCH INTOFAMILY VIOLENCEApril 2006Volume II

Disclaimer:The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the New Zealand FamilyViolence Clearinghouse and cannot be taken as any expressions of Clearinghouse policy. Thiswork is copyright. It may be reproduced in part for study or training purposes, subject to theinclusion of acknowledgements of the source. Commercial usage or sale is not permitted.To obtain copies of this document, or to submit or notify us of past,current, or planned research that makes a contribution to the family violencefield, please contact:New Zealand Family Violence ClearinghouseUniversity of CanterburyPrivate Bag 4800ChristchurchNew Zealandor by email from:administrator@nzfvc.org.nz2

IntroductionThis is an annotated bibliography of New Zealand family violence research andevaluation published from 1996 until mid-2006. There are a small number of itemsincluded that were published prior to 1996 as these were not included in An Agenda forFamily Violence Research (1998). The current bibliography includes Governmentreports, reports from various community organisations, journal articles, literaturereviews, conference proceedings, and master’s theses and doctoral dissertations.Each item listed in the bibliography includes a citation (using American PsychologicalAssociation format), its related New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse (NZFVC)Topic Areas, and a brief non-evaluative annotation.The annotated bibliography is available as an online document from the NZFVC website.Individual items from the bibliography are also listed within ‘The Library’ section of theNZFVC website, where international literature can also be found. ‘The Library’ will bekept up-to-date with new publications in the field of family violence as they becomeavailable, and can be accessed from the Research and Publications webpage,www.nzfvc.org.nz/Research.aspx.From the Research and Publications web page, the user can search for an item(s) in anumber of ways: By going directly to ‘The Library’, items can be searched alphabeticallyby title; or a title/author/keyword can be entered into the Site Search box at the top of thepage.Additionally, the user can search via the NZFVC Topic Areas, which are arranged underthree sub-headings: Types of family violence; Groups affected by family violence; andRelated issues. A search by topic area keyword will return all documents from thewebsite that relate to that particular Topic Area.There is also an Advanced Search function, which allows the user to carry out wild cardsearches, searches for exact phrases, and searches for multiple keywords, phrases orTopic Areas. (See http://www.nzfvc.org.nz/AdvancedSearch.aspx for details on how tocomplete these types of searches.)3

Adams, P. J., Towns, A., & Gavey, N. (1995). Dominance and entitlement: The rhetoric men use todiscuss their violence towards women. Discourse and Society, 6(3), 387-406.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13003.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Cultural factors, GenderAbstract: The authors of this article discuss the discourses used by abusive men whenexplaining their violence towards their female partners and when asserting their dominanceover their partners. The research involved qualitative interviews with men, in which theywere asked to explain their understanding of women’s role in society and within an intimaterelationship. The findings outline the metaphors and discourse of ‘natural entitlement’employed by the men, in which men were considered to be the head of the family, and had theright to hit or use physical force against women who did not comply with their partner’sdemands.Adolescent Health Research Group. (2004). Te ara whakapiki taitamariki: Maori specific findings ofYouth2000, a national secondary school youth health survey. New Zealand: University ofAuckland. Retrieved January 10, 2006, from http://www.youth2000.ac.nz/maori.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13271.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Adolescents, Maori, Health, MentalhealthAbstract: This report represents findings from the Youth2000 secondary school youth healthsurvey, a national survey of Maori health and wellbeing. The aim of the survey was tohighlight factors that promote, influence or hinder Maori health and growth. Among otherfactors, this study links sexual abuse and child abuse to negative health developments forMaori, and recommends urgent action to prevent sexual abuse of Maori youth. Sexualityeducation, feeling safe, and the ability to access appropriate resources are suggested toprovide good sexual health for Maori youth.Age Concern New Zealand. (1999). Age Concern Elder Abuse and Neglect services: A report ofstatistics and service developments covering the three years from July 1996 to July 1999.Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11878.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Older persons, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report provides updated information about Age Concern New Zealand ElderAbuse and Neglect services, reports on statistical data collected from 1 July 1998 to 30 June1999, and provides data comparisons over the 3-year period from 1 July 1996 to 30 June1999. In planning for the future, Age Concern asks the Government to formally recognise theUnited Nations Principles for Older Persons (1991), and to ensure reflection of thesePrinciples in all policies that impact on the lives of older people today and in the future.Age Concern New Zealand. (2002). Age Concern Elder Abuse and Neglect services: The need for anational database for all elder abuse and neglect services in New Zealand and an analysis ofreferrals (for the period 1 July 1998 to 30 June 2001): Report to Ministers of the Crown andthe Ministry of Social Development. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.5

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11879.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Older persons, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report presents data on referrals to Age Concern New Zealand Elder Abuseand Neglect services from 1 July 1998 to 30 June 2001. Data was gathered from 14 AgeConcern services and provides indicative information about elder abuse and neglect in NewZealand. However, it is not necessarily representative of the overall incidence of elder abuseand neglect in New Zealand. The report acknowledges the need to improve knowledge aboutelder abuse and neglect, and inform the development of strategies to combat this type ofviolence. Among its recommendations, the report states that to improve data collection, it isnecessary to develop a national database incorporating data from all Elder Abuse and Neglectprevention and intervention providers, and improve the Age Concern database.Age Concern New Zealand. (2004). Elder abuse and enduring power of attorney: A special reportfrom the Age Concern New Zealand Elder Abuse and Neglect Database covering the period 1July 2002 to 31 December 2003. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11971.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Older persons, Policy, Social services, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This is a special topic report drawing on Age Concern New Zealand’s Elder Abuseand Neglect Database. The topic of Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA) was selected inresponse to interest in EPA and elder abuse and neglect, both in New Zealand andinternationally. The report’s authors identify changes to the data collection tool prior tocommencing data collection for 2004/05, and report on findings of the data analysis andlessons learned through the process of preparing the report.Age Concern New Zealand. (2005). Age Concern Elder Abuse and Neglect Prevention services: Ananalysis of referrals for the period: 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2004. Wellington, New Zealand:Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12396.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Neglect, Suicide/self-harm, Financial exploitation,Older persons, Perpetrators/offenders, Institutional violence, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report provides an analysis of data obtained from 1,288 referrals to 16 AgeConcern New Zealand and Elder Abuse and Neglect Prevention services during the period 1July 2002 to 30 June 2004. The report presents a discussion of the nature, context, prevalenceand consequences of elder abuse and neglect. The analysis found that the most frequent typeof abuse experienced by older persons was psychological abuse (59%), followed by financialexploitation (42%). The characteristics of abusers were examined, and the study revealed thatsons and daughters are the most common perpetrators of elder abuse and neglect, followedclosely by husbands, wives or partners. Institutional violence is identified as a significantcontributory factor to the abuse experienced by older persons. Due to the dearth of research inthe area of elder abuse and neglect, the author urges that further investigation is needed intoabuse within residential settings, aspects of financial abuse, and the prevalence and incidenceof elder abuse in New Zealand as a whole. Limitations of this study are acknowledged,particularly its lack of representativeness of the wider population.Aldridge, A. (2000). Difficulty with detecting: Metanarratives and a discourse analysis of general6

practitioners’ talk about domestic violence. Unpublished master’s thesis, Massey University,Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12992.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Gender, Health,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis discusses the author’s research on general practitioners’ discoursesaround domestic violence. Feminist theory and discourse analysis are used to examineanswers given in a series of interviews, the results of which are the basis for the discussion inthe thesis. The discussion lists types of discourses evident in doctors’ talk, including liberalhumanist, medical, and confession. The author argues that there are contradictions amongthese discourses, which are shown through metanarratives, and she highlights that doctorshave fears and worries, feelings of inadequacy, and a lack of training in the area. The authormaintains that, at times, doctors do not actively pursue domestic violence by asking womendirectly if they have been subject to domestic violence because they do not want to offendpatients; they do not see violence as a medical problem, and they are concerned about nothaving the legal right to intervene.Aldridge, A., & Coombes, L. (2005). ‘It’s really quite a delicate issue’: GPs talk about domesticviolence. Women’s Studies Journal, 19(2), 56-78.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12329.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Health, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article presents a discussion of the authors’ research on general practitioners’(GPs) understanding of domestic violence, and the physical, emotional and social effects onwomen victims. Ten GPs responded from a total of 90 GPs canvassed in a central NorthIsland province. Semi-structured interviews were employed to gather information, and thenarratives of the participating GPs were analysed for common themes. The findings showthat, in general, GPs were not certain about how to detect evidence of domestic violence,primarily due to a lack of adequate training in this area. The GPs identified physical signs ofabuse as easier to detect than psychological or emotional indicators of abuse. The authorsfound that GPs did not have sufficient knowledge of social problems that contribute to poorhealth outcomes. Many of the participants disclosed that they believed that women shouldtake some action towards leaving an abusive relationship, and that they felt frustrated if apatient continued to return to their abusive partner. The authors suggests that training forhealth professionals involving a psycho-social perspective would be beneficial, as GPs areoften the first point of contact for domestic violence victims.Archer, M. J. (2002). Courts rush in where science fears to tread: Psychological testimony in childsexual abuse cases under s23G(2)(c) of the Evidence Act 1908. Unpublished manuscript,University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12982.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Children as victims, Justice, Legislation, Mental health, CulturalpracticeAbstract: This paper examines the admissibility of psychological evidence in child sexualabuse cases. The use of this type of evidence is regulated by the law of evidence, which statesthat psychological evidence is admissible only if the child displays behaviours that arecompellingly and unmistakably consistent with sexual abuse. Psychologists and psychiatristsgiving expert testimony must have clinical experience with children who have been sexually7

abused. The author provides an analysis of the Evidence Act (1908), including a list ofbehaviours classed as consistent with sexual abuse under s23(g) of this piece of legislation.The difficulty in determining the effects of sexual abuse, and what behaviours constitute a‘consistency’ with sexual abuse is emphasised. The author argues for changes to s23(g) of theEvidence Act, such as increased emphasis on research and scientific evidence as opposed toclinical experience, and a clear definition of ‘consistent with sexual abuse’. The authorcontends that psychological evidence is admissible if the testimony has scientific reliability.Atkin, B. (1998, January). The Domestic Violence Act. New Zealand Law Journal, 24-26, 31.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13089.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Women, Children,Justice, Protection orders, LegislationAbstract: This article presents an examination of the use and abuse of the Domestic ViolenceAct (1995). Definitions of terms under the Domestic Violence Act have been extended fromthat of the Domestic Protection Act (1982), which the author claims has led to misuse of theAct at the expense of genuine domestic violence victims. Under the Domestic Violence Act,children and other family members can now bring protection orders against each other. Theauthor compares the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act (1989) with theDomestic Violence Act, and suggests that the Children, Young Persons and Their FamiliesAct strives to keep families together whilst the Domestic Violence Act appears to breakfamilies apart. Examples of legal cases are provided to illustrate the issues raised by theauthor.Attrill, P. M. (1999). More than a death: Dangerous dynamics and their impact on social workpractice at the Children, Young Persons and their Families Agency. Unpublished master’sthesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13192.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Neglect, Child homicide, Families, Children asvictims, Care and protection, Legislation, Policy, Social services, Cultural practice,Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This research takes a fresh look at five cases known to the Children, YoungPersons and their Families Agency where children on the caseloads of social workers diedfrom non-accidental injury. A range of dangerous dynamics are identified and defined. Theseare then applied to each of the sample cases with a view to determining whether or not theywere apparent leading up to and at the time the children died. Conclusions are drawn on thebasis of the findings and recommendations are made with respect to future management ofcases where dangerous dynamics exist in the relationships social workers have with familieswith which they are working. The purpose of this research is two-fold. The author’s primaryintention is to contribute significantly to the body of knowledge that exists with respect tounderstanding child deaths and the role social workers have in relation to such tragedies. Inaddition, it is intended that the findings of this research will contribute to the prevention offuture deaths of children on the caseloads of child protection workers.Source: Author’s abstractAtwool, N. (1999). Attachment in the school setting. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies,34(2), 309-322.8

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12956.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, EducationAbstract: The author of this article examines the relationship between attachment theory andchildren’s behaviour in school. Attachment theory is reviewed, including a description of thetypes of attachment styles and how these contribute to differences in children’s behaviour.Children who have experienced abuse or neglect are categorised as displaying ‘disorganised’attachment style. Children with this style of attachment often do not trust adults or complywith instructions, so teachers view these children as hostile, anti-social or withdrawn.Implications for educators are discussed, such as the unique position of teachers to modify achild’s perception of adults, and provide positive experiences for the child.Au, P. S.–K. (1998). A study of domestic violence within the Chinese community in Auckland.Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13219.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexual abuse, Families, Asian,Migrants, Legislation, Cultural factors, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of domestic violence withinChinese immigrant families in Auckland, New Zealand, and to obtain the immigrants’ viewson the causes of domestic violence. Questionnaires were sent to different Chineseorganisations in Auckland. Out of 150 questionnaires sent, 28 were returned which could beinterpreted. Results obtained reveal that the causes of domestic violence among Chineseimmigrants are similar to those identified in Western culture; power and control are cited asthe main causes. The main difference is the origin of the cultural expectation of men overwomen. Most respondents refused to accept violence in the family and most chose not todisclose it publicly when it had occurred due to family shame and loss of face. A psychoeducationalStopping Violence Programme using feminist and cognitive behaviouralapproaches as the basic framework was designed from the data collected from this study.Source: Author’s abstractBakker, L., Hudson, S., Wales, D., & Riley, D. (1998). And there was light ... evaluating the KiaMarama treatment programme for New Zealand sex offenders against children. RetrievedNovember 25, 2005 from the Department of Corrections Web site:http://www.corrections.govt.nz/public/research/therewaslight/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12766.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report presents an evaluation of the Kia Marama treatment programme forchild sex offenders. The Kia Marama programme connects cognitive and behavioural factorsto offending, and uses this as the basis for a relapse prevention approach to treatment of sexoffenders. Kia Marama aims to have the offender understand the origins and impacts of theiroffending. Kia Marama was found to be effective, illustrated through a comparison with acontrol group of child sex offenders not involved with the programme. Demographic andstatistical information provide a comparative analysis between Kia Marama participants andthe control group, and link reconviction rates with economic data. The research estimates theeconomic savings from 238 offenders completing the Kia Marama programme to be in theregion of $3 million.9

Ball, J. (1997). Male sexual abuse: The stories of six New Zealand men. Unpublished master’s thesis,University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13181.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Violence against men, Cultural factors,Gender, Drug and alcohol abuse, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study examined how sexual abuse during childhood affected 6 men, andinvestigated the participants’ beliefs and attitudes towards the sexual abuse of men. In-depthinterviews provided data concerning men’s perceptions of societal views regarding the sexualabuse of males. Other topics investigated included the long- and short-term effects of sexualabuse, disclosure issues, the significance of the sex of the abuser on the men’s dealing withbeing abused and participant’s views concerning potential relationships between being abusedand becoming an abuser. Analysis of the results revealed that the participants believed thatthe abuse of men is generally ignored and denied by society, especially in regard to the sexualabuse of boys by women. Participants asserted that females are much more likely to beperceived as victims by the general public than males are, and that society finds it easier tocomprehend the sexual assault of females than the sexual assault of males. Other findings ofthis research include that for some men in this study, being sexually abused creates fearsabout being thought of as gay or of being gay and led them to feel the need to prove theirmasculinity. Further, the participants in this study had heard of a connection between beingsexually abused and becoming an abuser, and felt deeply concerned that some people assumethat males who have been abused are likely to molest children. The men believed that theyhad developed a variety of short- and long-term effects of sexual abuse similar to those notedin the literature, such as interpersonal difficulties, alcohol and drug problems, eatingproblems, problems with their aggression, confusion over sexual orientation, and fear of andinability to initiate sexual relationships. Whether or not these problems could be a partialoutcome of their sexual abuse experiences could not be ascertained from the present research.It is recommended that an increase in public awareness regarding the abuse of male children,committed by both men and women, would make it easier for males to disclose that they havebeen abused. Suggestions for further research are included.Source: Author’s abstractBarnes, J. (2001). The use of firearms in intimate murder-suicide in Australia and New Zealand. NewZealand Sociology, 16(1), 242-250.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13099.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Homicide, Suicide/self-harm, Women, GenderAbstract: The purpose of this article is to present an examination of murder-suicide as aprogression from domestic violence. Murder-suicide usually occurs in the context of anintimate relationship, with the majority of perpetrators being male, and the victims being theirfemale partners and/or children. During the period 1993 to 1998, New Zealand had 29murder-suicides cases, in which 63 people died. Murder-suicide is viewed as being at theextreme end on a continuum of domestic violence. In a high proportion of cases, violencecharacterises the relationship preceding the occurrence of murder-suicide. Most murdersuicidesoccur in the home, and a firearm is the weapon of choice in the majority of cases.Murder-suicide is discussed as an extreme form of sexual violence in the context of themale’s penchant for power and control, and the oppression of women. The author advocatesfor stringent gun control measures, as firearms play a significant role in converting domestic10

violence into murder.Bartlett, E. (2005). Is domestic violence increasing or decreasing? Various measures of trends indomestic violence. Wellington, New Zealand: Unpublished report for the Ministry of Justice.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13316.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Justice, Protection orders,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report examines administrative data that is available on family violence in thejustice sector, and looks at whether the data could be used to determine changes in the levelsof family violence within New Zealand. Statistics from reported offences, prosecuted charges,convictions, and protection orders are presented, and the author discusses some of the policy,legislative and social contextual factors that could influence the trends in the variousmeasures of family violence. The report shows that since 2002, there has been an increase infamily violence-related offences and prosecutions, while there has been a decline in thenumber of applications for protection orders. The author maintains, however, that this datacannot easily determine changes in the underlying levels of family violence in New Zealandsociety. Regular analysis of justice sector data, linked closely to contextual changes, isrecommended.Barwick, H., Gray, A., & Macky, R. (2000). Domestic Violence Act 1995: Process evaluation.Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice. Retrieved October 21, 2005, fromhttp://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2000/domestic_eval/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11950.pubTopic Areas: Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Protection orders, Legislation,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: The aim of this report is to provide an evaluation of the objectives and aims of theDomestic Violence Act (1995). In 1998, the Ministry of Justice and the Department forCourts commissioned a scoping study to identify issues and data sources prior to a fullevaluation of the Act. The scoping study informs the present report. The process evaluationincluded a range of data, including: statistics from the Department of Courts DomesticViolence Act National Database, Ministry of Justice and New Zealand Police offences; courtfile applications; national survey to Family Court Judges, coordinators and lawyers;interviews with legal personnel, programme providers, community groups, DomesticViolence Act applicants, respondents, and domestic violence victims; and lastly, best practicecase studies. Interviews were also conducted with a number of informants in positions at anational level.The authors discuss the barriers to accessing the Act, processes for creating protection orders,responses to police enforcement, and participation in programmes. Other issues discussed inthe report are views of the Act, safety, training, paperwork and interagency relationships.Lastly, the report presents the authors’ suggested improvements to the Act, including serviceof documents, linking protected persons with programmes, exchange of information with theDistrict Court, and following up respondent programme attendance.Basher, G. (2004). Videotaped interviewing in New Zealand: A three-year analysis [Electronicversion]. Social Work Now, (27), 11-18.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13107.pub11

Topic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children, Children as victims, Justice,Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statistics, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: The author of this article explores the procedures and rationale for videotapedinterviews with children who allege sexual and/or physical abuse, or who are at serious risk ofthese forms of violence. The research focused on the information gained during interviews ofchildren referred to Child, Youth and Family Services (CYFS). The use and purpose ofevidential and diagnostic interviews are differentiated in this research. Both allegation ratesand offender and offence data are detailed. The author supports the interagency collaborationof workers within CYFS, the Police, the health sector, and other related groups, and providessome evidence to sustain this. Limitations in the interpretation of statistics resulting from thisresearch are also explained.Bates, F. (1996, March). Domestic violence and children: More mud in cloudy waters? New ZealandLaw Journal, 103-105, 115.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12997.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Children, Justice, Care and contactAbstract: The author of this article presents legal views on custodial cases where domesticviolence is an issue in the parental relationship. The New Zealand Family Court case ofClough v. Greene (1995) is used to illustrate these issues. The author cites evidence that it isin the best interests of the child to have contact with both parents, except when it is contraryto the child’s wellbeing. Therefore, the relevance of the violent parental relationship to thechild access case is questioned. Case studies are used throughout to support the author’sviews. The evidence of risk of violence contradicts the Courts’ mandate of maintaining achild’s contact with both parents. The author raises questions about what effects domesticviolence has on children, and discusses supervised access as a means of reducing risk to thechild while maintaining contact with a parent accused of violent behaviour.Baxter, B. E. (1999). "Why are so few women requesting attendance at protected persons’programmes?" Unpublished master’s thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13150.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Justice, Protection orders, Legislation, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis investigates the low attendance at protected persons’ programmes andinvestigates how the information exchange fails to achieve greater numbers of participants onFamily Court-funded programmes. The focus of this study is on the low number of requestsmade by women in order to attend domestic violence education programmes under s29(1)(a)of the Domestic Violence Act (1995). The author examines the exchange of informationbetween some Family Court clients and the associated Family Court practitioners whenprotection orders are obtained.Data collected is both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative data comprised of in-depthinterviews with 5 protected persons and 10 practitioners connected to the Family Courtthrough their work with victims of domestic violence. The quantitative data was gainedthrough a survey of 22 Family Court coordinators. Both the interviews and the survey weredesigned to trace the processes used in exchanging significant information about theprogrammes, and to identify the successful methods of engaging more women in12

programmes.The findings of the research highlight the gap between the Family Court’s provision ofspecialised services for abused women and the utilisation of those resources. The promotionof programmes has developed in an ad hoc manner that is reliant on the drive andcommitment of key Family Court personnel. The author concludes that the reason so fewwomen who experience intimate partner abuse request attendance at protected programmes isbecause of the gap between their public and private lives. Finally, women in violent domesticrelationships are isolated from the supports that can assist them to move away from theirsituations.Source: Authors abstractBeautrais, A. L. (1998). A review of evidence: In Our Hands: The New Zealand Youth SuicidePrevention Strategy. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health. Retrieved December 21,2005, from http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/49b6bf07a4b7346dcc256fb300005a51/890e3286841af565cc256b4f0074a4b7?OpenDocumentSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12797.pubTopic Areas: Suicide/self-harm, Young persons, Mental health, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This background document provides a general overview of research that supportsthe objectives outlined in "In Our Hands", the general population component of the NewZealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (1998). "In Our Hands" outlines 25 policyrecommendations that aim to address the subject of suicide in young people. The report ispresented in three parts.Part 1 briefly reviews both national and international research that identifies some of the riskfactors known to influence youth suicidal behaviour. These risk factors include social anddemographic factors, multi-problem family backgrounds and adverse childhood experiences,mental health problems, genetic and biological factors, and recent stressful periods in one’slife. The report identifies that research findings point to an increased risk of suicidalbehaviours when there is a culmination of risk factors over a period of time.Part 2 of the document reviews the research findings that substantiate each of the policythemes outlined in the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Examples of thesepolicies are: supporting at-risk families and implementing early intervention programmestargeting children to reduce exposure to dysfunctional family environments; improvingmental health awareness and treatment specifically for young people; limiting access tomeans of suicide; macro-level changes such as social equity to improve socio-economicstatus; and increased research into issues related to suicide and attempted suicide.In part 3, the report examines how consistent the policies outlined in "In Our Hands" are withthose suggested in other major reviews of suicide prevention. The author suggests there aremany causal factors for youth suicidal behaviour, so a coordinated and comprehensiveapproach is needed before seeing any reduction in New Zealand’s youth suicide rates.Beautrais, A. L., Collings, S. C. D., Ehrhardt, P., & Henare, K. (2005). Suicide prevention: A reviewof evidence of risk and protective factors, and points of effective intervention. Wellington,New Zealand: Ministry of Health. Retrieved December 21, 2005, fromhttp://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/0b29a0980b9748b9cc256fff000b5221?OpenDocumentSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12803.pub13

Topic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Suicide/self-harm, Children, Young persons, Olderpersons, Gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender people, Maori, Pacific peoples, Asian, Migrants,Refugees, Cultural factors, Mental health, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report, commissioned by the Ministry of Health, presents a literature reviewof the causes and prevention of suicidal behaviours. It provides an updated and extendedreview of research that was outlined in two earlier documents: A Review of Evidence: In Ourhands: The New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy, (Beautrais, 1998), and A Reviewof Evidence: Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki: The New Zealand Youth Suicide PreventionStrategy, (Lawson-Te Aho, 1998). The aim of this report is to provide backgroundinformation to assist in developing a national suicide prevention strategy for all age groupsand populations across New Zealand. It also highlights effective intervention strategies. Thereport is presented in five parts.Part 1 examines a number of trends in suicidal behaviours in New Zealand, including timetrends, age and gender differences and suicide methods. Populations at risk of suicide are alsoconsidered, and these include youth, Maori children and youth, children in welfare care, olderpersons, and gay/lesbian/bisexual persons. In part 2, a number of risk factors for suicidalbehaviour are explored, including mental health disorders, psychological factors, genetic andbiological factors, childhood hardships, stressful life events, and social and demographicfactors. Part 3 offers a brief discussion of ‘protective factors’ in recent research in the area ofsuicidal behaviours. Part 4 of the report examines suicide as it pertains to different culturalgroups. It briefly explores the factors contributing to suicide amongst Maori, Pacific peoples,migrants, refugees, and Asian populations. Part 5 provides a summary of the main themeswhich arose from the reviews of literature in the previous four sections.Beautrais, A. L., Joyce, P. R., & Mulder, R. T. (1996). Risk factors for serious suicide attempts amongyouths aged 13 through 24 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and AdolescentPsychiatry, 35(9), 1174-1182.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13067.pubTopic Areas: Suicide/self-harm, Young persons, Mental health, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study explored the risk factors associated with young people, aged 13 to 24years, making serious suicide attempts. The associations between selected socio-demographicfactors, childhood experiences, mental disorders, and the possibility of serious suicide attemptin young people are examined, as is the relationship between these factors and vulnerability toserious suicide attempt. One hundred and twenty-nine young people who had made serioussuicide attempts were compared with 153 randomly selected people. Semi-structuredinterviews were conducted with the aim of gaining an understanding of each participant’s lifehistory and the possible risk factors for serious suicide attempts. The factors exploredincluded childhood sexual abuse and physical abuse, and parental violence. Findings of theresearch show that negative childhood experiences can increase an individual’s risk of aserious suicide attempt.Behrnes, S. I. (1996). Evaluating the effectiveness of the pilot New Zealand Violence PreventionProject. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13178.pubTopic Areas: Perpetrators/offenders, Justice, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Demographics/statistics14

Abstract: This study was a retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of the pilot New ZealandViolence Prevention Project in reducing recidivism among 32 adult male violent offenders.The study employed a matched group, quasi-experimental design. Results from anapproximate 5-year follow-up of reconviction data showed that, compared to mainstreamcorrections practices, treatment was not associated with any significant reductions on multiplerecidivism outcome measures. A survival analysis showed the treatment (completer) grouphad slightly better conviction survival than the control group, but survival curves for the twoconditions did not differ reliably. Effect size comparisons, a technique less influenced bysmall samples, revealed modest but consistently greater reductions on pre- to postinterventionmeasures of recidivism for the completer group. The implications of suchfindings for the design of offender treatment programmes are discussed.Source: Author’s abstractBelt, K. (2001, June). Battered defendants. New Zealand Law Journal, 170.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12957.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This brief article presents a review of the Law Commission report Some CriminalDefences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants, published in May 2001. Theauthor makes reference to discussions from that report that address offending as a response todomestic violence, including the use of the term ‘battered woman syndrome’ as a legalargument, partial defences to murder, and the partial defence of provocation.Recommendations made by the Law Commission are discussed by the author.Bennett, S., Coggan, C., Fill, J., & Lee, M. (2004). An evaluation of the Child Crisis InterventionProject. (Centre Report Series, No. 91). Retrieved November 16, 2005, from New Zealand:University of Auckland, Injury Prevention Research Centre Web site:http://www.health.auckland.ac.nz/ipc//pdf/cr91.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11883.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Children, Children aswitnesses, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report presents an evaluation on the Child Crisis Intervention Project (CCIP)in Auckland, a project that provides a short-term crisis intervention service for children whohave witnessed family/whanau violence. The aim of this research was to examine the abilityof CCIP to improve children’s safety, interrupt the cycle of violence, and improve andincrease parental awareness of the impacts of violence on children’s wellbeing. The authordiscusses the utilisation of referral services by families, and examines changes in maternalbeliefs about children as witnesses to abuse.Benton, P. (1998). Children, men and mothers: A feminist analysis of the Guardianship AmendmentAct 1995. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13176.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Families, Women, Children, Children as witnesses, Justice, Protectionorders, Care and contact, Legislation, Gender, PolicyAbstract: This thesis provides a feminist analysis of the Guardianship Amendment Act15

(1995). The Guardianship Amendment Act and Domestic Violence Act (1995) provideunprecedented interventions for women seeking protection from violent partners. TheGuardianship Act now incorporates the presumption that spousal abusers are unfit to have thecustody or unsupervised access of their children unless they are capable of satisfying the courtthat their children will be safe whilst in their care. However, the terms and provisions of theGuardianship Amendment Act and the Domestic Violence Act suggest that the women’spower to procure protection and child custody from the court will remain connected to theirrole as mother. A brief historical survey of the concepts of parental guardianship rights andthe principle of child welfare is provided. The disregard of domestic violence in child custodydeterminations prior to 1995 is considered. This disregard is the specific incidence of theinterpretation of the child welfare principle as requiring a focus on the child which does notspecifically address the needs or rights of parents. This thesis considers the 1995 legislation inlight of the antecedent legislation and policy and raises concerns as to the operation of theGuardianship Amendment Act for women. It suggests that the autonomous rights of womenmay be relegated below a concern for healthy child development.Source: Author’s abstractBerman, S., Barlow, K. A., & Koziol-McLain, J. (2005). Family violence prevention educationprogramme for midwives: An Auckland evaluation [Electronic version]. New ZealandCollege of Midwives Journal, (32), 21-26.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13251.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Women, Health, Pregnancy, EducationAbstract: This article presents the findings of a qualitative study that evaluated theeffectiveness of the New Zealand College of Midwives’ family violence prevention educationprogramme. The aim of the training workshops is to educate and prepare midwives to screenfor family violence. One month after a one-day training workshop with 40 attendees, 6midwives were able to return to participate in a focus group for the present study. Themidwives were interviewed about their experiences of the workshop, in particular with regardto the workshop’s objectives. Participants were also asked about their motivation to attend theworkshop, the teaching strategies that were employed, and their own learning.The research findings indicate that the midwives found the training to be of value, and thatthey felt more confident to safely screen for family violence following the workshop.However, they felt that the content was limited due to the short length of the training.The authors note that the study had some limitations, for example, the small sample size, andthat the study only took place in Auckland. The article concludes with the recommendationsof extending workshop content to include more specific topics, and expanding the training toinclude pre- and post-training workshops.Besley, T. (2003). A risky business: A teenager’s dilemma in disclosing sexual abuse. New ZealandJournal of Counselling, 24(2), 11-24.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12946.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Families, Adolescents, Pacific peoples, Care and protection,Legislation, Cultural factors, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, CulturalpracticeAbstract: This article discusses the issues and ramifications for both the victim and theprofessional when disclosing sexual abuse. A case study of a teenage girl of Pacific Islanddescent divulging sexual abuse to a school counsellor is used to illustrate these factors. The16

author argues that the counsellor in this situation is bound by the ethics, policies andprocedures of the profession, which conflicts with building trust with the client and ensuringconfidentiality. The case study is also used to explore the effectiveness of counselling forclients in the instance of sexual abuse. The ensuing involvement of other professionals after adisclosure of sexual abuse is also examined, including a discussion on how this may haveadverse effects on the victim through continuously retelling their story, and the lack ofconfidentiality of information. The author recommends that the needs of the victim mustoverride all others, and that professionals must recognise that the whole family is affectedwhen a member discloses sexual abuse.Birks, S. (1998). The Family Court: A view from the outside. (Issues Paper, No. 3). RetrievedDecember 22, 2005, from Massey University, Centre for Public Policy Evaluation Web site:http://econ.massey.ac.nz/cppe/papers/cppeip03.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12806.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Psychological/emotionalabuse, Justice, Care and contact, Legislation, PolicyAbstract: This paper presents an examination of the various issues facing the Family Courtsystem, ranging from professional standards and psychological syndromes, to social policyissues. The author posits that the Family Court does not support fathers in custody and accesscases, and suggests that both parents should be encouraged by the Family Court to beinvolved in their child’s life. The author also contends that false allegations of domesticviolence are common, particularly when used by the mother to obtain quick and easy custodyof a child. The author argues that the Family Court practice does not differentiate betweentruthful and false domestic violence allegations. The paper supports further examination intothe competence of the Family Court, and its role and function in society.Birks, S., & Buurman, G. (2000). Research for policy: Informing or misleading? (Issues Paper, No.7). Retrieved January 10, 2006, from Massey University, Centre for Public Policy EvaluationWeb site: http://econ.massey.ac.nz/cppe/papers/cppeip07/cppeip07.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13276.pubTopic Areas: Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This collection of papers from the Centre for Public Policy Evaluation includes oneshort critique by Birks of Suzanne Snively’s 1994 report The New Zealand Economic Costs ofFamily Violence. The authors argue that the economic costs of family violence calculated bySnively were based on some flawed assumptions or over-estimation of the prevalence andimpacts of family violence.Birks, S., & Callister, P. (Eds.). (1999). Perspectives on fathering. (Issues Paper, No. 4). RetrievedNovember 1, 2005, from Massey University, Centre for Public Policy Evaluation Web site:http://econ.massey.ac.nz/cppe/papers/cppeip04/cppeip04.htmSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12111.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Incest, Families, Children, Justice, Careand protection, Care and contact, Cultural factors, Gender, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This issues paper includes 11 chapters from a variety of authors who address thesubject of fatherhood and parenting at the end of the twentieth century. The authors present anumber of perspectives on the role of the father, and promote the importance of fathers in17

their children’s lives and upbringing.A comparison is made with modern day parenting by looking at the historical background ofthe father’s role from prior to the industrial revolution and the effects that two World Warshave had, to the demographic shifts and changes in economic and social factors which havelead to today’s concept of the father. The challenges that these changes, and policy, imposeon the roles that fathers are now taking in parenting are also addressed.Authors that specifically discuss family violence and its related issues include MarkHenaghan, Stuart Birks, Warwick Pudney, and in particular Felicity Goodyear-Smith, whosechapter is entitled "Fathers : Myths and Realities about Child Maltreatment". Chapters arealso included by Laurie O’Reilly, Ian Pool, Rex McCann and Keith Rankin.Booth, D. L. (1998). The Privacy Act 1993: Intruding on the privacy interests of victims of sexualabuse. Unpublished manuscript, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13217.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Victims/survivors, Justice, Legislation,Policy, Social servicesAbstract: This paper discusses the implications of the Privacy Act (1993) on sexual abusevictims. The author highlights a concern that perpetrators often get access to informationabout their victims when accessing information about themselves, placing the victims at risk.Perpetrators can then use the information to either threaten the victim or discredit them as awitness. The author discusses procedures used by ACC, the Police, and the PrivacyCommissioner when requests for personal information are lodged.The author makes suggestions for amendments to the Privacy Act, including: incorporating aclause that would allow refusal to disclose based on prejudice to public safety; including aclause that allows refusal of disclosure if there is a perceived risk of harassment; legislate thata reason for the request must be given before any disclosure occurs; limiting the access tobeing dependent on the agency’s use of the information; extending privilege further than justlegal to include other counsellors such as Women’s Refuge or Rape Crisis; and including anew provision that refusal to disclose is acceptable if disclosure would damage a specialrelationship, such as that between a victim and support agency.Breen, C. (2002). The corporal punishment of children in New Zealand: The case for abolition. NewZealand Law Review, (3), 359-391.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13227.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Care and protection, Discipline/punishment, LegislationAbstract: The author of this paper explores children’s rights and the legality of corporalpunishment of children in New Zealand, beginning with an historical and a philosophicaloverview on the right of the child to not be subjected to corporal punishment. Recentacademic discourse, the status of children in New Zealand, and inconsistencies in NewZealand domestic law are then explored. There is a focus on the United Nations Conventionon the Rights of the Child (1989) and s59 of the Crimes Act (1961). The author suggests thata degree of violence is accepted within New Zealand society and that this is evident throughthe various interpretations the Court has given to s59 of the Crimes Act and provisions underother Acts. Case studies are drawn upon to emphasise the subjective interpretation by theCourts of the term ‘reasonable chastisement’. Recommendations to New Zealand on corporalpunishment made by the committee on the Right of the Child are also discussed. The author18

analyses changes in legislation to protect children’s rights as required under international law;however, she concludes with the message that further steps are necessary to help protectchildren from corporal punishment and to balance the rights of children with those of adults.Broadmore, J., Shand, C., & Warburton, T. (Eds.). (1996). The proceedings of rape: Ten years’progress?: An interdisciplinary conference held in Wellington, New Zealand, 27-30 March1996. Auckland, New Zealand: Doctors for Sexual Abuse Care.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13264.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Sexualassault/rape, Women, Adolescents, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Violenceagainst men, Indigenous, Maori, Justice, Restorative justice, Legislation, Cultural factors,Health, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This document presents the proceedings from a national conference dedicated todiscussing many areas and issues pertinent to rape. The conference was held in Wellington inMarch 1996, and was organised by Doctors for Sexual Abuse Care. The majority of papersand presentations from the conference are included in these proceedings. Discussionsconcentrate on the main topic areas of investigation, the justice process, and prevention ofrape and sexual assault. Many of the studies included in this document report that the majorityof offenders are known to the victim. Findings of one such study also revealed that almosthalf of the women disclosing adult sexual assault also disclosed child sexual abuse.The way the justice system, from the police to the courts, respond to sexual assault victims isinvestigated in detail. How doctors react when dealing with sexual assault victims is alsoexplored. Many women victims report that respect, sensitivity and understanding are the mostimportant characteristics for professionals in this instance. The role of restorative justice insexual assault cases is discussed, particularly as it relates to Maori experiences of rape. Thissection also includes an example of the practice of restorative justice amongst a First Nationscommunity in Canada. Many social service agencies had input into this conference,commenting on what is and is not being done in this field of practice. Rape and childhoodsexual abuse of males is also explored.Brown, C. (2003). Legislating against hate crime in New Zealand: The need to recognise gender-basedviolence [Electronic version]. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 35(3), 591-608.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13367.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Women, Justice, Legislation, GenderAbstract: This paper presents a discussion of the Sentencing Act (2002), which incorporatesa clause for hate crimes. The clause allows for a longer sentence for those crimes which areproved to be hate crimes, and includes race, ethnicity, religion, and sexuality, but excludesgender as one of the grounds of hostility. The author argues that crimes against women, suchas rape, are ultimately crimes based on a hatred of women. In a review of cases of serialrapists, the author claims that a clear pattern of hatred towards women is evident. The authoralso argues for a change in thinking, asserting that rather than conceptualising rape as a crimeof sex, it needs to be thought of as a crime of hate. The author concludes that the SentencingAct should be amended to incorporate crimes of hate against women to send a clear messageto perpetrators of rape, and to the rest of society, that rape is not about sex but is a hate crime.Brown, M. J. A. (2000). Care and protection is about adult behaviour: The ministerial review of theDepartment of Child, Youth and Family Services: Report to the Minister of Social Services19

and Employment, Hon. Steve Maharey. Retrieved January 10, 2006, from the Ministry ofSocial Development Web site: http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/sectorpolicy/care-and-protection-is-about-adult-behaviour.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13273.pub.Topic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Older persons, Maori, Care and protection,Legislation, Health, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural andprofessional practice, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report clarifies the complex nature, and often conflicting options, of workersin the care and protection field. The author reminds the reader that child abuse and neglect isunacceptable, yet the eradication of this cannot fall on a sole government department, such asChild, Youth and Family Services (CYFS). The problem areas within care and protection, andchild and adolescent mental health must be addressed by individuals, communities and theNew Zealand nation as a whole. Judge Brown identifies three broad areas to this reviewprocess. Firstly, the report discusses notification, referral, and care and protection procedureswith regard to family violence and social work tasks. Secondly, placement procedures forchildren outside immediate families are critiqued, and thirdly, a number of improvements inrelation to these areas are suggested. Political, legislative and policy areas are incorporated inthis review, and further issues explored include the quality of social work in CYFS, children’srights and protections, adoptions and guardianship, Maori services, and interagency work.The primary recommendation made in this report is that the Children, Young Persons andtheir Families Act (1989) be reviewed to improve the implementation of services by CYFS.Bryant, R. K. (1998). Alternative or adjunct?: The role of the Domestic Violence Act 1995 in theprotection of New Zealand children. Unpublished manuscript, University of Auckland, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13171.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Psychological/emotional abuse, Families, Children asvictims, Children as witnesses, Justice, Protection orders, Care and protection, Care andcontact, Discipline/punishment, Legislation, PolicyAbstract: This dissertation examines the role played by the Domestic Violence Act (1995)and contrasts it against the existing legislative framework for the protection of children. TheDomestic Violence Act includes provisions for the protection of children from a wide rangeof behaviours said to constitute violence. In contrast to the Children, Young Persons and theirFamilies Act (1989), the safety of the child is the ultimate standard. It is submitted that anintegrated approach to protection would be desirable, but it appears difficult to reconcile thedifferent underlying philosophies of the above legislation. The State appears to be delegatingits responsibility for protecting children both to the family and to the Courts. The enthusiasticresponse to the new Act suggests that it is viewed by the public as an alternative to the State’smechanisms and focus on family in the Children, Young Persons and their Families Act.However, the Domestic Violence Act is not wide enough to comprehensively protectchildren. The State needs to review and amend the present framework for protection.Source: Author’s abstractBuckingham, J. I. (2004). ‘Newsmaking’ criminology or ‘infotainment’ criminology? Australian andNew Zealand Journal of Criminology, 37(2), 253-275.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13047.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Women,20

Perpetrators/offenders, Violence against men, Justice, GenderAbstract: This article reviews research and evidence that finds discrimination against men inthe New Zealand criminal justice system. In particular, it critiques the work of AssociateProfessor Greg Newbold and a criminology PhD thesis by Samantha Jeffries, GenderJudgements: An Investigation of Gender Differentiation in Sentencing and Remand in NewZealand, which Newbold co-supervised. Buckingham argues that the way in which thiscontroversial and high profile media approach to criminology treats domestic violence againstwomen can influence and mislead both the general public and public policy. At the centre ofthis debate is the question of gender asymmetry in domestic violence. The article discussesresearch from the longitudinal Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study,which Newbold has supported. This work had been interpreted to show that men’s andwomen’s rates of domestic violence offending are similar. The author points to a balance ofreputable research, based on the same study, that finds that the consequences of domesticviolence are more severe for women, and that men and women have differing intentions andmotivations for perpetrating violence. Buckingham points out, however, that findings fromthis same study show that men are 4 times more likely to be the perpetrators of domesticviolence than women. Furthermore, the author contends that the research Newbold haspromoted is a selective interpretation of domestic violence offending and victimisation, andmaintains that its promotion in the media is counter to efforts to prevent violence againstwomen.Bungay, R. (1998). Scarecrows: Why women kill. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13281.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Sexual assault/rape, Suicide/self-harm, Families, Women, Children, Perpetrators/offenders, Justice, Restorative justice, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, CommunitiesAbstract: In this book, Ronda Bungay presents the stories of four women convicted ofmurder. The author spent time at Arohata Women’s Prison, interviewing the women abouttheir lives, the circumstances surrounding the murders they committed, and the murdersthemselves. The book includes a number of the author’s own journal entries, recorded duringthis time, which help to portray the women’s stories. Poetry and prose from the womenthemselves is also included, and writing from a number of professionals who have becomeinvolved with some of the women is presented. In the book, the author searches for theconnection between the crimes the women commit and the context of their lives.Prominent themes discussed in the book include intimate partner abuse, loss and grief for thewomen and their families, community responsibility, restorative justice, justice, mentalhealth, and suicide. Questions are posed about the need for restorative justice for women inprisons. There is a discussion on battered women’s syndrome, the perspectives of the law,Courts and professionals. The significance of community responsibility in these women’slives, prior to the crimes being committed and after, is also emphasised.Busch, R. (2000). Changing the discourses of battering: Evaluating the New Zealand experience ofdomestic violence related law reform. Paper presented at the Family Law Conference 2000,Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13246.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Justice, Protection orders,Legislation, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaboration21

Abstract: This conference paper details research undertaken by the author on repeatedbreaches of protection orders in New Zealand. The research involved 20 detailed case studiesof battered women who had obtained protection orders that were later breached, as well asover 70 interviews with professionals working in the domestic violence field, such as Familyand District Court Judges, refuge workers, and police officers. The author found that the legalsystem consistently trivialised violence against women and children, and engaged in partlyblaming victims for the violence. She also found that Court counselling programmes lackedthe safety protocols to keep women from being attacked, and in one case murdered, after thecounselling session. Women also reported that they had been intimidated by their estrangedpartner once the session had ended, and that there was a lack of culturally sensitive methodsfor Maori and Pacific Island women. The author concluded that there is no one ‘magic bullet’in dealing with domestic violence, and instead, a community-wide approach must be used thatunites all agencies under the one common goal of providing independence for victims, andholding batterers accountable.Busch, R., & Robertson, N. (1997). The gap goes on: An analysis of issues under the DomesticViolence Act 1995. New Zealand Universities’ Law Review, 17(4), 337-378.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13093.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Victims/survivors, Justice, Legislation,Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This article looks at the impact of the Domestic Violence Act (1995) on the gapbetween what victims of domestic violence need and what they receive. Preliminary findingsshowed that the new Act introduced positive changes. These include the need for judges toconsider psychological abuse when making decisions about the welfare of children, and alesser focus on physical abuse, allowing other types of power and control mechanisms to beconsidered, reflecting the reality for women more closely. However, the authors maintain thatthere are still problems with the way the Act is implemented, such as an attitude that victims‘provoke’ domestic violence incidents, and that custody decisions do not take note ofprotection orders between spouses. Thus, whilst current legislation has solved someproblems, it has also created others.The authors argue that there is no one single method that will solve the problem of domesticviolence, and recommend a comprehensive community-wide effort involving Police, Refugeand other social services to offer women autonomy and to hold men accountable for theiractions.Cagney, M. (1998). Counselling men who sexually abuse: Managing the dual demands of respect andconfrontation. New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 19(1), 54-61.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12981.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Cultural practiceAbstract: This article examines the difficulties for professionals when working with sexoffenders. The worker in this case often experienced conflict between their own personalvalues and that of the profession in responding to clients who sexually offend. The authorsuggests that the way the professional reacts will affect the treatment plan of the client. Thearticle discusses models of treatment, namely Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT), andintegrated frameworks of practice. The author contends that confrontation based oncompassion and respect within the CBT framework can be a catalyst for change for sexualabuse offenders.22

Cai, D. S. (1998). The factors that influence Christchurch general practitioners’ action taken on elderabuse and neglect. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13188.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Families, Older persons, Health, Education,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practice, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study was undertaken to determine the factors that influence Christchurchgeneral practitioners’ (GPs) action taken to deal with elder abuse, what are the barriers totaking action, and what would be or will be helpful for future action to deal with elder abuse.Systematic sampling was used to survey 112 GPs in Christchurch City and suburbs, and theoverall respondent rate was 77% in this study. The overwhelming majority of respondents(98.8%) recognised elder abuse and neglect as a social or medical problem, but 66.3% ofrespondents reported that they had received no educational content on elder abuse and neglectduring their former training programme. The results indicate that there is a need to educateboth health professionals and the community on elder abuse and neglect, and to provide moresupport and help for victims and their caregivers. This might include professional training atundergraduate and postgraduate levels, community education, respite care, providing moreinformation for victims or caregivers, strengthening community networks of service agenciesfor older people, and financial support.Source: Author’s abstractCallister, G. (2003). Domestic violence and the division of relationship property under the Property(Relationships) Act 1976: The case for specific consideration. Unpublished manuscript,University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13136.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This dissertation argues the need for further amendments to the Property(Relationships) Act (1976) to account for case specific issues that victims of domesticviolence encounter. It examines the division of relationship property in domestic violencecases where one partner has abused the other partner. The author explores whether legislationshould provide for victims of domestic violence to gain entitlement to more than 50% of therelationship property. Current law is discussed with reference to case studies. Domesticviolence and its effects are explored with a major component of the dissertation focussing onthe economic impact of domestic violence and reasons why the impact of domestic violenceneeds to be considered in the division of property. Arguments for and against using theProperty (Relationships) Act to reprimand perpetrators are examined. The author alsorecommends possible reforms to the law. The author concludes that it is time for the propertylaw to be amended to provide for the consequences of domestic violence.Carbonatto, H. M. T. (1998). The criminal justice system response to domestic violence in NewZealand. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12189.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Victims/survivors, Justice, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: The broad objective of this thesis is three-fold: to analyse the kinds of domestic23

violence incidents and people (offenders and victims) dealt with by the police; to analyse thecriminal justice system’s response to these; and to explore the extent to which recent policepolicy developments have improved the situation for victims of domestic violence. On thebasis of an analysis of 270 police files and interviews with 24 victims of domestic violence,the findings of this research suggest that police policies focused solely on arrest andprosecution without regard to the needs of all victims of domestic violence. A number ofrecommendations are identified in an attempt to improve the situation of victims of domesticviolence and make the criminal justice system more responsive to the needs of victims. Theserecommendations are made with respect to police policy and practice, court practices,counselling options, culturally appropriate interventions, and primary preventioninterventions.Source: Author’s abstractCargo, T., Cram, F., Dixon, R., Widdowson, D., & Adair, V. (2002). Evaluation of programmes forchildren under the Domestic Violence Act 1995. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry ofJustice. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2002/children-dva-act/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12812.pubTopic Areas: Children, Children as victims, Children as witnesses, Maori, Protection orders,Legislation, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report was commissioned by the Ministry of Justice and the Department forCourts as part of a contract with UniServices at the University of Auckland. The aim of thereport was to conduct research into programmes for children under the Domestic ViolenceAct (1995). One of the aims of the Domestic Violence Act (1995) is to provide programmesfor children who are protected persons, either as part of an adult protection order or in theirown right, and whose lives are affected by domestic violence. Three programmes wereselected for evaluation. They were selected as examples rather than being representative ofthe range of programmes available. The report is the final of a suite of evaluations whichtogether and separately provide a wealth of information on the effectiveness of the DomesticViolence Act (1995). A comprehensive approach is taken, incorporating aspects of bothprocess and outcome evaluation. Documentation and qualitative analysis are employed inlooking at the ways in which programmes for children operate in practice, under the DomesticViolence Act (1995).The report and its conclusions must be interpreted with care due to thefact that the programmes evaluated are only three of a large number of programmes forchildren operating nationally.Carney, T. (1999). Abuse of enduring powers of attorney - lessons from the Australian tribunalexperiment? New Zealand Universities Law Review, 18(4), 481-508.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12950.pubTopic Areas: Financial exploitation, Older persons, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This article explores enduring powers of attorney, and compares systems ofguardianship in New Zealand and Australia. The data discussed in this article stems from acomparative analysis of courts and tribunals dealing with issues of powers of attorney in bothNew Zealand and Australia. The author describes the function of enduring powers ofattorney, and discusses how they can be misused and render the affected individual open toabuse. The findings from the study show that guardianship tribunals acknowledge the rightsof the affected person more so than the Family Court. The author makes variousrecommendations to limit abuse of enduring powers of attorney, such as clearly establishing24

the competency of the individual, dual witnessing of documents, access to independent legaladvice, and educating professionals and residential care workers who come into contact withexecutors of power of attorneys about potential abuses of adult guardianship laws.Carswell, S. L. (2001). Survey on public attitudes towards the physical discipline of children.Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice. Retrieved November 30, 2005, fromhttp://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2001/children/See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12781.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Families, Discipline/punishment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report presents findings from a telephone survey canvassing 1,000 adults ontheir attitudes towards the physical discipline of children. This nationwide survey is purportedto be representative of New Zealand society’s views on the discipline of children. The aim ofthe survey was to inform the Ministry of Justice on policy matters, including the review ofs59 of the Crimes Act (1961). For the purposes of the survey, physical discipline iscategorised into type of punishment, physical severity of punishment, and acceptability ofpunishment for different age groups of children. Demographic variables are further analysed,and comparisons are made between women and men, and different age and ethnic groups’attitudes towards the physical discipline of children. Socio-economic factors are alsoinvestigated, and some variance in beliefs were found across different occupational groups.Comparisons between the parenting status of respondents, including previous, current andnever parented, reveals differences in opinions on the physical discipline of children. Eightypercent of survey participants believed it was acceptable to smack children using an openhand. However, across society in general, it was found leaving marks on a child to beunfavourable.Cato, C. (2002, February). Criminal defences and battered defendants. New Zealand Law Journal, 35-40.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12984.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Homicide, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This article presents a review of the Law Commission’s 2001 report entitled SomeCriminal Defences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants. The author provides acritique of the Law Commission’s recommendations in the report, such as abolishing bothmandatory life sentences and provocation as partial defence in cases of murder. TheCommission rejects diminished responsibility as a defence for battered women who murdertheir abusive partner. The author proposes that self-defence, provocation as partial defence,and diminished responsibility remain as valid legal arguments for domestic violence victimswho kill their abusive partner.Caton, A. (1999). Paying attention to neglect [Electronic version]. Social Work Now, (13), 11-18.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13280.pubTopic Areas: Neglect, Families, ChildrenAbstract: This article examines six forms of child neglect committed by parents orcaregivers: physical, medical, supervisory, emotional, educational, and abandonment. Theresearch posits that, in general, neglect is a passive type of maltreatment with physical,psychological and sexual aspects. Neglect is the most common form of child maltreatment,although due to difficulties in measuring and defining this typology of abuse, it often attracts25

less attention than other forms of maltreatment. International statutory agencies’ neglectreports are briefly compared with the 1997 Children, Young Persons and Their FamiliesAgency statistics. Several of the harmful effects of neglect are explored, including poorschool achievement, failure to thrive, developmental delay, brain damage, and fatal neglect.Parental, family and system factors are examined regarding child neglect.Caton, A. (2001). Review of family violence prevention in NZ: Report on the outcomes of fourcommunity workshops. Unpublished report for the Ministry of Social Policy.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12145.pubTopic Areas: Families, Women, Children, Adolescents, Young persons, Maori, Pacificpeoples, Justice, Protection orders, Legislation, Cultural factors, Gender, Health, Education,Media violence, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report provides a brief overview of a number of areas related to familyviolence prevention strategies. Information was gathered from community professionalsworking in the field of family violence in Christchurch, Porirua, Whanganui andThames/Hauraki. Focus group workshops were utilised to discover what strategies were inplace to address family violence, highlighting both the strengths and weaknesses of theseapproaches. This report describes the limitations of the methodology of the workshops. Therecommended outcomes from this process include the requirement for a holistic, intersectoralcollaborative approach that involves community, family and men’s groups, whilst alsorecognising the specific needs of Maori and Pacific peoples. Participants at these workshopsstated that challenging social beliefs around family violence is an important factor in familyviolence prevention. Information from these workshops is incorporated in the 2001 reportReview of Family Violence Prevention in New Zealand: Plan of Action.Cavanagh, M.–R., Read, J., & New, B. (2004). Sexual abuse inquiry and response: A New Zealandtraining programme. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(3), 137-144.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13072.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Victims/survivors, Mental health, Education, SocialservicesAbstract: This paper evaluates a training programme that aimed to educate mental healthworkers how to inquire about a client’s history of sexual abuse. Eighty-five participantsattended the programme, which was based on the goals of the Auckland District Health Boardand Auckland Rape Crisis. New Zealand and international research are summarised. Theauthors look briefly at the following: current practice; barriers for mental health workers toasking clients and for clients in responding to questioning; training for asking about abuse;and workplace policy and guidelines in New Zealand mental health services. The outcome ofthe training programme’s evaluation is also reported. Six weeks on from the trainingprogramme, staff were experiencing positive outcomes from the programme. A longerfollow-up period after future programmes is recommended.Centre for Research, Evaluation and Social Assessment. (1997). Measuring youth offending and reoffending.Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12075.pubTopic Areas: Adolescents, Perpetrators/offenders, Justice, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statistics26

Abstract: This is one of two companion reports addressing problems around themeasurement of incidence and prevalence of child abuse and youth offending and reoffendingin New Zealand. With this focus, the report is intended to complimentdevelopmental work carried out within the Social Policy Agency, Department of SocialWelfare, on how to best measure the outcomes of Care and Protection and Youth Justicewithin Children and Young Persons Services (CYPS). Issues addressed include: how todefine offending; whether incidence or prevalence measures are most appropriate; what datasources are currently available for measuring levels of offending and re-offending; theproblems associated with these data sources and how they could be improved; matters forconsideration in developing or redeveloping CYPS databases; and recommendations forfuture approaches to the measurement of offending.Chapman, J. (1997). Interest groups: A case study of the women’s refuge movement in New Zealand.Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13140.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Justice, Protection orders, Legislation,Cultural factors, Gender, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis examines three main tenets of the women’s refuge movement: the needto change public attitudes towards domestic violence; the need to provide safe housing forvictims of domestic violence; and the need to change legislation relating to domestic violencelaws. These three tenets are discussed from the viewpoint of how, as an interest group,women’s refuge seeks to fulfil these tenets. This thesis examines how well the women’srefuge movement achieved these tenets, and asks if the traditional approach to interest groupsadequately provides a model to study the type of interest group that is engendered by a socialmovement.Source: Author’s abstractChetwin, A., Knaggs, P. A., & Young, P. T. W. A. (1999). The domestic violence legislation and childaccess in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice. Retrieved January 26,2006, from http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/1999/ domestic_violence/See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12821.pubTopic Areas: Families, Children, Care and contact, LegislationAbstract: This report provides an evaluation of the new supervised access provisions in theGuardianship Act (1968) and the Domestic Violence Act (1995). The principal objective ofthe research was to assess the process and consequences of the provisions. There are twostages to the study: a file search and key informant interviews; and interviews with custodialand non-custodial parents and informal supervisors. In the second stage of the project, therewas also a follow-up survey of the key informants interviewed in the first stage of the project.Special attention was given to cultural sensitivity for Maori and Pacific peoples. The authorsconclude that the provisions for supervised access have increased the safety of accessarrangements for children and custodial parents.Cheyne, B. (2004). Getting to peace: A guide for healing after rape and abuse. Wellington, NewZealand: Newtown Image.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13019.pub(Please note that the above link takes you to the new edition of this book, published in 2005.)27

Topic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape,Families, Women, Victims/survivors, Religion/spirituality, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: In this book, the author looks at rape from the healing viewpoint of victims. Waysfor women to heal themselves are discussed, based on the author’s and the womeninterviewees’ experiences of rape. The author details 11 different types of rape, ranging fromstranger to date to professional, and discusses how women are affected by rape. The bookalso details different stages of healing, and discusses why it is important to face what hashappened to oneself in order to heal.Child Abuse Prevention Services NZ. (2005). Child protection capacity: Building strength in the nongovernmentsector. Retrieved March 2, 2006, from www.nzfvc.org.nz/13291.pubSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13363.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Care and protection, Policy, Social services,Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report outlines the findings from a project that examined the operation andcapacity of the non-government child protection sector of New Zealand. The data is based oninterviews with over 200 workers from national and local social service agencies.The authors discuss funding issues, collaborative community relationships, service provision,good practice (including supervision, training and policies), and the social and policy contextof child protection work. They comment on the relationships that non-governmentorganisations have with Child, Youth and Family and suggest work needs to be done to buildand sustain effective partnerships. The report also identifies gaps in services for children andyoung people. The authors suggest funding, collaboration and training are the key ways tobuild the capacity of the non-government child protection sector.A supplementary report is included with the main report, which presents discussions abouttraining and education in the non-government child protection sector. The report describes thecurrent education and qualifications framework for social workers, youth workers,community workers and Maori social service workers, and looks at the level and range ofqualifications of those interviewed for the project. The impact of social worker registration ishighlighted, and the authors discuss how the workforce shortage of qualified child protectionstaff can be addressed through in-service training and through increasing accessibility forthose workers who are geographically isolated from training institutions.Children, Young Persons and Their Families Agency. (1999). Neglect: A collection of backgroundpapers. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12089.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Neglect, Children, Children as victims, Care andprotection, Health, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: This report combines six different papers that discuss the effects of neglect. A widerange of topics are covered, including developmental delay, attachment issues, and povertyand child neglect. The report briefing is supplementary to a base paper, CYPFA NeglectPrevention Programme Strategy 1999-2001 (1999), prepared for a 3-year campaign byChildren, Young Persons and Their Families Agency aimed at mitigating neglect. It calls foran inter-disciplinary dialogue on neglect, saying that only with a combination of approachescan the nature of neglect be understood and combated. The papers are called: "DevelopmentalDelay", "Neglect and Brain Development", "Attachment", "Failure to Thrive", "Resilience or28

Protective Factors", and "Poverty and Child Neglect".Christie, N. C. (1996). Comment: Thinking about domestic violence in gay male relationships.Waikato Law Review, 4(1), 180-188. Retrieved February 2, 2006, fromhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/law/wlr/special_1996/8_christie.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12978.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Same-sex partner abuse, Gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender people, Protection orders, Legislation, Cultural factors, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article discusses the issue of domestic violence in gay male relationships,providing useful information for lawyers in the area of family law and for members of the gaymen’s community. It is written in response to the Domestic Violence Act (1995) coming intoeffect which, for the first time, provided homosexuals in New Zealand the opportunity toobtain protection orders against their intimate partners. The dominant paradigm of power andcontrol as it relates to domestic violence is discussed. Comparisons are made betweenheterosexual relationships and gay male relationships in terms of how domestic violence isperceived and how it is addressed as it relates to the law. The issues of generalisedhomophobia and institutionalised discrimination are incorporated into the discussion.Clark, C. (2001). The age of physical abuse victims and the sentence imposed on their abusers.Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice. Retrieved December 8, 2005, fromhttp://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2001/age_abuse/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13339.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Children, Adolescents, Perpetrators/offenders, Children as victims, Justice, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This Ministry of Justice report stems from growing concern that physical abusersof younger children receive lighter sentences than abusers of adults. The Ministry of Justicecarried out a study of 782 case files to see if this is the reality. There was no correlationbetween the age of the victims and the percentage of custodial sentences; however, there wasa lower average sentence length for crimes against victims aged 14 and under. This sentencelength was 5 months lower than sentences for crimes against those 20 years and older and 6months less than those victims aged 15 to 19.Clark, E. (2003). Ex parte orders in the Family Court and the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.Butterworths Family Law Journal, 4(8), 205-212.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13224.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice,Protection orders, Legislation, PolicyAbstract: This paper discusses ex parte (without notice) orders in relation to the NewZealand Bill of Rights Act (1990) and the Domestic Violence Act (1995). It focuses on thegranting of ex parte orders under the Domestic Violence Act and whether this conflicts withthe Bill of Rights principle of guaranteed natural justice s27(1). This paper looks broadly atthe Family Court’s power over ex parte orders and briefly describes the competing interests ofapplicants and respondents of protection orders. Also addressed are why applicants mightneed orders without any notice being given to respondents; the consequences for respondentsof protection orders; and whether or not the granting of orders without notice is consistentwith the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act. When exploring the Family Court’s wider ex parte29

jurisdiction, this paper discusses where the Court’s powers derive from, natural justice andthe Family Courts Rules (2002). Findings from the Victims Task Force report, DomesticViolence and the Justice System (1992), are drawn on in relation to domestic violence and thelack of effort made by the justice system to help improve the problem. The author concludesthat Courts need to take the New Zealand Bill Of Rights Act into greater consideration thanthey currently do.Clarke, L. (2004). The complexities of working with adult clients who have histories of severechildhood trauma: A systematic literature review with clinical illustrations. Unpublishedmaster’s thesis, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13088.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Women, Mental health,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This dissertation is a systematic literature review, illustrated with clinical vignettes,that investigates how to think about and work effectively with adult clients with a history ofearly, severe and continuous childhood abuse and neglect, using the lens of the traumaliterature. The first section examines how symptoms develop when children are exposed toabuse and neglect. This includes how maltreatment affects the psychological development ofchildren and their later adult functioning. The second section investigates the basic principlesof treatment for the adult survivor of maltreatment, and argues for a stage-orientated approachto treatment with an initial focus on symptom control, self-care, and relationship issues. Thethird section reviews the therapeutic relationship. The transference/countertransferencedynamics at the centre of this work are examined. The dissertation ends with a summary ofsymptom development, implications for treatment and transference/countertransference issuesin the treatment of severe trauma. Recommendations for psychotherapy practice and futureresearch are examined.Source: Author’s abstractClarkson, J., & Kenny, G. (2001). Child abuse in New Zealand. New Ethicals Journal: New Zealand’sJournal of Patient Management, 4(3), 11-16.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12967.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Health, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This article gives a relatively brief overview of child abuse in New Zealand. Theincidence of child abuse in New Zealand, the different types of abuse, and the impact of abuseare addressed. The authors also examine professional recognition of child abuse, whichincludes diagnosis and assessment of abuse and health professionals’ responsibility oncediagnosis is made. Common reasons for practitioner non-referral of cases of child abuse arealso explored.Cody, T. (1997). Re-negotiating meanings: A grounded theory of core factors in healing shame inadult survivors of sexual abuse. Unpublished master’s thesis, Massey University, PalmerstonNorth, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13168.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Violenceagainst men, Gender, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatment30

Abstract: This thesis explores sexual abuse counselling practice, counsellors’conceptualisations of shame in sexual abuse survivors, and the process of healing fromshame. Eight experienced therapists following different therapeutic orientations wereinterviewed. The author looks at different therapies employed in sexual abuse counsellingsuch as cognitive-behavioural therapy and narrative therapy. The interview data was analysedusing the grounded theory method of qualitative analysis and a theory of core factors in thehealing process across therapeutic orientations was derived. Findings suggest that the childvictim of sexual abuse makes meaning of their experiences, a process influenced by a numberof contextual domains. The key meanings of being responsible for the abuse or beingsomehow defective as a consequence of abuse were found to be central to the development ofshame, and were linked to a number of sequelae by respondents. The core factors in therespondents’ conceptualisations of the process of healing shame involved renegotiating themeanings the child had formed. This process was made up of five key areas: developing trustin the therapeutic relationship; building a positive sense of self; facing the shamed self;contextualisation; and integration. Attention was also given to gender issues in order todiscover similarities or differences in the experiences and healing process for male survivorsof sexual abuse. Findings suggest that the respondents’ saw shame in sexual abuse and thehealing process as being the same for males and females, with differences being largely theresult of socialisation practices. Implications of findings are discussed.Source: Authors abstractCollings, S., & Beautrais, A. (2005). Suicide prevention in New Zealand: A contemporary perspective:Social explanations for suicide in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry ofHealth. Retrieved December 19, 2005, from http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/ea6005dc347e7bd44c2566a40079ae6f/06e426cb2d56854bcc256fff00170256?OpenDocumentSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12804.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Suicide/self-harm, Families, Young persons,Indigenous, Maori, Cultural factors, Mental health, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This paper explores how social factors may influence New Zealand suicide rates,and how knowledge of these factors can assist in developing prevention strategies forreducing suicidal behaviour. The first part of this paper provides an overview of New Zealandsuicide statistics over a 40-year period, noting that for New Zealand men aged 20 to 35 years,suicide is the cause of one-third of all deaths. The paper also discusses a number of historicaland contemporary theories about suicide, and briefly outlines three models that havecontributed to suicide prevention strategies and approaches.The paper also presents a summary of six reports, commissioned by the Ministry of Healthbetween 2001 and 2005, which explore a number of social explanations in relation to NewZealand’s suicide trends. These six reports were written to assist the development of NewZealand’s proposed national suicide prevention strategy. The first report presents a review ofinternational literature on social, economic and cultural influences in suicide rates. Thesecond report presents a New Zealand-based literature review on similar influences. Riskfactors for suicidal behaviour in Maori are examined in the third report, and report 4 makes acomparison between the impact of economic recession on youth suicide in New Zealand andFinland. The fifth report presents a qualitative study of the connection between New Zealandsuicide rates and a range of socio-economic factors. The study findings show a link betweensocio-economic position, unemployment, and suicide. The overarching conclusion drawnfrom the six reports is that social factors are relevant to suicide.The document concludes by examining what is known to be effective in preventing suicidal31

ehaviours, and explores current approaches to suicide prevention in New Zealand. There islittle specific reference to family violence in the reports; however, it is recognised thatreducing family violence and child abuse may minimise suicidal behaviour.Colmar Brunton Research. (1997). Breaking the cycle monitor: Quantitative research: Final report.Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11900.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Children as victims, Children as witnesses,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report details the findings of a random sample of 611 persons, aged 15 yearsor over, who were interviewed regarding their awareness and attitudes towards child abuseand self-reported behaviour. This was done following the Child, Youth and Family Services(CYFS) Breaking the Cycle campaign, designed to raise awareness of the definition andprevalence of child abuse. The results are compared to the benchmark study undertakenbefore the implementation of the campaign in 1995. Overall, it concludes that CYFS hademployed a successful campaign.Key findings show that awareness of the existence of physical abuse increased by 6% fromthe benchmark survey, and emotional abuse by 8%. The television campaign gained thehighest level of awareness, whereas the radio campaign was only known to just over one-thirdof those polled. The incidence of self-reported abusive behaviour was shown to still berelatively low. A small percentage of those surveyed said they had considered changing theirbehaviour following the advertisements, with the most common of this group being childcareproviders. There was an increase in the level of agreement to what can be considered childabuse. The level of emotional abuse reported to CYFS had increased by 9%; that of physicalabused by 5%; and that of sexual abuse remained at a similar level to the benchmark survey.The evaluation focused on two main types of abuse: indirect abuse, such as fighting orarguing in front of a child; and direct abuse, such as yelling at, swearing at, putting down achild. In both types, two consequences were prevalent: low self esteem and lack ofconfidence. Only 1% of those surveyed had used the 0800 number to report abuse, and 5%had used it to gain parenting tips.Colmar Brunton Research. (1999). Neglect prevention programme: Final findings of monitorresearch. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12091.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Neglect, Children, Children as victims, Socialservices, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The purpose of this report is to evaluate the effects of a 3-year programmelaunched by Child, Youth and Family Services (CYFS) aimed at mitigating child neglect. Theresearch involved 460 face-to-face interviews and was compared to the benchmark studyundertaken prior to the programme’s launch. Overall, it was concluded that CYFS hademployed a successful campaign. Key findings were that there was a high level of awarenessof television advertisements, and a very low level of awareness of radio and printadvertisements. The advertising had some effect in terms of self-reported effects onbehaviour, where 23% thought about changing their behaviour based on the advertisementsand 15% actually did change. There was an increased level of agreement as to whatconstitutes child neglect. Both the perceived occurrence and seriousness of child neglectincreased. There was a greater understanding of the effects of child neglect, but no significantchange in self-reported measures of behaviour.32

Connolly, M. (Ed.). (2001). New Zealand social work: Contexts and practice. Auckland, NewZealand: Oxford University Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13193.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Families, Women, Children, Adolescents,Young persons, Perpetrators/offenders, Maori, Justice, Restorative justice, Protection orders,Care and protection, Legislation, Cultural factors, Gender, Drug and alcohol abuse,Education, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practice,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This book presents an extensive analysis of social work in Aotearoa New Zealand.The authors examine past difficulties and successes, and contemporary issues relating to thisfield. The book is divided into three parts: practice and current issues (chapters 1 to 10); fieldsof practice (chapters 11 to 20); and professional issues (chapters 21 to 27). The followingchapters specifically relate to the field of family violence.The first chapter relating to family violence is chapter 8, "Women’s Issues in Social WorkPractice and Policy Development", by Fiona Robertson. This chapter discusses the roles ofgender in social work, and includes sections on women as victims of violence, and societalattitudes towards family violence.In chapter 9, "Men and Social Work", Ken McMaster examines gendered socialisation,masculinity and social work practice, and highlights approaches to working with men who areviolent to women, and sexually abusive adult and adolescent males.The chapter entitled "Child Care and Protection Services in Child Welfare", by MarieConnolly, addresses issues surrounding statutory child care and protection social work. Adiscussion is included on changes to this process, such as family participation in decisionmaking,the dual role of the social worker, child protection Family Group Conferences(FGCs), foster care, residential care, Iwi Social Services, and adoption.Mike Doolan’s chapter, "Youth Justice Services in Child Welfare", explains the statutoryresponse to youth offending, which is another branch of child welfare. The author exploresresponses in this field including legislation, policy, and practice, intervention factors, andyouth justice FGCs. This chapter concludes with the suggestion that successfully merging thetwo separate statutory child welfare fields of care and protection and youth justice may bedifficult.The final chapter that addresses family violence is "Working With Family Violence as aProfessional Issue", by Ken McMaster. This chapter begins by acknowledging that familyviolence is now recognised as a core social problem in Aotearoa New Zealand. Definitionsand the prevalence of family violence are explained, as are a number of theories that influenceunderstanding of this significant issue. Social policy and community initiatives are alsodescribed.Connolly, M. (2004). Building research strategies in child welfare: A research and evaluationframework for policy and practice [Electronic version]. Social Policy Journal of NewZealand, (22), 119-127.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12768.pubTopic Areas: Care and protection, PolicyAbstract: This article discusses the development of a research strategy that meets the needs33

of New Zealand’s care and protection system. The stages of development in building astrategy of this kind are examined. The author emphasises the need for a coordinatedapproach to research development and evaluation, bringing together research, policy andpractice. This paper outlines the benefits of a well-developed research strategy, including theability to identify any gaps in information, and inform practice and policy in the state caresystem.Connolly, M. (2004). Child & family welfare: Statutory responses to children at risk. Christchurch,New Zealand: Te Awatea Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11909.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Children as victims, Care andprotection, Legislation, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This book examines the way in which child welfare systems respond to the needsof families and children. Contemporary innovations in child protection are also analysed.Comparisons of child protection responses are made between New Zealand and otherjurisdictions, such as Western European, North America and Australia. This book alsodescribes the development of Family Group Conferences and how this strategy has shapedNew Zealand’s child protection system. The state response to children at risk and thosechildren unable to live at home is highlighted. The impact on children, and how they viewtheir care and protection experiences is also examined.Connolly, M. (Ed.). (2004). Violence in society: New Zealand perspectives. Christchurch, NewZealand: Te Awatea Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12233.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Elder abuse and neglect,Sexual abuse, Families, Adolescents, Perpetrators/offenders, Maori, Pacific peoples,Restorative justice, Care and protection, Legislation, Gender, Institutional violence, Mediaviolence, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The characteristics of violence are discussed from both a New Zealand and globalcontext in the introductory chapter, "Violence and Society: An Overview", by Mike Doolan.Theoretical perspectives, prevention strategies, and New Zealand violent offence typologiesare also outlined.In the chapter, "Child Abuse and Child Protection", Marie Connolly discusses the varyingforms of child abuse and its consequences, and explores media violence. A comparativeanalysis is undertaken of the child protection and family support orientations to child welfareprotection.Theresa Gannon, Tony Ward and Devon Polaschek’s chapter, "Child Sexual Offenders",examines the characteristics of sexual offenders and the different pathways to sexualperpetration. Current treatment and rehabilitation practices are discussed, including theutilisation of strengths-based and risk management approaches.The extent of youth offending, including individual, family, community and macro-levelfactors, are highlighted in Nikki Evan’s chapter, "Adolescent Offenders and Youth Justice".This section covers state responses and factors that make for effective interventions withadolescent offenders, such as risk assessment, recognition of criminogenic variables andchoice of treatment modality.34

The chapter entitled "Violence in Interpersonal Relationships", by Yvonne Crichton-Hill,explores definitions and theories around interpersonal violence in Aotearoa New Zealand.The consequences of and responses to domestic violence are discussed, highlighting the needfor greater resources in this area.The chapter by Verna Schofield, "Elder Abuse and Neglect: Causes and Consequences",addresses definitions of elder abuse and neglect, causal factors and impacts of this form ofabuse. A discussion of service responses highlights that attitude shifts, legislation changes,and specialist knowledge are required to counter this growing issue.In Annabel Taylor’s exploratory chapter, "Community and Stranger-Related Violence",definitions, prevalence and effects of this type of crime are discussed. Theoreticalperspectives explaining stranger-related violence, policy, criminal justice system, and humanservice responses within New Zealand are also given consideration.The impacts on human service workers who encounter violence are analysed in the chapterentitled "Violence: The Personal and Professional Self", by Kate van Heugten. Here, theauthor conducts an examination of the importance of worker self-care and supportiveorganisational and policy structures.In the final chapter, "Family Violence: State and Community", Ken McMaster explores theroles, responsibilities and partnership between the state and community pertaining to antiviolenceagendas, policies and initiatives. This chapter highlights the extent of familyviolence and the author asserts that there is still much that can be done to reduce itspervasiveness and benefit future generations.Connolly, M. (2005). Consulting with Care and Protection Resource Panels: Coordinators’perspectives. Te Awatea Review, 3(1), 9-11.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12979.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Care and protection, Legislation, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article presents qualitative research that examines the experiences of care andprotection coordinators when consulting with a Care and Protection Resource Panel (CPRP).This consultation is required under s21 of the Children, Young Persons and Their FamiliesAct (1989), and must occur prior to convening a Care and Protection Family GroupConference (FGC). Four focus groups involving 29 participants were held across NewZealand in the northern, eastern/western, Wellington/upper south, and southern regions. Thefindings of this study are presented under two headings: the process of consultation; and theCPRP contribution to the work. Some coordinators stated their contact with the panel wassupportive. However, none of the participants felt that the consultation aided them whendeciding about convening the FGC.Connolly, M., & McKenzie, M. (1999). Effective participatory practice: Family group conferencingin child protection. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12932.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Indigenous, Maori, Care andprotection, Legislation, Cultural factors, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This book presents an analysis of the notion of family decision-making as it relatesto the field of child care and protection. Effective Participatory Practice (EPP) is a model of35

family decision making that incorporates the process of Family Group Conferences (FGCs),which have fundamentally changed the way child welfare services operate in New Zealand.FGCs work on the principles of family decision making, power sharing, familyempowerment, and cultural relevancy, when addressing the safety of children in abuse andneglect cases. The importance of protecting the child within the context of the family isemphasised. Involving the family in care and protection decisions has been embracedinternationally, and this book examines child welfare developments in the United States, theUnited Kingdom, Canada and Australia. Case studies of situations of child abuse and neglectare employed to illustrate the phases of EPP, and the process of FGCs. The contribution ofMaori culture and customs to the context and process of FGCs is discussed. The role of theprofessional working with the family on care and protection issues is also examined.Consedine, J. (2003). The Maori restorative tradition. In G. Johnstone (Ed.), A restorative justicereader: Texts, sources, context (pp. 152-157). Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13340.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Incest, Families, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Maori,Restorative justice, Cultural factorsAbstract: This chapter examines the use of marae restorative justice by Maori in sexualabuse cases. Restoration, healing and reconciling are the principles of marae justice.Restorative justice places the blame for the offending on the perpetrator, and the shameexperienced by the offender is a strong punishment in Maori society. As opposed to Pakehamodels of criminal justice, marae justice is based on healing for the victim, thewhanau/family, and the perpetrator. Case studies are used to illustrate the process of maraerestorative justice, including an example of a Maori woman sexually abused by three of herbrothers, and another at the hands of her step-father. A preliminary evaluation shows themarae restorative justice process is working in lowering recidivism rates.Corbett, L. A. (1999). Child protection workers’ interactions with women abused by their malepartners: Five women’s stories. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Waikato,Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11916.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Women, Children, Children as victims, Careand protection, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This research investigated women’s experiences with child protection workers.The analysis and methodology were guided by a feminist framework; in-depth interviewswere conducted with 5 women who had suffered abuse by their male partners. The researchfound that, as child protection workers may not acknowledge the presence of family violencein their cases, they may subsequently fail to understand the constraints that women experiencein their relationships with men. The study did not incorporate a formal Children, YoungPersons and their Families Service (CYPFS) perspective. Since its focus was CYPFSpractices, the author suggests that the study might be better utilised if the agency had more ofan input in terms of clarifying the procedures that the five women were describing.Source: Author’s abstractCoverdale, J. H. T., & Turbott, S. H. (2000). Sexual and physical abuse of chronically ill psychiatricoutpatients compared with a matched sample of medical outpatients. Journal of Nervous andMental Disease, 188(7), 440-445.36

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13073.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Women, Violenceagainst men, Mental health, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: In this article the author reports on a study, which investigated the prevalence ofsexual and physical abuse, during childhood and adulthood, experienced by chronically illpsychiatric outpatients, compared with a control sample of medical outpatients in Auckland,New Zealand. People who experience schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe anxietydisorders and other mental illnesses that are deemed as major mental illnesses participated;excluded from the study were clients with a diagnosis of mental retardation or alcohol orsubstance misuse. One hundred and fifty-eight psychiatric outpatients responded to semistructuredinterviews. They were matched for gender, age, and ethnicity with 158 medicaloutpatients who had never been treated for experiencing a mental illness. The response ratewas 64.8%. Participants were questioned about the number of times they were abused; thetype of abuse; how many different people abused them; and who abused them, for example, ablood relative, partner, or someone outside of the family. Results from the study identify thatthe psychiatric participants reported experiencing more physical or sexual abuse duringadulthood than did the control group. Participants who reported experiencing abuse as adultswere also more likely to have experienced abuse during childhood. The discussion explores anumber of limitations of the study, including recall bias, and looks at the findings drawingpossible conclusions as to reporting differences for the two participant groups in the study.The article concludes that the findings from the study help to identify that psychiatricallyunwell outpatients are vulnerable to abuse.Cowan, A. (2004). Reforming New Zealand’s law on sexual offending: An assessment of the CrimesAmendment Bills 2003. Unpublished manuscript, Victoria University of Wellington, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13256.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Justice, Legislation, GenderAbstract: This research paper examines the rationale behind the proposed reform of theCrimes Act (1961) relating to sexual offences. It considers gender neutrality and argues thatthis is important due to the increasing number of sexual offences committed by women. Theauthor argues that rape should be kept a separate crime to sexual violation, and remain only acrime for males to commit (even though this clashes with the principle of gender neutrality)as the history and meaning of the word ‘rape’ are still important in contemporary society. Theauthor recommends that the language used in the proposed reform be changed.Cram, F., Pihama, L., Jenkins, K., & Karehana, M. (2002). Evaluation of programmes for Maori adultprotected persons under the Domestic Violence Act 1995. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministryof Justice. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2002/maori-domestic-violence/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11987.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Women, Maori, Justice, Protectionorders, Legislation, Cultural factors, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report presents an evaluation of two North Island programmes for MaoriAdult Protected Persons, provided in accordance with the Domestic Violence Act (1995). Thetwo programmes are Tu Tama Wahine o Taranaki based in New Plymouth, and Te WhareRuruhau o Meri, located in Otahuhu, South Auckland. Both of these programmes are37

delivered based upon Maori conceptual frameworks. A qualitative methodology wasemployed, involving interviews with staff, key informants and participants of theprogrammes. Seven objectives guided information gathering: describing the philosophy andcontent underpinning the programme; evaluating how the programme meets the goals of TheDomestic Violence (Programmes) Regulations; examining the implementation and deliveryof each programme; identifying positive and negative outcomes on participants; investigatingpossible barriers to attendance; determining if the needs of Maori participants are met; andascertaining which components of each programme constitute ‘best practice’ to inform otherprogrammes of this kind. The report discusses the findings of each of the aforementionedobjectives for both programmes. Overall, the authors found programmes utilising Maoritraditions and principles to be effective when working with Maori domestic violence victims.Crawford, C. (1999). The overlap between domestic violence and child abuse: A review of some ofthe literature and some suggestions for a future collaborative approach. In Children’s IssuesCentre (Ed.), (n.d.), Family Collection. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago,Children’s Issues Centre.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12207.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Women, Children as victims,Policy, Communities, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: This essay is a literature review followed by a recommendation for collaborationbetween domestic violence researchers and child abuse researchers. The author discusses thedifferent perspectives on domestic violence and the debates between them, and links domesticviolence and child abuse. She maintains that researchers in the two areas rarely everincorporate each other’s work, but argues it would be more effective and relevant to combinethe two in a community-wide effort to eradicate both domestic violence and child abuse. Thecollaborative approach is recommended for intervention, training, detection and research.Crawford, J. (Ed.). (1996). Human sexuality: Christian perspectives: 1994 Selwyn Lectures.Auckland, New Zealand: College of Saint John the Evangelist.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13225.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Families, Women,Children, Maori, Cultural factors, Gender, Religion/spirituality, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This book is a collection of four lecture papers with the theme of Christianperspectives on human sexuality. Two of the four papers relate to family violence. MuruWalters, the author of "Kahui Tane: An Experience of Tane Sexuality" discusses issues oftane or male sexuality, Maori culture, abuse of women, and mana. This paper is primarilywritten from a Christian perspective. The author refers to historical understandings of malesexuality, and links these with current understandings and the behaviour of some Maori men.The connection to tane sexuality, violent crime, and abuse especially against women isexplored. The paper emphasises the importance of power and domination in tane culture, andhow this can become destructive. The relationship between Maori gangs and women, and therelationship between men, women and the land are also discussed. The author then ties thediscussion in with biblical messages. The paper includes a proactive response by AnglicanMaori to tane issues. A ‘new vision’ to help break down tane issues is also explored.In "‘Women, Why Are You Weeping?’: Gender Violence in the Family", Janet Crawforddirectly confronts the issue of male perpetrated violence against women or gender violence inintimate partner relationships. Findings from the Roper Report (1987) are drawn on to38

emphasise that gender violence is prevalent throughout society. The private nature of genderviolence is also explored. Numerous forms of male violence against women and some reasonswhy women stay in violent relationships are listed. This paper also investigates why menabuse women. From an historical perspective the author discusses the lack of support by theChurch on this issue, and its responsibility and increased proactivity today. Furthermore,there is an historical overview of women’s subordination to men. This supports the author’sdiscussion on the connection between Christian teaching and family violence.Crawshaw, V., & O’Dwyer, M. (2004). Without notice applications - judicial thinking revisited.Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Law Society.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13112.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Families, Women, Children, Justice, Protection orders, Care and contact, Legislation,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report stems from a New Zealand Law Society seminar examining withoutnotice applications in domestic violence cases. The interaction between the DomesticViolence Act (1995) and the Guardianship Act (1968) is explored, as granting without noticeorders often affects parent and child relationships. The authors posit that the court systemmust weigh up protection with custody and access issues when deciding whether to grant awithout notice application. Family Court proceedings in domestic violence cases areexplored. The authors describe areas of ‘best practice’ for lawyers applying for protectionorders on behalf of their clients. Procedures when acting as counsel for child are discussed,such as investigating care arrangements and the suitability of the non-custodial parent.Examples of legal cases are provided throughout to illustrate the issues raised in this report.The authors describe types of programmes available for domestic violence victims, providedin accordance with the Domestic Violence Act.Cribb, J. (1997). ‘Being bashed is just something I have to accept’: Western Samoan women’sattitudes towards domestic violence in Christchurch. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand,(9), 164-170.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12963.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Pacific peoples, Cultural factors, Policy,Religion/spiritualityAbstract: This article examines some Western Samoan women’s beliefs surroundingdomestic violence. A sample of 30 Samoan women from the Christchurch area participated inthe study, and the data was obtained through the use of standardised interview procedures.From this information, the women were categorised into either ‘acceptors’ or ‘non-acceptors’of domestic violence. The findings from the study show that two-thirds of the womenbelieved domestic violence was unacceptable; the women in this group were mainly under 40years old, and immersed in New Zealand western culture. The remaining one-third of womenwere accepting of domestic violence; this group of women were generally over the age of 40,brought up in Samoa, and therefore more connected with traditional Samoan customs. TheSamoan church operating in New Zealand is viewed as replacing the traditional Samoanvillage structure, but not offering the same level of support to women who have been abusedby their partner. The author discusses implications for policy, such as cultural barriers toaccessing social services, the need for strategies developed within the Samoan church, andmore support for extended families so that women do not have to remain trapped in nuclearfamilies where domestic violence is occurring.39

Cribb, J., & Barnett, R. (1999). Being bashed: Western Samoan women’s responses to domesticviolence in Western Samoa and New Zealand [Electronic version]. Gender, Place andCulture, 6(1), 49-65.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12962.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Pacific peoples, Culturalfactors, GenderAbstract: This article examines Samoan women’s attitudes towards domestic violence inthree different geographical locations: rural Western Samoa; urban Western Samoa; andChristchurch, New Zealand. In particular, women were questioned about what their responsewould be if they were physically abused by a partner.The authors found that there were variations in women’s responses to domestic violence inthe three different contexts. In a traditional rural Samoan village, the majority of womenstated that they would leave their partner and return to their extended family if they werevictim to abuse. In this cultural context, the extended family is considered to be a defenceagainst domestic violence because of the shame that it would bring to the whole family.Interestingly, it was the women who were the main income earners of the family who wereleast likely to leave their husbands. In urban Western Samoa, responses varied, oftendepending on the educational level and employment status of the women. Only a slimmajority of the women said that they would leave an abusive partner, and in most cases, as inthe rural village, these women would return to their extended family for support. Samoanwomen living in Christchurch were the most likely group to go to support networks andorganisations, such as Women’s Refuge, if they were experiencing partner abuse. Themajority of women interviewed in Christchurch stated that they would leave a violentrelationship.The authors conclude that variations in responses between the women in the three differentcontexts appear to be due to economic, social and cultural effects, and how these influencewomen’s access to support networks. Traditional values also play a large role in women’sreactions to domestic violence. However, it is not possible to draw a clear link betweengeographical context and reactions to physical abuse.Crichton-Hill, Y. (2001). Challenging ethnocentric explanations of domestic violence. Trauma,Violence and Abuse, 2(3), 203-214.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13312.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Pacific peoples, Cultural factors,Communities, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article states that theories describing domestic violence towards women arepredominantly ethnocentric and may not be as relevant for violence in Pacific peoples’families. Invariably, strategies responding to domestic violence are also based on values thatare reflective of their cultural origin. This is reflected in the Duluth power and control wheel,which is a model that has been adopted widely as a tractable strategy for understanding maleaggression. There are some clear gaps in this model if an attempt is made to apply it to thesituation of Samoan women. This article is a critique of the Duluth model, and explores therequirements for social workers working with Samoan women, considering the service, legal,and educational aspects of prevention and intervention. This article argues that there is a needfor further research to be done to ascertain the nature of domestic violence for Samoanwomen in New Zealand.40

Crichton-Hill, Y. (2003). The nature of violence in Pacific populations. Te Awatea Review, 1(1), 12-13.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13094.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Children, Pacific peoplesAbstract: This article explores the issue of family violence, and describes the overlapbetween intimate partner abuse and child abuse. The author identifies that Pacific people havea high rate of violent offending compared to their proportion of the New Zealand populationas a whole, and further, have the highest victimisation risk out of New Zealand’s differingethnic populations. A discussion is held around the limitations of identifying people frommany areas within the Pacific region as a combined group called ‘Pacific peoples’. The authoremphasises the need for wider ethnic categories in future research, and identifies that there isa significant dearth of research and statistical information in this area.Dale, M. P. (1997). Case management intervention with violent offenders: An action researchapproach to the development of a practice model. Unpublished master’s thesis, MasseyUniversity, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13175.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Justice, Legislation, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This research is concerned with the relationship between social work theory andsocial work practice. The practice context for the discussion is intervention with men whohave been convicted of violence towards their respective female partner, and the agencycontext is the Community Corrections Service in New Zealand. The central argumentsurrounds the development of an integrated model of practice, one which combines a validtheoretical base with appropriate practice skills to ensure that service delivery can meet theidentified needs of the relevant stakeholders (in this case the agency, practitioners, clients andvictims). The Integrated Domestic Violence Practice Model (IDVPM), developed as part ofthis investigation, forms the subject of the third chapter. In the first section, the relationshipbetween social work theory and practice is explored and five key debates are considered (theinfluence of the scientific model, the influence of values, the integration of theory andpractice, the utility of eclecticism, and the notion of empowerment). The IDVPM is thenpresented, which includes consideration of the three distinct areas of knowledge from whichthe model has been developed: domestic violence practice theory; a case managementperspective; and issues surrounding the assessment of effectiveness. This discussion traversesthe positivist and interpretivist research traditions and grounded theory. A review of thesubstantive themes which have emerged from the research data follows. The distinctivefeatures and implications of the Probation Officer, client and victim perspectives are alsoreviewed.Source: Author’s abstractDalley, B. (1998). Family matters: Child welfare in twentieth-century New Zealand. Auckland, NewZealand: Auckland University Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13196.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Neglect, Families, Children, Maori,Care and protection, Legislation, Institutional violence, Social services, Prevention/41

intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This book provides an historical account of New Zealand’s child welfare systemfrom 1902 to 1992. Various welfare services are explored, such as fostering and adoptionservices, residential care, and youth justice. Changes in legislation of New Zealand’s history,aimed at protecting children from abuse and neglect, are also examined. The author discusseshow there has been changes in government’s and professionals’ responses to child abuse andneglect, and how beliefs towards children’s rights in society as a whole have transformed.Concern about child abuse increased from the 1970s, with a prolific rise in the number ofinvestigations by the Department of Social Welfare in the 1980s. The sexual abuse of childrenalso came to public consciousness in the 1980s, culminating in new child welfare policies andmulti-disciplinary child abuse investigation teams. Case studies are employed throughout thebook to illustrate the impact of child welfare policies and practices on children and families.Dalley, B. (2004). Deep and dark secrets: Government responses to child abuse. In B. Dalley & M.Tennant (Eds.), Past judgement: Social policy in New Zealand history (pp. 175-189).Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12988.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children, Care and protection, Policy,Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This chapter provides an historical analysis of child abuse and neglect in NewZealand and government responses to this social issue. The author specifically focuses onchild abuse during the period 1950-1970, and examines how child welfare responses duringthis period have shaped contemporary practices in this field. Case studies are utilised toillustrate the complexity of identifying and investigating situations of child abuse and neglect.The author suggests that the difficulty for professionals in balancing the protection of childrenwith maintaining the family unit is as pertinent today as it was through the 1950-1970 period.Darlow, T. (1997). Are we still being beaten by domestic violence? Wellington, New Zealand:Wellington Community Law Centre.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13329.pubTopic Areas: Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice, Protection orders,Legislation, Policy, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report is a review of the operation of the Domestic Violence Act (1995) inWellington. It combines a survey of case law with questionnaires distributed to police,lawyers, and others working with the Domestic Violence Act in the Wellington region toestablish whether the Domestic Violence Act is successful in its goals. The report finds thatthere is ambiguous wording in various areas of the Act (for example, the course of actiontaken if a protection order is breached) and inconsistency within the roles of those working inthe area of domestic violence. The authors recommend that the language be clarified withinthe Act and a more integrated information sharing system be developed so that protectionorder details can be accessed anywhere in the country.Davies, E. (1999). Learning from child complainants of sexual abuse and their primary carers:Implications for policy and practice. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, (12), 122-138.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13037.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Families, Children, Justice, Social services, Intersectoral42

collaborationAbstract: This article examines child complainants’ and their primary carers’ perceptions ofthe investigation and professionals involved when there have been allegations of sexual abusemade by the child. The participants of the study were 51 children aged 6 to 16 years who hadbrought allegations of sexual abuse, 124 primary carers, 58 social workers and 85 policeofficers involved in the abuse cases. The research findings show that many of the primarycarers believed that the process was too slow, and felt that they had little support throughout.Inter-disciplinary coordination and collaboration was rated poor by many of the participants.The carers disclosed that they were not thoroughly briefed about the court proceedings, andone-third of the children were not adequately prepared to act as witnesses in court.Implications for policy and practice are also discussed, including the need for greaterinteragency collaboration and communication between the Police and the Children YoungPersons, and Their Families Service; the need to improve court proceedings so children aresupported as witnesses; and the need for social workers to be better resourced so that they canconcentrate on the needs of children.Davies, E. (1999). Sexual abuse investigation and criminal court processes: Doing justice to thechild? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12154.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Children, Children aswitnesses, Justice, Legislation, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practice,Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This thesis contributes to literature on child sexual abuse investigation and criminaljustice processes by conducting a programme evaluation of these processes in Auckland, NewZealand. In the first part of the study, 51 child complainants and 124 primary carers wereinterviewed about their perceptions of social work, medical examinations and criminal courtproceedings. The second part of this research involved analyses of criminal court transcriptson the ways that children are questioned by evidential interviewers and lawyers in court. Thefindings reveal deficiencies within agency practices, and agency policies which impactnegatively on children and their families during the sexual abuse investigation processes.Recommendations to address some of these deficiencies are proposed.Source: Author’s abstractDavies, E., Seymour, F., & Read, J. (2000). Children’s and primary caretakers’ perceptions of thesexual abuse investigation process: A New Zealand example. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse,9(2), 41-56.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12975.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Families, Children, Children as victims,Justice, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This paper investigates the perceptions of non-offending parents and children ofthe child sexual abuse investigation process. Fifty-one children and 124 primary caregiverswere interviewed. Participants were selected because the children had made disclosures ofsexual abuse. The primary purpose of the interviews was to uncover participants’ perceptionsof the early stages of the investigation process; this involved discovering their attitudes aboutthe social work intervention, early police responses, the evidential video units, medicalexaminations, access to social services for therapy, and how these services workcollaboratively. Findings show that the majority of participants felt positive about the43

professionals involved; however, they did encounter delays and problems with interagencycollaboration, support, control and provision of information. The paper suggests that people’sperceptions of the investigation process could be enhanced with time management tominimise delays, interagency collaboration, sensitive interactions and adequate provision ofinformation and support.Davis, W. (2004). Gender bias, fathers’ rights, domestic violence and the Family Court. ButterworthsFamily Law Journal, 4(12), 299-312.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13018.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Justice, Protection orders, Care and contact, Legislation, Gender, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article examines the accusations of gender bias in the Family Court in NewZealand. In the 1990s, the most common claim was a gender bias against women; however,more recently the focus has shifted and accusations of a gender bias in favour of women havebeen increasing in volume. It is claimed that it is too easy for women to attain protectionorders; that women gain these orders so as to acquire tactical advantages in custody disputes,and that large numbers of fathers are being deprived of contact with their children. Theseclaims have achieved credibility in the courts despite a lack of quantitative or qualitativeresearch to support them. The author points out that the easy acceptance of fathers’ rightsdiscourse, despite a lack of evidence to back up claims, indicates that a traditional bias againstwomen within the justice system is still operating.The introduction of the Domestic Violence Act (1995) was to clarify the definition ofdomestic violence, and to regulate Judges’ scope as to their decision-making. The authorhighlights that contrary to some claims, it has recently become much harder to obtain aprotection order without notice, and in fact, a greater proportion of protection orders appliedfor without notice are being put on notice by the courts. As for whether women are usingprotection orders strategically, Judges have been quoted as saying they find this happening;however, the Law Commission found no evidence of this and neither did the Ministry ofJustice in their research into the accusations. In addressing whether the legislation destroysrelationships between parents and children, the author argues that a continued relationshipwith a violent parent has costs for the child. The article concludes that fathers’ rights groupshave influenced the attitudes of Family Courts quite strongly, and they have done so withoutevidence upon which to base their claims. It recommends that whilst courts and legislationneed to change with society, the changes should not be based on one particular interestgroup’s opinions.Dawkins, K. (2001). Criminal law. New Zealand Law Review, (3), 317-355.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12985.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This article explores various legislative Acts and amendments to them. Ofparticular interest to the field of family violence is the section "Compulsion by Threats andDuress of Circumstances". This discusses the relationship between the statutory defence of‘compulsion by threats’, under s24 of the Crimes Act (1961), and the common law defence of‘duress of circumstance’. This is when an individual who is being abused by a partner feelscompelled to commit a crime because they are being threatened by their abusive partner.However, when the individual commits the crime, the abusive partner is not present.44

With reference to battered women’s syndrome, there is a discussion of the Court of Appeal’sinterpretation of s24. The domestic violence related case example R v. Richards (1998) isemployed to explore the Court of Appeal’s requirement of actual presence. Various othercases are also drawn on as evidence of the Court’s ability to be ungenerous and narrow in itinterpretation of s24 in relation to situations involving domestic violence. ‘Duress ofcircumstances’ and the common law are discussed largely with reference to the English Courtof Appeal. The New Zealand Court of Appeal’s exclusionary approach to the defence isdiscussed and questioned, as well as the defence applied in New Zealand. The author arguesthat legislative reform is required to remedy the inequities in the Court’s approach to cases ofdomestic violence where the defendant appeals under ‘compulsion by threats’ or ‘duress ofcircumstances’. Moreover, the recommendations made in the Law Commission report, SomeCriminal Defences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants (2001), in relation to‘compulsion by threats’ and ‘duress of circumstances’ are mentioned and discussed. Theauthor makes two proposals to counterpoint the Law Commission’s recommendations. TheLaw Commissions preliminary paper, Battered Defendants: Victims of Domestic ViolenceWho Offend (2000) is also explored.Dennehy, G. (2001). Understanding the collective dynamics of the gang in family/domestic violence:Implications for practice. Paper presented at the Women’s Studies Association Conference,Christchurch, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13266.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Sexual assault/rape, Women, Victims/survivors, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This conference paper outlines the tactics of power and control used by men ingangs, and makes recommendations for working with women who have experienced bothgang and domestic violence. The researcher draws on interviews conducted for a master’sthesis and on practice experience, arguing that the typical tactics of abusers are strengthenedby the male collective culture of gangs. Using the power and control wheel model, theresearcher describes tactics of male privilege, physical violence, coercion and threats,emotional abuse, isolation, rape, and sexual assault that were experienced by the women whowere interviewed. The researcher outlines the reasons why the women found it hard to leave,and maintains that many social service agencies do not understand gang women’s realities,are afraid to get involved, and have inadequate strategies for keeping gang women safe.Dennehy, G. (2005). Women’s violence and its context: Preliminary analysis from a women’sstopping violence programme. Te Awatea Review, 3(2), 3-7.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13117.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Women,Perpetrators/offenders, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article discusses the need for further research into female violence to providewomen with gender specific violence intervention programmes. Ninety-two women, agedbetween 17 and 66 years participated in this study; women attending individual programmesconstituted 27 of the participants, while 65 women attended group programmes. Data analysiswas conducted on the assessment information of clients who attended the Women’s LivingWithout Violence Programme in Christchurch from January 2004 to October 2005. Theoriesof aggression are explored in an attempt to understand the dynamics of female violence. The45

findings of the study present discussions about parental history of domestic violence, and theparticipants’ histories of sexual abuse, intimate partner abuse, drug and alcohol abuse, anddepression.Dennehy, G., & Newbold, G. (2001). The girls in the gang. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13194.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Maori, Cultural factors, Religion/spiritualityAbstract: This book is based on Glennis Dennehy’s master’s thesis, which examines gangviolence against women. The book considers why some women join gangs, the attractionsthat gangs and their members offer, the inferior roles women occupy, the dynamics that keepthem there (including violence, gang rape and intimidation), the issues women face whentrying to leave gangs, and the means by which they can escape gang control. To gain insightinto these issues, in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 women who had had lifeexperiences within various New Zealand gang sub-cultures.The book outlines the lives (prior to, during, and after their gang associations) of the 10women. Several common themes emerge: the majority of women came from dysfunctionalfamilies where violence featured quite commonly; most of the women left school without anyqualifications; most of the women, especially those in Maori gangs, had experienced andlargely tolerated chronic abuse from their partners (it took a crisis such as a death or apartner’s imprisonment before the final decision to leave was made); and finally, religionplayed a role in leaving or after leaving the gang.Department of Child, Youth and Family Services. (2000). Safety assessment form pilot: Evaluation ofthe impact on Child, Youth and Family: Assessing risk to children who live with familyviolence. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Retrieved December 1, 2005, fromhttp://www.cyf.govt.nz/documents/safetyAssessment.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12149.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Children, Justice, Care andprotection, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report evaluates the use of the Safety Assessment Form that was trialled byChild, Youth and Family Services (CYFS) in Kaitaia, Kaikohe, Waitakere, Wanganui, Nelsonand Timaru from 1 July 1999 to 31 January 2000. It focuses on the impact on CYFS staff,notification rates, and practice. Key findings were that rates of notification increased by 14%across all sites. There was a tendency for police to over-identify children in need of statutoryintervention. Referrals to CYFS from police were assessed as requiring further action in 57%of cases as opposed to 77% over all other referrals. Only 5% of those were critical or veryurgent, as opposed to 20.5% of all other cases. Overall, there had been a positive perceptionof the Safety Assessment Form. However, increased workload concerns were significant.Most CYFS staff believed the form led to a closer working relationship with the Police, andthat the POL400 form could benefit from modification.Dialogue Consultants Ltd. (1996). Strengthening families: Second report on the outcomes offamily/whanau resource development services. Auckland, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12170.pubTopic Areas: Families, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment46

Abstract: This is the second report on the new outcome-based monitoring and evaluationsystem used by the New Zealand Community Funding Agency. The monitoring andevaluation system has been created to increase the effectiveness of programmes funded by theagency. The report focuses largely on service provision, as an earlier report providedbackground on the clientele, the services and the outcomes of over 2,900 cases completed inthe latter part of 1995. The key findings were that of the 2,900 cases, there was a low rate ofwithdrawal (82% completing) and 60% of clients’ goals had been met, with 22% moreshowing progress towards their goal.Dixon, G. (1999). Narrative, journaling, therapy and abuse: Co-searching some women’s lives.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13045.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Gender, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Cultural practiceAbstract: This thesis argues that lives are storied through language and within relationships,and that women who have experienced abuse view themselves through an abuse dominatedlens which causes them to have very thin descriptions of self. These thin descriptions lead tolives which are existences rather than lives that are lived. Research was undertaken with 9women to explore how women who had experienced abuse could come together incommunity to co-author and co-construct the hitherto thin descriptions. This thesis suggeststhat women who have experienced abuse are multi-disadvantaged when it comes to stories ofself. Not only do they have to story their lives alongside disabling gender discourses, but theyalso have to grapple with internalised messages that speak to them of thin descriptions. Tointerrogate these ideas, a narrative, reflexive, feminist methodology was employed which hadat its heart the notion of decentred practice, a community of inquiry, and an ethic of care.From researching with two groups of women, the idea was supported that it takes multipleperspectives and multiple conversations in order to co-construct and co-author new richstories of identity. This thesis suggests that if these conversations take place in a communityof inquiry and care, then these stories can be retold and in each telling the women experiencealternative views of self and become encouraged to join with others to search out stories ofidentity that had hitherto been brushed over or disregarded by the abuse dominated lensthrough which they had viewed themselves. These tellings and retellings are likened todefinitional ceremony where women can speak and write themselves into being.Source: Author’s abstractDixon, G. (2000). Cracks in the foundation: A critical analysis of judicial reasoning and thediscoverability rule in sexual abuse cases. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria Universityof Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13222.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Victims/survivors, Justice, Legislation,Cultural factors, GenderAbstract: This paper discusses legal theory in relation to judicial decision making andcompares formalism and substantialism in the context of the development of civil law inrelation to historical sexual abuse claims. The paper explores judicial attitudes towardswomen, from a feminist perspective, and discusses how the law could be developed tofacilitate greater utility and equality for women. The paper promotes a more principledapproach to judicial reasoning to facilitate legal development that supports and enhancesjudicial autonomy and accountability. Adopting a principle-oriented approach means a greater47

articulation of reasons for decisions, a wider use of contemporary knowledge so as to reflectmodern insights and challenges to the law, and decisions which are able to be more relevantand responsive to the reasonable expectations of the community.Source: Author’s abstractDoak, C. (2000). Effects of a parenting skills programme on the parenting attitudes of teenagers.Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13007.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Adolescents, Cultural factors, Policy,Education, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis encourages a move in the direction of population wide primaryprevention, by investigating the effectiveness of running a Parenting Skills Programme at ahigh school level, as a means of both reducing child abuse, while also promoting positiveparenting. Students’ parenting attitudes were measured using the Adult-Adolescent ParentingInventory-2. Results reveal that students who participated in the Parenting Skills Programmedeveloped enhanced parenting attitudes.Source: Author’s abstractDobbs, T. A. (2005). Children’s insights into family discipline. Unpublished master’s thesis,University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12976.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Neglect, Families, Children,Adolescents, Children as victims, Discipline/punishment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This qualitative research project explored the views of 80 children, aged between 5and 14 years from five locations in New Zealand about the parental use of family discipline.It also examined whether age and gender influenced their views. Focus group discussionswere used to elicit the children’s views. It was demonstrated that all the children, irrespectiveof age or gender, had considerable understanding and insight into their own and otherpeople’s behaviour and feelings when family discipline occurred. Children’s reports indicatedthat the parental disciplinary message is often not understood, is delivered in an inconsistentmanner and without implicit instructions to children. If parents used a more inductive style ofparenting, the children said that disciplinary messages would be better understood andinternalised by them.Age and gender differences emerged when children discussed the use of physical punishmentas a means of family discipline. Support for the use of physical punishment increased as ageincreased, with older boys more likely to support it. Children reported greater severity andfrequency of the use of physical punishment than did adults. The children’s reports showedthat fathers’ disciplinary practices had consequences in the disciplining of children. Childrenbegan to rationalise parental use of physical punishment in terms of children’s status insociety and the perceived inevitability of physical punishment in their lives. The views ofolder children began to mirror those of commonly held adult views on the justification for itsuse. The research makes suggestions for policy change in terms of government policy andpublic education.Source: Author’s abstract48

Dobbs, T. (2005). Insights: Children and young people speak out about family discipline. Wellington,New Zealand: Save the Children New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13296.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Neglect, Families, Children,Adolescents, Children as victims, Discipline/punishmentAbstract: This report is based on focus group interviews with 80 New Zealand childrenbetween the ages of 5 and 14 that were conducted for the author’s master’s studies(Children’s Insights into Family Discipline, 2005). The children were asked about: whatparents do when children do things they shouldn’t; what disciplinary messages parents give;parental consistency; issues of fairness; perceptions of physical punishment; and what wouldwork to make children behave better. From the children’s reports, the author concludes thatmany parents not only use physical punishment with frequency, they use levels of severitythat could significantly harm children. Ninety-two percent of the children said they had been,or that they believed children were, smacked. Some were hit around the face or head, orimplements were used. Many children said they did not fully understand the family rules andexpectations, nor did they understand the disciplinary measures which were often inconsistentand delivered without clear instructions to the child about what they had done wrong and howthey could change their behaviour. Children in the study said that they thought discipline wasnecessary, but wanted clear messages about what was expected of them, and parents whoweren’t angry, treated them fairly, and listened to their children before they did anything.Domestic Violence Intervention Group. (2005). A study of domestic violence in the Wairarapa.Wairarapa, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13359.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Demographics/statistics, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report presents the statistics found during research, undertaken between June2004 and March 2005, of agency data in the Wairarapa, compiled by the Domestic ViolenceIntervention Group. Figures include comparisons of the genders of victims and perpetrators,the ethnicity of victims and perpetrators, whether children were present, the number of casesnot reported to police but known to Women’s Refuge, and whether any of the perpetrators orvictims were repeats during that period. Figures of note were that 76.5% of the perpetratorswere men, and 23.5% were women - a figure much higher than expected. Fifty-two point fourpercent of the perpetrators were Caucasian, 40.9% were Maori ,and 3.7% were Pacificpeoples. Maori are still over-represented in the statistics, but this figure is lower than thatreported in other crime statistics. Lastly, Women’s Refuge added 57 unreported cases to the332 reported cases; hence there is still a lot of under-reporting to police.Doogue, J. (2004). The Domestic Violence Act 1995 and s.16b of the Guardianship Act 1968 - theeffect on childrens’ relationships with their non-custodial parent. Paper presented at the Childand Youth Law Conference 2004, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved February 15, 2006,from http://www.justice.govt.nz/family/publications/speeches-papers/archive.asp?inline=speech-lexis-nexis-conference.aspSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13091.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Children, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Children as witnesses, Justice, Protection orders, Care and contact, LegislationAbstract: This conference paper discusses the impact of the Domestic Violence Act (1995)49

and s16(b) of the Guardianship Act (1968) on children. The author argues that whilst it maybe detrimental for a child to continue to see a parent who has perpetrated partner violence, itmight also be detrimental for the child not to see that parent. The author argues that the effectof domestic violence on children varies from family to family. The author also discusses otherconcerns related to the operation of these two pieces of legislation, such as the length of timefamilies wait between the protection orders being served and the opportunity to go to court.The author recommends that a more sophisticated approach is taken in the implementation ofthe legislation to ensure that children are not adversely affected by no contact decisions.Doolan, M. (1998). International trends in child protection social work (and how and if they relate towhat is happening in New Zealand). Social Work Review, 10(4), 10-13.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13029.pubTopic Areas: Care and protection, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This conference paper discusses some significant issues concerning social workpractice in the international context. It also examines the status of New Zealand social workfor similarities and identifies how these are being responded to and progressed. Commonthemes that emerge internationally are: risk recognition, estimation and management,assessments, prevention, protection and education programmes and systems, collaborationbetween families and agencies, evaluation of social work processes, and interventions. Theauthor argues for increased collaboration between social workers on a trans-national level toaccelerate effective acquisition of practice knowledge, skills tools and methodologies.Doolan, M. P. (2004). ‘A life too short’ Child death by homicide in New Zealand: An examination ofincidence and statutory child protection actions. Unpublished master’s thesis, University ofCanterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13272.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Neglect, Child homicide, Families,Perpetrators/offenders, Children as victims, Maori, Care and protection, Care and contact,Legislation, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practice,Demographics/statistics, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: Using secondary analysis methodology, a statistical analysis of Police data, thisstudy examines the annual incidence and patterns of child (0 to 14 years) death by homicidein New Zealand in the decade 1991-2000, and identifies the similarities and differences ofthese with an earlier New Zealand study and with international patterns. The study thendetermines the number of victims of child homicide with whom the New Zealand child careand protection service had had significant contact during the years 1996-2000; this period waschosen because of the availability of comprehensive care records. The report describes theNew Zealand child care and protection legislative scheme and delineates the phases of aninvestigation undertaken by the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services, identifyingthe possible practice errors attendant with each phase. Using qualitative analysis of casereviews undertaken by the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services, the studyinvestigates when deaths have occurred during intake and prior to investigation, during aninvestigation, or during an intervention, and identifies the incidence of practice error. Thefindings of the two parts of the study are integrated using a systems perspective that discussesthe influence of family, professional, organisational and community systems on childhomicide. The report concludes with the implications of this analysis for child care andprotection policy, practice and research. The findings of the study are discussed together with50

the implications for child protection practice.Source: Author’s abstractDoolan, M. (2004). Child death by homicide: An examination of incidence in New Zealand 1991-2000 [Electronic version]. Te Awatea Review, 2(1), 7-10.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13362.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Child homicide, Children, Perpetrators/offenders,Children as victims, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This article explores the definition of child homicide, and discusses factorspertaining to incidence rates of child homicide nationally and internationally during theperiod 1991-2000. In the majority of the 91 child homicide cases during this time period, theassailant was known to the victim prior to their death. Child homicide primarily occurs withinthe family, with the risk of filicide (the deliberate act of a parent killing their child)decreasing as the child ages. The article highlights the links between family involvement withchild protection agencies and child homicide. In comparison to other forms of abuse, femaleperpetrators feature highly in statistics of child homicide offending. The research found thatnearly half of the known child homicide cases during this period resulted from battering, andthe article concludes that the child at the greatest risk of child homicide during 1991-2000was Maori, male and less than one year old. Limitations to the research and its findings arediscussed in this article.Doolan, M. (2005). Child death by homicide: An examination of child protection actions 1996-2000.Te Awatea Review, 3(1), 4-6.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12968.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Child homicide, Families, Children, Justice, Care andprotection, Legislation, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article is a sequel to the author’s earlier article entitled "Child Death byHomicide: An Examination of Incidence in New Zealand 1991-2000". This study employed aqualitative analysis of the case reviews of 9 children who died during the period 1996-2000and who were involved with the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services (CYFS).Victim and perpetrator characteristics are detailed, as are the causes for concern in previousCYFS reports. These cases are discussed with regard to the statutory social work process andthe author identifies a number of professional errors and failures to act. Further, particularaspects of the statutory process that were free from child death tragedy are highlighted, suchas intake, care or protection orders, and Family Group conferences. Inaction in gaining widerfamily involvement, the protection of the courts and, most importantly, appropriate clinicalsupervision, are highlighted as the key requirements bypassed in these tragic cases.Doone, P. (2000). Report on combating and preventing Maori crime: Hei whakarurutanga mo te ao.Wellington, New Zealand: Crime Prevention Unit, Department of the Prime Minister andCabinet. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2000/doone_rpt/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13125.pubTopic Areas: Families, Maori, Justice, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoralcollaboration51

Abstract: This report provides an evaluation of Government Criminal Justice agenciesresponses to Maori criminal offending, with a focus on prevention. The report identifiesvarious risk factors for Maori offending, with the aim of informing programmes dedicated toreducing Maori crime statistics. Among the main risk factors for Maori offending is familyviolence, which is correlated with criminality. The author makes a number ofrecommendations for reducing Maori offending, and those related to family violence include:improved intersectoral coordination to identify at-risk individuals; programmes targeting thefamily environment to eliminate violence; multi-level interventions that incorporate thefamily; and looking at strengthening families.Douglas, J. (1998). From risk to resilience: Adult survivors of childhood violence talk about theirexperiences. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13163.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Victims/survivors, Children as victims,Religion/spirituality, Communities, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis explores the resilience and coping strategies of adults who experiencedabuse as children, but who did not go on to become perpetrators. The research involvedqualitative interviews with 7 women and 1 man. The interviews highlighted the copingmechanisms used by the participants in order to survive the abuse and reject the use ofviolence within their current relationships. The participants identified four external sources ofstrength that helped with developing these coping strategies: their current partner’s support;the support from wider family members; school support and education; and their beliefsystem and church support. These external influences affected the participants’ ownunderstandings and behaviour in a positive way. The author maintains that the findings pointto the need for social work to be inclusive of family and community, and not just focus onindividuals who have experienced domestic violence.Druce, T., Malosi, I., & Moss, J. (1997, July - August). Access issues: New Zealand Law SocietySeminar. Wellington, New Zealand: Butterworths.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13220.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Children, Children as witnesses, Justice, Care andcontact, LegislationAbstract: This seminar discusses issues around non-custodial parents’ access to theirchildren under the current law, with particular respect to s16(b) of the Guardianship Act(1968). One of the chapters is dedicated to access issues when violence is found within thehome. This chapter discusses a wide variety of factors that judges take into considerationwhen assigning custody rights, including: the nature and extent of the violence; how recentlythe violence occurred; the frequency of the violence; the likelihood of further violence; theview of the victim’s parent; steps taken by the perpetrator to prevent future violence; and thewishes of the child. The seminar concludes with the authors submitting further questions fordiscussion.Drumm, J. (2000). Domestic violence in Auckland City. Auckland, New Zealand: Domestic ViolenceCentre.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13001.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Women,52

Children, Children as victims, Children as witnesses, Violence against men, Cultural factors,Drug and alcohol abuse, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report examines domestic violence in Auckland city from 1 July 1999 to 30June 2000. The research is based on 100 callouts of the Preventing Violence in the Homeagency during this period. The author examines factors that are generally believed toinfluence the prevalence of domestic violence, such as gender, ethnicity, alcohol, pregnancy,and children. The types of injuries sustained by the victim are also discussed.The results show that in 96% of the cases the victims were female, with Maori and Pacificpeoples being over-represented. Although alcohol is often cited by victims of domesticviolence as being a trigger, less than one-third of the cases involved alcohol. In just over halfthe cases, women received a blow to the head; this has implications for the health professionbecause of the seriousness and complexity of head injuries. Of the 24% of women thatsustained blows to the abdomen, one-quarter of them were pregnant. Another 3% of thesample disclosed that they were pregnant at the time of the assault. In nearly three-quarters ofinstances, children were present and witnessed the attack.The report concludes by highlighting the direct link between domestic violence and childabuse and neglect, identifying that the children were either a part of the attack, or sufferedfrom the environment.Drummond, S. (1999). A descriptive model of the offence process in domestic violence. Unpublishedmaster’s thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13218.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Perpetrators/offenders, Cultural factors,Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This study proposed a new direction for domestic violence research, consideringdomestic violence as a process. The application of such a conceptualisation was intended tocapture both the dynamic and complex nature of these events. A qualitative methodologybased on grounded theory was used to delineate a descriptive model of the offence process indomestic violence from interviews with 10 participants, currently incarcerated at PaparuaPrison, Christchurch. These men had current or prior convictions for domestic violenceoffences. The model that emerged from this study consists of four temporally sequentialphases which are described and discussed. These consist of: background factors; build-upoffence context phase; offence phase; and post-offence phase. It is suggested that this offenceprocess model will provide a framework for the evaluation of current causal explanations, hasthe potential to enhance the development of new hypotheses, and has utility in terms ofaltering current conceptualisations of effective intervention packages.Source: Author’s abstractDrummond, W. (1996). Suicide New Zealand: Adolescents at risk. Palmerston North, New Zealand:Nagere Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13197.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Suicide/self-harm, AdolescentsAbstract: This book examines factors that contribute to New Zealand’s high suicide rateamongst young people. Various studies into adolescent suicide are reviewed. Physical, sexual,and psychological abuse are identified as risk factors for suicide. Family dysfunction and poor53

familial relationships are also cited as contributory factors.Drummond, W. F. (1999). Human development issues: At risk, suicide, language, culture, women &empowerment. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Nagere Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13025.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Suicide/self-harm,Adolescents, PregnancyAbstract: This book explores aspects of adolescent development and risk factors thatinfluence health, wellbeing and future outcomes of adolescents. Amongst a myriad of othervariables, sexual abuse, physical abuse and family discord are identified as risk factors fornegative developmental outcomes. Physical and or sexual abuse are cited as factorscontributing to sexual risk-taking and a greater number of unplanned pregnancies amongstadolescent females. The book also links child abuse and neglect and poor familialrelationships to increased suicidal behaviours among adolescents.Dwyer, M., Gray, A., & Renwick, M. (2000). Factors affecting the ability of older people to liveindependently: A report for the International Year of Older Persons. Wellington, NewZealand: Ministry of Social Policy. Retrieved December 12, 2005, fromhttp://www.osc.govt.nz/documents/factors-affecting-ability-of-older-people-researchreport.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11991.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Financial exploitation, Older persons, Maori, Pacificpeoples, Asian, Health, Disability, PolicyAbstract: This report presents research that focused on investigating and identifying personaland environmental factors that allow older people to live independently. The methodologyincluded a literature review to locate relevant factors and effective interventions, interviewswith key informants who work with older people or have experience in the field, focus groupswith older people, and invitations to older people to contribute personal accounts to the study.Issues relating to Maori concerns are also addressed throughout the report. Recommendationsare made to communities, individuals and the Prime Ministerial Task Force on PositiveAgeing regarding how opportunities can be created to help older people maintain theirindependence.Elvidge, J. (2000). Family violence: The health care response: An annotated bibliography of research.Auckland, New Zealand: Public Health Promotion.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12004.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Women, Children,Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Children as victims, Children as witnesses, Maori,Gender, Health, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, Pregnancy, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This annotated bibliography surveys a selection of research and reports relating tothe health impacts of domestic violence and abuse, and domestic violence intervention byhealth professionals. The majority of the items are related to partner abuse; however, there isa section covering the related effects on children. It is aimed primarily at health professionalsand students, with an emphasis on New Zealand-based material.54

The bibliography is structured under the headings: Partner Violence, including TheoreticalPerspectives and Dynamics of Abuse and Recovery; Health Impact of Partner Violence,including General Health Impact of Partner Violence; Specific Health Populations andSettings, including Children of Battered Women, Maori Health and Whanau Violence,Pregnancy and Partner Abuse, Mental Health and Partner Abuse, and Primary Care andPartner Abuse; and Effective Interventions, including Interventions and TreatmentGuidelines, Screening for Abuse, and New Zealand Government Policy.Evans, M. (2004). An examination of some relationships between the New Zealand jurisprudence ofshared, equal parental rights and responsibilities & the gendered hierarchy of care 1994-2002. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13360.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Psychological/emotional abuse, Women, Children,Justice, Care and contact, GenderAbstract: This thesis examines relationships between contemporary jurisprudence andgendered patterns of parenting behaviour. The methodology used is to explore the generalcontext within which Family Court decisions are made, emphasising the assumptions madeand values prioritised when parents cannot agree about the allocation of their responsibilitiesand the Court assesses how to best provide for the welfare of the child.At present, the New Zealand Family Court bases its decisions on the principles that thewelfare of the child is paramount, parents share responsibility, and gender is not an issue. TheCourt can therefore reinforce economic and social gender inequities. This may also result indisadvantages for children, including the effects of interparental conflict. The Court may alsoassume that it is more important to support a father’s rights to an ongoing, direct relationshipwith his child than to end conflict by protecting and supporting the child’s relationship withthe primary carer. In prioritising a relationship with a second parent, the law mayoverestimate its value, prolong conflict, and understate the effects of this on children.Source: Author’s abstractEvans, N. (2003). Working on the edge of risk and safety with adolescents. Te Awatea Review, 1(1),20-22.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13118.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Families, Adolescents, Perpetrators/offenders, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article explores social, familial, placement and treatment issues for adolescentsexual offenders in New Zealand. The author discusses adolescent female perpetrators andidentifies a study currently undertaken in Christchurch in this area. The article examinesplacement options for young offenders and suggests that limited options and resources canlead to indiscriminate placements characterised by a lack of planning. This author suggestsfurther research to be carried out in the field of adolescent sexual offending as there is littleNew Zealand theoretical and practice-based research, and New Zealand treatmentprogrammes are presently informed by international literature.Evans, N. (2004). Research summary: Adolescent female perpetrators of sexual abuse. Te AwateaReview, 2(1), 18-19.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13064.pub55

Topic Areas: Sexual abuse, Adolescents, Perpetrators/offenders, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article summarises a qualitative research project on adolescent female sexualperpetrators in Christchurch. The research was commissioned by the STOP AdolescentProgramme and is the first of its kind carried out in New Zealand. The article discussestreatment, the importance of early intervention, incidence rates, and some characteristics ofyoung female offenders. The findings of this study are consistent with international research.Evans, S. (2003). Child abuse: Nurse identification of at-risk children. Nursing Praxis in NewZealand, 19(3), 22-28.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12966.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Health, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article discusses how nurses are often the first health care professionals to seeabused children. Therefore, risk assessments and the recognition and identification of abusesigns should be standard practice, especially in paediatric health care. The Ministry of Healthhas provided identification and response strategies for suspected child (and partner) abuse inthe Family Violence Intervention Guidelines (2002), and this article highlights how theseapply to Registered Nurses. The author explores how nurses can and should assess childrenfor abuse in order to respond appropriately and promptly, as nurses play an important role inthe identification and intervention of child abuse.Fallon, P. (2006). Elder abuse and/or neglect: Literature review. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministryof Social Development. Retrieved January 25, 2006, from http://www.msd.govt.nz/workareas/social-research/older-people/elder-abuse-neglect.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12517.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Neglect, Suicide/self-harm, Financial exploitation,Older persons, Perpetrators/offenders, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report presents a review of national and international literature about elderabuse and neglect. The author provides background information on this form of familyviolence, including definitions of elder abuse and neglect, which also encompasses selfneglect.The prevalence and incidence of elder abuse and neglect is explored, as are factorscontributing to the abuse of elder persons. The report explores the abuse and neglect ofelderly in residential settings, and circumstances surrounding financial exploitation. Researchfindings show that the perpetrators of elder abuse and neglect are predominately familymembers, namely the adult children of the victim. The author examines internationalintervention and prevention responses to elder abuse and neglect, and the Elder Abuse and/orNeglect Prevention programme, currently operating in New Zealand. The author emphasisesthe dearth of research into this form of abuse, both internationally and nationally, and theneed to develop a widely accepted ‘best practice’ model to respond to victims of elder abuseand neglect.Family Violence Unit, Social Policy Agency, & Social Policy Branch, Te Puni Kokiri. (1998). Anagenda for family violence research. Retrieved December 6, 2005, fromhttp://www.nzfvc.org.nz/12263.pubSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11882.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Elder abuse and neglect,56

Same-sex partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexual abuse,Sexual assault/rape, Homicide, Child homicide, Suicide/self-harm, Families, Women,Children, Adolescents, Young persons, Gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender people,Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Children as victims, Children as witnesses,Violence against men, Maori, Pakeha, Pacific peoples, Justice, Restorative justice, Protectionorders, Care and protection, Discipline/punishment, Legislation, Cultural factors, Gender,Health, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, Policy, Religion/spirituality, Communities,Education, Media violence, Social servicesAbstract: This report is the outcome of a project to increase knowledge of family violenceresearch in Aotearoa New Zealand. The first part of the report contains an annotatedbibliography of existing New Zealand research in the field of family violence. It also providesa reliable stock-take of existing research findings on family violence. A second aim of thereport was to produce an agenda of priorities for future research into the elimination of familyviolence.Fancourt, R. (1997). Neglect and psychological abuse in childhood. Wellington, New Zealand:Unpublished report for the Family Violence Advisory Committee.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13297.pubTopic Areas: Psychological/emotional abuse, Neglect, Families, Children, Children aswitnesses, Cultural factors, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report explores the psychological abuse and neglect of children. The authorcontends that not enough attention and resources are directed to these forms of abuse,especially considering the impact this maltreatment has on a child’s health, mental health,development and behaviour. Neglect and psychological abuse are often accepted as the normin the family or culture the child grows up in. The author suggests these forms of abuse arefrequently overlooked by professionals, and recommends assessing for neglect andpsychological maltreatment when investigating sexual and physical abuse. A clear definitionof neglect and psychological abuse is required so that practitioners have a baseline againstwhich to measure children’s expected developmental milestones. The author identifies severalrisk factors for neglect and psychological abuse, including poverty and parental problems, andthe witnessing of psychological violence. Recommendations include greater interdisciplinarycoordination to ensure accurate assessments to inform intervention plans, and a multi-sectorapproach for the sharing of resources and effective prevention and intervention modalities.Furthermore, the author urges for more research to be conducted in New Zealand surroundingthe neglect and psychological abuse of children.Fanslow, J. (2004). Responding to partner abuse: Understanding its consequences, and recognising theglobal and historical context. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1202). RetrievedDecember 5, 2005, from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1074See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12777.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article is written in response to Dr Felicity Goodyear-Smith’s article"Recognising and Responding to Partner Abuse: Challenging the Key Facts". The authorargues that Goodyear-Smith’s views on strategies for the identification and response tointimate partner abuse may misrepresent research findings in this area, potentially affectinghow this issue is addressed. The author discusses the pervasive physical and mental healthconsequences experienced by victims of intimate partner abuse. She posits that Goodyear-57

Smith did not consider the historical and global context of intimate partner abuse in herarticle. The author concludes by stating that all forms of violence are unacceptable, and moreattention and effort should be directed towards the prevention of violence in society.Fanslow, J. (2005). Beyond zero tolerance: Key issues and future directions for family violence workin New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Families Commission. Retrieved November 30, 2005,from http://www.familiescommission.govt.nz/download/zero-tolerance.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11893.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Elder abuse and neglect,Families, Children, Perpetrators/offenders, Children as victims, Children as witnesses,Justice, Legislation, Health, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: This report provides a broad outline of areas of family violence, such as child,intimate partner and elder abuse. An overview is provided of some of the pertinent issuessurrounding these types of abuse, including prevalence, incidence, consequences, and risk andprotective factors. This report highlights that to fully address family violence, interventionsmust go beyond the individual and the family to include recognition of community andsocietal factors. From a health perspective, this report identifies a number of gaps - perceivedor otherwise - in the research, approaches and responses to family violence in New Zealand.These gaps must be explored, assessed and evaluated to ensure programme accountability.Theoretical frameworks to address violence are discussed as the author combines theEcological Model and the Coordinated Community Action Model to produce a new integratedconceptual initiative. This three-dimensional model proposes a multi-levelled intersectoralapproach to eliminating family violence. Finally, this report suggests that a collaborativeapproach, integrating research, policy, advocacy and practice will sustain family violenceprevention strategies in the long-term.Fanslow, J. L., McGregor, K., Coggan, C. A., Bennett, S., & McKenzie, D. (2000). Research intoprogrammes to prevent intentional injury and violence to children. (Centre Report Series, No.52). New Zealand: University of Auckland, Injury Prevention Research Centre. RetrievedOctober 31, 2005, from http://www.health.auckland.ac.nz/ipc//pdf/cr52.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12136.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Maori, Pacific peoples,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This research project on violence prevention programmes involved conducting 81interviews with policy makers, programme funders, and programme coordinators.Discussions centred around current violence prevention programmes and activities, and wherepossible, programme content and evaluations. The aims of this project were: to identifyprogrammes or activities that are likely to reduce and prevent violence against childrenoccurring in the family/whanau setting, in educational settings, and in recreational settings; toidentify gaps in current violence prevention programmes or activities; and to providepurchasing recommendations for the Ministry of Health in the area of preventing violenceagainst children.Fanslow, J., Norton, R., & Robinson, E. (1999). One year follow up of an emergency departmentprotocol for abused women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 23(4),418-420.58

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13049.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Women, Health,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: In this article, the authors determine whether the implementation of a protocol fordealing with women affected by partner abuse was successful. The authors found that, at theinitial stage of introduction, the protocol produced positive results, such as a high level ofreferral to other agencies and increased documentation of assaults. However, it was found thatthe protocol was not maintained a year later, which could be seen from later levels of referraland documentation. Recommendations are made for improving the sustainability of theprotocol, including shorter training sessions for new staff, as time is valuable for thoseworking in the Emergency Department, and the institutionalisation of the protocol, such aspre-printed assessment forms.Fanslow, J., Norton, R., & Spinola, C. (1998). Indicators of assault-related injuries among womenpresenting to the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 32(3), 341-365.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13028.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Health,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This article examines research that sought to determine whether women presentingfor treatment of assault-related injuries at a public hospital emergency department differedfrom those presenting with unintentional injuries, in relation to a variety of demographic andpresentation characteristics, nature and anatomic site of injury, and admission or follow-uptreatment for injury.The research was conducted by randomly reviewing 8,051 medical records at two emergencydepartments in Auckland, New Zealand. Records showed that 2,966 patients were injured attime of presentation. Two hundred and sixty-six injuries were assault-related. The womenwere more likely to be younger and of Maori or Pacific Island descent. They were also morelikely to present on Friday, Saturday or Sunday nights between 6pm and 6am. Women whowere assaulted were more likely to have a head injury than those of accidental injury. Theywere also more likely to be discharged without follow-up treatment, or to leave the hospitalwithout completing treatment.Overall, the findings show that, in relation to all of the variables considered, women who arevictims of assault differ from women who are unintentionally injured. The authors suggestthat health professionals should screen for assault in order to enable them to better treat thesewomen.Fanslow, J., & Robinson, E. (2004). Violence against women in New Zealand: Prevalence and healthconsequences. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1206). Retrieved January 10, 2005,from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1173See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13108.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Sexual assault/rape, Women, Victims/survivors, Health, Mental health, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This article presents the first findings from the New Zealand Violence AgainstWomen Study which is a population-based cluster-sample study of face-to-face interviewswith 2,855 women aged 18 to 64. The study was undertaken in 2004 in the Auckland and59

Waikato regions and replicates the World Health Organisation Multi-Country Study onViolence Against Women.The authors report on the prevalence of non-partner and partner violence and the associatedhealth consequences. The findings show that among women who had ever had male partners,33% in Auckland and 39% in Waikato had experienced at least one act of physical or sexualviolence from a partner in their lifetime. Of these women, 19% in Auckland, and 23% inWaikato had experienced severe physical violence from a partner during their lifetime (that is,they were hit, beaten up, kicked, dragged, choked, burned threatened with a gun, knife orother weapon, or had a weapon used against them). Over 40% of those who had experiencedmoderate or severe physical violence had also been raped, forced to do degrading sexual acts,or had sex because they were afraid of what their partner might do if they said ‘no’.Fanslow and Robinson found that the lifetime experience of partner violence is a majorcontributor to a range of poor health outcomes for women, with intimate partner violencebeing significantly associated with current self-perceived poor health, physical healthproblems, such as pain, and mental health problems, as well as higher health service needsand higher use of medication. Victims of partner abuse, who had experienced moderatephysical violence, were two and a half times more likely to report current emotional distressthan those who had not experienced partner abuse. Those who experienced severe physicalviolence were twice as likely to have been hospitalised in the last year, nearly 4 times morelikely to report emotional distress, and almost 8 times as likely to have attempted suicide.The researchers maintain their findings concur with other New Zealand-based research, suchas the New Zealand National Survey of Crime Victims 2001 (2003) and the 1995 HittingHome Survey. They highlight the need to develop and sustain appropriate responses tovictims of violence within the health system, and to ensure health professionals are aware ofthe connection between historical intimate partner violence and current ill health in theirassessment and treatment of women.Fanslow and Robinson claim that their research findings strongly support the notion of causallink between intimate partner violence and ill health in women, and in light of the prevalencerate, point to the need for considerable and sustained investment in prevention of partnerviolence.Fergusson, D. M. (1998). The Christchurch Health and Development Study: An overview and somekey findings. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, (10), 154-176.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13086.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse,Suicide/self-harm, Families, Children, Adolescents, Mental health, PolicyAbstract: This article provides an overview of some of the findings from the longitudinalChristchurch Health and Development Study, representing 1,265 children born inChristchurch in 1977. The article discusses findings concerning childhood sexual abuse andadjustment in adolescence, parents harsh or abusive discipline strategies, and domesticviolence within the family. It considers the effects of these factors on outcomes later in thelives of the participants. Negative outcomes are identified, including greater risk ofpsychiatric illness, conduct problems, suicide attempts, and criminal activity. The authorstresses that many risk factors combine to influence adulthood outcomes, and recommends astrategic social policy targeting at-risk families as an intervention measure.Fergusson, D. M. (2003). Ethnicity and interpersonal violence in a New Zealand birth cohort. In D. F.Hawkins (Ed.), Violent crime: Assessing race and ethnic differences (pp. 138-153).60

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13010.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Young persons, Maori, Cultural factors,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This chapter examines the relationship between ethnicity and interpersonalviolence in New Zealand. A birth cohort from the longitudinal Christchurch Health andDevelopment Study was used to obtain data concerning involvement in interpersonal violenceat 18 years of age. Ethnic, social, economic, and familial data is also examined. The data wascollated to compare Maori and non-Maori rates of interpersonal violence; the researchfindings show that Maori were more likely than non-Maori to be both perpetrators andvictims of violence. Maori were also more likely to experience socio-economic disadvantageand family dysfunction. When statistically controlling for social, economic and familialfactors, no significant difference was found between Maori and non-Maori involvement ininterpersonal violence. Thus, the results illustrate that exposure to factors such as social andeconomic disadvantage, childhood adversity, family dysfunction and parental problemsexplain the higher incidence of Maori involvement in interpersonal violence. The authoridentifies and discusses limitations of the research, such as the under-representation of Maoriin this region of New Zealand used as the base for this study.Fergusson, D. M., Beautrais, A. L., & Horwood, L. J. (2003). Vulnerability and resiliency to suicidalbehaviours in young people. Psychological Medicine, 33(1), 61-73.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13109.pubTopic Areas: Suicide/self-harm, Young persons, Mental healthAbstract: This study investigated a birth cohort of 1,265 New Zealand-born young people’svulnerability and resiliency to suicidal behaviours during depressive episodes over a 21-yearperiod. The study followed the birth cohort, collecting data at birth, 4 months, 1 year, atannual intervals to age 16 years, and at ages 18 and 21 years. Sample size varied over the 21years from 881 to 1,025. The authors point out that this variability may influence results dueto sample selection bias.The three principal aims of the study were: to record links between depression, suicideattempts and suicidal ideation in adolescence and young adulthood (15-21 years); to explorepotential resiliency and vulnerability factors to suicidal behaviours, such as family socioeconomicstatus and living standards, school achievement and truancy, and peer attachmentand deviant peer affiliations; and to develop statistical models of vulnerability and resiliency.The findings of the study identify that participants fitting the Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) (1994) criteria for depression had higher rates ofsuicidal ideation and suicide attempts than participants who did not meet clinical criteria formajor depression. Even so, the majority of participants meeting the DSM-IV criteria did notdevelop suicidal behaviours. The authors suggest that factors of vulnerability and resiliencyor protective factors may therefore play an important part in whether or not a young personwill develop suicidal behaviours.Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, J. L. (1998). Exposure to interparental violence in childhood andpsychosocial adjustment in young adulthood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22(5), 339-357.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13013.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Young persons,61

Children as victims, Mental healthAbstract: This study explored the relationships between exposure to parental violence duringchildhood and psychosocial adjustment in young adulthood. The data was drawn from an 18-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort with 1,025 participants responding. At 18 years ofage, information was gathered from participants regarding their exposure to interparentalviolence, and an assessment was made of each individual’s psychosocial adjustment. Thisincluded looking at participants’ mental wellbeing, substance abuse and criminal offending.Factors such as family socioeconomic background, family functioning, and experience ofchild abuse were also collected. Results show that young people who reported to have a highlevel of exposure to interparental violence had increased adjustment problems. Different typesof adjustment problems are identified for participants who were exposed to mother initiatedviolence more than father initiated violence. The authors conclude that children exposed tohigh levels of interparental violence are at risk of experiencing adjustment difficulties.Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1997). Childhood sexual abuse, adolescentsexual behaviours and sexual revictimization. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(8), 789-803.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12970.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Families, Adolescents, Young persons,PregnancyAbstract: This article examines whether exposure to childhood sexual abuse is linked withadolescent sexual risk-taking and sexual revictimization. The subjects for this research were asample of 520 females from the longitudinal Christchurch Health and Development Study,who were studied up to the of age 18. Data was gathered pertaining to retrospective accountsof childhood sexual abuse, sexual experiences in adolescence, and the participants’ childhoodand family background. The results show that young females disclosing childhood sexualabuse had higher rates of early sexual activity, teenage pregnancy, and further sexual assault.The findings also indicate that familial factors, such as poor parent-child relations, areconnected with childhood sexual abuse and greater sexual risk-taking in adolescence.Limitations of the study are discussed, including the retrospective nature of the data.Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. (2005). Partner violence and mental health outcomesin a New Zealand birth cohort. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67(5), 1103-1119.Retrieved February 2, 2006, from http://www.chmeds.ac.nz/research/chds/pub2001_ 3.htmSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13051.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Youngpersons, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Gender, Mental health, Policy,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This article explores the relationship between domestic violence and mental healthoutcomes. A birth cohort involved in the longitudinal Christchurch Health and DevelopmentStudy provided the data for this study. One thousand and three participants were assessed atage 25, and measures of domestic violence and mental health were recorded. The findingsindicate that men and women had similar rates of victimisation and perpetration of partnerabuse, exposure to domestic violence had a positive relationship with mental disorders, andmental health outcomes were similar for men and women. Implications for policy arediscussed, and the authors seek to dispell the myth that domestic violence is gendered,typically involving a male offender and a female victim.62

Fergusson, D., Horwood, J., Ridder, E., & Grant, H., (2005). Early start: Evaluation report.Christchurch, New Zealand: Early Start Project. Retrieved January 25, 2006, fromhttp://www.msd.govt.nz/work-areas/social-research/families-whanau/early-start.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13006.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report provides an evaluation of the Early Start programme, a home visitationstrategy targeting at-risk families. This programme was born out of the concerns identified bythe Christchurch Health and Development Study, namely the effect of childhood adversityand disadvantaged family environments on child outcomes. Many service providers wereinvolved in the development of the Early Start programme, such as the Plunket Society,Child, Youth and Family Services, and the Family Help Trust. To evaluate the programme,researchers conducted a random trial involving 220 families involved in Early Start and acontrol group of 223 families with no connection to the programme. The findings indicatesmall but consistent benefits in undergoing the programme in factors such as reducing childabuse and neglect and improving child behavioural outcomes. However, the Early Startstrategy had no effect on rates of partner violence. Limitations of the research and suggestedimprovements to the Early Start strategy are discussed, for example, focussing on outcomesfor parents and families as a whole.Fergusson, D. M., & Lynskey, M. T. (1997). Physical punishment/maltreatment during childhood andadjustment in young adulthood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(7), 617-630.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13054.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Suicide/self-harm, Families, Children, Adolescents, Childrenas victims, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuseAbstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between retrospectivereports of physical punishment and maltreatment occurring in childhood, and the rates ofadjustment difficulties at age 18. The data was gathered over an 18-year period as part of theChristchurch Health and Development Study, which comprised of 1,265 children born inChristchurch, New Zealand. These children were studied at birth, 4 months old, at annualintervals to the age of 16 years, and again at age 18 years. The results of this study indicate acontinuum of exposure to physical abuse and maltreatment that ranges from no exposure tophysical punishment to severe, harsh, and abusive treatment. The majority of children in thisstudy reported that their parents never or seldom used physical punishment. However, inapproximately 4% of the sample, overly frequent, harsh, or abusive treatment was reported.The authors report three major conclusions: those exposed to harsh or abusive treatmentduring childhood are an at-risk population for juvenile offending, substance abuse, and mentalhealth problems; the social context within which harsh or abusive treatment occurs is a factorin much of this elevated risk; and exposure to abuse appears to increase risks of involvementin violent behaviour and alcohol abuse.Fergusson, D. M., Swain-Campbell, N. R., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Does sexual violence contributeto elevated rates of anxiety and depression in females? Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 991-996.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12995.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Adolescents, Young persons, Mental healthAbstract: This article examines whether exposure to sexual abuse or sexual assault63

contributes to internalising disorders in females. Data was obtained from a sample of 635males and 630 females who were involved in the longitudinal Christchurch Health andDevelopment Study. The data measured major depression, anxiety, childhood sexual abuseand adolescent sexual assault at the participants’ assessments at age 18 and 21 years. Theresults indicate that females were twice as likely as males to experience internalisingdisorders, and were exposed to higher levels of sexual assault and abuse than males.Furthermore, the findings reveal a statistically significant relationship between gender andboth anxiety and depression.Fergusson, D., & Woodward, L. (2000). Teenage pregnancy and female educational underachievement:A prospective study of a New Zealand birth cohort. Journal of Marriage andthe Family, (62), 147-161.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13083.pubTopic Areas: Children, Adolescents, Young persons, Children as witnesses, Pregnancy,EducationAbstract: This article examines the relationship between teenage pregnancy and educationalunder-achievement in a cohort of 520 young women studied from birth to 21 years. It wasfound that if a young woman became pregnant before 18 years of age, then they were morelikely to achieve lower results in School Certificate examinations, and leave high schoolduring their sixth-form year without any formal qualifications. Through further analyses, itwas shown that attending tertiary education was related to earlier academic ability, rather thanthere being any links with teenage pregnancy. However, links were made to the teenagers’family life, including whether domestic violence was present.Field, G. M. (2003). A study of Family Court report writers: Their practices relating to child care andprotection custody evaluations, and their views about the best interest of the child standardand mandatory reporting of child abuse. Unpublished master’s thesis, Massey University,Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13170.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Psychological/emotional abuse, Families, Children,Justice, Care and protection, Care and contact, Legislation, Mental health, Cultural practiceAbstract: This is the first known study of psychologists and their evaluations of childrenspecifically subject to care and protection Family Court custody proceedings, and replicatesand extends some overseas research. The Family Court refers to these psychologists as reportwriters. The evaluations are referred to as s178 of the Children, Young Persons, and TheirFamilies Act (1989) psychological reports. Overall, report writers in this study meet thecriteria to be considered as forensic experts. When compared to overseas studies (forexample, LaFortune & Carpenter, 1998), the most popular evaluation procedures used herewere similar, with the exception of the use of test instruments. This research extends the studyof Jameson, Ehrenberg, and Hunter (1997) that looked into factors relating to the bestinterests of the child standard. Participants were also surveyed concerning the mandatoryreporting of child abuse. The majority do not favour its introduction. If such a policy were tobe introduced, the majority of participants want professionals to interact with children,particularly medical doctors and school teachers, to report confirmed incidents of physicalabuse, sexual abuse, and the neglect of physical needs.Source: Author’s abstract64

Flaherty, E. M. (1996). Pills, platitudes and positive practice: Health worker’s responses to womenabused by their male partners. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Waikato,Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13184.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Gender, Health, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate health services as potential sites inwhich identification, intervention and support might be offered to women being abused bytheir male partners. Seven in-depth interviews with women who had been abused wereundertaken, along with a mail-out questionnaire to community-based health workers. Theanalysis and methodology of the research was underpinned by a feminist framework. Theseven interviews are presented in case study form, contextualising the dynamics of abuseexperienced, the somatic, psychological and emotional impacts, the women’s attempts tosecure help and health worker contact. Women discussed their interactions, of both a negativeand positive nature, with a total of 16 health workers, and all of the women eventually talkedto a health worker about their partner’s abuse. Almost all of the women described healthworker contact following disclosure as contributing to their goal of living free from abuse.Forty-four health workers (the majority general practitioners) responded to the mail-outquestionnaire. The research findings highlight the importance of routine assessment ofwomen clients for partner abuse in all community health settings. Should such assessmenttake place, coupled with appropriate practice, health sites can act as vital points ofintervention in cases of partner abuse.Source: Author’s abstractFleming, T. (2003). Suicide attempts among New Zealand secondary school students: An analysis ofprotective factors. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13081.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Suicide/self-harm, Families, Adolescents, Children aswitnesses, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The objective of this study was to identify factors in the social and personalenvironments of New Zealand secondary school students that might be protective againstsuicide attempts. Additionally, this study examines whether these factors are associated withreduced rates of suicide attempts. Data from the New Zealand National Adolescent HealthSurvey (Youth 2000) was used. New Zealand secondary school students reported high levelsof suicide attempts, with 7.8% reporting making a suicide attempt in the last 12 months, and1.8% reporting making a suicide attempt that required medical treatment. Depressivesymptoms were common and strongly associated with increased rates of suicide attempts. Allhypothesised family protective factors; all bar one hypothesised school protective factor; andone hypothesised neighbourhood protective factor were associated with reduced rates ofsuicide attempts. Positive family and school environments have powerful associations withreduced rates of suicide attempts for New Zealand secondary school students, both for thosewith and those without identified suicide risk factors. This study highlights key aspects ofschool and family environments that may be addressed to enhance suicide prevention effortsalongside prevention, recognition and treatment of risk.Source: Author’s abstract65

Fordham, B.–M. (2001). Caught in the cross-fire: Exploring the relationship between the impact onchildren of witnessing domestic violence and violent youth offending. Unpublished master’sthesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11902.pubTopic Areas: Women, Children, Adolescents, Perpetrators/offenders, Children as witnessesAbstract: This thesis explores the impact of domestic violence on children, and itsrelationship to violent youth crime. The reactions of children who have witnessed violentassaults on their mothers, whether or not the children themselves have been abused, requiresacknowledgement and understanding. This study provided a set of perspectives from groupsof people who have evidence of the link between the impact of domestic violence and youthcrime, but who are seldom consulted. The findings of the study indicate that childrenwitnessing abuse is only one of many factors that leads to violent youth offending. Theseyouth often come from families that are burdened with a number of problems and the lack ofskills to cope with these.Source: Author’s abstractFortune, C. G. (2000). Individual, family and offending characteristics of adolescent sexual offenders:Factors associated with those with a history of sexual and physical abuse and those with‘special needs’. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13139.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Families, Adolescents,Perpetrators/offenders, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, Social services,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The present study develops a profile of the individual, family and offencecharacteristics of adolescent sexual offenders. To achieve this, the files of 155 male clientswho were assessed by a community-based treatment programme for adolescent sexualoffenders in Auckland, New Zealand, were reviewed. Adolescent sexual offenders werefound to have parents who were divorced or separated and to have severe behaviouralproblems. In particular, they were involved in high levels of externalising behaviours. Themajority of adolescent sexual offenders were found to have a history of sexual and/or physicalabuse. The present study found that both sexual and physical abuse were related to severeproblems and to family dysfunction. A review of the literature reveals that there is very littleresearch on adolescent sexual offenders with ‘special needs’, their individual, family, andoffence characteristics. In contrast to international research, which suggests that adolescentsexual offenders with ‘special needs’ do not differ form ‘normal’ adolescent sexual offenderson rates of behavioural and family problems, the findings of the present study indicate thatsome significant differences exist. Directions for future research are considered. The clinicalimplications of the findings are also discussed, highlighting the high rates of child abuse andbehavioural problems found among adolescent sexual offenders. Suggestions are made basedon the findings. This includes the need for treatment programmes designed for adolescentsexual offenders to address issues relating to the offenders’ own victimisation and behaviourproblems. The findings also highlight a need to include families in therapy to addressdistortions about sexual offending held by the families.Source: Author’s abstractFortune, S. A. (2003). Treating suicidal children, adolescents and their families. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, University of Auckland, New Zealand.66

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13104.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Suicide/self-harm, Families, Children, Adolescents, Mentalhealth, Social servicesAbstract: This study explored treatment issues faced by clinicians working with suicidalchildren, adolescents and their families. Two studies were conducted in an outpatient Childand Adolescent Mental Health Service. Study one involved a clinical file audit of 100children and adolescents who attended the service from 1998 to 2000. Study two was aprospective study of 66 adolescents who were referred to the service in 2002 with significantsuicidal ideation or deliberate self-harm (DSH). The relationship between suicidal ideationand DSH was explored by combining data from Study one and Study two. Study two alsoinvolved interviewing adolescents, parents and clinicians about key elements of successfultreatment.The results from study one indicate almost universally high loadings of biopsychosocial riskfactors for suicide behaviour among children, adolescents and their families presenting to theclinic. Suicidal children and adolescents have higher rates of childhood sexual abuse,previous episodes of DSH, maternal substances abuse and family offending.Study two demonstrated that treatment protocols can facilitate a shift in clinician behaviourtowards more aggressive outreach of non-participating families and can improve healthoutcomes for suicidal adolescents.This thesis found that suicidal children, adolescents and their families had higher levels ofbiopsychosocial risk factors than did non-suicidal participants, including history of childhoodsexual abuse.Source: Author’s abstractFortune, S., Seymour, F., & Lambie, I. (2005). Suicide behaviour in a clinical sample of children andadolescents in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34(3), 164-170.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13338.pubTopic Areas: Suicide/self-harm, Families, Children, Adolescents, Mental health, Socialservices, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of suicide ideation andsuicidal behaviour in a child and adolescent mental health service. It also examined ifchildren and adolescents with deliberate self-harm (DSH) were different from those who hadnot engaged in DSH, in terms of individual family risk factors. The study was based on aretrospective audit of 100 clinical files at a public outpatient child and adolescent metal healthservice in South Auckland, New Zealand. Results indicate that 48% of the clients hadengaged in DSH at the time of initial assessment, and a further 16% had expressed suicideideation with DSH. Children and adolescents who had engaged in DSH and/or had suicideideation tended to be older, were more likely to have been sexually abused, used substances,and were more likely to have previous episodes of DSH. The results indicate that suicidebehaviours are not the result of an understandable response to a single life event, but rather,the outcome of multiple risk factors, often accumulated over a lifetime. The discussionmentions that no single treatment package will fit all. Rather, the successful reduction ofsuicide behaviours is likely to include individualised interventions that target both the youngperson themselves, as well as their family and caregivers, and community context of peersand school or employment.Freckelton, I. (2002). Evaluating parental alienation and child sexual abuse accommodation evidence.67

Butterworths Family Law Journal, 4(3), 57-66.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13011.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children, Children as victims, JusticeAbstract: This article critically analyses parental alienation syndrome and child sexual abuseaccommodation syndrome. The author argues that, since its inception, parental alienationsyndrome has been met with both scepticism and criticism. The criticism is substantiated bystudies that have shown that, whilst high-conflict divorces can involve much negativedescription and animosity towards the other parent, children rarely ever become detachedfrom parents solely based on this. The author also points out that the American PsychologyAssociation’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has not yet incorporatedthis syndrome; therefore it has little support among psychologists. Child sexual abuseaccommodation syndrome has also been criticised from many angles, most strongly for itsassumptions that the child will not be believed by those around them, and also for its generalsymptoms, many of which are signs of abuse anyway.Freeman, F. (2002). Discussion paper on protection orders. Auckland, New Zealand: North ShoreCity Council.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13247.pubTopic Areas: Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice, Protection orders, Socialservices, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This paper is centred on a discussion of protection orders on the North Shore,Auckland, New Zealand. Interviews were undertaken with 31 government and nongovernmentagencies to identify issues relating to protection orders. A number of key issueswere discussed by participants, including that there was no ‘obvious point of contact’ in theNorth Shore where victims of domestic violence can go to get help or information.Discussions also highlighted a need for: better education and support for both perpetratorsand victims of domestic violence; better explanations to be given to both parties on the termsof the protection order; children to be re-settled quickly so as to not re-victimise them; betteradvocacy for victims that would work alongside lawyers, reducing legal costs in the process;and lastly, better communication between agencies involved. This paper does not offerrecommendations as its purpose is to foster discussion.Frost, A. R. (2000). New connections: The engagement in group therapy of incarcerated men whohave sexually offended against children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University ofCanterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13046.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Children asvictims, Justice, Cultural factors, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This aim of this study was to identify factors contributing to the engagement ofmen involved in a prototypical prison-based group treatment programme. A grounded theorymethodology was used to explore the experience of clients undergoing one particularcomponent of the programme: the offence-disclosure module. Data collection focused on akey session within this module, during which each client presents his pattern of offending togroup members. Using an articulated thoughts technique in conjunction with material videorecordedfrom the session, research participants were requested to report in detail on theirexperiences during episodes of high personal salience.68

The research findings support the value of the group format, but also indicate that clientsadopt certain disclosure strategies, which influence therapeutic engagement. Moreover,considerable potential therapeutic value appears to be unrealised during clinical sessionsthemselves. Interestingly however, some of the most profitable experiences, it seems, occuroutside the formal therapy group context. Four distinct disclosure orientations are described,with implications for both in-session and out-of-session engagement.The outcome of the study challenges the widespread notion that the ‘resistance’ commonlyexhibited by these clients is an intrinsic feature of those who offend sexually against children.Instead, resistance is re-framed as a feature of disclosure orientation, emerging as a dynamicrelational element in response to the challenges of therapy.Source: Author’s abstractFrost, A. (2004). Therapeutic engagement styles of child sexual offenders in a group treatmentprogram: A grounded theory study. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment,16(3), 191-208.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13100.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The aim of this paper is to present a research study that investigated incarceratedchild sex offenders’ experiences of the self-disclosure of their offence process in aprototypical group treatment programme. The research was conducted at Kia Maramaprogramme, based at Rolleston Prison, New Zealand. The participants were 16 incarceratedoffenders (aged between 23 and 56 years) who had been convicted of one or more sexualcrimes against persons under the age of 16 years.Data was collected and analysed using a grounded theory method. With their consent,participants were video-taped during a group therapy session, and this was followed by anindividual interview to inquire about a participant’s personal experience of the session. Theresearch participants were asked to identify significant events that they experienced in thecontext of the group treatment, and these were the basis of a further follow-up session.The research findings identify four distinct management styles to disclosure orientation:exploratory style, oppositional style, evasive style, and placatory style. The latter three areseen as unfavourable in terms of effective management in treatment. The author discusses thelimitations of the current research, and the implications of the four styles of disclosuremanagement are examined. The article concludes with suggestions for further research.Frost, A., & Connolly, M. (2004). Reflexivity, reflection, and the change process in offender work.Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16(4), 365-380.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13063.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This paper presents the second phase of a study that investigated the therapeuticengagement of incarcerated child sex offenders involved in a prototypical prison-based grouptreatment programme. The first phase of the study focused specifically on ‘in-session’ eventsof the programme ("Therapeutic Engagement Styles of Child Sexual Offenders in a GroupTreatment Program: A Grounded Theory Study", 2004). This phase of the study explored‘out-of-group’ time, the time between sessions of the treatment programme. The participants69

were 16 incarcerated offenders (aged 23 to 65 years), convicted of one or more sexual crimesagainst persons under the age of 16 years. All of the participants had volunteered for inclusionin the Kia Marama program, based at Rolleston Prison, New Zealand, where the research tookplace.Using a grounded theory approach, qualitative interviews that explored the participants’experiences of therapeutic engagement and the impact of out-of-group time between sessionswere analysed. During the interviews the men were asked to identify what they considered tobe salient events that occurred in the group treatment session. This second phase of the studywas particularly interested in the men’s subsequent processing of these significant eventsbetween programme sessions.The research findings show that, between the formal therapy sessions, participants madenotable movement either towards or away from engagement in the therapy process. The paperoutlines and discusses each stage of a six-stage model, developed to illustrate this process.The author concludes that out-of-group experiences are an important factor in men’sengagement in group therapy programmes. Finally, limitations and implications of theresearch are discussed.Fryer, M., Kalafatelis, E., & Isaako, T. (2002). ‘Everyday Communities’ programme: Benchmarksurvey of the Wairarapa pilot region. Wellington, New Zealand: BRC Marketing and SocialResearch.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13249.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Children as victims, Care and protection,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report discusses the benchmark situation of the Wairarapa region prior to theEveryday Communities programme being implemented by the Department of Child, Youthand Family Services. The findings highlight that 30% of those surveyed did not believe thatchild abuse was happening in their area. This study will be used to compare with anothersurvey that will be carried out after the Everyday Communities programme has beenimplemented.Gallacher, S. (1993). ‘Publishing our own dishonour’: The criminalisation of incest in New Zealandand the judicial response. Unpublished manuscript, University of Otago, Dunedin, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13186.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Incest, Women,Children, Justice, Legislation, Cultural factors, Gender, Social services, Cultural practiceAbstract: This dissertation provides an historical analysis of child sexual abuse and incest,and the response of the justice system to these issues. This essay traces changes in legislationin relation to incest, and examines deficiencies in the law and justice system introduced toaddress this form of abuse. The author examines the legal, economic, and social milieu inNew Zealand during the late nineteenth century that legitimised men’s authority over womenand children, whilst maintaining gender power imbalances. Negative beliefs about womenand children convoluted the reporting of incest, and meant the courts often favoured the maleoffender, even when confronted with compelling evidence. From the 1890s, The Society forthe Protection of Woman and Children was instrumental in pushing for the criminalisation ofincest, which was outlawed in 1900.70

Gavey, N. (2005). Just sex?: The cultural scaffolding of rape. Hove, East Sussex, England: Routledge.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13033.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Women, Violence against men,Justice, Cultural factors, GenderAbstract: This book draws upon New Zealand and international research and literature toprovide a feminist and cultural analysis of rape. The author considers rape in the context ofwider social factors, and how this contributes to differing definitions and meanings behind theterm ‘rape’. Changes over time pertaining to how the justice system deals with rape cases areexamined. The prevalence of rape and sexual assault is investigated, revealing that themajority of rape perpetrators are known to the victim. The book discusses the ‘culture ofrape’, where perpetrators are often excused and women blamed for the occurrence of rape.This also leads to instances of rape not seen as such when the offender is known to the victim,particularly within the context of marriage. The author examines the social construction ofrape, including the general acceptance in society of ‘just sex’ as opposed to ‘rape’. One of thechapters explores personal accounts from women who have experienced ‘unwanted sex’, butdo not class this as rape. The women believe that ‘going through’ with unwanted sexprotected them from being raped. This book also includes a chapter on women raping men.Gavey, N. (2005). Violence against women: Beyond gender neutrality. Paper presented at theWomen’s Convention: Looking Back, Moving Forward, Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13268.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Women, Legislation, Gender,PolicyAbstract: This conference paper critically discusses gender neutrality in New Zealand withreference to domestic violence legislation and policy. The author links international events ofwartime rape with domestic violence in New Zealand, arguing that underlying both of theseare similar sexist assumptions about men, women, sexuality and violence. The author thenargues that there is a need to recognise the gendered aspects of the most common sort ofdomestic violence (male against female) more explicitly, rather than consistently trying toremain gender-neutral as in Te Rito: New Zealand Family Violence Prevention Strategy(2002), for example. This presentation is the first half of a joint presentation with AlisonTowns’ Violence Against Women: Beyond Silence (2005).Giles, J. R. (2004). Growing through adversity. Becoming women who live without partner abuse: Agrounded theory study. Unpublished master’s thesis, Auckland University of Technology,New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13164.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Victims/survivors, Cultural factors, Gender, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis investigates the recovery process for women who have experiencedabuse by male partners. The research involved in-depth interviews with 10 women whoseexperiences of abuse and healing span more than 50 years. The researcher employed afeminist grounded theory approach to identify women’s psychosocial processes of recovery,including women’s development of self-identity, meaning-making, and coping strategies.From this analysis, a model titled ‘Growing Through Adversity’ was developed.71

The model has three inter-related aspects: ‘Finding a Path Beyond Abuse’, which relates tothe experiences of finding safety; ‘Getting A Life’, which covers the woman’s interactionswith the social world; and ‘Becoming Myself’, which relates to personal growth anddevelopment. The author identifies and describes five temporal phases women go through asthey recognise, understand and then attempt to get physically, emotionally and mentally freefrom abuse by a male partner: falling for love; taking control; securing a base; making sense;being myself. In highlighting the phases of recovery, the researcher maintains that thepurpose of seeking help changes over time.Giles, J. (2005). ‘Woman bites dog’ - Making sense of media and research reports that claim womenand men are equally violent. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 118(1225). RetrievedDecember 1, 2005, from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1731See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13310.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Violence against men,Cultural factors, Gender, Media violenceAbstract: This article examines research claims that women’s violence towards men isequivalent to men’s violence towards women and explains why study outcomes claimingequal violence must not be accepted at face value. Unfortunately, the media are quick toexploit research reports that appear to show women and men are equally violent, and whilesuch reports contradict the observations of experienced medical workers, police, courtpersonnel, and Women’s Refuge workers, they do influence public perceptions and mayundermine policies designed to prevent and reduce male partner violence against women. Theauthor analyses several New Zealand research reports, exploring how the research outcomesare misrepresented.Giles, J. R., Adamson, C. E., & Curreen, H. M. (2005). The social sanctioning of partner abuse:Perpetuating the message that partner abuse is unacceptable in New Zealand [Electronicversion]. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, (26), 97-116.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12369.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Justice, Protection orders, Cultural factors,Gender, Policy, Religion/spirituality, Social servicesAbstract: The pace of cultural change is slow, and informal social sanctions that support theabuse of women by male partners continue to undermine the effectiveness of legislation andpolicy. The perceptions of New Zealand women in a grounded theory study identified‘blaming the victim’ and inadequate enforcement of existing sanctions against abusers associal constraints to victim disclosure and recovery. From very early in the relationshipwomen learn to fear punishment for disclosure when friends, community, and social serviceproviders respond by blaming the woman for causing the abuse, or blaming her for staying inthe relationship. Women’s recovery from experiencing abuse by a male partner is a slowprocess and requires clarification of the attribution of blame, and resolution of the unfairnessof their experience. Recovery can be impeded by social responses that blame women, ordiscount women’s experiences of abuse. Processes of personal identity development arehighly relevant to participants’ experience and, despite constraints to maintaining separation,women who recover achieve considerable personal growth.Source: Author's abstractGilson, D. (2001). An investigation into battered women’s shelters: Feminist cooperatives or social72

service institutions: Case studies of Canada and New Zealand. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13172.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Gender, Social services, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: This study examined the external constraints and the internal dynamics that haveimpacted on the transformation of the battered women’s movement through two cases: oneCanadian transition house; and one New Zealand refuge. More specifically the author hasexplored the influence of external funding and internal factors on the social change agendathat feminist collective organisations support. Empirical and historical data are drawn from toassist with understanding the impact of the external environment, particularly governments,(and in New Zealand the influence of the refuge movement, through the National Collectiveof Independent Women’s Refuges Inc.) on the two shelters. The study examined to whatdegree they have been able to balance the exacting requirements that governments imposewhilst remaining feminist organisations and social change agents. Findings from the studyidentify that the relationship with the external environment (that is, with governments andnon-government organisations) impacted differently for the transition house and the refuge.The author concludes that the challenge for the movement within New Zealand is to balanceaccountability requirements whilst maintaining open discourse and its feminist values.Source: Authors abstractGoldstiver, S. P. (2004). Suicide: A dying shame: A literature review of the therapeutic relationship.Unpublished master’s thesis, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13243.pubTopic Areas: Suicide/self-harm, Families, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This dissertation investigates the role that shame plays in suicidality, a link that hasseldom been considered. The aim of the dissertation is to make a difference to the ways inwhich psychotherapists, counsellors and medical clinicians perceive individuals with suicidalintentions. It does this by providing knowledge on the impact that shame feelings have on theinternal and external experience of a person and how this may lead them to suicide.The method of research is by way of a modified systematic literature review and uses keypsychology and psychotherapy databases. The case of Kurt Cobain, the lead singer of the rockband "Nirvana", is used as an example to demonstrate the connection between shame andsuicide. Theories on suicide are presented. Contributing factors that lead to suicide orattempted suicide in New Zealand are also presented. Although the link to family violence isnot extensively discussed, it does briefly mention some of the findings from the CanterburySuicide Project in Christchurch. One of these findings was that disturbed or unhappy familyand childhood backgrounds play a role in young people who either attempt or completesuicide. Common themes from the literature are discussed as well as clinical implications forthe practicing therapist. Recommendations for further research are given.Source: Author’s abstractGood, R., Robins, A., & Walker, B. (1999). Longer term needs for women and children: Survivors offamily violence. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Social Welfare.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12366.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Women, Children, Young73

persons, Victims/survivors, Social services, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report presents the discussion of a study that aimed to discover what longtermservices are available for survivors of family violence, and that aimed to identify anygaps in service provision. Interviews were held with providers and women survivors of familyviolence, and a content analysis of the data was conducted to identify common themes. Thefindings of the study show that, in general, the immediate needs of survivors were metadequately, but there were gaps in long-term provision of services. Many of the womenparticipants in the study stated that follow-up care and ongoing support would be beneficialover the long-term. Barriers to accessing services included financial constraints, lack ofchildcare services, and limited means of transport to get to the service location. Gaps inservice provision, such as counselling and support, were also identified for children andyoung persons. Greater communication and coordination between services was emphasised asessential for the continuing safety of survivors of family violence. The need for increasedservices, specifically for Maori and Pacific clients was also identified.Goodyear-Smith, F. (1997). Parents and other relatives accused of sexual abuse on the basis ofrecovered memories: A New Zealand family survey. Unpublished master’s thesis, Universityof Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13183.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Families, Perpetrators/offenders,Victims/survivors, Gender, Health, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This thesis outlines historical precedents of the ‘repressed sexual abuse memories’debate and explores the origins and meanings of ‘repression’ and ‘dissociation’. It washypothesised that although child sexual abuse is reported to be widespread throughout NewZealand social strata, families recently experiencing allegations of historical child sexualabuse based on recovered memories during adulthood belong to a specific socio-economicgroup, and accusations being levelled are very atypical with respect to known sexualoffending parameters. The objective was to provide more detailed knowledge than currentlyexists about the nature of sexual abuse allegations in New Zealand. Families were surveyedwhere the alleged perpetrator and/or other family members denied an accusation involvingchildhood molestation of one family member by another, and the accusation was based onmemories recovered in adulthood. Information on 73 subjects within the accusers’ family wascollected by questionnaire. As hypothesised, results indicated that most accusers were highlyeducatedwhite women, frequently first born or older children from relatively large families,statistically different proportions from those expected. Whilst truth or falsity of individualallegations could not be established, many involved events of low base-rate probabilityincluding satanic ritual abuse. Data comparison with surveyed British and North Americanfamilies gave similar results. All families experienced disruption. Counselling or therapyfeatured strongly in the recounting of accusations and much antipathy towards the lack ofprofessional accountability was expressed. None had reconciliative family therapy. This datasuggests that many memories of child sexual abuse recovered in adulthood may not be a truereflection of history. It is recommended that memories recovered during therapy should betreated with respect as part of patients’ narrative truth, but not assumed factually accurate.General practitioners (GPs) should validate patients’ feelings, but not the content of theirnarratives. Treatment should focus on dealing with presenting symptoms and problems, notreliving past traumas. GPs’ roles in facilitating family dialogue and reconciliation isconsidered.Source: Author’s abstract74

Goodyear-Smith, F. (2004). Recognising and responding to partner abuse: Challenging the key facts.The New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1202). Retrieved December 6, 2005, fromhttp://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1074See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12775.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Women,Violence against men, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This paper addresses the need for health practitioners to recognise and respond todomestic violence appropriately. The author suggests that the issues and impacts of familyviolence on health must be critiqued objectively, so information is not misconstrued in theprofessional and public arenas. This paper debates and discusses five key facts from thepublication: Recognising and Responding to Partner Abuse: A Resource for General Practice(2003), released by the Ministry of Health. This article also contests the endorsement by theMinistry of Health of the ‘power and control wheel’ as not based on evidence, and focusingprimarily on male perpetrators of violence. Therefore, the author suggests that domesticviolence interventions, based on these assumptions, may not be effective in reducing intimatepartner abuse.Goodyear-Smith, F., Arroll, B., Coupe, N., & Buetow, S. (2005). Ethnic differences in mental healthand lifestyle issues: Results from multi-item general practice screening. The New ZealandMedical Journal, 118(1212). Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/ abstract.php?id=1374See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12772.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Maori, Pacific peoples, HealthAbstract: This article presents the first study to analyse possible ethnic differences betweenprimary care patients’ responses to, acceptance of, and desire to address lifestyle, mentalhealth and abuse issues. These issues were identified by utilising the multi-item screening tool(MIST) to assess 50 consecutive adult patients from 20 randomly selected medical centres inurban Auckland. All patients completed the MIST and evaluation forms prior to theirconsultation, and both patients and general practitioners (GPs) completed feedback formsafter consultation. Participants totalled 1,000 patients among 20 GPs. The findings show thatPacific peoples are significantly more likely to be concerned about anger control and abusethan New Zealand Europeans. All patients accepted the screening tool, regardless of ethnicity(with less than 1% objection rate). The analysis was adjusted for the clustered nature of thedata.Goodyear-Smith, F., Arroll, B., Sullivan, S., Elley, R., Docherty, B., & Janes, R. (2004). Lifestylescreening: Development of an acceptable multi-item general practice tool. The New ZealandMedical Journal, 117(1205). Retrieved December 6, 2005, from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1146See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12774.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Health, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The aim of this study was to develop a multi-item tool for use in screening forlifestyle and mental health risk factors. The tool was designed to screen patients from acrossNew Zealand for lifestyle and mental health factors, such as smoking, alcohol and drug use,problem gambling, depression, abuse, weight, and anger issues. From a sample size of 2,543,75

the number of participants indicating they experienced depression was 42.7%, and 2.8%experienced problem gambling. The researchers emphasise the importance of screening forlifestyle and mental health factors by health practitioners. General practitioners indicated thatthey were willing to use the screening tool when it becomes available.Gravitas Research and Strategy. (2005). Strategies with Kids - Information for Parents (SKIP)research report. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Social Development. RetrievedNovember 22, 2005, from http://www.msd.govt.nz/work-areas/social-research/familieswhanau/strategies-with-kids-information-for-parents.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12779.pubTopic Areas: Maori, Pacific peoples, Discipline/punishment, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report presents research, commissioned by the Ministry of SocialDevelopment, undertaken to provide an assessment of parents and caregivers who usephysical discipline on children. The purpose of the report is to inform the Government’sparenting strategy, Strategies with Kids - Information for Parents (SKIP).The research methodology included a review of national and international literature, andinterviews with key informants. To gather information about parenting experiences, a nationalsurvey of parents and caregivers was conducted, and face-to-face interviews with 32 parentswho currently use physical discipline on children 5 years old and younger were completed.The report examines the key influences in parenting and caregiving approaches, whichincludes a range of personal experience-related factors, significant others, external influences,and parenting classes and seminars. Maori and Pasifika parenting practices are discussed,highlighting the impact of cultural issues on parenting and discipline strategies. The reportalso discusses situational factors that contribute to the use of physical discipline, differencesin the uses of physical discipline, and the reasons that contribute to a parent or caregiverchoosing, or not choosing, to use physical discipline. A further investigation of the profiles ofthose who use physical discipline is presented. The report concludes by discussing thepotential uptake of SKIP by parents and caregivers, and it explores how the strategy will beimplemented.Gravitas Research and Strategy. (2005). Strategies with Kids - Information for Parents (SKIP)research report: Executive summary. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of SocialDevelopment. Retrieved November 22, 2005, from http://www.msd.govt.nz/workareas/social-research/families-whanau/strategies-with-kids-information-for-parents.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12780.pubTopic Areas: Maori, Pacific peoples, Discipline/punishment, Cultural factorsAbstract: This report is a summary of the findings and conclusions of research that wasconducted to provide information for Strategies with Kids - Information for Parents (SKIP), agovernment parenting strategy. In this executive summary, the author provides a synopsis ofthe factors that influence Maori and Pacific peoples’ approaches to parenting, and the reasonswhy parents choose to use, or not use, physical discipline. A brief discussion on thefundamentals of the SKIP strategy is also included.Guy, C. (1996). Feminism and sexual abuse: Troubled thoughts on some New Zealand issues.Feminist Review, 52, 154-168.76

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13016.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Families, Gender, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article examines how feminism has helped to uncover sexual violence as aserious issue affecting women and children, but in doing so, has contributed to falseallegations of sexual abuse. Radical feminism views sexual violence as the ultimate power ofmales over females, so often the accusations of the claimant go unchallenged for fear ofrenouncing a woman’s experiences. Assumptions by practitioners working in the field ofsexual abuse can also lead to mistaken allegations of abuse. The author discusses thedamaging consequences of false accusations of sexual assault and abuse, particularly for thefamilies involved.Hager, D. M. (2001). He drove me mad: An investigation into the relationship between domesticviolence and mental illness. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13180.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Maori, Pacific peoples, Asian, Migrants,Gender, Mental health, Institutional violence, Social services, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This thesis investigates the relationship between the domestic violence that womenhave experienced, their subsequent feelings of being ‘crazy’, and the role of mental healthservices. Ten women with personal experience of domestic violence from their partners and20 service providers were interviewed. The data was analysed from a feminist perspective.Themes were identified and were analysed in accordance with phenomenological processes.The major finding from the research was that domestic violence drives women ‘crazy’ andthat the response of existing services was ineffective.Information from the literature and this study support the inference that there is a group ofwomen who are not only abused by their partners, but also experiencing severe mentaldistress. There are a range of services for women who have been abused by their partners andfor women who experience mental illness. However, at the intersection of these two issues,there appears to be a gap in understanding these women and providing effective responses.This research begins to fill that gap and the author makes recommendations to mental healthservices and public health services. A general recommendation is also made for there to bebetter responses to the needs of women, especially women who are abused and areexperiencing mental distress.Source: Author’s abstractHager, D. (2003). Domestic violence and mental illness: Is there a relationship? Incite: The MentalHealth Journal of New Zealand, 2(2), 24-34.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12998.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Cultural factors, Gender, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, Social services,Prevention/intervention/ treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article discusses research findings which identify that women who are abusedby their intimate male partners also experience mental health symptoms and illness, some tothe extent of serious mental distress. The author explores the difficulty that these women havewith accessing services, such as women’s refuge, because they tend to exclude women withmental health or drug and alcohol issues. This paper derives from research carried out77

towards a Masters in Public Health. Thirty women were interviewed from aphenomenological perspective and the resulting data was analysed from a feministperspective. This article examines negative mental health effects of domestic violence, whichinclude suicide, alcohol abuse, mental illness diagnoses, and learned helplessness. Six themesemerged from the research: abuse makes women think they are crazy; the impact of beinglabelled with a mental illness; services can reinforce and mimic the abuse women experience;women’s own stories are not always believed or are reinterpreted; abuse needs to be renamedby each woman to help them talk about their experiences; social expectations of marriage andrelationships complicate domestic violence. From the results and themes of the research, theauthor has produced a list of what women want, some general recommendations, andrecommendations to mental health services to improve how they work with women who havebeen abused. The author of this article concludes that abused women are very limited bywhere they can go for help. It is suggested that specialist refuge services are needed thatprovide safety and assistance with these women’s symptoms.Halsted, S., & Elder, D. E. (2001). Delays in the investigation of allegations of child sexual abuse inthe Wellington city district 1995-1996: A retrospective study [Electronic version]. The NewZealand Medical Journal, 114(1125), 33-35.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12990.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children as victims, Justice, Health,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statistics, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This article examines the length of time taken in the investigation of child sexualabuse after referral to the Serious Abuse Team (SAT). The data for this study involved aretrospective review of 123 sexual abuse complainants under 17 years of age who werereferred to the Wellington city SAT between January 1995 and December 1996. The resultsindicate a median duration of 47 days from the initial complaint through to the evidentialinterview stage. The time taken to investigate children under 5 years old was longer than theinvestigation for children aged 5 years and older. The results of the study also show thatMaori were over-represented in the sample of child sexual abuse complainants, and femaleswere more likely to be referred. Findings also highlight significant delays in the investigationof child sexual abuse in the Wellington city region.Hamlin, P., & Nation, G. (1997, October). Expert evidence in sexual abuse cases: New Zealand LawSociety Seminar. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Law Society.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13250.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Children, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Children asvictims, Justice, Legislation, Mental healthAbstract: This paper, presented at the New Zealand Law Society Seminar, October 1997,was written to assist lawyers with difficult sexual abuse cases, for example, cases where thecomplainant and the defendant are both convincing. It aims to provide information forlawyers who are investigating the legitimacy of a complainant’s allegations against thecomplainant’s memory of events. The authors explore the provision of evidence in relation tomedical and psychological evidence, s23(g) of the Evidence Act (1908), and memory inrelation to expert opinion. Prosecution and defence perspectives and expert knowledge, thatmay be beneficial to both parties, are presented. Also covered is information for the practicalapplication of this knowledge to assist in the proving of allegations. The authors suggest thatfuture trends in the area of expert evidence in sexual abuse cases are likely to see reforms inthe areas of admissibility and disclosure. The defence perspectives summary suggests that a78

greater use of expert evidence for the defence is unlikely because of the constraints of thelegal aid system and the self-interest of experts who work in this field.Hancock, J. (2004). The application of section 59 of the Crimes Act in the New Zealand courts. Paperpresented at the Children’s Issues Centre Conference, Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13277.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Children, Children as victims, Justice,Discipline/punishment, LegislationAbstract: This workshop presentation discusses s59 of the Crimes Act (1961) and theambiguity of the term ‘reasonable force’, which has lead to different verdicts in very similarcases. The author discusses particular cases where parents have been charged with childabuse-related offences and have argued that s59 gives them the right to discipline the child ina way they see fit. The author concludes that a change needs to be made to the law, as s59 isnot compatible with developments in international law, or with the Domestic Violence Act(1995), and it compromises the welfare of children.Hand, J., Elizabeth, V., Rauwhero, H., Selby, S., Burton, M., Falanitule, L., et al. (2002). Free fromabuse: What women say and what can be done. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland DistrictHealth Board, Public Health Promotion. Retrieved November 14, 2005, fromhttp://www.arphs.govt.nz/publications/Women_Health/3fromAbuse.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12021.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Financial exploitation, Women, Victims/survivors, Maori, Pacific peoples, Social servicesAbstract: This qualitative study examined the experiences of 45 women survivors of abuse inthe Auckland region. The women were from Maori, Pacific and other cultural backgrounds.Factors that influenced women attempting to escape and live free of abuse were discussed,such as financial considerations; practical needs, including housing and transport; andresponses of those to whom the abuse was disclosed. Recommendations for the elimination offamily violence were made for government and social services.Hann, S. (2001). Palmerston North Women’s Refuge Herstory. Palmerston North, New Zealand:Palmerston North Women’s Refuge.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13050.pubTopic Areas: Women, Children, Victims/survivors, Gender, Communities, Social servicesAbstract: This book outlines the establishment and 30 years of growth of a local women’srefuge in Palmerston North, New Zealand. The author provides a chronological history of theorganisation by drawing on interviews with women who had worked in, or been involvedwith, the refuge, as well as archive material and media reports. The author discusses thefeminist philosophies of the refuge movement in New Zealand, the process of implementingparallel development for Maori and Tauiwi at a local and national level, service development,and the social context of domestic violence prevention work from the 1970s to 2000.Hann, S. (2004). The implementation of the Domestic Violence Act 1995. Wellington, New Zealand:National Collective of Independent Women’s Refuges.79

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13263.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Justice, Protection orders, Legislation, Gender, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report examines at the operation of the Domestic Violence Act (1995) and, inparticular, current issues related to protection orders. A range of data is utilised in the report,including interviews with domestic violence advocates from around New Zealand; a survey ofmembers of the National Collective of Independent Women’s Refuges; family violencestatistics from courts, the Police and Women’s Refuge; and five case studies of women whohave experienced family violence. The report aims to highlight advocates’ concerns abouthow the Domestic Violence Act is being implemented by a range of agencies 10 years after itwas passed into law.The report considers the objective and aims of the Domestic Violence Act, and uses these toexamine current practice, arguing that some victims of domestic violence have a lack ofconfidence in the justice system. The central points of concern outlined in the report are: thatfewer protection orders are being issued, with more orders than before being put ‘on notice’;the cost of gaining a protection order is prohibitive; there is a minimisation of violence andvictim-blaming within the justice system; delays in gaining protection are putting those whohave experienced violence at risk; fewer perpetrators are being ordered to attend stoppingviolence programmes, and there is a low uptake of programmes for adult and child victims;and there are a lack of consequences for respondents who breach protection orders. The reportpresents these issues for further discussion and calls for a return to the intent of the DomesticViolence Act, along with specialist domestic violence training in the justice sector and morecollaborative approaches to family violence interventions.Harris, L. (1997). Domestic violence and matrimonial property: Does the law meet the property needsof victims of domestic violence. Unpublished manuscript, Victoria University of Wellington,New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13223.pubTopic Areas: Financial exploitation, Victims/survivors, Justice, Protection orders,LegislationAbstract: This research paper explores the property needs of victims of domestic violence,and the laws which deal with domestic violence and matrimonial property. Its purpose is todetermine whether the law effectively meets the immediate, short-term and long-term needsof domestic violence victims.The Domestic Violence Act (1995) and Matrimonial Property Act (1976) both have thepotential to meet the immediate and short-term needs through occupation and tenancy orders,if the tests are applied with a full understanding of the nature of an abusive relationship. Thelaw, however, fails to meet the long-term property needs of victims. It lacks in the flexibilityto enable the victim to obtain an unequal share of domestic matrimonial property, and fails torecognise the effect of abuse on contributions and the needs that such abuse creates, such as aclean break from the other party. This paper argues that to meet these long-term needs, thelaw needs to be flexible and it needs to be able to consider the needs created by the abuse,without judging the actions that caused the need.Source: Author’s abstractHarris, T. (1999). Malice supplying the want of age: Juvenile homicide in New Zealand: A substantiveand procedural context. Unpublished manuscript, University of Auckland, New Zealand.80

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13039.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Homicide, Children, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This paper presents an overview of the current law relating to juvenile homicide inNew Zealand, viewed in both a substantive and procedural context. The focus of the paper ison the manner in which children aged between 10 and 14 years are treated with respect to acharge of murder. Particular regard is paid to international juvenile justice obligations andCommonwealth comparative law. The age of criminal responsibility is analysed in itsstatutory and common law forms, and its current appropriateness reviewed and approved. Thecritique of the common law approach to evidential matters highlights the injustices andinconsistencies currently operating under the doctrine, such as the admissibility of a childdefendant’s previous convictions. The paper also examines the criticisms made of thepractical implications of the doctrine. The sentencing of children who kill is discussed inrelation to a number of countries practices. The paper concludes with suggestions for thereform of the substantive law. These include maintenance of the presumption against criminalresponsibility for those child defendants aged between 10 and 14 years subject to a reversal ofonus - putting the evidential and persuasive burden on the defendant. As it is not its focus,this thesis looks somewhat superficially at family violence in relation to children committinghomicide.Source: Authors abstractHarrison, S. B. (1997). DPP vs. Morgan and Godzone: An investigation into Morgan’s legal andsocial impact in New Zealand. Unpublished manuscript, University of Otago, Dunedin, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13162.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Women, Justice, Legislation,GenderAbstract: This dissertation explores the ‘Morgan principle’, a British ruling arising in 1973and adopted by New Zealand, which accepts that honest mistaken belief is a defence in rapecases. The legal and social implications stemming from the ‘Morgan principle’ are examined.The author tracks changes in New Zealand’s rape laws since the adoption of this principle.The rise of feminism during the 1970s resulted in a closer analysis of rape laws in NewZealand, particularly concerning consent, women’s sexuality, the acceptance of violenceagainst women, and spousal immunity in rape cases. Debates about the definition of rape andthe inclusion of marital rape are examined. The document Rape Study: A Discussion of Lawand Practice (1983) provides a comprehensive analysis of rape, and this study is used by theauthor to illustrate public opinion surrounding rape, and how this document contributed tochanges in rape legislation. Spousal immunity and the ‘Morgan principle’ were abolishedwith the passing of the Crimes Amendment Act (1985).Hassall, I., & Davies, E. (2003). Using action research to assist the development of a communitybuildingstrategy to prevent child abuse and neglect. Paper presented at The Social PolicyResearch and Evaluation Conference: Connecting Policy, Research and Practice, Wellington,New Zealand. Retrieved October 21, 2005, from http://www.msd.govt.nz/events/conferences/social-policy-03/abstracts-papers-presentations/1.20.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12224.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Policy, CommunitiesAbstract: This paper puts forward a strategy intended to reduce the risk of child abuse and81

neglect within communities by seeking to improve community child-rearing capabilities. Anevaluation of the proposed action research model is also suggested.Hayes, M. (1999). Protecting children in England and New Zealand. Canterbury Law Review, 7(2),297-313.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13060.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Care and protection, Legislation,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article compares and contrasts child care and protection approaches in NewZealand and England. Both New Zealand and England recognise the importance of workingwith families in child protection cases. This commitment is reflected in New Zealand’sChildren, Young Persons and Their Families Act (1989), and England’s Children Act (1989),which seek to enhance the wellbeing of families. This article examines the provisions underthese pieces of legislation aimed at protecting children from abuse, and how these countriesrespond to and investigate child abuse allegations. The author critiques New Zealand’s use ofFamily Group Conferences, and argues that the rights and wellbeing of the child shouldprevail over that of the family.Hayne, H. (1995). Recent research on children’s drawing: Implications for theory and practice. InChildren’s Issues Centre (Ed.), (n.d.), Children’s Voices Collection. Paper presented atChildren’s Issues Centre Seminar. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago, Children’sIssues Centre.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13255.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, JusticeAbstract: This research focused on whether or not drawing pictures influences the accuracyand content of a child’s verbal report on a particular past event. Data was collected byinterviewing children 1 week to 1 month after the event. Participants included 3- to 4-year-oldchildren in the first event, and 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-year-old children in the second event. Allchildren were from Dunedin pre-schools and primary schools. The author critiques therapistsubjectivity placed on interpretations of children’s drawings. However, the author posits thata number of therapists have proposed that drawings help facilitate a child’s memory, althoughthere is not yet any empirical evidence to support this. The results of the study show thatchildren who drew while giving a verbal report of the event reported more information duringthe interview and remained on-task for a longer period of time than those children who justgave a verbal report. Drawing may aid the memories of children, particularly when they areinterviewed about a specific event requiring accuracy of content. The author suggests thatclinical or legal interviews around abuse could benefit from drawing.Hayward, J. (2003). Rethinking section 16B Guardianship Act 1968: Toward a presumption includingpsychological abuse. Unpublished manuscript, University of Waikato, Hamilton, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13145.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Children, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This honours dissertation focuses on the exclusion of psychological abuse from theambit of the presumption that under a 1995 amendment to the Guardianship Act (1968) a82

violent parent would not have unsupervised access to a child unless the Court could besatisfied of safety. The author contends that because psychological abuse is commonlyconsidered in s16(b) Guardianship Act assessments, and often occurs with physical or sexualabuse, the approach of s16(b) Guardianship Act must be analysed. Through this exclusion ins16(a) Guardianship Act, a major gap in protection coverage is identified. An analysis ofcurrent law and practice concludes that despite the protections contained within thepresumption, problems remain. Application of the current presumption to psychological abusehas not consistently led to safer access arrangements for women and children where there hasbeen psychological abuse. This unacceptable situation provides a sound foundation to moveforward to an analysis of the viability of including psychological abuse to initiate thepresumption, concluding with suggested recommendations for future interventions. Thispossible amendment is advocated because it moves the presumption further towards itsobjective of prioritising children’s welfare and safety from all violence. The author concludesthat the amendment has not led to consistently safer access arrangements for children infamilies who have experienced psychological abuse because there continues to be apredominant focus on protecting people from physical violence at the expense of theirpsychological safety.Source: Author’s abstractHenaghan, M. (2000). Relocation cases. In New Zealand Law Society Family Law Conference 2000(pp. 189-205). Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Law Society.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13369.pubTopic Areas: Justice, Care and contact, LegislationAbstract: This conference paper focuses on relocation cases in the New Zealand FamilyCourt. The cases involve one guardian seeking permission to relocate with their children toanother town, city or country, or one guardian seeking to stop another relocating with thechildren. Using court data and drawing on practice experience, the author outlines recentdevelopments in court outcomes and legislation.The author maintains that from 1988 to 2000 there was an increase in relocations beingdisallowed by the court and the number of relocations that were blocked went from 38% to52%. The author discusses the significant factors in cases where relocation was allowed, andwhere applications to prevent relocation were successful. The report then compares the NewZealand situation with practice in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the UnitedStates. The impact of the proposed Care of Children Act (2004) on relocation cases is alsooutlined. The author maintains that some sections of this Act conflict, and that the Act mayhave some significant effects on relocation decisions.Henderson, S. (1996). Children who witness domestic violence [Electronic version]. Social WorkNow, (4), 31-35.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12974.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Children, Children as witnessesAbstract: This literature review examines key research findings on the effects that witnessingdomestic violence has on children. Internalising and externalising effects, issues of selfconcept,and school performance are discussed. Less obvious effects, such as responses andattitudes about conflict resolution, assigning responsibility for violence and knowledge, andskills in dealing with violent incidents, are also discussed. The article also highlights thelimitations of the research. Consistent trends emerged from the literature that demonstrated all83

aspects of a child’s development can be impaired through witnessing parental violence.Herangi-Panapa, T. P. M. (1998). Ko te wahine he whare tangata, he waka tangata: ‘Within thefemale is the nurturing home of humankind and the channel from the spiritual to thephysical’: A study of Maori women’s experiences of violence as depicted through thedefinition of whakarite. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13035.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Families, Women, Maori, Cultural factors, GenderAbstract: This thesis examines the nature of violence as perpetrated on Maori women as aresult of colonisation. Violence as an outcome of colonisation includes physical, emotional,spiritual, and psychological layers, and as a consequence affected Maori women and whanauin a multitude of ways, and by association, Maori society. This thesis begins with a discussionof the role of Maori women according to the definitions of whakarite evident in Maorisociety. It argues that whakarite or balance was a necessary imperative of Maori society andMaori tikanga, and its customary practices and law. Colonisation as a proponent of violencesought to undermine the balance that already existed in Maori society. Through a systematicprocess of alienation, colonisation and its theories infiltrated the ethos of Maori society,divorcing people away from their customary practices, and beliefs, and their autonomy overresources. Lastly, colonisation created an imbalance between the roles of men and women. Asa consequence for Maori women, their role and status as whare tangata was challenged, deconstructedand demeaned. This thesis argues that before the restoration of Maori people canoccur, the balance between Maori men and Maori women needs to be re-constructed and realigned.Source: Author’s abstractHider, P., & New Zealand Health Technology Assessment Clearing House. (1998). Youth suicideprevention by primary healthcare professionals: A critical appraisal of the literature. (ReportNo. 4). Christchurch, New Zealand: New Zealand Health Technology Assessment ClearingHouse.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12937.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Suicide/self-harm, Adolescents, Young persons,Health, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: The aim of this report is to identify risk factors for youth suicidal behaviours, withthe intention of informing intervention, prevention, and management programmes for use byprimary care practitioners. The report utilises many sources of information to provide a metaanalysisof data pertaining to youth suicide. Trends for suicidal behaviour among youngpersons in New Zealand are examined to discern the risk factors and prevalence of thissignificant health issue. Six domains of risk factors for suicide are identified, including a‘family characteristics and childhood experiences’ domain. This domain incorporatesexperiences of physical and or sexual abuse, and family dysfunction as risk factors forsuicidal behaviour. Many studies have found high rates of suicidal behaviours among youngpeople who have been victims of abuse. Ways to identify, assess, prevent, and manage suicideare discussed, and the authors stipulate that early identification of risk factors by primary carepractitioners is crucial. Thus, improving the techniques for recognising risk factors in thehealth arena is recommended.84

Holdt, J., & National Collective of Rape Crisis & Related Groups of Aotearoa Inc. (1998). The incestreport: 1997 clients. Auckland, New Zealand: Holdt & Associates.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13228.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Incest, Victims/survivors, Social services,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report provides a summary of research into the 1997 client group of theNational Collective of Rape Crisis and Related Groups of Aotearoa Incorporated. Theseclients were primarily survivors of incest. The research explored the definition of incest withreference to law, culture, social relationships and abusive behaviours. Rape Crisis staff wereprovided with training and resources to maximise the quantity and quality of informationcollected for this research, and client information forms were processed monthly. Rape Crisisclient demographics were recorded, including gender, ethnicity and age at contact with theservice. The vast majority of survivors were female (94.9%) and most clients were adultswhen they contacted Rape Crisis (89.2%). The nature of the reported abuse is discussed,including the type of sexual violence, the recency of the abuse, the age when the abuseoccurred, multiple incidences of abuse, and the survivors’ relationship with the offender. In 9out of 10 reports of sexual violence to Rape Crisis in 1997, the victim knew the sexualoffender when the abuse began.Holdt & Associates, Evaluation & Research Services., & J R McKenzie Trust. (1997). NationalCollective of Rape Crisis & Related Groups of Aotearoa Inc: The first five years: Rape &sexual abuse in New Zealand, 1992-1996 clients. Auckland, New Zealand: Holdt &Associates Evaluation & Research Services.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13279.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Women,Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report presents the findings from a project that collected demographics andstatistics of all the rape or sexual abuse experiences that were reported to Rape Crisis centresacross New Zealand between 1992 and 1996. The main aim of this programme was to enableRape Crisis to improve service provision and accountability, and to identify emerging themesand trends from the data. A brief history of Rape Crisis is included. The data collectedincludes the number of Rape Crisis contacts logged, and by which service throughout NewZealand; the type of contact, either survivor or referrer; the type of abuse; when the abuseoccurred; the age at which the abuse occurred; the frequency and duration of the abuse; therelationship of the survivor to the perpetrator; police notifications; and AccidentCompensation Corporation counselling claims. The findings show that there were 25,331contacts with Rape Crisis, with 43% of these made by survivors; most contact was selfreferral;the majority of clients were of New Zealand Pakeha/European descent (70%); andmore than half the survivors (53%) were raped or sexually abused as children.Hollingsworth, K. (2004). Speaking loudly and carrying a small stick? The New ZealandCommissioner for Children. Otago Law Review, 10(4), 599-621.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13077.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Care and protection, Legislation, SocialservicesAbstract: This article discusses the role of the Children’s Commissioner in protectingchildren from abuse and neglect. New Zealand continues to feature highly in international85

child abuse and maltreatment statistics, whereby it fails to meet the recommendations set outin the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (2003). A number of limitationsof the Office of the Children’s Commissioner are identified, namely the conflicting duties ofadvocating for children’s rights whilst aiming to fulfil government prerogatives, and the lackof accountability of the Commissioner. The author contends that the Commissioner’s role ofmonitoring Child, Youth and Family Services is compromised by the Office’s attachment tothe government. The author recommends enhancing the accountability of the Commissionerto help protect the welfare and rights of children.Hooper, S., & Busch, R. (1996). Domestic violence and the restorative justice initiatives: The risks ofa new panacea. Waikato Law Review, 4(1), 101-130. Retrieved January 17, 2006, fromhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/law/wlr/special_1996/4_hooperbusch.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12999.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Restorative justice, Communities, Social servicesAbstract: This paper examines the development of a restorative justice model for workingwith victims and offenders of domestic violence in New Zealand. The principal focus of theresearch is the Waikato Mediation Services’ process of drafting protocols for a pilotprogramme. Two specific models of restorative justice are explored: Victim-OffenderMediation, and the Family Group Conference (FGC) model. The paper looks at how eachmodel works, and its strengths and limitations for working with people involved in domesticviolence offences. Reference is made to international studies that explore relevant themes,such as the adaptation of the FGC model for working with families involved in domesticviolence. The authors connect some international studies to findings from New Zealandstudies. Moreover, discussion includes Waikato Mediation Services’ adaptation of aconferencing model, which incorporates victim and offender family and communityparticipation. Helene Carbonatto’s proposed conferencing model for New Zealand is exploredand critiqued. The authors conclude that it is questionable whether or not domestic violencecases should be referred to restorative justice programmes.Howden, C., & Howden-Chapman, P. (1997). The promotion of parenting support and skills withconsideration to the prevention of child abuse: A report for Midland Regional HealthAuthority. Hamilton, New Zealand: Midland Regional Health Authority.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13229.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Maori, Communities, Socialservices, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report explores the use of parenting programmes in New Zealand, particularlyas a child abuse and neglect prevention strategy. Risk factors for child abuse are discussed,such as low socio-economic status and single parent families. Child abuse interventionstrategies are reviewed, including the education of parents and children, and earlyidentification of at-risk families. Community-based preventions, such as Parentline, are alsoexplored. The report describes and evaluates various established parenting skills programmes,including Parenting as First Teachers, Family Service Centres, and Tipu Ora. The authorsrecommend educating and supporting both parents and children to improve outcomes forfamilies, programmes specifically targeted at high risk families, and parenting strategies forMaori based on Maori values.86

Hughes, C. (2004). Domestic violence statistics: What can they tell us? Te Awatea Review, 2(2), 3-6.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13120.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Justice, Social services,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This article explores the need for caution when interpreting statistical informationregarding domestic violence. The article defines domestic violence and includes a discussionof the prevalence of this form of violence. Influences on data collection, and data limitationsare examined and the complexity of comparing statistics is explored.Humphrey, B. (2002). Child welfare, animal welfare - strengthening the links [Electronic version].Social Work Now, (23), 4-8.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12969.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Animal abuse, Families, Children, Social services,Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This article examines the relationship between the abuse of animals and the abuseof children. There is a paucity of New Zealand research surrounding this topic area, so thedata informing this article originates from United States and United Kingdom studies. Studiesshow that harm to pets is more likely to occur in households characterised by domesticviolence. Furthermore, research reveals that those that harm animals are more likely todisplay violence towards people. This article explores reasons behind the abuse of animals,and suggests these mirror the underlying motivations behind an adult’s abuse of a child. Theauthor proposes that children who abuse animals may be victims of abuse themselves, sofamily violence risk assessments should include an investigation of possible cruelty to pets.Due to the connection between animal and child abuse, the author recommends that childwelfare and animal welfare agencies work in collaboration as a means to reducing familyviolence.Iles, C. (1996). Out of control: Stories of men who are leaving violence and partner abuse behind.Wellington, New Zealand: Pacific Education Resources Trust.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12104.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Pacific peoples, Cultural factors, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This book has been written primarily as a resource for men who abuse theirpartners. It has a number of stories from the voices of men and couples who report on theirexperiences of intimate partner abuse. The men in the stories have attended stopping violenceprogrammes, and they describe moving and compelling accounts of change in their lives.Through hearing their voices, the book allows an understanding of how to help men embracea lifestyle based upon respect and power sharing. Also included in the book is a chapter onSamoan society which gives a Pacific cultural perspective on the issue of intimate partnerabuse.Imelda, J. (2002). The Domestic Violence Act 1995: How does it impact on Women’s Refuge? Areport involving Women’s Refuge advocates. Unpublished master’s thesis, MasseyUniversity, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13090.pub87

Topic Areas: Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Protection orders, Legislation, Gender, Policy,Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis examines the impact of the Domestic Violence Act (1995) on Women’sRefuge. The research was based on feminist theory of male power and control over women.The author surveyed Women’s Refuge advocates about how the Domestic Violence Actimpacts on their Refuge work. The questions focused on the following six areas: the impacton their Refuge; protection orders; women’s programmes; children using Refuge services;stopping violence programmes for perpetrators; and general comments on the DomesticViolence Act.Advocates’ comments were analysed using cross-case analysis, and themes were generatedfrom the responses. These themes, along with the relevant literature, form the basis of theauthor’s recommendations. These include the need for: governmental funding of Women’sRefuge to reflect the magnitude of the services provided; programmes to be more culturallyappropriate and available in more rural areas; police to enforce protection orders and toprosecute when these are breached; ongoing public education about domestic violence witheducation beginning as early as primary school age; and entitlement of all women to legal aidwhen in need of protection.Jackson, S. M. (1998). Teenage dating violence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University ofAuckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12936.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Sexual assault/rape, AdolescentsAbstract: This thesis primarily investigates teenagers’ experiences of dating violence. Threestudies were undertaken with high school students, unified by the goal of informingprevention programmes in high schools. The first study used a questionnaire to gatherinformation from 373 students about their experiences of emotional, physical and/or sexualviolence across heterosexual dating, peer and family relationships. The two remaining studiesused discourse analytic approach to examine the talk of students. One study used 12 groupinterviews in which 101 students were invited to talk about their perceptions of datingrelationships and the violence that occurred within them. The other study involved analysis of24 individual interviews with girls, who had themselves been in relationships with boyfriendsthat involved violence. Although this thesis primarily investigates teenage dating violence,there is some attention paid to dating violence in relation to experiences of family violence.The purpose is to explore the possibility that people who experience violence in onerelationship might become victims of violence in other relationships. The author makes acorrelation between dating and family violence, and suggests that a strong case exists forsome targeted work with teenagers who have grown up witnessing violence.Source: Author’s abstractJackson, S. (1999). Unhappily ever after: Young women’s stories of abuse and violence inheterosexual love relationships. Paper presented at the World Millennium Conference onCritical Psychology, Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13267.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Women, Adolescents, Cultural factors, GenderAbstract: This conference paper discusses popular culture’s effect on young girls’ notions of88

omance and the way this opens them up to abuses. This paper draws on a study undertakenby Jackson involving 21 participants. The girls were aged 16 to 18 years, and had previouslyfilled out a survey on abuse in relationships and were willing to be interviewed. The authordiscusses the ways in which the girls in the study romanticise and downplay acts of abuseperpetrated on them by ex-boyfriends, pointing out they are laced with contradictions ofidentifying the behaviour and then softening it. This, she argues, is part of the fairytaleillusion that girls do not want to lose, even after the relationship has turned bad and ended.Jackson, S. (2002). Abuse in dating relationships: Young people’s accounts of disclosure, nondisclosure,help-seeking and prevention education. New Zealand Journal of Psychology,31(2), 79-86.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12949.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Adolescents, Education, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This research paper presents findings related to young people’s disclosure or nondisclosurefollowing experiences of abuse or violence in dating relationships. Students aged16 to 18 years were drawn from five schools in the Auckland metropolitan area. Themethodology for the research involved a survey and focus group, and results were presentedin three sections: students’ reports of disclosure (whether it occurred and to whom, if it didoccur); the consequences of disclosure or non-disclosure; and students’ accounts ofprevention and intervention services for young people. The survey findings indicate variablepatterns of disclosure across emotional abuse, sexual coercion, and physical violence, withdisclosures made primarily to friends. For the focus group data, it was suggested that anumber of barriers may operate to preclude help-seeking, including embarrassment, concernsabout confidentiality, and lack of trust. The research findings are discussed in the context ofimplications for school education programmes and service providers.Jaffe, P. G., Lemon, N. K. D., & Poisson, S. E. (2003). Child custody & domestic violence: A call forsafety and accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11912.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Children, Care and contact,Legislation, Cultural practiceAbstract: This book emphasises that domestic violence is a core component for considerationin child custody and access disputes. Case analysis, assessment strategies and courtinterventions alter when domestic violence is involved. A number of child custody casesimpacted by intimate partner abuse are discussed to highlight the varying responses of theinternational court systems. Recommendations are made that suggest how to improve policyand resource development, legislation, training and service coordination in this area. Chaptersthat address the aforementioned factors in a New Zealand context include "ChangingLegislation and Legal Practice to Recognize Domestic Violence in Child-CustodyProceedings" and "From Theory to Practice: The varying responses of the court system todomestic violence in child-custody cases".Jefferies, S. (2004). "‘Newsmaking’ criminology or ‘infotainment’ criminology?" A decontextualised,fragmented and misconstrued critique. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology,37(2), 286-295.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13358.pub89

Topic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice,GenderAbstract: This article is a response to Judith Buckingham’s critique of the author’s PhDthesis methodology and research findings, and the work of Jeffries’ thesis co-supervisor,Associate Professor of Sociology, Greg Newbold, that was presented in Buckingham’s article"‘Newsmaking Criminology’ or ‘Infotainment’ Criminology?" As such, this responsecontributes to the debate on gender asymmetry of domestic violence. Jeffries supports herfindings through a discussion of her research. The objectives of the research were to identifyif there are any gender differences in sentencing and remand outcomes; if there are anygendered criteria in sentencing and remand; and how differences may occur if they do exist.Three hundred and eighty-eight male and female sentenced offenders, between 1990 and1997, were sampled and matched for criteria, including major statutory offence and numberof charges. Results show that some gender differences exist; men are more likely to beremanded in custody and for longer periods than females. Findings also show that the criteriaemployed for reaching judicial outcomes appears to differ for men and women and outcomesfor women are less harsh. The author also discusses the social construction of femininity andmasculinity, how this impacts on perceptions of men and women as offenders, andsubsequently, on judicial outcomes.Johns, C. (1998). The voluntary welfare agencies in Palmerston North and the issues facing them andtheir clients. Retrieved October 31, 2005, from http://www.wairaka.net/ubinz/IR/CindyJohnsQR.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12212.pubTopic Areas: Social servicesAbstract: This project report focuses on the realms of voluntary welfare agencies inPalmerston North and the issues facing them and their clients. The main issue discussed in thereport is the availability of funding resources and how, due to a lack of funding, agenciescannot meet their full potential to help the community. The report also discusses how clients’issues (such as employment, education, and health) affect the agencies’ ability to help themachieve a better life. The data was acquired via questionnaires posted or delivered to 82agencies, with follow-up interviews taking place at 11 agencies. This report was a projectoutcome of a third-year placement for Bachelor of Social Work.Jolley, S. (1999). Tell me a story: Children’s & custodial parents’ thoughts on supervised access.Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12182.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Childrenas victims, Children as witnesses, Care and contactAbstract: This thesis explores children’s and their parents’ views and experiences ofsupervised access. The study involved interviewing 11 children aged between 7 and 14 yearswho were attending supervised access centres. During the interviews, the children developeda story suitable for other children to read, which explained what happened during a visit to anaccess centre and how they felt about seeing their parent. The custodial parents were alsointerviewed about the child’s past experiences that had lead to an access centre being usedand concerns they had with supervised access.The research findings show that some of the children neither understood the role of the centre,nor why they had to visit with their parent there. However, most enjoyed their visits and90

wanted to maintain contact with the non-custodial parent. Overall, their preference was thatthis contact continues to take place at the centre.While the children felt safe at the centre, some custodial parents were concerned for their ownsafety when delivering children to, or collecting them from the centre. There were alsoconcerns about the ability of the centres to adequately supervise parents who were sexoffenders.Source: Author’s abstractJordan, J. (1998). Reporting rape: Women’s experiences with the police, doctors and supportagencies. New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington, Institute of Criminology.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13257.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Women, Victims/survivors, Justice, Health, Socialservices, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report discusses the findings of a study undertaken by the author to detail theexperiences of female rape victims with police, doctors and counsellors. The study involvedqualitative interviews with 48 women who had reported a rape, or who had attempted toreport a rape, since 1990. The results of the study were compared to an earlier studycompleted in 1983, and show that very little has changed in terms of police responses to rapevictims. However, there has been an improvement in the experiences with doctors and themedical examination performed after the rape. Support agencies that provide counselling hadmixed results, with some women feeling that the services were invaluable and other womenfeeling that there was a lack of professionalism. Overall, the author recommends that, due to alack of consistency over all agencies - police, medical and support - there needs to beindividuals who are specifically trained to deal with victims of rape, and their varying needs,so that women are not re-victimised and potentially suspend laying a complaint against theirattacker.Jordan, J. (1998). ‘There’s not a lot of justice in the system’: Rape victims’ views and the policeresponse. In R. Du Plessis & G. Fougere (Eds.), Politics, policy and practice: Essays inhonour of Bill Wilmott (pp. 27-41). Christchurch, New Zealand: University of CanterburyPress.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13102.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Women, Victims/survivors, JusticeAbstract: This essay discusses a study that involved 48 qualitative interviews with NewZealand women who were victims of rape and sexual assault. The focus of the research wason women’s needs and police responses to the women’s reports of rape. Three issues werehighlighted by the researcher: women need to be believed; they need to be treated withrespect; and they need to retain some degree of control over proceedings. The researcherconcludes that, while overall there is a positive impression of police responses to rape, andpolice are often efficient in solving the crime, there is a need to find a better balance betweenpolice efficiency and the quality of the service they provide to victims of rape.Jordan, J. (2001). True "lies" and false "truths": Women, rape and the police. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13148.pub91

Topic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Women, Victims/survivors, Justice, Legislation, Culturalfactors, Gender, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis comprises of a series of studies aimed at elucidating understanding ofthe ways in which the belief that women lie about rape affects police officers’ responses towomen who report rape. The author begins by examining the historical context within whichrape came to be defined as a crime, and considers the impact of dominant assumptionsregarding the ‘nature’ of women on the formation of rape laws. Factors affecting criminaljustice system responses to women who report rape are identified, considering in particularthe ways in which these have been influenced by views of women’s inherent deceitfulness.Having established ideological and socio-political framework, attention then shifts to aconsideration of rape in contemporary New Zealand. The views of rape complainantsregarding their experiences of reporting rape and sexual assault to police are presented,highlighting the centrality of ‘being believed’. Quantitative and qualitative data are presentedfrom an analysis of police sexual assault investigation files and are used to highlight thefactors affecting police officers’ perceptions of complainants’ credibility. The file analysis iscomplemented by material derived from interviews with sexual assault investigators, whichexplores further the issues of allegedly false rape complaints. The final study presenteddocuments the experiences of a group of rape victims who largely conform to the policestereotype of the ‘perfect victim’. In this chapter, women who were attacked by serial rapistMalcolm Rewa reflect on the ways in which they were treated by the police. Their accountsare useful in highlighting the potential for positive police-complainant relationships when theissue of the victim’s credibility is not the dominant concern.Taken together, these studies provide a series of different perspectives on police responses toreports of rape. The results indicate that concerns about the victim’s credibility continue todominate reporting procedures, and that negative stereotypes concerning lying, vengefulwomen remain influential. Recent attempts by the police to improve women’s experiences ofrape investigations are acknowledged, but the overall conclusion suggests that the scope forpositive change will remain limited while such negative stereotypes prevail.Source: Author’s abstractJordan, J. (2004). The word of a woman?: Police, rape, and belief. Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK:Palgrave Macmillan.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13326.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Women, Victims/survivors, Justice, Cultural factors,Gender, PolicyAbstract: This book presents the results of a study investigating police and justice responseto women who claim to have been raped. The author begins by discussing the historicalideologies around women and rape, and how these, coupled with a male-dominated culturewithin the police, have affected the response to rape claims. The author then presents thefindings of an examination of police files and interviews with police detectives, which givesinsight into police decision-making and the methods police officers use in determiningwhether the woman is credible or not. Next, interviews with women who have reported orattempted to report a sexual assault to the police are discussed. Lastly, the author highlightsthe problems with the current response to sexual assault claims and makes a number ofrecommendations, such as better training for police, having staff debriefings for police,delaying statement-taking so victims have a chance to clear their heads, and providing moreeducation for police around rape and sexual assault so officers have a better understanding ofwhat they are dealing with.92

Jordan, J. (2005). What would MacGyver do? The meaning(s) of resistance and survival. ViolenceAgainst Women, 11(4), 531-559.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13111.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Women, Victims/survivors, Gender, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article draws on interviews with victims of New Zealand serial rapist,Malcolm Rewa, conducted for the author’s doctoral thesis. The author looks at thecontradictory messages women have historically been given: Physical resistance is necessaryto prove rape occurred, but also resistance can aggravate the violence. The author detailswomen’s physical and mental rape survival strategies and connects the women’s accountswith current understandings about rape prevention, self-defence and surviving rape. Theconcepts of resistance and survival are discussed as they relate to feminist theoretical debatesabout victimisation, women’s agency, and resistance to power. The author concludes that rapeis a physically and mentally violent act, and so women’s resistance of the mind and spiritneed to be recognised as much as their physical resistance.Jost, A. (2004). Preventing violence against children in families with mental health problems. TeAwatea Review, 2(1), 13-16.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13058.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Mental health, Drug and alcoholabuse, Pregnancy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article explores some of the concerns relating to families with mental healthproblems and focuses on the prevention of violence within such families. The author looks atchildren who suffer from Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) or Foetal Alcohol Effects, anddescribes these outcomes as in-utero violence. The characteristics and effects of FAS, andinterventions used are discussed, with particular reference to the issues that contribute tofamily violence. Early interventions and strengths-based approaches are recommended forthose families who have both parental and child mental health problems. These interventionsare predominantly designed to help prevent the factors that may lead to family violence. Therecommended characteristics of interventions for school-aged children are also highlighted.Julich (nee Dawson), S. J. (2001). Breaking the silence: Restorative justice and child sexual abuse.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13361.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children, Victims/survivors, Justice,Restorative justice, Legislation, Gender, Policy, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This research investigated the relationship between justice and child sexual abusefrom the perspective of adult survivors. Utilising participant observation, unstructuredinterviews, and focus groups within a feminist framework, 21 adult survivors of child sexualabuse (18 women and 3 men) were consulted to identify issues that were problematic forthem. In addition, 2 jurors, 1 judge and 2 counsellors were interviewed. The research findingsindicate that child sexual abuse has been shrouded by a conspiracy of silence, caused partlyby deeply entrenched structures within society. These forces combined with the complexity ofrecovery, including the possible impacts of Stockholm Syndrome, and the perceived inabilityof the criminal justice system to meet their needs, have appeared to silence many survivors of93

child sexual abuse. A review of the economic consequences and an analysis of the subsequentcosts of child sexual abuse have indicated the need to implement programmes that wouldlessen the burden for victims, offenders, their families and the broader society. Survivorscautiously suggested that restorative justice might be sufficiently flexible to encouragevictims of child sexual abuse to criminally report, thereby breaking the silence. A cost benefitanalysis of a restorative justice programme indicated that significant savings could be madeand highlighted that the prevention of child sexual abuse should be a priority. The findings ofthis research would have implications for policy makers and all those who provide services tovictims and offenders of child sexual abuse. Stockholm Syndrome has highlighted thecomplexity of the recovery process for victims of child sexual abuse. This syndrome,combined with the concerns of adult survivors of child sexual abuse, would have implicationsfor practitioners within the traditional criminal justice system and the restorative justicemovement. Finally, the costs of child sexual abuse in New Zealand would have implicationsfor justice agencies, health agencies, social welfare organisations and the AccidentCompensation Corporation of New Zealand.Source: Author’s abstractJury, A. F. (2002). Some mental and physical health outcomes associated with sexual abuse inchildhood: A community survey of New Zealand women. Unpublished master’s thesis, MasseyUniversity, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13146.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Women, Health, Mental health,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study examined the long-term impact of childhood sexual abuse on mentaland physical functioning, as well as the potentially mediating effects of Post Traumatic StressDisorder (PTSD) symptomatology in a community sample of 964 New Zealand women. Intotal, 63% of women surveyed reported experiencing a traumatic event in their lifetime, ofwhich 16 experienced childhood sexual abuse only, and 114 experienced multiple types oftraumatic events, including childhood sexual abuse. Measures of physical health symptoms,chronic health, and health care use were used to assess current physical health functioning.Significantly higher levels of PTSD symptomatology and psychological distress were foundamong women with histories of childhood sexual abuse in comparison to nontraumatisedwomen. Findings indicate that the main effects of traumatic experiences involving childhoodsexual abuse on psychological distress and physical health symptoms were partially mediatedby PTSD symptomatology. In conclusion, traumatic experiences involving childhood sexualabuse can negatively impact on the current mental and physical health functioning of women.However, a higher risk of adverse outcomes is associated with several childhood sexual abusefactors. These findings indicate the importance of ensuring the development and provision ofservices aimed at preventing and ameliorating the impact of exposure; the need tocomprehensively assess survivors in both clinical and health care settings; and the utility offurther research examining factors which may influence individual variability in adaptation,as well as subsequent trauma exposure.Source: Author’s abstractJury, A. (2005). Mortification of the self: Goffman’s theory and abusive intimate relationships.Women’s Studies Journal, 19(2), 13-31.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12331.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexual94

abuse, WomenAbstract: This study investigated the experiences of 25 women victims of intimate partnerabuse, and connects Erving Goffman’s ideas of the total institution and mortification of theself to these experiences. A qualitative methodology was employed, using face-to-faceinterviews with the participants. The author investigated how women often feel they are toblame for the abuse that they suffered. Many of the participants revealed they struggled tocome to terms with how they had ‘allowed’ the abuse to happen to them. The author relatesGoffman’s idea of total institutions restricting a person’s autonomy to the experiences ofdomestic violence victims, specifically the loss of sense of self. This article suggests thatGoffman’s ideas are useful in understanding the experiences of domestic violence victims.Kawa, I. (2001). Sex offending against children in New Zealand: A model for predicting the risk of reconvictions.Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13258.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Incest, Children,Perpetrators/offenders, Justice, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The main aims of the present study were to identify variables that predict futuresex re-convictions among child sex offenders, and to develop a statistical model for predictingsexual re-convictions. The data was provided by the New Zealand Department of Corrections,and consisted of two cohorts of extrafamilial child sex offenders. The first cohort, theestimation sample, comprised criminal histories of 741 male sex offenders who wereconvicted between 1988 and 1997 of sexual offences against children. The second cohort, thevalidation sample, comprised criminal histories of 156 male sex offenders, who wereconvicted between 1983 and 1988 of sexual offences against children. The variables weregrouped into three categories: offender’s age and race, offence history, and victim’scharacteristics. The predicting power of each variable was tested against re-conviction data inthe estimation sample using Cox regression. Next, Cox regression and logistic regressionprediction models were constructed utilising those variables that predicted re-conviction. Thepredicting power of both models was then tested and adjusted against the validation sample.Based on Cox regressions and logistic regression analysis, five significant covariate predictorvariables were identified (in order of magnitude): preference for a male victim(s), diversity ofoffending based on criterion convictions, presence of a female victim under the age of 12,race, and age at first sexual conviction. However, both presence of a female victim under theage of 12 and diversity of offending did not show a similar relationship with re-convictions inthe validation sample and thus were not included in the final prediction models. The finaladjusted prediction models included three predictor variables (in order of magnitude): sexpreference for male victim, race, and age at first sex conviction. The above models indicatedthat those offenders who were convicted for offences against males only, who were white,and who were younger at first sex conviction were most likely to be re-convicted in thefuture. The results of this study demonstrate that, for some samples of child sex offenders, anumber of variables significantly correlate with future re-convictions and thus can be used topredict likelihood of sexual recidivism.Source: Author’s abstractKeenan, D. (2000). ‘Hine’s once were warriors hell’ - the reporting and racialising of child abuse.Social Work Review, 12(4), 5-8.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13023.pub95

Topic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Child homicide, Children as victims, Maori, Culturalfactors, Media violenceAbstract: The aim of this article is to highlight the propensity of the media to report ondomestic violence cases that involve Maori families. The author uses a case study of a childnamed Hine that died as a result of familial abuse to illustrate how the media made parallelsof the family’s situation with the film Once Were Warriors. The article examines how themedia contributes to public perceptions of child abuse as a ‘Maori problem’.Kelly, P., & Hayes, I. (2004). Infantile subdural haematoma in Auckland, New Zealand: 1988-1998.The New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1201). Retrieved December 9, 2005, fromhttp://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1047See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12773.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Children, Health, Disability,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This article aims to further identify features which may assist medical staff to makea distinction between accidental and non-accidental injury. The authors highlight that inAuckland, a major cause of death and disability in children under 2 years of age presenting athospital, is subdural haemorrhage (SDH), or ‘shaken baby syndrome’. Certain characteristicsaid workers to identify that child abuse is the major cause for these non-accidental traumas.This research employed a retrospective analysis of the medical records of children admitted toAuckland or Starship hospitals with SDH or retinal haemorrhage. Sixty-four cases of SDHwere identified, of which 41 were from non-accidental injury. The remaining 23 cases wereaccidental. Mortality rates were far higher in the non-accidental group, and there werecomparatively more Maori children in the non-accidental injury group. The article provides adiscussion of mechanisms (alleged) of injury, clinical presentations, ethnicity, radiologicalfindings, and outcomes for the children. Limitations are discussed, and the author suggestsareas for future research.Kempe Children’s Center. (1998). World perspectives on child abuse: The third internationalresource book. Denver, USA: University of Colorado, School of Medicine.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12260.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report presents international data on child abuse and neglect from 37countries. New Zealand is included in the list of respondent countries. Information is collatedabout the extent of child abuse, intervention strategies utilised by differing countries, degreeof public awareness, and policy development targeting child abuse.Kern, C. (1999). Sticks and stones can break my bones and words can also harm me: Exploringparents’ understanding of self-esteem in their children aged three and younger. Unpublishedmaster’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12166.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Psychological/emotional abuse, Families, Children,Discipline/punishmentAbstract: This research explores a small-scale sample of parents’ comprehension of selfesteemin their children (ages three and younger). Areas covered include characteristic96

elements that comprise their children’s self-esteem, parents’ opinions of self-esteem, andbehaviour or influences which may shape the development of children’s self-esteem. Theauthor’s primary motivation for this research was out of a strong awareness of work withabused and high-risk children and its inverse relationship between self-esteem developmentand forms of abuse.King, L. L., & Polaschek, D. L. L. (2003). The abstinence violation effect: Investigating lapse andrelapse phenomena using the relapse prevention model with domestically violent men. NewZealand Journal of Psychology, 32(2), 67-75.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13084.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article presents a study that aims to understand cognitive and behaviouralaspects behind domestic violence offending. The study replicated research conducted withchild sex offenders investigating the abstinence violation effect (AVE). The participants were15 men serving a prison or community service sentence for committing partner violence. Theresearchers measured different emotions at various stages in the offending process, and foundthat two-thirds of the sample experienced some type of AVE. Many of the participantsattributed internal factors to their offending, such as anger and losing control, in contrast tochild sex offenders who tend to make external attributions for their offending. The researcherssuggest there is no single pathway to domestic violence offending, so treatment plans shouldbe tailored to the individual. Limitations of this research, such as the small sample size, areidentified and elaborated upon.Kinley, L., & Doolan, M. P. (1997). Patterns & reflections: The findings of 12 case reviews that relateto children and young persons who died during 1994 and 1995. Wellington, New Zealand:Children Young Persons & Their Families Service.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13232.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Child homicide, Suicide/self-harm, Children, Childrenas victims, Care and protection, Social services, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: In this report, the authors discuss the findings of a review into the deaths of 12children in the care of Children, Young Persons and their Families Services during 1994 and1995. The authors discuss the age, ethnicity, gender, number of siblings, family situation andbehavioural issues of the children who had died. Five of the 12 deaths were from nonaccidentalinjury, three were accidental, three were suicide, and one was natural. The reportconcludes that Children, Young Persons and the Families Services failed to prevent some ofthese deaths, and the authors call for more accountability of those who cause lethal injuries tochildren.Kiro, C. (2006). Safety of children in hospital. Wellington, New Zealand: Office of the Children’sCommissioner. Retrieved February 8, 2006, from http://www.occ.org.nz/childcomm/resources_links/reports_publications/safety_of_children_in_hospital_reportSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12611.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Care and protection, Health, Social services,Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report by the Children’s Commissioner stems from the investigation of two97

children who were hospitalised for non-accidental injury, and then were subsequently abusedwhile they remained in hospital. The aim of the report is to provide a set of guidelines toimprove the safety of children in hospitals in New Zealand. Information for this report wasgathered through interviews with the various service agencies involved in the cases, includingthe Department of Child, Youth and Family Services, the relevant District Health Boards, andthe Police. Deficiencies in the protection of the children involved are discussed, such asbreaches of procedure in supposed child abuse cases, interagency communication failures,and the blurring of professional roles. The Children’s Commissioner recommends improvedclarity concerning who has the responsibility for the duty of care of the child, effectiveinteragency coordination, and that the safety of children in hospital is ensured.Knight, R., & McNeur, P. (2004). An evaluation of the campaign for a violence free Wairarapa.Wairarapa, New Zealand: Wairarapa REAP.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13294.pubTopic Areas: Communities, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report details the results of a social audit of the Violence Free Wairarapacampaign that began in May 2002. The purpose of the audit was to investigate whether thecampaign was having a positive social impact on the lives of stakeholders in the Wairaraparegion. Results were gained from 5-minute interviews with 60 members of the public, as wellas longer interviews with 30 individuals from key agencies. Questions were asked on subjectssuch as organisational issues, the White Ribbon logo, and the structure and effects of thecampaign. Three-quarters of those interviewed recognised the White Ribbon as signifyingviolence-free, yet when asked whether Wairarapa was becoming more or less violent, thosewho said more violent made up the largest group (although this represented only 27% of theparticipants). Key recommendations made in the report are to: improve communicationstrategies both with the public and with internal and external stakeholders; allow greaterpublic access to the campaign; develop measures of well-being; and develop localmechanisms to ensure there is a ‘mandatory response to all reported violence.’Koloto, A. (2003). The needs of Pacific Peoples when they are victims of crime. Ministry of Justice:Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved December 9, 2005, fromhttp://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2003/pacific-victims/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12367.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Sexual assault/rape, Women,Victims/survivors, Pacific peoples, Justice, Care and protection, Health, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This report presents and discusses the findings of a qualitative study that exploredof the needs of Pacific people who have been victims of three types of crime: violence, familyviolence and property offences. The study, which was commissioned by the Ministry ofJustice, with support from the Health Research Council, was designed to provide qualitativeinformation to complement the quantitative information provided by the second New ZealandNational Survey of Crime Victims 2001 (2003). The following were found to be key areas ofneed for Pacific victims of family violence: safety and housing for victims and their children;acknowledgement that family violence is unacceptable, even though it might be consideredby victims as culturally appropriate within their own families; appropriate programmes aimedat eliminating domestic violence that involve Pacific male offenders; financial support forvictims and their children once they decide to leave abusive and violent relationships;appropriate counselling services and support from Pacific services organisations, or Pacific98

staff in victim support agencies; and advice and appropriate information on victims’ legalrights and the types of support systems and mechanisms offered by the criminal justice sectoragencies.Koziol-McLain, J., Gardiner, J., Batty, P., Rameka, M., Fyfe, E., & Giddings, L. (2004). Prevalence ofintimate partner violence among women presenting to an urban adult and paediatricemergency care department. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1206). RetrievedJanuary 10, 2006, from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1174See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13057.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Health, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This article outlines research that aimed to determine the prevalence of intimatepartner violence among women seeking emergency healthcare. Eligible adult womenpresenting to an urban emergency department during randomly selected 4-hour time blockswere asked to participate in a study about violence between partners. A structured interviewwas conducted. Protocols were utilised that kept women’s and children’s safety paramount.One hundred and seventy-four women aged 16 to 88 years of age participated. Theresearchers found that 21% of women had experienced partner violence, and 44% reportedpartner violence at some time in their lifetime. A large proportion of women were willing toanswer sensitive questions about partner violence. The rates of partner violence amongwomen seeking healthcare were of a similar level to rates reported internationally. Theauthors argue that healthcare providers have a unique opportunity to identify and intervene toassist women exposed to partner abuse, and that this should be used to its fullest potential.Krug, E. G., Dalhberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., & Lozano, R. (Eds.). (2002). World report onviolence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Geneva. RetrievedDecember 2, 2005, from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12789.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Elder abuse and neglect,Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Health, Mental health, Policy, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report is written in accordance with meeting the primary objective of theWorld Health Organisation, which is for people of all nations to experience the highestpossible level of health. This report describes the nature and extent of local and globalviolence, providing many international statistical comparisons. The report provides ninerecommendations that are aimed to mobilise responses and strategies for the prevention ofviolence. These include how to best respond to violence, the importance of involving thehealth sector, enhancing data collection and research, and improving service responses. Thisis a broad report covering many areas of violence across a large number of countries. Thereport mentions the Dunedin and Christchurch longitudinal studies, and suggests some causallinks between childhood sexual abuse and subsequent mental health problems, and childhoodfactors leading to intimate partner abuse.Kruger, T., Pitman, M., Grennell, D., McDonald, T., Mariu, D., & Pomare, A., et al. (2004).Transforming whanau violence: A conceptual framework: An updated version of the reportfrom the former Second Maori Taskforce on Whanau Violence. (2nd ed.). Wellington, New99

Zealand: Te Puni Kokiri, Ministry of Maori Development. Retrieved December 1, 2005, fromhttp://www.tpk.govt.nz/publications/docs/whanau_violence.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12788.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Maori, Culturalfactors, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report updates the 2002 document from the former Second Maori Taskforceon Whanau Violence. This report proposes a framework for addressing whanau/familyviolence based on Maori principles, and discusses how these concepts may be implemented inpractice. Colonisation, with its assumption of cultural superiority, is identified as contributingto the incidence of violence amongst Maori families. The authors argue that models ofpractice should be designed by Maori, for Maori, and not dictated by government policy andlegislation, or based upon Pakeha conceptual frameworks. Recommendations include acollective approach to violence intervention strategies involving all members of the whanau,and a plan of action for implementing programmes based upon Maori values and principles.Laing, L., & Bobic, N. (2002). Literature review: Economic costs of domestic violence. Sydney,Australia: Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse. Retrieved November 17,2005, from http://www.austdvclearinghouse.unsw.edu.au/PDF%20files/Economic_costs_of_DV.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12065.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuseAbstract: The aim of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive account of allAustralian and selected international literature pertinent to assessing the economic costs ofdomestic violence. No attempt is made to calculate the economic costs of domestic violence.Rather, the review describes the literature pertinent to the topic; identifies similarities anddifferences between methodologies used; highlights strengths and limitations of variousapproaches; and outlines directions for future research. It includes a discussion of the Coopersand Lybrand New Zealand Study (Snively, 1995), and how this study is an example of costingupper and lower estimates of the economic cost of intimate partner abuse.Lake, J. (2004). Domestic violence - protection or natural justice - is there a balance? In Child andYouth Law Conference 2004. Wellington, New Zealand: Lexis Nexis.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13313.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Justice, Protection orders,Legislation, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This conference paper discusses domestic violence in New Zealand, and morespecifically in Auckland City. It examines the issues that surround domestic violence asexperienced by victims: the cost of court appearances, the prevalence of domestically relatedmurders and child witnesses, and the fact that the number of protection orders has remainedconstant since the enacting of the Domestic Violence Act (1995). The author concludes byrecommending that lawyers and Family Court coordinators take action to reduce the cost towomen of obtaining protection orders, and promote more widely the existing women’s andchildren’s programmes.Lambie, I. (1998). Resiliency in the victim-offender cycle in male sexual abuse. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, University of Auckland, New Zealand.100

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13143.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Families,Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study examined the moderating factors that stop a male victim of sexual abusefrom entering the victim-offender cycle. A secondary purpose of the study was to identifypossible reasons why men who are not victims of sexual abuse sexually offend. Three groupswere interviewed as part of the study. A resilient group (47 participants), a victim-offendergroup (41 participants), and an offender group (50 participants). Significant differences werefound between the sexually abused groups. Primarily the resilient group received more intraand inter-familial emotional and social support, had more peer friendships, were moreeducated, had fewer siblings, and were less likely to report sexual fantasies and sexual desireabout young children, compared with both offender groups. The resilient group were morelikely to internalise the effects of their sexual abuse, while the victim-offender groupdisplayed more externalising effects, which included being physically abusive towards others.They were also more likely to report being abused by less than three offenders, and they wereless likely to fantasise and masturbate about their own abuse. The resilient group reportedreceiving more emotional comfort from their abuse experience. The resilient group citedempathy for potential victims as the most common reasons for not sexually offending. Therewere also a small number of significant differences between the two sexually abused groupsregarding their sexual abuse experience. The victim-offender group reported more externalreasons for sexually offending, as opposed to the offender group who reported more internalreasons. The findings support the need for multifactorial models of resiliency, the victimoffendercycle, and sexual offending. Recommendations about the prevention of the victimoffendercycle are made, including the need for a thorough systemic assessment of all malevictims of sexual abuse and the involvement of their family system in counselling.Source: Author’s abstractLambie, I. D., & Stewart, M. W. (2003). Community solutions for the community’s problem: Anoutcome evaluation of three New Zealand community child sex offender treatmentprogrammes. Retrieved November 22, 2005, from the Department of Corrections Web site:http://www.corrections.govt.nz/public/pdf/research/childsexoff/sexoffender.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12769.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report investigates recidivism rates of people attending community child sexoffender treatment programmes. Three treatment programmes were evaluated: The SAFENetwork Inc, Auckland, STOP Wellington Inc, and STOP Trust Christchurch, to determinewhether community-based sex offender treatment programmes are effective in reducingreoffending. Recidivism rates were compared for treatment and comparison groups. Theresearch findings show that the treatment programmes succeeded in reducing recidivism rates.Lammers, M. (2002). Women’s experience of emotional abuse in intimate relationships: A qualitativestudy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13190.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Gender101

Abstract: This qualitative study investigated the emotional abuse that occurs withoutphysical abuse in the context of heterosexual, committed couple relationships. The thesisexamines the ways in which men abuse women and the impact this has had on sevenwomen’s lives. The author of the study takes a feminist approach and uses the memory-worktechnique. Findings from the study identify that the women believe that their partners sawthemselves as superior to the women and set the standards at home, thereby forcing,expecting, or manipulating women to take a subordinate position in the relationship. Thecovertness of the abuse appeared to have an impact on each woman’s self-esteem. The authorlooks at three forms of control: control by domination, passive control, and manipulativecontrol. The author suggests that this study may help to extend knowledge of emotional abuseby showing that social practices that are accepted as the norm can obscure the emotionalabusiveness of gendered practices.Source: Author’s abstractLaw Commission. (1999). Women’s access to legal services. (NZLC SP 1). Wellington, New Zealand:Author. Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/ProjectStudyPapers.aspx?ProjectID=99See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13116.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Sexual abuse, Women, Justice, Protection orders, Careand contact, Legislation, Gender, Social services, Demographics/statistics, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: This study paper provides an analysis of women’s access to legal services. Aqualitative methodology was employed to learn more about women’s experiences of thejustice system, and to identify barriers to accessing legal services. This paper discussesnumerous facets pertaining to the interaction of women, legal services, and the justice systemas a whole. Areas specific to family violence include the lack of understanding of the contextof domestic violence, and different legal needs of women due to the influence of partnerabuse. Financial limitations are identified as a significant barrier to securing legal services.The study paper recommends greater interagency coordination between funding bodies, andproducers and distributors of legal information to stop fragmentation and improve access toservices.Law Commission. (2000). Battered defendants: Victims of domestic violence who offend. (NZLC PP41). Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Retrieved December 12, 2005, fromhttp://www.lawcom.govt.nz/ProjectPreliminaryPaper.aspx?ProjectID=80See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12767.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Violence against men,Justice, LegislationAbstract: This Law Commission discussion paper stems from criticism that the legalprofession does not adequately understand battering relationships. It examines how existingNew Zealand law applies to those who commit criminal acts in circumstances where they arevictims of domestic violence, in particular, the defences of ‘self-defence’, ‘provocation’,‘duress’ and ‘necessity’. It also considers developments and proposals in other jurisdictions,especially in the cases of the defences of ‘self-preservation’ and ‘diminished responsibility’,and judicial discretion in sentencing. Lastly, it makes proposals for reform. Findings from theconsultation submissions responding to this discussion paper are presented in LawCommission Report No. 73, Some Criminal Defences With Particular Reference to BatteredDefendants released in 2001.102

Law Commission. (2001). Misuse of enduring power of attorney. (NZLC PP 40). Wellington, NewZealand: Author. Retrieved February 28, 2006, from http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/ProjectPreliminaryPaper.aspx?ProjectID=78See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13123.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Violence towards parents, Neglect, Financialexploitation, Families, Older persons, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, LegislationAbstract: This Law Commission report discusses misuses of enduring powers of attorneywith regard to Part IX of the Protection of Personal Property Rights Act (1988). This affordspowers of attorney the legal right to make decisions on behalf of the donors they represent,provided they are unable to make the decisions themselves. The report lists some of theproblems with the Act, and discusses: the extent of the problem; the approach to reform; thegranting of powers of attorney; the ‘mentally incapable’ test in s98(3); attorneys highhandednessand failure to consult; and theft, neglect and registration of powers of attorney. Asummary of the Law Commission’s recommendations to amend Part IX of the Protection ofPersonal and Property Rights Act and consideration for the development of a Commissionerfor the Aged are included. The appendix includes Part IX and the Third Schedule of the Act,examples of reported misuses by submitters, and a list of the individuals and organisationsmaking submissions for change.Law Commission. (2001). Some criminal defences with particular reference to battered defendants.(NZLC R 73). Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Retrieved December 9, 2005, fromhttp://www.lawcom.govt.nz/ProjectReport.aspx?ProjectID=80See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12778.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender people,Victims/survivors, Violence against men, Justice, Protection orders, Legislation, CulturalpracticeAbstract: This Law Commission report stems from criticism that the existing legal defencesare failing to protect those who commit criminal offences as a reaction to domestic violence.The report summarises findings resulting from submissions to the Law Commission’sPreliminary Paper 41, Battered Defendants: Victims of Domestic Violence Who Offend,released as a discussion paper in 2000. It looks at the definition of ‘domestic violence’according to the 1995 Act of that name, and ‘battered woman syndrome’. It recommends thatlegal reference to ‘syndromes’, including that relating to battering relationships, be dropped infavour of reference to the nature, dynamics and effects of those relationships. The paper thendiscusses the way the law has previously dealt with such cases, emphasising the responsibilitythe judge has for clear direction relating to linkages in expert evidence of batteringrelationships, and the responsibility defence counsel has to explore issues of domesticviolence and to call expert evidence when necessary. This is followed by a discussion of ‘selfdefence’and ‘reasonable force’, in which it is recommended that s48 of the Crimes Act(1961) be amended to clarify ‘that fact’ situations exist where force can be seen as reasonablewhere danger is not imminent, but is inevitable. It further recommends that a new subsectionbe added to s48 to the effect that the threshold for allowing ‘self-defence’, ie the question of‘reasonable force’, go to the jury. The report very usefully clarifies and sets out the types ofexpert evidence relating to the social context, nature and dynamics of domestic violence thatmay be vital to a case, including: an understanding of why people remain in batteringrelationships; the dynamics of battering relationships; evidence on separation assault;defendants’ experiences of seeking protection; the defendants’ cultural group; the batteredwoman’s ability to ‘read’ her partner and the danger signals; and the psychological effects of103

attering. The report then discusses a number of alternative proposed ‘partial defence’concept options for battered defendants operating in other jurisdictions: ‘excessive selfdefence’,‘self-preservation’, an extended form of ‘self-defence’ proposed by the WesternAustralian Task Force on Gender Violence, ‘tyrannicide’, and ‘diminished responsibility’. Itdoes not recommend these as options for the New Zealand judicial system. The report alsolooks at the partial defence of ‘provocation’ and the fact that it has been used successfully asan excuse for domestic violence against women. It recommends that this should be abolishedin favour of matters of provocation being taken into account in the exercise of sentencingdiscretion for murder, which it also recommends replaces the mandatory life sentencecurrently in operation in New Zealand. ‘Compulsion’ and ‘duress’, by treat, or ofcircumstances, are also reviewed in relation to domestic violence. Appended to the report isan informative overview entitled "Battered Heterosexual Men, Gay Men and Lesbians",which discusses methodological issues relating to the study of female to male violence suchas use of the Conflict Tactics Scales, and looks at violence in gay and lesbian relationships.Law Commission. (2003). Dispute resolution in the Family Court. (NZLC R 82). Wellington, NewZealand: Author. Retrieved December 12, 2005, from http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/ProjectReport.aspx?ProjectID=87See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12770.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice, Protection orders, Care and contact, Legislation, PolicyAbstract: This Law Commission Report is in response to widespread criticism of the FamilyCourt of New Zealand. Allegations include: the system is biased against men; applications aregranted too readily without notice; where orders are made without notice, it takes too long forthe other party to be heard; matters generally take too long to resolve; children suffer becauseof these delays; and lastly, not all Family Court professionals are properly trained and skilled.The report makes a number of recommendations, including the proposal of new conciliationprocesses and court procedures that would help resolve family disputes and that the presentsystem be resourced to perform at its most efficient, without delays caused by a lack of courttime, a shortage of report writers, and a lack of assistance from the Department of Child,Youth and Family Services.Laws, M.–A. (1998). The parole supervision of child sex offenders: An evaluation of parolesupervision in the Waikato Region. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Waikato,Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13189.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Children as victims, Justice, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate how the parole of sexual offendersin the Waikato region is managed under the relapse prevention model. A process evaluationwas carried out, which involved interviews with 10 probation officers and 10 sexualoffenders, who had been through either the Kia Marama or Te Piriti treatment programmes.The results show that in general, both sets of participants were satisfied with the paroleprocess. Probation officers showed some compliance to the relapse prevention model,although there were some grounds for concern here. The author highlights the need forregular training of probation officers in the supervision of sexual offenders under the relapseprevention model.Source: Author’s abstract104

Lawson-Te Aho, K. (1998). A review of evidence: A background document to support Kia Piki te Orao te Taitamariki. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Puni Kokiri, Ministry of Maori Development.Retrieved January 16, 2006, from http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/8469966f84afbd82cc256b4b0078b442?OpenDocumentSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12930.pubTopic Areas: Suicide/self-harm, Young persons, Indigenous, Maori, Cultural factors, Mentalhealth, Policy, CommunitiesAbstract: This publication is a background document to "Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki:Strengthening Youth Wellbeing", one of two components of the New Zealand Youth SuicidePrevention Strategy (1998). "Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki" provides a cultural frameworkspecific to Maori youth suicide prevention; the general population component of the strategyis "In Our Hands". The present publication by Lawson provides the evidence-based contextfor the "Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki"."Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki" highlights the importance of Maori individuals, whanau,hapu, iwi and communities in responding to Maori youth suicide. The author emphasises thatin order for prevention strategies to be successful, there needs to be a commitment fromwithin Maori communities to address the issue of Maori youth suicide. Furthermore, thereneeds to be an emphasis on the restoration of cultural values, traditions and practices.The significance of the relationship between culture and behaviour is also identified as beingcrucial in developing Maori youth suicide prevention strategies. As there is almost noresearch on Maori youth suicide, the majority of the literature referred to in this document isbased on international research of other indigenous peoples. However, the author highlightsthat this research is extremely relevant for Maori as many behavioural factors are consistentacross numerous indigenous populations. It is recognised that indigenous youth are morelikely to experience multiple risk factors for youth suicide than the general population, andthis is also true for Maori. (One of the identified risk factors is child abuse.) Moreover, thereare a number of additional risk factors for indigenous youth, both internationally and in NewZealand, including cultural degeneration and loss of cultural practice and identity. Thenegative effects of colonisation on Maori are also briefly addressed. The document includes asection on interventions for international indigenous youth suicide, using two internationalcase studies as examples. Implications for Maori youth suicide prevention are discussed.The document provides an overview of the consultation process with key stakeholders thattook place during the development of "Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki". Maori youthperspectives on preventing Maori youth suicide are also summarised. Finally this backgroundreport outlines the five goals of "Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki", and identifies the factorsrequired for effective cultural intervention.Lesorgen, L. (2001). The experience of protection orders. Unpublished master’s thesis, MasseyUniversity, Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13092.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Women, Justice,Protection orders, Legislation, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This research examined the experience of protection orders, and the level of safetythey provide from the perspective of the women involved. The objectives of the study were toexamine whether the aims of the Domestic Violence Act (1995) have been achieved withrespect to protection orders, highlighting those components of the system which are working105

well and those which need improvement. The study involved a sample of 6 women who hadbeen granted protection orders by the Court. Unstructured interviews were held with eachparticipant. Research questions or themes centred around the background to the woman’sdecision to apply for an order, perspectives on the application process, perceptions of safetyafter having gained an order, breaches of the order, and the results of the enforcementprocess. Finally, overall impressions and recommendations as to how the orders could workbetter are highlighted.Source: Author’s abstractLewthwaite, A. (2000). A programme evaluation of a psychoeducational group for mothers ofchildren who have been sexually abused. Unpublished master’s thesis, University ofAuckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13132.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Women, Children, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study investigated the initial stages of development of a 10-weekpsychoeducational group for 9 mothers of children who have been sexually abused. It wasdesigned to assist the group leaders to develop further a group intervention intended tobecome a feature of therapeutic services for mothers in Auckland. The evaluation designinvolved a before and after comparison, which included interviews and standardisedquestionnaires. Data analysis included both quantitative and qualitative methods. Anevaluation of the group itself was also conducted, involving assessment of mothers’ overallsatisfaction with the group and whether their stated needs and expectations were met. Themajority of mothers reported that they were satisfied with the group intervention, particularlyin terms of group process, support, and shared understanding. They all reported they werenow more confident in understanding and managing their children’s behaviour. However,aspects of the content and structure of the group need to be developed further, to incorporatemore systematic therapeutic components and more information on the investigation andjustice processes.Source: Author’s abstractLightfoot, S. (1997). Risk factors for a New Zealand sample of sexually enacting children andadolescents. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13187.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Families, Children, Adolescents,Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Children as victims, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study investigated the factors which may be implicated in the aetiology ofchild and adolescent sexually molestive behaviour. The author suggests that the availableliterature proposes that psychological, familial, and individual life-history factors areassociated. This study examined the individual and family characteristics of 20 sexuallyenacting children and adolescents, in comparison to a matched clinical sample of 20 nonperpetuatingchildren. The history of sexual abuse as a factor in sexual enacting is examinedand theoretical models for the aetiology of child and adolescent sexual enacting behaviour areexplored. Some of the findings from this study identify that sexually enacting children andadolescents are significantly more likely to: have been suspected of experiencing sexual abusethat was unable to be confirmed; have experienced more abuse and trauma, particularlyphysical abuse and verbal violence; have a history of multiple disruptions to attachment with106

primary adults; and have disrupted, conflicted, and abusive family relationships, and covertfamily systems. This thesis draws a number of conclusions, including that sexually enactingchildren display patterns of withdrawal and internalisation when reacting to emotionalarousal.Source: Authors abstractLothian, J., & Read, J. (2002). Asking about abuse during mental health assessment: Clients’ viewsand experiences. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 31(2), 98-103.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12955.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexual abuse, Mental health,Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The data reported in this study was gathered from the Lothian’s master’s thesisentitled From Paternalism to Participation: Consumers’ Views and Experiences of the InitialAssessment Process in Mental Health (1998). The paucity of literature on consumers’ viewsand experiences concerning how mental health professionals deal with abuse issues was amotivating factor which drove the present study. The study reported on the perceptions of 74members of mental health consumer groups in New Zealand about their first assessment.Questionnaires were completed that asked about sexual, physical or emotional abuse at somepoint in the participants’ lives. Seventeen of the 74 questionnaire respondents alsovolunteered to be interviewed. Two-thirds of the participants reported sexual, physical oremotional abuse at some point in their lives, but only 20% had been asked about abuse onassessment. However, the more recent the assessment, the more likely the question of beingabused was raised by the professional. The majority (69%) of those who reported abusebelieved that there was a relationship between having been abused and their mental healthproblems. Interestingly, few (17%) thought the clinician saw such a connection. Participantsreporting abuse were more likely to believe that their diagnosis was not an accuratedescription of their difficulties. They also reported dissatisfaction with treatment compared tothose participants who did not report abuse. The discussion makes recommendations for stafftraining and routine abuse inquiry.Macfie, B., & Lensen, A. (2003). Plunket faces up to family violence. Kai Tiaki: Nursing NewZealand, 9(7), 18-19.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13055.pubTopic Areas: Families, Children, Health, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article examines the development of the Plunket Society’s family violencepolicy, which involves screening for family violence. The author describes some of theeffects on children growing up with violence in the home, and the consequent cost to societyof this significant social issue. The article describes a pilot study conducted in four areas ofNew Zealand over a 6-month period. The process of implementation and the evaluation of thefamily violence policy are discussed.Macredie, E. (2000). Battered women, justice and the legal system. Unpublished manuscript,University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13134.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Maori, Justice, Legislation, Cultural factors, Gender, Prevention/intervention/treatment,107

Cultural practiceAbstract: This dissertation paper considers the effectiveness of New Zealand’s legal systemin providing justice for battered women. It argues that the way the legal system views batteredwomen underlies the decisions it makes regarding them, and therefore affects the measure ofjustice they receive. For Maori battered women, traditional Maori cultural methods of dealingwith domestic violence were forcibly replaced by English legal methods. This resulted ininappropriate and biased treatment of Maori battered women within the justice system.It is argued a contextual judicial approach would improve justice for battered women byconsidering factors such as class, sexuality, immigrant status, culture and race and how thesefactors intersect to shape particular battered women’s realities. This approach wouldunderscore the various tactics of power and control utilised by perpetrators. Better justice forMaori battered women could be provided through changes within the legal system and thedevelopment of more autonomous legal services and programmes.Part 1 examines the historical sources of bias in our legal culture. Part 2 outlines legislativeand feminist responses to the legal system’s inadequate treatment of battered women. Part 3canvasses the advantages and dangers of the use of ‘The Battered Woman Syndrome’ theoryto define battered women. This section illuminates weaknesses in the legal system’s responseto battered women. Part 5 summarises the necessary features of a legal system, which wouldimprove justice for battered women.Source: Author’s abstractMagdol, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Newman, D. L., Fagan, J., & Silva, P. A. (1997). Genderdifferences in partner violence in a birth cohort of 21-year-olds: Bridging the gap betweenclinical and epidemiological approaches. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,65(1), 68-78. Retrieved December 8, 2005, from http://www.tulane.edu/~childpsy/Articles/JCCP1997.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13315.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Women, Young persons, Perpetrators/offenders, Violence against men, Gender, Mental healthAbstract: This study used a representative sample from a birth cohort of 21-year-olds fromthe longitudinal Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study to investigategender differences in partner violence. The research examined 13 correlates of partnerviolence across five domains: socio-economic status; social ties; substance abuse; mentalhealth; and criminality. The research findings indicate that women are just as violent towardstheir partners as men, although male perpetrators are more likely to have deviantcharacteristics. Factors such as unemployment, low educational achievement, alcohol anddrug misuse, mental health issues, few social supports, and criminality were found tocorrelate with men’s involvement in severe physical violence. Women victims of severephysical violence were more likely than men to experience anxiety symptoms. The authorsdiscuss various theories surrounding gender differences in motivations for partner violence,and recommend further research in this area.Maher, P. A. (2005). A study of social work practitioners and their needs when intervening in cases ofelder abuse and neglect. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Canterbury,Christchurch, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13133.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Older persons, Prevention/intervention/treatment108

Abstract: This thesis explores the needs of social work practitioners when intervening incases of elder abuse and neglect. Ten social workers who work with older persons wereinterviewed to discover how training and knowledge prepared them for intervention in casesof elder abuse and neglect, how they ensured ‘safe practice’, what aspects of intervention incases of elder abuse and neglect generated confidence or diffidence, and what they believewould be helpful to resource support and enhance their practice in cases of elder abuse andneglect.A qualitative research project was undertaken using semi-structured questions. Groundedtheory was used to analyse the findings and constructivist theory helped to interpret the data.The thesis includes an exploration of the experiences of practitioners in situations of conflictand tension, and discusses how they manage working within a multi-disciplinary team, howthey ensure professional and personal safety within the context of their practice, theimportance of co-working and networking and how, with minimal education and trainingopportunities, they use reflective practice within supervision to develop practice wisdom.Five recommendations are made from the findings: that accurate statistics be collected on thenumber and nature of interventions; that education and training programmes be developed toprovide an emphasis on legal issues, working within a multi-disciplinary team structure, andgeneral conflict resolution skills; that networking be recognised as an important component ofthe social work role; that the term ‘Safe Practice’ be defined and acknowledged as a term thatincorporates both practitioner and client; and that further research be undertaken in other NewZealand centres into the needs of social work practitioners when intervening in cases of elderabuse and neglect. This research should include less experienced practitioners, a supervisor’sperspective and a Maori perspective.Source: Authors abstractMahony, P. (2003). The response to family violence in New Zealand: The role of the Family Court. TeAwatea Review, 1(1), 6-9.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13097.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Victims/survivors, Justice, Protection orders, Care and contact, Legislation, Cultural factors, PolicyAbstract: This article is a shortened version of a presentation delivered by Judge Mahony atTe Awatea Violence Research Centre in Christchurch. The author explores the changingnature of the New Zealand Family Court based on evolving societal and political attitudes,often governed by research. This article provides a background synopsis of legislation, Actsand policy which have led to the current Domestic Violence Act (1995). Protection orders,custodial access, the Duluth power and control model, and the effects of intimate partnerabuse are examined, and several challenges for the future are proposed.Martin, J., Langley, J., & Millichamp, J. (2006). Domestic violence as witnessed by New Zealandchildren. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 119(1228). Retrieved February 9, 2006, fromhttp://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1817See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13000.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Children, Young persons, Children aswitnesses, Gender, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This article presents a study on the witnessing of domestic violence by NewZealand-born children. The study was designed as part of the Dunedin MultidisciplinaryHealth and Development Study to gain retrospective information not gathered when study109

members were children. The cohort were interviewed at age 26 and were asked questions onthe witnessing of father to mother and mother to father physical violence and threats of harmup to the age of 18. The prevalence and nature of the witnessed violence is reported, alongwith some of the family and social contexts in which the violence occurred. The researchfindings show that one-quarter of the sample reported violence or threats of violence directedfrom one parent to the other. The factor that contributed most strongly to participants beingupset was the frequency of the violence, and not who carried it out, or whether it was physicalor threatened.Martin, J., Nada-Raja, S., Langley, J., Feehan, M., McGee, R., Clarke, J., et al. (1998). Physicalassault in New Zealand: The experience of 21-year-old men and women in a communitysample. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 111(1065), 158-160.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12112.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Young persons, Victims/survivors,JusticeAbstract: This study obtained epidemiological information on physical assault victimisationin a high risk group of New Zealand 21-year-old men and women. The information wasobtained by interviewing participants on rates of physical assault in the preceding 12 months.The findings of the study show that assault was widespread and underreported.Martin, P. (1996). Restorative justice - A family violence perspective. Social Policy Journal of NewZealand, (6), 56-68.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13065.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Justice, Restorative justice, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: In this article, the author critiques employing restorative justice models as anintervention in situations of family violence. The article focuses on violence towards womenby their partners. Deficiencies in the justice systems’ response to family violence areexamined, as the police and courts often see this type of violence as a private issue. Thearticle discusses the aims of restorative justice, such as empowering the victim through facingtheir offender. However, the author highlights the problems of applying restorative justice tofamily violence situations, and insists that for this approach to work, the offender must acceptresponsibility for his behaviour, and the public must recognise the serious nature andimplications of family violence. Due to the inadequacies of restorative justice as anintervention, the author suggests a multi-strategy approach for addressing family violence thatupholds the safety of victims.Martinovich, W. M. (2000). Executive dysfunction in partner abusive men. Unpublished master’sthesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13137.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and nature of variablesassociated with neurological damage in a population of male spouse abusers with criminalconvictions for violence. It also tried to determine whether histories and symptoms indicativeof brain dysfunction assist in explaining their behaviour. A sample of 39 partner-abusive men110

attending the Hamilton Abuse Intervention Project were assessed. Subjects completedmeasures of neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning. Their history of neurologicallyrelevant events was also documented.A high prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), child abuse and substance relateddifficulties were found. Based on presence or absence of TBI, the subjects were divided intotwo groups. Statistically significant differences were obtained on level of current full scaleIQ, indicating a deterioration in level of general intellectual ability and on some measures ofexecutive functioning.The implications of the high incidence of impairment in executive functions for treatmentprogrammes is outlined. Discussion also focuses on the possibility of executive deficitscontributing to increasing likelihood of violent behaviour, methodological concerns, anddirections for future research. Although the study findings cannot confirm the nature of therelationship between TBI and violent behaviour, the findings do support brain dysfunctionbeing a risk factor for batterers with criminally violent histories.Source: Author’s abstractMatenga, C. J. (1999). Sibling violence and the sibling’s role in childhood development and socialadjustment. The Bulletin of the New Zealand Psychological Society, (97), 51-53, 56.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13074.pubTopic Areas: Sibling violence, FamiliesAbstract: This article explores violence within sibling relationships. The author provides anoverview of previous research in this area, and emphasises the paucity of research into siblingviolence in New Zealand and internationally. A pilot study into sibling violence wasconducted with a sample of 51 high school students, aged 13 to 15 years, from the Waikatoregion. Data was collected about sibling relationships in students’ self-reports and students’reports on other siblings in their homes. The results indicate relatively high levels of siblingviolence. Levels of sibling violence between all brother, all sister and mixed gender familiesare compared. Limitations of the study include the small sample size and obtaining data fromonly one source.Maude, J. (1996). Empathy in child sex offenders: A preliminary evaluation of a therapy moduledesigned to enhance victim empathy. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Waikato,Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13177.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Incest, Perpetrators/offenders, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: The aim of this investigation was to assess and compare the empathetic ability of 7incarcerated incest offenders who had volunteered to undergo treatment at the Te PiritiSpecial Treatment Unit. Using a multiple case study design, this study aimed to evaluate thetherapeutic efficiency of the Victim Impact therapy module (designed to enhance empathy)through therapy and post-treatment administration of a series of both qualitative andquantitative measures of general and victim specific empathy.Pre-therapy, results indicate that this sample of incest offenders possessed an average level ofgeneral empathy in comparison with a sample of non offenders, yet lacked the ability toempathise with their victim(s). Post-treatment assessments revealed positive changes in theoffender’s ability to empathise with their victim. However, levels of general empathy111

emained the same.The findings of this investigation suggest that (at least for this sample) incest offenders seemto exhibit increased levels of concern for their victims as a result of undergoing specialisedtherapeutic interventions designed to enhance victim empathy. However, as the treatment ofchild sex offenders involves more than just empathy enhancement, further research isrequired to determine if these changes in victim empathy are associated with long-termrecidivism.Source: Author’s abstractMaxwell, G., Anderson, T., & Olsen, T. (2001). Women living without violence: An evaluation ofprogrammes for adult protected persons under the Domestic Violence Act 1995. Wellington,New Zealand: Ministry of Justice. Retrieved November 25, 2005, fromhttp://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2001/women_violence/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12250.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Maori, Legislation, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report presents findings from a 2-year combined quantitative and qualitativestudy assessing the effectiveness of two programmes in protecting victims of family violence.The programmes assessed were the Hawkes Bay Domestic Violence Intervention andEducation Project, and the Violence Intervention Programme, located in Wellington. Thestudy investigated the experiences of women who are victims of family violence. Barriers toattending the programmes were identified, such as time constraints and concerns aboutsharing personal information in a group setting. This report emphasises the importance of aninteragency collaborative approach to link women with resources so they may be protectedfrom violence. Meeting the needs of women, cultural responsiveness, accessibility, suitablestaff, and adequate funding were identified as components of an effective programme forprotecting victims of family violence. Recommendations include strategies designedspecifically for Maori victims, incorporating tikanga Maori principles and protocols.Maxwell, G., Barthauer, L., & Julian, R. (2000). The role of primary health care providers inidentifying and referring child victims of family violence. Wellington, New Zealand: Office ofthe Commissioner for Children. Retrieved November 25, 2005, fromhttp://www.occ.org.nz/childcomm/media/files/role_of_primary_healthSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12209.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Discipline/punishment, Health, CulturalpracticeAbstract: This study investigated how general practitioners (GPs) and Plunket nursesrespond to and assess suspected cases of family violence involving children. A postal surveycollected data from 381 GPs and Plunket nurses. Barriers to investigating incidents of childabuse are identified in the article, including the possibility of the patient terminating contact ifthe case was investigated. This article discusses s59 of the Crimes Act (1961) in relation tohow it creates conflict for health practitioners when determining whether a child has beenabused or not. How GPs and Plunket nurses respond when the presenting client is of anotherculture is also explored. Finally, the article highlights that health practitioners feel they needmore information about child abuse, including indicators and the legalities of reporting abuse.112

Maxwell, G., & Carroll-Lind, J. (1998). Distorted childhoods: The meaning of violence for children.Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, (10), 177-189.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12993.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Sexual abuse, Families, Children, Children as witnesses, Legislation, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article explores children’s perspectives and experiences of violence.Definitions of violence are discussed, with the witnessing of violence by children classified asa form of psychological abuse. The authors emphasise the dearth of research in New Zealandpertaining to children’s experiences of violence. The authors conducted a study of 259children, aged 11 to 13 years, to investigate the impact of violence on children, and whatevents affect them the most. Approximately half of the sample had witnessed adults fightingin the home. The authors found that witnessing violence was significantly detrimental tochildren, emphasising the vulnerability of children to events occurring around them. Sexual‘touching’ and physical violence towards children was uncommon, but when this did occur,the impact on the child was substantial with largely emotional as opposed to physicalconsequences. Implications for policy and practice, and means of prevention and interventionare discussed.Maynard, K., & Wood, B. (2002). Tatou tatou - working together: A model for government/nongovernmentcollaboration [Electronic version]. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, (18),79-91.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12180.pubTopic Areas: Policy, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This article describes the development process underpinning Te Rito: New ZealandFamily Violence Prevention Strategy, the Government’s strategy for preventing, reducing andaddressing family violence, which was launched in March 2002. It also discusses some of theassociated challenges and constraints from both a government and non-governmentperspective, and demonstrates innovative ways of meeting some of these challenges.McCarthy, J. (2005). When the living room is a battlefield: Posttraumatic stress disorder in victims ofdomestic violence. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13270.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Children, Victims/survivors, Children aswitnesses, Mental health, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis explores three women’s experiences of post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) symptoms as a consequence of being abused by an intimate partner and the impact ofPTSD symptoms on their lives. The purpose of this research was to document the impact thatPTSD symptoms have on victims of domestic violence. In the first part of the study, in-depthinterviews were undertaken with the 3 participants. The results of this study suggest that theimpact of PTSD induced by male partner violence has profound effects on victims ofdomestic violence and their children. Participants’ level of impairment ranged from mild tosevere. These interviews confirm that PTSD often goes undiagnosed, and therefore untreated.Participants found it difficult to separate the impact of domestic violence on their lives fromthe impact of their PTSD symptoms. However, there is evidence that ‘something’, whether it113

was the domestic violence or the PTSD symptoms, or a combination of both, representedsignificant barriers to leading happy and healthy lives, over and above the direct impacts ofdomestic violence per se.This study raised a number of implications regarding the concept of PTSD and its relevanceto battered women. The diagnosis of PTSD may help them make sense of, and normalise theirexperience. However, the ‘label’ PTSD could pathologise and encourage others to see themas deficient or damaged.In the second part of this study, a survey was mailed to 22 Family Court approved domesticviolence programme providers. The findings show that very few include information ordiscussion about PTSD in their programme content when they discuss the effects of domesticviolence. Study findings suggest that staff running domestic violence programmes lacktraining in this area.Source: Authors abstractMcDonald, A. (1998). Sexual abuse and recovered memory: A review of literature. New ZealandJournal of Counselling, 19(1), 1-16.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13071.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Victims/survivors, Prevention/intervention/treatment, CulturalpracticeAbstract: This article presents a literature review about sexual abuse and recoveredmemories. The author provides an overview of literature addressing forgetting and repressedmemories of sexual abuse, trauma, remembering, and age of recollection of instances ofsexual abuse. Various approaches to working with victims of sexual abuse are discussed,including the role of the therapist in this process. This article also reviews recommendationsfor future research in the area of sexual abuse and recovered memories.McDonald, A., & Webb, S. B. (1998). Recovering memories of sexual abuse: Clients’ experiences oftherapy. New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 19(1), 17-30.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13062.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Women, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article presents findings and discussions about recovered memories of sexualabuse. The data informing this article comes from 4 female Pakeha participants, who all hadcorroborative evidence of the abuse. The methodology was exploratory and qualitative, andemployed a semi-structured interview process. Discussions were held around the participants’experiences of first remembering repressed sexual abuse and the consequential effects of this.Consideration is given to participants’ experiences with counsellors, and their comments onthe qualities and attributes of therapists’ practice are explored. Limitations of the findings,especially with regards to the small sample size, are acknowledged. The findings of this studyindicate that participants had both empowering and disempowering experiences withtherapists. There was a general agreement over some preferred therapy aspects, andparticipants suggested characteristics and qualities of therapy they found desirable.McDonald, E. (1996, November). ‘A relationship in the nature of marriage’. New Zealand LawJournal, 423-424.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12944.pub114

Topic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Financial exploitation, Women, Victims/survivors,JusticeAbstract: This article examines the court ruling of Isabella Ruka, charged for DomesticPurposes Benefit fraud in 1995, and explores the context of intimate partner violence andbattered woman’s syndrome in this situation. This author argues that the two essentialelements in "a relationship in the nature of marriage", namely emotional commitment andfinancial interdependence, were not fulfilled in this case due to the severe and ongoingviolence perpetrated by Ruka’s partner. This article explores whether the existence ofdomestic violence justifies the dismissal of fraud charges in this instance.McDonald, E. (1997, December). Battered woman syndrome. New Zealand Law Journal, 436-438.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12958.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Justice, Mental healthAbstract: This article examines battered woman syndrome (BWS) and its relevance as adefence in legal cases. The author describes BWS as a subtype of post traumatic stressdisorder, and how this can lead to ‘learned helplessness’. Examples of cases where BWS hasbeen used as evidence in a woman’s defence are provided. The author argues that it may bepertinent for jurors and judges to have knowledge of BWS in order to understand why somewomen fail to leave violent relationships. However, often the difficulty lies in providingevidence of this contextual information imperative to understanding the specificities of eachcase.McDonald, E. (1997). Defending abused women: Beginning a critique of New Zealand criminal law.Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 27(4), 673-696.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12989.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Homicide, Women,Justice, LegislationAbstract: This article addresses the context of abuse in which women offend, particularly incases where women kill their abusive partners. Legal defences that apply to male offendingpertain to women also, and the author examines whether provocation, self-defence,automatism or insanity are adequate defences for women who offend as a result of violence.The article suggests that men and women have differing motivations for criminal offending,so the justice system must take account of gender, and consider the pervasive physical andpsychological effects of abuse. Legal cases are used as examples to illustrate the applicationof different types of defence, and to highlight the lack of understanding in the court system ofthe dynamics of abuse in instances of homicide.McDonald, E. (1997, November). Women offenders and compulsion. New Zealand Law Journal, 402-404.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13114.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Child homicide, Women,Perpetrators/offenders, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This article explores situations where women have not protected their childrenfrom abuse. Two case studies are used to illustrate this issue, including those of Tania Witikaand Lavinia Manukau. The male partners of these two women were convicted of the murder115

and manslaughter of their children. Both Tania and Lavinia were themselves victims ofdomestic violence committed by their partners. In both cases, the abuse of their children bytheir partners persevered for some period of time, but neither Tania nor Lavinia intervened.Both women stipulated that they were too frightened of their partner to prevent further abuseof their child. However, the courts viewed these two cases differently: Tania was found guiltyand received 16 years imprisonment as she was seen as partially responsible for the abuse;whereas, Lavinia was seen as helpless and was found not guilty. The article discusses‘battered woman’s syndrome’ and how this affects a woman’s culpability in child abusecases. The author contends that the context of domestic violence is not recognised in cases ofthis kind in New Zealand.McDonald, E. (2003, May). Hearsay in domestic violence cases. New Zealand Law Journal, 174-176.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13022.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Justice, PolicyAbstract: This article explores domestic violence prosecutions when the victim is absent.The ‘inability’ of the victim to testify leads to the admission of hearsay evidence. The authorexamines the definition of, and what constitutes the ‘inability’ to give evidence. Court casesare used to illustrate situations of victimless domestic violence prosecutions. Implications forpolicy are discussed, including the need to be explicit about how to best protect victims ofdomestic violence.McGregor, K. (1996). Children’s voices: A study of children who have experienced statutoryinvestigations into allegations of child sexual abuse. Unpublished master’s thesis, Universityof Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13135.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children, Adolescents, Children asvictims, Justice, Legislation, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Demographics/statistics, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This study asked 5 girls, aged between 12 and 16 years, who made eightcomplaints of sexual abuse, to identify helpful and unhelpful aspects of interventions bysocial workers, medical practitioners, police, lawyers, psychologists and counsellors.Initially an open ended questionnaire was used in a group setting; this was followed up by asemi-structured individual interview. The results showed that most of the girls found theintervention processes frightening at first; therefore having procedures explained to them washelpful. The girls expressed the wish that professionals talk directly to them rather than justtheir caregivers. The participants commented that making a statement to the authorities wasdifficult. Having to give details of the abuse to any professional brought unwelcome feelingsback and they very much disliked feeling pushed to disclose information. Medical procedureswere disliked because of the discomfort, the embarrassment and the feelings of vulnerabilitythat were evoked. Some girls said they felt disbelieved by police, others complained of a lackof liaison. Unresolved police cases left girls feeling in a state of limbo. Many professionals,including lawyers, police and counsellors, were criticised for being insensitive and rejecting.Sensitive and supportive personnel were appreciated and valued by the girls. The studyhighlights the need for investigative personnel to be more available, highly trained,effectively coordinated, monitored and accountable than they have been. It is suggested aquality control system is needed. In addition, an urgent need for prevention education isrecommended as a result of the finding that three of the five girls had been sexually abused bymore than one offender. Discussion on the development of policy in New Zealand is included.116

Source: Author’s abstractMcGregor, K., & University of Auckland Injury Prevention Research Centre. (2000). Abuse-focusedtherapy for adult survivors of child sexual abuse: A review of the literature. (Centre ReportSeries, No. 51). New Zealand: University of Auckland, Injury Prevention Research Centre.Retrieved February 8, 2006, from http://www.health.auckland.ac.nz/ipc//pdf/cr51.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12951.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Incest, Women, Mental health,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This literature review arose from the author’s research topic on the experience oftherapy for women survivors of child sexual abuse. The literature review begins with thehistory of child sexual abuse and an overview of developments that led to abuse-focusedtherapy. Chapter 2 includes recent understandings of the biological, psychological, social andgenerational effects of child sexual abuse to inform stakeholders of the necessity for specificabuse-focused therapy. The final two chapters are based on the views of therapists, and thesesections discuss effective practice with women survivors of child sexual abuse. Chapter 3explores the philosophical approach to this form of therapy, and the fourth chapter providesan overview of the therapy process. Limitations are discussed in this report.McKenzie, D. (2004). Happily ever after: Discourses of emotion, love and health in the intimaterelationships of young adult New Zealanders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universityof Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12034.pubTopic Areas: Young persons, Cultural factors, Gender, HealthAbstract: This thesis investigates the social processes and experiences that influence youngadult New Zealanders’ perceptions of their own and others’ intimate relationships. Itemployed an inter-disciplinary framework of critical interpretive medical anthropology and apublic health approach with a lifecourse perspective. A multi-interview method was usedinvolving more than 90 people interviewed either in focus groups, as couples, or asindividuals. Interviews focused on young people’s ideas and experiences of healthy andunhealthy relationships, as well as the influence of families, friends, and popular culture onrelationships.Source: Author’s abstractMcKenzie, K. H. (2004). Abused children in New Zealand/Aotearoa: Presentation and investigation.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13151.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Families, Children,Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse,Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practice, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This thesis had an overarching goal of identifying the interface between researchand practice in the area of child abuse investigation. The specific aims of the research were toexplore how abused children present to investigators, to identify the characteristics of thechildren’s disclosures and the role of disclosure in the investigation, to establish the factors117

that influenced child abuse investigators’ decision to interview children, and to makecomparisons between sexually and physically abused children. Three hundred substantiatedcases of child abuse (150 sexual abuse and 150 physical abuse investigations) investigated bythe Department of Child, Youth and Family Services of New Zealand, prior to July 2001,were analysed. Children were most often physically abused by their biological parents, andmothers were marginally more often the abusers than were fathers. Child abuse investigatorsoften tolerated physical assaults on children, particularly by mothers. Moreover, child abuseinvestigators did not routinely interview physically abused children or treat the abuse as acriminal matter, especially if there were complicating family dynamics. Sexually abusedchildren were usually victimised by unrelated, known males, less often by male relatives, andinfrequently by strangers, fathers, or step-fathers. Child abuse investigators usually did notrefer the young sexual offenders to the authorities for follow-up. Social workers often did notmeet with sexually abused children, but instead usually referred them for a forensic interview.In both physical and sexual abuse cases, social workers were more likely to take action ifchildren had made clear disclosures of abuse. The majority of factors that influenced childabuse investigators’ decisions to interview children were related to practice issues, in sexualabuse cases, or tolerance of parental violence towards children, in physical abuse cases.Source: Author’s abstractMcLeod, S. (2001). Exploring the ‘second closet’: A discursive exploration into the silencing andacknowledgement of family violence within the bounds of lesbian relationships. Unpublishedmaster’s thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13179.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Same-sex partner abuse, Physical abuse,Psychological/emotional abuse, Families, Gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender people, Culturalfactors, Gender, Policy, Media violence, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis is an exploratory study into the ‘second closet’ from which lesbiansmust emerge in order to acknowledge the violence that they experience within the bounds of alesbian relationship. It examines the discursive strategies that Pakeha lesbians use toacknowledge and silence the existence of family violence in lesbian relationships. Thisresearch has been carried out under the broad theoretical umbrella of feminist research using adiscourse analytic method of analysis. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried outwith 10 self-identifying lesbians residing in Christchurch during 2000. All women in thestudy acknowledged the existence of family or domestic violence in lesbian relationships. Thedefinition of violence as gendered silenced the existence of violence within lesbianrelationships, as men perpetrate violence and women are victims of it. This gendereddefinition is described by all participants in this study and occurs on three levels: theindividual, the lesbian community and the generic community. The basis for future study,challenging social practices surrounding lesbian violence, informing training programmes toinclude lesbian violence and targeting lesbian domestic violence interventions to empower, isset, and recommendations for future study and changes in social practices are made.Source: Author’s abstractMcMaster, K. (1998). Identifying and assessing risk in men who have a history of violence towardstheir female partners. (Master’s thesis). Lyttelton, New Zealand: Ken McMaster &Associates.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12041.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Social services,118

Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: The general aim of this study was to explore how workers in National Network ofStopping Violence Services (NZ) Inc./Te Kupenga Whakaoti Mahi Patunga member groupsassess risk of repeated violence in men accessing stopping violence programmes. The studyreports on risk factors identified within a sample of 373 men accessing a New Zealand-basedstopping violence programme. A survey of 23 workers running stopping violenceprogrammes was undertaken to see if the risk factors that they saw as salient were consistentwith those identified in other research. The results indicate a tendency to focus uponcontextual indicators of risk at the expense of dispositional, historical and clinical indicators.Results also show that there are a number of constraints to the thorough assessment of risk inmen presenting at stopping violence programmes, which include: lack of time, competingdemands on time, lack of training in risk prediction, and a lack of consistent tools toundertake the task.Source: Author’s abstractMcMaster, K., Maxwell, G. M., & Anderson, T. L. (2000). Evaluation of community based stoppingviolence prevention programmes: Research report. New Zealand: Victoria University ofWellington, Institute of Criminology.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11984.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Families, Women, Children, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Maori, Justice,Protection orders, Cultural factors, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practice, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The aim of this report is to ascertain programme effectiveness, and to informpolicy development and service requirements in the men’s stopping violence arena. Anevaluation of programmes and intervention models in Takapuna, Wanganui, Porirua andChristchurch was undertaken. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were utilisedto attain information about 83 male participants in these programmes. The informationobtained related to violent behaviours pre- and post-programme completion, family history,mental health, alcohol use and beliefs about women. Several methodological limitations arediscussed. The report deliberates how to best meet the goals of clients and significant others,and identifies factors that enhance programme implementation. Programme entry, completionand follow-up measures indicate a continual reduction in the perpetration of all forms ofabuse. Responses of male participants and their significant others revealed differentialinterpretations of violence, including the extent, severity and perceived behavioural changesafter programme completion. The benefits of a tikanga-based (Maori customs and values)approach are thoroughly examined.McMaster, K., & Wells, A. (Eds.). (2003). Innovative approaches to stopping family violence.Wellington, New Zealand: Steele Roberts.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12047.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Same-sex partner abuse,Women, Pacific peoples, Cultural factors, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This book examines various programmes aimed at addressing family violence inNew Zealand. Authors of various chapters cover issues and discuss interventions specific tofamily violence. In the introductory chapter, Ken McMaster and Daryl Gregory posit thatviolence intervention strategies must include an understanding of factors that maintain abuse,119

including the cognitions and behaviours of the abuser, and acknowledge that the abuser mustbe willing to change for any intervention to work.In chapter 1, "Working With Women Who Abuse", Glennis Dennehey and Morrigan Seversdiscuss the need for intervention strategies specifically designed for women who abuse, asthis group is often overlooked in the field of family violence.In chapter 2, "Working With Issues of Same-Sex Family Violence", Shona McLeodhighlights the differences between heterosexual and same-sex partner abuse, and suggests thatservices specifically for victims and perpetrators of same-sex violence are required.In chapter 3, "Working With Children Affected by Violence", Martin Kelly, Julia Andersonand Karen Dawson discuss the importance of building rapport with children who are victimsof family violence, in order to enhance their participation in intervention programmes.Supporting children and providing a child-friendly environment are also cited as importantfactors in the design of violence intervention strategies.In chapter 9, "Domestic Violence and Polynesian Families: Providing AppropriateInterventions", Susan Wurtzburg states that intervention programmes involving Pacific Islandclients must recognise this group of peoples’ unique cultural background and practices.McPhillips, K., Berman, S., Olo-Whaanga, E., & McCully, K. (2002). Preventing sexual violence: Avision for Auckland/Tamaki Makaurau. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland Sexual AbuseHELP. Retrieved March 6, 2006, from http://www.asah.org.nz/helpresearch.htmSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13208.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Women, Children, Adolescents, Youngpersons, Older persons, Victims/survivors, Children as victims, Violence against men, Maori,Pacific peoples, Asian, Migrants, Refugees, Justice, Cultural factors, Gender, Drug andalcohol abuse, Disability, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report is a thorough discussion of sexual violence in Auckland City. Itconsiders a wide range of victims, including children, adults, elderly, immigrants, refugees,prostitutes and disabled. The authors discuss international and local practice in the area ofsexual violence prevention, considering the needs of specific population groups, and currentprovisions for these groups. The report offers statistics, outlines vulnerability and risk factors,and ways to understand sexual violence. The authors recommend that improvements be madein the collection of data on sexual violence as current figures significantly under-represent thereality of the sexual violence. Other recommendations include raising awareness in culturallyappropriate ways, increasing funding towards prevention campaigns, and working with youngpeople to ensure they understand what is and is not acceptable behaviour.Medcalf, E. J. H. (1998). Managing the care of victims of sexual abuse: A New Zealand experience.New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 19(1), 43-53.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13040.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Victims/survivors, Health, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article explores issues arising in the management of care of sexual abusevictims. The Sensitive Claims Unit of the Accident Rehabilitation and CompensationInsurance Corporation (ACC) accepts claims for the psychological effects of sexual abuse,and manages the treatment programmes for victims. The author discusses the risks for ACCstaff working with sexual abuse victims, and suggests ‘vicarious traumatisation’ and burnoutare significant consequences. The article examines the influence of conflicting value systems120

within the Sensitive Claims Unit and how this can affect the way individual staff operate. Theauthor posits that in order to manage the care of sexual abuse victims effectively, thewellbeing of staff working with this client group must be ensured.Merkel-Holguin, L. (1998). Transferring the Family Group Conferencing technology from NewZealand to the United States. Denver, CO, USA: American Humane Association.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12221.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Families, Care and protectionAbstract: This paper compares the implementation of Family Group Conferences in NewZealand, where it originated, with the experiences of US communities implementing familygroup decision making approaches, with a concentration on family group conferencing.Midson, B. (1996). How psychologists can assist in the recovered memory arena. Waikato LawReview, 4(1), 167-179. Retrieved February 9, 2006, from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/law/wlr/special_1996/7_midson.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13024.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Children, Justice, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article discusses how psychology can assist law in recovered memory casesconcerning childhood sexual abuse. Firstly, there is discussion on how psychology informslaw by providing information that is useful to the courts, both in specific cases and in general.The author examines the role of expert evidence from psychologists, discussing both theeffects of trauma on memory, and the complainant’s behavioural characteristics and history.The issue of court appointed experts and the possibility of court appointed interdisciplinarylegal training are also discussed. Secondly, the report looks at how psychology can attempt toinfluence law and policy. It is argued that recovered memory cases cannot be adequatelyresolved by the legal system working in isolation.Miller, D., Thow, N., Hall, J., & Martin, I. (2005). Documentation of family violence in New Zealandgeneral practice. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 18(1212). Retrieved December 6, 2005,from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1382See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12771.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexual abuse, Families,Health, Mental health, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: The intent of this study was to determine the rate of family violence recorded bygeneral practitioners (GPs) during consultations. A sample of 447,809 consultations involving143,634 patients from 41 general practices across New Zealand was examined for thosedocumenting family violence issues. Three hundred and thirty-seven of the original sample of447,809 registered a family violence issue. The most common type of family violencerecorded by GPs was physical abuse (42%), followed by sexual abuse (26%). Mental healthissues, including depression and anxiety disorders, were noted in 18% of consultations. Theauthors conclude that there are low numbers of general practice consultations recordingfamily violence. However, GPs may not always record this information, or patients may notbe forthcoming in disclosing family violence. Recommendations include more training forGPs in recognising and responding to family violence.121

Millichamp, J., Martin, J., & Langley, J. (2006). On the receiving end: Young adults describe theirparents’ use of physical punishment and other disciplinary measures during childhood. TheNew Zealand Medical Journal, 119(1228). Retrieved February 9, 2006, fromhttp://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=1818See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13048.pubTopic Areas: Families, Children, Young persons, Children as victims, Discipline/punishment, Gender, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study investigated the prevalence, nature, and context of physical punishmentand other forms of parental discipline, as reported by study members of the DunedinMultidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Interviews were conducted with 962 adults,aged 26 years, about their experiences of discipline in childhood. Variables relating to theperson administering the punishment were also investigated. The findings show that while80% of the study participants were exposed to physical punishment at some time duringchildhood, prevalence was highest for primary school years. Punisher-related reports showedthat mothers were significantly more likely to use non-physical types of punishment, whereasfathers were significantly more likely to use extreme physical punishment. The use ofpunishment by parents appears to be influenced by many contextual factors, including gender,age, parent and family characteristics, and environmental conditions. It is suggested that thefindings of the study could help in the development of effective and positive parentingstrategies, and that they could be of benefit in efforts aimed at prevention and earlyintervention for at-risk groups.Milroy, S. (1996). Maori women and domestic violence: The methodology of research and the Maoriperspective. Waikato Law Review, 4(1), 58-76. Retrieved February 8, 2006, fromhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/law/wlr/special_1996/2_milroy.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13041.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Maori, Justice, Cultural factors, Gender,Cultural practiceAbstract: As part of a project on legal representation of women survivors of domesticviolence, this article outlines the research methodology used for interviews with Maoriwomen participants. The approach and methodology used in the research were based onfeminist theories of methodology. The application of such theories is critically discussed inrelation to research involving Maori participants. It is argued that had the research beendesigned from a Maori perspective, more of the issues of critical concern to Maori wouldhave been explored. To put these issues into context, the article discusses traditional Maoriperspectives on domestic violence, and the effects of colonisation on Maori in terms of theimposition of a foreign legal system.Ministry of Justice. (2002). Protecting our innocence: New Zealand’s national plan of action againstthe commercial sexual exploitation of children. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. RetrievedDecember 15, 2005, from http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2002/protect-innocence/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12802.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgenderpeople, Children as victims, Justice, Legislation, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report presents information on New Zealand’s response to the commercial122

sexual exploitation of children. Child prostitution, pornography, sex tourism and traffickingare examined in turn, including a discussion on the laws, policies, agency efforts andprogrammes employed to counter these forms of child abuse and exploitation. Researchfindings suggest that child prostitution is an ever-increasing phenomenon in New Zealand,with no single causal factor as to why this is the case. This paper proposes that transgenderedyouth may be particularly vulnerable to becoming involved in child prostitution due to thediscrimination and marginalisation of this group of people in society. Child pornography isalso on the increase in New Zealand, and this report discusses the coordinated efforts ofgovernment departments, such as Internal Affairs and the Police, in addressing this problem.Child sex tourism and trafficking are identified as notoriously difficult issues to investigateand prosecute. The report suggests that eliminating child exploitation and abuse is bestachieved through a combined multi-agency and government departmental approach.Additionally, education surrounding the issue of child abuse in general is required to raisepublic awareness of this global problem.Ministry of Social Development. (2001). The social report 2001: Te purongo oranga tangata:Indicators of social wellbeing in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12784.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Policy, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report is a government document highlighting the social health and wellbeingof New Zealand society as a whole. This broad report separates social wellbeing into thefollowing indicators: people, health, knowledge and skills, paid work, economic livingstandards, civil and political rights, cultural identity, the physical environment, safety, andsocial connectedness. The report records collective social goals and identifies areas for futuregovernment attention. The section relating specifically to family violence is ‘safety’, whichconsiders child abuse and neglect, notification statistics, and intimate partner violence.Current trends, an international comparison, and age, sex and ethnic differences are provided.Intimate partner abuse is summarised in a ‘violent offending’ category. Although the reportcovers economic factors and policy, it does not link these as a causal relationship with familyviolence. However, these statistics may be useful to the researcher. This is the first in a seriesof annual reports.Ministry of Social Development. (2002). The social report 2002: Te purongo oranga tangata:Indicators of social wellbeing in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12785.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Policy, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report is a government document highlighting the social health and wellbeingof New Zealand society as a whole. This broad report separates social wellbeing into thefollowing indicators: people, health, knowledge and skills, paid work, economic livingstandards, civil and political rights, cultural identity, the physical environment, safety, andsocial connectedness. The report records collective social goals and identifies areas for futuregovernment attention. The section relating specifically to family violence is ‘safety’, whichconsiders child abuse and neglect, notification statistics, and intimate partner violence.Current trends, an international comparison, and age, sex and ethnic differences are provided.Intimate partner abuse is summarised in a ‘violent offending’ category. Although the reportcovers economic factors and policy, it does not link these as a causal relationship with family123

violence. However, these statistics may be useful to the researcher. The structure of thisreport is based on the 2001 report.Ministry of Social Development. (2003). The social report 2003: Te purongo oranga tangata:Indicators of social wellbeing in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12211.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Policy, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report is a government document highlighting the social health and wellbeingof New Zealand society as a whole. This broad report separates social wellbeing into thefollowing indicators: people, health, knowledge and skills, paid work, economic livingstandards, civil and political rights, cultural identity, the physical environment, safety, andsocial connectedness. The report records collective social goals and identifies areas for futuregovernment attention. The section relating specifically to family violence is ‘safety’, whichconsiders child abuse and neglect, notification statistics, and intimate partner violence.Current trends, an international comparison, and age, sex and ethnic differences are provided.Intimate partner abuse is summarised in a ‘violent offending’ category. Although the reportcovers economic factors and policy, it does not link these as a causal relationship with familyviolence. However, these statistics may be useful to the researcher. The structure of thisreport is based on previous reports from 2001 and 2002.Ministry of Social Development. (2004). Children and young people: Indicators of wellbeing in NewZealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Retrieved December 1, 2005, fromhttp://www.msd.govt.nz/work-areas/social-research/children-young-people/children-andyoung-people-indcatiors-of-wellbeing-in-nz.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11920.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Child homicide, Children, Adolescents, Youngpersons, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This government report examines the wellbeing of children and young people byexamining 35 indicators ranging from health, to abuse, and voting numbers. It looksspecifically at child abuse and neglect as assessed by Child, Youth and Family Services, andat the intentional injury mortality rate taken from the New Zealand Health InformationService, comparing gender and ethnic differences in both.Ministry of Social Development. (2004). New Zealand families today: A briefing for the FamiliesCommission. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Retrieved January 16, 2006, fromhttp://www.msd.govt.nz/work-areas/families-whanau/nz-families-today.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13124.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Elder abuse and neglect,Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Families, Legislation, Mental health, Policy, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This briefing is a descriptive document containing information about New Zealandfamilies gathered from the census, administrative data, and research. The primary purpose ofthe document is to provide a first resource of factual information for incoming FamilyCommissioners. This resource identifies some government policies, programmes andlegislation that affect families. This document will be used by Commissioners for developing124

priority practice as opposed to putting forward recommendations for action or policy. Insection 1, the chapter titled "Families and Violence" describes information relating to childabuse, intimate partner abuse, elder abuse and other forms of family violence. Appendix 2highlights a number of legislative and policy involvements with families, and includes anextensive list detailing a wide range of both government and non-government social servicesin New Zealand.Ministry of Social Development. (2004). The social report 2004: Te purongo oranga tangata:Indicators of social wellbeing in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12786.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Policy, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report is a government document highlighting the social health and wellbeingof New Zealand society as a whole. This broad report separates social wellbeing into thefollowing indicators: people, health, knowledge and skills, paid work, economic livingstandards, civil and political rights, cultural identity, the physical environment, safety, andsocial connectedness. The report records collective social goals and identifies areas for futuregovernment attention. The section relating specifically to family violence is ‘safety’, whichconsiders child abuse and neglect, notification statistics, and intimate partner violence.Current trends, an international comparison, and age, sex and ethnic differences are provided.Intimate partner abuse is summarised in a ‘violent offending’ category. Although the reportcovers economic factors and policy, it does not link these as a causal relationship with familyviolence. However, these statistics may be useful to the researcher. The structure of thisreport is based on previous reports from 2001, 2002, and 2003.Ministry of Social Development. (2005). The social report 2005: Te purongo oranga tangata:Indicators of social wellbeing in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12787.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Policy, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report is a government document highlighting the social health and wellbeingof New Zealand society as a whole. This broad report separates social wellbeing into thefollowing indicators: people, health, knowledge and skills, paid work, economic livingstandards, civil and political rights, cultural identity, the physical environment, safety, andsocial connectedness. The report records collective social goals and identifies areas for futuregovernment attention. The 2005 report differs from earlier reports as the ‘child abuse andneglect’ indicator in the ‘safety’ section is renamed and changed to ‘intentional injury childmortality’. Statistical information is included on child maltreatment death rates, replacingprevious reports emphasis on rates of physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and neglect. Thesection relating specifically to family violence is ‘safety’. This discusses intentional injurychild mortality rates, and in a separate sub-category, intimate partner violence is summarisedin a ‘violent offender’ category. Current trends, international comparisons, and age, sex andethnic differences are provided. Although the report covers economic factors and policy, itdoes not link these as a causal relationship with family violence. However, these statisticsmay be useful to the researcher. The structure of this report is based on previous reports from2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004.125

Ministry of Social Policy. (2000). Survey of family violence providers. Wellington, New Zealand:Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12178.pubTopic Areas: Adolescents, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Children as victims,Children as witnesses, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report summarises the results of a national survey, carried out by the Ministryof Social Policy, to inform an investigation into the provisioning of family violence servicesto non-mandated and self-referred clients. It provides information on family violence that hasnot previously been available, particularly addressing the lack of relevant information aboutthese client groups. The survey focuses on family violence programmes aimed at adultvictims, child and youth victims and witnesses, adult perpetrators and youth perpetrators.Ministry of Social Policy. (2001). Review of family violence prevention in New Zealand: Plan ofaction. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12144.pubTopic Areas: Families, Women, Children, Adolescents, Young persons, Perpetrators/offenders, Maori, Pacific peoples, Migrants, Justice, Protection orders, Legislation, Culturalfactors, Gender, Policy, Communities, Education, Media violence, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This document discusses the social milieu that led to the formation of this Plan ofAction, and also comprehensively discusses a number of family violence prevention actionstrategies. This report identifies nine guiding principles for future development to addressfamily/whanau violence. It provides an explanatory commentary on the five focus areas ofattitudes, responsiveness, early intervention and prevention, cultural relevance, andcommitment and consistency. It includes a discussion on the process for implementingstrategy actions in these areas. The process for implementation is underway, and the FamilyViolence Focus Group will be developing a 5-year strategy for government departments toemploy. Broad definitions, theoretical explanations, and the diversity and nature of familyviolence are also addressed. This report was partly informed by the Ministry of SocialPolicy’s 2001 document Review of Family Violence Prevention in New Zealand: Report onthe Outcomes of Four Community Workshops. Other information sources for this documentinclude national and international literature reviews, interviews with key informants, andwritten submissions. This document suggests a holistic, intersectoral collaborative approachto preventing family violence that involves community and family, and places significance onthe specific needs of Maori and Pacific people’s.Ministry of Women’s Affairs. (2002). The status of women in New Zealand 2002: The fifth report onNew Zealand’s progress on implementing the United Nations Convention on the Eliminationof All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. RetrievedDecember 14, 2005, from http://www.mwa.govt.nz/news-and-pubs/publications/international/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12807.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Elder abuse and neglect, Women, Migrants, Refugees,Legislation, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report explores New Zealand’s response to the United Nations’ Convention onthe Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1979). The 16126

articles from the CEDAW report are examined to chart New Zealand’s progress inimplementing each article. Examples of topic areas covered include education, employment,political and public life, sex roles and stereotyping, and rural women. Sections withinformation specific to family violence include article 12, "Health", and article 16, "Marriageand Family Life". Article 12 briefly discusses elder abuse initiatives to be implemented.Article 16 reviews the Guardianship Act (1968), particularly changes to legislationincorporating the role of grandparents in child custody cases. The principles and goals of TeRito: New Zealand Violence Prevention Strategy (2002), the Government’s 5-year plan toeliminate domestic violence, are outlined. A brief description of strategies targeting refugeeand migrant women who experience partner abuse is included. The appendix containsinformation collated from the consultation process in writing this report, which involvedholding 22 workshops throughout New Zealand to obtain women’s views on the issues raisedin this document. In relation to the issue of violence, it was revealed that women want toaddress the origins of violence to engender social change, as opposed to the current reactiveintervention strategies employed to target this problem.Mitchell, K. J. (2001). Rape in the news: Media portrayals of rapists, victims and rape in NewZealand. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13254.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Cultural factors, Gender, Media violenceAbstract: In this study, the author analysed news media coverage of high profile rape casesto reveal the media’s understanding of rape. The cases were chosen for their ability tohighlight the different aspects of the offender, victim or crime. In line with the internationalliterature on which it builds, the findings of this study show a significant disparity betweenthe media’s portrayal of rape and women’s realities of sexual violence. Women’s typical rapeexperiences involve incidents in which the woman knows the rapist and does not sufferexcessive physical violence. Conversely, media accounts of rape typically involve strangersand extrinsic violence. Furthermore, when the media does cover acquaintance rapes, themodel of the violent stranger rape is used as the benchmark against which truth andseriousness are measured. Acquaintance rape is rarely held to be as serious as ‘real’ (violentstranger) rape, and aspects of victims’ behaviour and character are scrutinised for clues to hercredibility.This thesis finds that media representations of rape are therefore informed by ideologicalassumptions regarding gender appropriate behaviours. These stereotypical notions ofmasculinity and femininity are used to underpin explanations of rape. The credibility of bothoffenders and victims relies on being perceived as existing within these constructs. A victim’stransgression of feminine norms means that coverage is likely to be less supportive of her,and the rape is assumed to be less significant. An offender’s failure to fit the masculinestereotype means he is more likely to be configured as a ‘real’ rapist. The media’sunderstanding of rape is thus underpinned by the dominant discourse, in which rape is ungendered,infrequent, and associated with monster-like men, quite unlike ‘normal’ men. Thisstudy situates the media as supportive of the status quo in which rape is one tool of the socialcontrol of women.Source: Author’s abstractMoffitt, T., & Caspi, A. (1999). Findings about partner violence from the Dunedin multidisciplinaryhealth and development study. Washington DC, USA: US Department of Justice. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2006, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/170018.htm127

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13017.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Young persons, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuseAbstract: This report discusses findings from the Dunedin Longitudinal Study that tookplace over 21 years, following individuals from birth. The report discusses prevalence rates,the link between physical abuse and mental disorders, risk factors for perpetration andvictimisation, the link between domestic violence and other violent crime, and genderdifferences. Policy recommendations are also made.One-fifth to one-third of the young people interviewed were found to have experiencedpartner violence within the last year. Participants were more likely to perpetrate violence ifthey came from backgrounds that included violent juvenile crime, disturbed familyrelationships, and poverty. The authors assert that partner violence is related to other‘problem behaviours’, such as long-term unemployment, mental illness, drug abuse, andviolence against non-family members. Recommendations are made to intervene withteenagers, educating them not to use violence on partners, and to intervene with youngparents to reduce stress and protect their children from violence in the home. A multi-agencyapproach is also recommended as offenders may need legal, psychological and medical help.Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behaviour:Conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin longitudinal study. Cambridge,UK: Cambridge University Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13127.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Women, Violence against men, Mentalhealth, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This book examines and seeks to find answers to the questions of whether there aredifferences between females’ and males’ thresholds of risk for antisocial behaviours, andwhether the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder should be less for girls than for boys. Theresearch findings identify the overlying conclusion that females’ antisocial behaviours followthe same causal path as that of males’. Further, this book highlights that the diagnostic criteriafor conduct disorder should be at the same level for girls as for boys. Chapter 5, entitled "SexDifferences in Physical Violence and Sex Similarities in Partner Abuse", discusses variationsbetween male and female violence and aggression. While results show that males displaymore general violence than females, males and females converge when examining rates ofintimate partner abuse. Self-reports and partner reports indicated that females displayed asmuch (or slightly more) physical violence towards their partners as males did. The reliabilityand validity of data on female perpetrated partner violence is discussed in detail, includingissues of self defence in order to counter controversial debates about intimate partner abuse.Various other chapters touch on issues around mental health and violence, namely conductdisorder.Moffitt, T. E., Robins, R. W., & Caspi, A. (2001). A couples analysis of partner abuse withimplications for abuse-prevention policy. Criminology & Public Policy, 1(1), 5-37.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13327.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Young persons, Perpetrators/offenders,Violence against men, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This research used a sample of 360 couples from the Dunedin Longitudinal Studyto analyse aspects of intimate partner abuse. The researchers found that both males and128

females were perpetrators of abuse. The personal characteristics of both the male and femalein the couple were found to increase the likelihood of partner abuse. The findings suggest thatdomestic violence interventions aimed solely at treating the male as the perpetrator may notsucceed in reducing the incidence of abuse. Therefore, intimate partner abuse preventionprogrammes should target males and females as both perpetrators and victims of abuse.Moore, E. (2005). No sun has shone: Child homicide in New Zealand: An analysis of a small scalesample of cases 1980-2003. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington,New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13167.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Child homicide, Children, Victims/survivors,Children as victims, Justice, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis involves an analysis of 69 cases of child homicides that occurred inNew Zealand from 1980 to 2003 and that are considered solved. The source material for thestudy was data obtained primarily from New Zealand Coroners' inquest files. Informationgathering focused on the victims and their situations at the time of their deaths, rather than, aswith other studies, the offenders and their stated or supposed motivations. Murder-suicideevents were separated from homicides. Gender of both victims and perpetrators wasexamined, as well as victim's age and familial or other relationships to perpetrators. In 65cases post-mortem examinations were available and showed, contrary to both internationalfindings and the researcher's expectation that in only 15 cases (23%) was there evidence ofon-going abuse prior to the crime. The principal finding of this study is that by focusing onthe situation and factors surrounding the victims, rather than the offenders, a more completepicture of the child homicides emerges. The author argues that it is important to examinefactors that are common among victims, rather than perpetrators, to be able to understand andtherefore mitigate future child homicide. Because the data gathered in this study relates toonly a sample of child homicides within the relevant period, the findings have to be treatedwith caution. The author suggests issues and themes for future research.Morgan, R. E. (1996). The effect of sexual abuse allegations in custody and access cases. Unpublishedmaster’s thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13147.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children, Justice, Care and contact,LegislationAbstract: This thesis looks at the effect of sexual abuse allegations on custody and accesscases, and ultimately the children who are the subject of their parent’s applications. In allcustody and access cases, the Court must balance the positive and negative attributes andcircumstances of the parents to come up with a decision that will be in the best interests of thechild. The situation is no different in cases where an allegation of sexual abuse is made, andthe allegation, proven or otherwise, must be considered in the overall context of the child’swelfare. Policy, based on the child’s welfare, prohibited a child giving evidence in the FamilyCourt. However, it was argued that there was no legal reason why a child could not testifyand suggested that with the increasing availability of closed circuit television and video, itappeared that this option was becoming more viable. The writer argues that there are noblanket rules and that each decision, where custody or access is at issue, must be made on itsown facts, always in the best interests of the child.The issue of defining sexual abuse in the Family Court is explored in chapter 1. Chapter 2looks at the evidentiary process in the Family Court, and chapter 3 discusses standard ofproof. Chapter 4 looks at the effect of allegations on custody and access, and chapter 5, the129

cost of defending an allegation.Source: Author’s abstractMorley, C. (2004). Conducting risk assessments. In J. M. R. Egan (Ed.), Practice skills in social work& welfare: More than just common sense (pp. 127-145). Crows Nest, NSW, Australia: Allen& Unwin.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13330.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Suicide/self-harm, Victims/survivors, Gender,Education, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This chapter discusses risk assessment frameworks utilised by social workpractitioners when working with clients experiencing domestic violence. The process andreasons behind risk assessment are discussed from social work and feminist perspectives.Practice skills that social workers employ when conducting a risk assessment are considered,particularly universalising, normalising, contextualising, consciousness-raising, andaffirmation skills. Walsh’s 1999 Domestic Violence Risk Assessment is explored, andemphasis is placed on the need for an examination of perpetrator triggers, frequency, type,recency and severity of violence to determine the extent of control the offender has over thevictim. Correlates of domestic violence are also discussed. Links are made between survivorsof violence and self-harming behaviours, and the Barwon Health Suicide Risk AssessmentTemplate is included in this risk assessment discussion.Morris, A. (1996). A summary of the crime victims and women’s safety surveys, 1996: New ZealandNational Survey of Crime Victims, 1996: Women’s Safety Survey, 1996. Wellington, NewZealand: Ministry of Justice. Retrieved January 16, 2006, fromhttp://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/pvictims.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12947.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Justice, Policy, Social services, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report provides a summary of the New Zealand National Survey of CrimeVictims 1996 (NZNSCV) (1997), and the supplementary 1996 Women’s Safety Survey (1997).The aim of the NZNSCV is to provide another set of crime statistics to those of the Police,and to identify victimisation risk, the effects, and the circumstances of crime. Violentoffending (including family violence) and sexual offending rates are discussed, and the needsof victims are explored. A random sample of 5,000 New Zealand people aged 15 years andover comprises the participants of this first survey. Five hundred female participants wererandomly selected from a group of respondents in the NZNSCV who had identified that theyeither currently lived with a male partner, or had done so in the last 2 years. This survey aimsto measure the extent, context, circumstances and effects of violence on women. Surveylimitations are explored, and the initial responses of government and agencies are brieflymentioned in this report.Morris, A. (1998). The prevalence in New Zealand of violence against women by their current malepartners. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 31(3), 267-286.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13096.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Women, Demographics/statistics130

Abstract: This article employs the 1996 Women’s Safety Survey (1997) to determine theprevalence of partner abuse in New Zealand and women’s experiences of this. The authorasserts that in order to understand partner violence, one must appreciate the perspective ofwomen on this issue. The findings point to relatively high levels of violence towards womenperpetrated by their male partners. Many women disclosed that the negative consequences ofpsychological abuse were greater than that of physical violence. The data from the Women’sSafety Survey is compared with results from the Canadian Violence Against Women Survey(1993). The author discusses a range of methodological issues that could potentially influencethe results and subsequent conclusions drawn from studies of this kind.Morris, A. (1998, February). Victims of crime: The Women’s Safety Survey. New Zealand LawJournal, 46-48.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13106.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, WomenAbstract: This article explores aspects of violence against women by their male partners. Asample of 500 women drawn from participants in the New Zealand National Survey of CrimeVictims 1996 (1997) were interviewed about facets of partner violence. The article discussessome of the main findings from the study in relation to the prevalence of partner abuse. Whywomen remain with their violent partners is also explored. Overall, the findings indicaterelatively high levels of violence towards women by their male partners.Morris, A., & Maxwell, G. (1998). Restorative justice in New Zealand: Family Group Conferences asa case study. Western Criminology Review, 1(1). Retrieved November 16, 2005, fromhttp://wcr.sonoma.edu/v2001n2001/morris.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13337.pubTopic Areas: Families, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Maori, Justice, Restorativejustice, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: In this article, Maxwell and Morris, of the Crime and Justice Research Centre,Victoria University of Wellington, discuss the role that Family Group Conferences (FGCs)have when working with young people who have offended. The fundamental philosophy ofFGCs, in this context, is the idea of restorative justice, achieved through a meeting betweenthe young offender, their families and the victim. This article reviews how the FGC processcan be used to plan and implement responses to deal with the young persons offending. Thefindings suggest that there is a sufficient foundation in New Zealand upon which to build arestorative justice process for adult offenders. Further, this article suggests that FGCs are auseful strategy that can be employed by other countries who wish to work towards arestorative justice approach to offending.Morris, A., Reilly, J., Berry, S., & Ransom, R. (2003). New Zealand National Survey of Crime Victims2001. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice. Retrieved December 15, 2005, fromhttp://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2003/victims-survey/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12801.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Women,Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Violence against men, Maori, Pacific peoples,Justice, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report presents findings from the New Zealand National Survey of Crime131

Victims 2001 (2003). The aim of this survey was to determine the extent, context, risks,correlates, and effects of crime. A random sample of 5,300 people was interviewed to gatherdata on the aforementioned factors. Violence by partners and others well known to the victim,along with sexual victimisation, were measured by Computer Assisted Personal Interviewingto obtain reliable data on these types of crime. When comparing the results with those fromthe New Zealand National Survey of Crime Victims 1996 (1997), there appears to be littlechange in the number of people who experienced victimisation. The report examines variousdemographics, statistics and issues in relation to aspects of crime, for example: reportingvictimisation to the police and the victims’ satisfaction with the police; sexual victimisation;meeting the needs of victims; concerns about victimisation; and preventing victimisation.Some of the findings from the survey include: that violence against women is less likely tocome to the attention of police; that sexual victimisation had low reporting rates; that women,particularly Maori women, were more likely to have experienced intimate partner abuse; andthat almost all victims reporting sexual assault indicated the perpetrator was male, and mostknew their offender. Furthermore, women were more likely than men to be ‘very much’affected by partner violence. The authors suggest that more research of a qualitative natureinto the context of violence is needed. The findings for each issue are also discussed inrelation to the implications for policy and crime prevention strategies.Morrison, T. (1998). Inter-agency collaboration and change: Effects of inter-agency behaviour onmanagement of risk and prognosis for change in dangerous family situations. Paper presentedat the ISPCAN Conference, Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12050.pubTopic Areas: Families, Care and protection, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This paper explores the relationships between inter-agency collaboration andtensions, the management of risk, and the prognosis for therapeutic change in dangerousfamily situations. It considers how dysfunctional intra- and interagency processes impact onthe sharing of information, perceptions of risk, and decision making. A particular theme ofthis paper is the impact of institutional anxiety on organisational, clinical and clientresponses. The concept of professional dangerousness is also discussed. The nature andcomplexity of inter-agency collaboration is explored, and linked to conceptual models aboutthe nature of partnership with families, a key theme in child protection and welfarelegislation.Moss, J. (1999). World Conference on Family Violence: ‘Sharing Solutions, Changing the World’.Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, (12), 172-177.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13119.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Women, Children,Children as witnesses, Cultural factors, Health, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article reports on the issues raised at the World Conference on FamilyViolence, held in Singapore in September 1998. The aim of the conference was to discuss anddevelop long-term solutions for reducing family violence that would be applicable acrosscultures. The author discusses how people from different cultural backgrounds have differingbeliefs about the origins and or solutions to family violence. A child witnessing adult violenceis identified as a risk factor for violent offending or victimisation later in life. New Zealand isnoted as needing to make improvements in screening for indicators of family violence in the132

health sector. The article briefly mentions Strengthening Families, the New Zealand initiativefor reducing family violence, and states that this programme may be more effective if it wascommunity, as opposed to government-led. The outcome of the conference was the birth ofthe International Network on Family Violence, whose objectives include: sharing prevention,intervention and treatment modalities aimed at reducing family violence; multidisciplinarynetworking; advocating for social change; encouraging worldwide participation; andpressuring governments to tackle family violence.Munford, R., & Nash, M. (Eds.). (1994). Social work in action. Palmerston North, New Zealand:Dunmore Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12935.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Sibling violence, Physicalabuse, Sexual abuse, Families, Women, Children, Adolescents, Young persons, Victims/survivors, Children as victims, Maori, Pacific peoples, Care and protection, Discipline/punishment, Legislation, Cultural factors, Gender, Mental health, Policy, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This book looks at social work in Aotearoa New Zealand, and has a number ofchapters that relate to family violence.Garry Cockburn, the author of chapter 4, "The Children, Young Persons and their FamiliesAct 1989: Past, Present and Future", explores the development, implementation and potentialof the Children, Young Persons and their Families Act (1989). The symbolic relevance of theAct is discussed, as are its first, second and fourth years of operation. Government fundingand resource provision, with reference to the Public Finance Act (1989), are the focus of adiscussion on the Mason Report (1992). Care and protection aspects of the Children, YoungPersons and their Families Act are also a principal focus of this chapter.Charles Waldegrave and Kiwi Tamasese are the authors of chapter 5, "Some Central Ideas inthe ‘Just Therapy’ Approach". They discuss the development of therapy at the Family Centrewhere they work. They talk of working with women who have survived abuse, the therapeuticapproach of the centre, and changes to this approach through learning from clients. The ideaaround the development of the therapy was to make it all-inclusive to benefit marginalisedand oppressed societal groups, such as women who are abused.Lita Foliaki, the author of chapter 8, "Social Work and the Pacific Community", discussescultural beliefs about physical punishment of children and the conflict this can lead to inpractice for a Pacific Island social worker. The author also looks at the line between physicalpunishment and physical abuse, Pacific Island parents’ power within the family and in NewZealand society, and the state’s power and abuse of that power.The volume’s editors, Mary Nash and Robyn Munford, are the authors of chapter 13,"Feminist Contribution to Social Work: Social Work Through the Eyes of Two Women".They discuss aspects of social work from a female perspective and focus on topics such asfeminist principles, which can guide social work practice, female oppression, and sexual andphysical abuse. A case study is used to illustrate their discussion of the feminist principles.Lynne Briggs is the author of chapter 17, "Child Sexual Abuse: Precipitating Disclosure inPractice", which broadly explores the relationships between a history of childhood sexualabuse and various clinical outcomes. The discussion is applied to social work and counsellingpractice with clients who have, or may have, experienced childhood sexual abuse. Genderpower relations, the trauma and symptoms of sexual abuse, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,and dissociative techniques that sexual abuse survivors commonly develop, are discussed. Aframework for identifying sexual abuse and working with survivors of abuse is provided and133

a case study helps to illustrate the practical application of that framework. There are two partsto the framework: the Index of Sexual Abuse Indicators; and knowledge of women. Theauthor concludes that practitioners need a grounded understanding of the symptoms andbehaviours of the Index, of gender relations, and of how the two are related, to effectively usethe Index.Jim Depree, the author of chapter 19, "Teaming up With Families to Overcome Problems",takes a narrative approach to counselling work with families. A case example is utilised toexplore working with a family where one of the children is acting out through such behaviouras being violent towards her siblings. The context of the family’s problem and how the familycan develop new ways of interacting and understanding themselves is examined.The author of chapter 20, Pie Bowden, discusses Parentline Manawatu’s approach to workingwith mothers who seek help because they are under stress and abusing, or at risk of abusing,their children. This chapter outlines the development of a psychodynamic practice approach.The agency’s value base is explored and is noted to have had a greater influence than itsknowledge base in the early development of agency practice. This chapter also covers thedevelopment of a workplace model for one-to-one work and group work. A theoretical base,and its development for practice, are then discussed. The author concludes that ParentlineManawatu works from interactional and psychodynamic approaches, and that thepsychodynamic approach taken by the service can be hugely beneficial.Murphy, C. (2002). Women coping with psychological abuse: Surviving in the secret world of malepartner power and control. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton,New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13113.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Pakeha, Cultural factors, Gender, Policy, Social services, Cultural practiceAbstract: This thesis examines the coping strategies Pakeha women use in response to beingpsychologically abused. The sample consisted of 12 Pakeha women who had left their malelive-in partner no less than one year previously. From interviews with these women, theauthor uncovers women’s experiences of the abuse and their versatile responses over time.Using a feminist-grounded theory analysis, findings clearly demonstrate the chief influenceson the beliefs women held and consequently the choices they made. The four main influencesinclude: their partner’s ‘power and control’ tactics; gender socialisation; responses fromfamily, friends, acquaintances and institutions; and popularly understood definitions of whatconstitutes and what causes domestic violence. The myth that leaving an abusive partner isthe way to end abuse is discredited. Several theories show promise for aiding in theunderstanding of women’s complex coping processes. These include feminist theory; Frenchand Raven’s theory of the five bases of power; face-saving entrapment theory; socialconstruction theory; social identity theory; existential theory; relational theory; cognitivesocial learning theory; Belenky and colleague’s theory of women’s ways of knowing,learning and perceiving truth; intergenerational theory of violence; psychoanalytic theory andnarrative theory.The discussion places emphasis on the finding that women lose a sense of themselves as aresult of psychological abuse, but following a number of catalysts for change, they experiencea new-found inner strength which generates a change in beliefs and strategies. In spite ofsocial disapproval, minimal assistance from social institutions and ongoing separation abuseby their ex-partner, these changes reflect the value of self-care, a determination to pursue theirpotential and to shake free from the shackles of gender socialisation.134

Source: Author’s abstractNathan, L., Wilson, N. J., & Hillman, D. (2003). Te Whakakotahitanga: An evaluation of the Te Piritispecial treatment programme for child sex offenders in New Zealand. Wellington, NewZealand: Department of Corrections. Retrieved November 25, 2005, fromhttp://www.corrections.govt.nz/public/research/tepiriti/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12782.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Maori, Culturalfactors, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This evaluative study of the Te Piriti Special Treatment Unit for child sexoffenders found that this programme was effective in reducing sexual recidivism rates ofadult male offenders. Te Piriti incorporates Maori cultural principles into its treatment regimeand the authors found that this approach, combined with cognitive behavioural therapy, iseffective with both Maori and non-Maori sex offenders. Demographic and other statisticscompare Maori and non-Maori offence related differences and recidivism rates, and are alsoused to compare Te Piriti with Kia Marama, the programme for sex offenders located in theSouth Island. This study recommends the further use and development of Maori culturalprinciples in treatment initiatives with sexual offenders, with a view to extending thesepractices to other criminogenic programmes.New Zealand Parliamentarians’ Group on Population and Development. (2005). Creating a Culture ofNon-Violence. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Retrieved December 6, 2005, fromhttp://www.fpaid.org.nz/SITE_Default/SITE_fpaid/SITE_parliamentarians_group/x-files/14129.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12284.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Women, Children,Adolescents, Victims/survivors, Children as victims, Children as witnesses, Justice,Legislation, Policy, Social services, Demographics/statistics, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report contains the findings and recommendations from an Open Hearing intothe Prevention of Violence Against Women and Children held in Wellington in 2005.The report provides an international human rights framework for understanding andresponding to violence against women and children (including the Convention on theElimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979, and the United NationsConvention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, reporting requirements). It outlines the currentlegal framework and policy context within New Zealand, and summarises the currentsituation with reference to government statistics and recent research. Drawing on thesubmissions to the Hearing, the report goes on to highlight what is working well in terms ofresponding to and preventing violence against women and children (for example, successfulprogrammes in schools), and lists what needs to change.Recommendations from the New Zealand Parliamentarian’s Group on Population andDevelopment to other Members of Parliament conclude the report. These recommendationscall for: work on changing societal attitudes to violence; keeping a gendered perspective offamily violence; local community ownership of programmes and the involvement of men andboys in violence prevention; a review the effectiveness of protection orders; building onexisting programmes and strategies, rather than developing new strategies; resourcing crosssectoralcollaboration and coordination of agencies; workforce development of the voluntaryand community sector; recognition of the knowledge in the community sector; a consistent135

model for developing, funding, monitoring and auditing services; the collation of nationalstatistics about the incidence of violence against women and children; and family violencedeath reviews.The report will be used by the Ministry of Women’s Affairs for the 2006 CEDAW report.Newbold, G. (2004). A reply to Buckingham’s ‘‘‘Newsmaking’ criminology or ‘infotainment’criminology?" Inaccuracy, distortion and feminist doctrine. Australian and New ZealandJournal of Criminology, 37(2), 276-285.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12945.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Violence against men, Justice, GenderAbstract: This article is the author’s response to Judith Buckingham’s "‘Newsmaking’Criminology or ‘Infotainment’ Criminology?". In her article, Buckingham reviewed researchput forward in Newbold’s work and a criminology PhD thesis by Samantha Jeffries, GenderJudgements: An Investigation of Gender Differentiation in Sentencing and Remand in NewZealand, co-supervised by Newbold, that finds discrimination against men in the NewZealand criminal justice system. In particular, Buckingham argues that the way in which thiscontroversial and high profile media approach to criminology treats domestic violence againstwomen, can influence and mislead both the general public and public policy. At the heart ofthis debate is the question of gender asymmetry in domestic violence and the selective use ofresearch to support this. In particular, research from the longitudinal DunedinMultidisciplinary Health and Development Study is cited. One perspective on this research, asfavoured by Newbold, claims that both men and women have similar rates for committingpartner abuse; whilst the alternative view finds men 4 times more likely to be the perpetrator.In his response, aside from questioning the appropriateness of PhD students critiquing thesesin international peer-reviewed journals, Newbold claims that Buckingham selectivelymisrepresents his work, for instance, ignoring his more recent publication, co-authored withGlennis Dennehy, The Girls in the Gang, which looks at the physical and psychologicaloppression of women in the domestic context of the gang. Newbold contends that the justicesystem appears to pathologise women and see them as victims, often leading to a lessersentence. Some case studies of women who have violently offended against their children orpartners, taken from Jeffries’ PhD thesis, are used as examples to illustrate gender bias in thejustice system. However, Newbold agrees that men do more damage when they are theperpetrators of domestic violence due to their greater physical strength. Newbold argues thatBuckingham has taken his research out of context, leading to gross distortion andmisinterpretation of his work, and denies any undue influence over Jeffries’ PhD findings.Newbold recognises that unequal power relations between men and women contribute to thecontext of domestic violence, and concurs with Buckingham that different research methodswill produce differing results, so must be interpreted cautiously. He argues, however, thatBuckingham’s article goes beyond a difference of interpretation of research findings and is‘polemical’.Newton, D. (2001). Children’s perspectives on family violence. Unpublished master’s thesis,University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13152.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Children, Children aswitnesses, Cultural factors, Mental health, Policy, Social services136

Abstract: This thesis presents a qualitative research project that explores children’ssubjective experiences of family violence and identifies any ameliorating factors that helpedchildren to cope. The research is placed within the context of the sociology of childhoodparadigm where children are viewed as social actors in their own right. The study involvedtwo small groups of children, aged between 5 and 12 years, who had lived with familyviolence. The study utilised a variety of methods, namely focus group discussions, one-ononeinterviews, sentence completion tasks, and children’s artwork. All of the children hadparticipated in and completed the 10-week Family Violence Education Programme, run bythe two Women’s Refuges in Dunedin. The results are presented in themes; however, the keytheme of violence is central to the lives of the children, and underpins many, if not all aspectsof their young lives. The study findings show that children are able to participate in researchon topics that are highly sensitive and personal, and the author highlights coping strategiesdeveloped and used by children living with violence. The research concludes withrecommendations for future research, as well as for policy development and professionalpractice in work with children living with family violence.Source: Author’s abstractO’Neill, D. (1997). Men against violence: A poststructuralist critique of the science and practice ofstopping men’s violence to women in an applied community setting. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13166.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders,Cultural factors, Gender, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis explores and documents the science and process by which theManawatu Men Against Violence collective’s (MMAV) Stopping Violence programmeworks to stop men’s violence to their partners. It also describes some of the changes in anindividual that occur as a result of participation in the programme. The research employedthree data collection methods: participant observation, semi-structured interviewing, andliterature searching. Discourse analysis is the central research methodology, which unifiesand connects all three phases of the research project.A post-structuralist critique of the social science theoretical literature surrounding wife abuseforms the first part of the study. Five discourses were found to be operating in and informingthe field, between them affording a diverse array of theoretical accounts and interventionstrategies. The five discourses were: pathology (where men’s violence against their spouse isseen as ‘abnormal’ and understood as being ‘symptomatic’ of an underlying ‘pathology’);violence as an expression of inner tension; violence as an instrumental power strategy; wifeabuse as a consequence of the broader social system; and violence as a learned behaviour.The second phase of the study involved a participant observation strategy which exploredhow the MMAV works to stop men’s violence in the community. Observations concerningthe discursive content and structure to the programme were made. It was found that MMAVemployed four of the five discourses identified in the scientific literature and omitted one -‘pathology’. Implications of this discursive structure to the programme are discussed.The third phase of the study explored how the MMAV programme impacts upon participant’ssubjectivity. Semi-structured interviews prior to and following participation in a MMAVStopping Violence programme recorded narratives of the men as they accounted for theirviolence, the violence of others in the community, and described their intimate relationships.It was found a change had occurred as a consequence of their participation. The mendemonstrated an enhanced self and social awareness whilst exhibiting a greater sense of selfdetermination and control. The implications of such shifts and continuities are discussed and137

ecommendations for future research are made.Source: Author’s abstractO’Neill, D. (1998). A post-structuralist review of the theoretical literature surrounding wife abuse.Violence against Women, 4(4), 457-490.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12943.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Women, Legislation, Cultural factors,GenderAbstract: This article examines the various ways that the social science community hasunderstood partner abuse. The author takes a poststructuralist perspective when reviewingdifferent theories that have been used to explain wife abuse. The paper identifies fivediscourses: pathology; expressive tension; instrumental power; social system; and learnedbehaviour. The author discusses each discourse and the implications each one has for policyand practice, pointing out that the definitions and implications of the different discourses areoften incompatible, if not in conflict.O’Neill, D., & Hodgetts, D. (2001). Men’s family violence: A comparative analysis of news reportsand accounts of violent men. Communication Journal of New Zealand - He Kohinga Korero,2(1), 3-23.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13043.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Cultural factors,Media violenceAbstract: This paper reports key findings from a study involving a discourse analysis ofnews media coverage and perpetrator accounts of men’s violence towards their partners. Theresearch took two forms. Firstly, the authors analysed all television news reports broadcast in1995 on the major television networks in New Zealand. These reports overwhelminglyrepresented the problem as one of pathologically angry individuals. The actions of violentmen were placed within an intergenerational context of dysfunctional families andcommunity tolerance. Media spoke of breaking the ‘cycle of abuse’ through victims askingfor help and batterers receiving counselling. Secondly, 13 men, who had assaulted theirpartners at least once, were interviewed, and their accounts of violence analysed. In themajority of cases, the men spoke of anger problems and their inability to control their ragewhen stressed by external events, such as financial difficulties and their partner’s behaviour.O’Neill, D., & Morgan, M. (2001). Pragmatic post-structuralism (1): Participant observation anddiscourse in evaluating violence intervention. Journal of Community and Applied SocialPsychology, 11(4), 263-275.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13335.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Cultural factors, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This paper discusses the participant observation method of research applied via apoststructuralist approach, and in particular, the use of this method in evaluating acommunity-based stopping violence programme. Whilst participant observation is oftenutilised as a method for process evaluation, its role within a post-structuralist programme is aunique application of a well-established research method. This has significant future138

implications for social science research approaches to both participant observation andevaluation.O’Neill, D., & Morgan, M. (2001). Pragmatic post-structuralism (2): An outcomes evaluation of astopping violence programme. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 11(4),277-289.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13336.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Cultural factors, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This paper reports on a postructuralist outcome evaluation of a New Zealandstopping violence programme for men. Analysis of interviews, conducted before and afterprogramme attendance, found that the men’s accounts of their violence changed, as wasintended in the programme’s design. Overall, the men’s accounts demonstrated greaterresponsibility for their actions. However, this trend was not universal and other preprogrammediscursive resources were employed to mitigate this. This paper is drawn fromresearch undertaken from O’Neill’s PhD dissertation (A Poststructuralist Critique of theScience and Practice of Stopping Men’s Violence to Women in an Applied CommunitySetting, 1997).O’Reilly, L. (1997). Look back - step forward: Everyone an advocate for children: Address by LaurieO’Reilly Commissioner for Children. Retrieved November 16, 2005, from the Office of theChildren’s Commissioner Web site: http://www.occ.org.nz/childcomm/resources_links/reports_publicationsSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12720.pubTopic Areas: Children, Justice, Care and protection, LegislationAbstract: This paper discusses the need for greater advocacy of children’s rights in thepursuit of meeting children’s needs adequately. Various articles concerning the care andprotection of children from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)are examined, and this paper highlights how New Zealand falls short in meeting theseobligations. Recommendations include the need for more government resources to be directedtowards supporting families to protect children, and for the legal professions to act in the bestinterests of children in maltreatment cases.Office of the Commissioner for Children. (2000). Final report on the investigation into the death ofJames Whakaruru. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12813.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Child homicide, Families, Children, Children asvictims, Maori, Justice, Care and protection, Care and contact, Legislation, Health, Socialservices, Cultural practice, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report, by the New Zealand Children’s Commissioner, presents the findingsof an inquiry into the death of 4-year-old James Whakaruru in April 1999. The reportexamines the violence in James’ family and how child protection, police, health andeducation authorities responded to the family and to James in particular. The report highlightsagency failings, particularly in relation to interagency communication and collaboration,which were viewed as significant contributors to James’ death. A range of recommendationsare made for the improvement of interagency communication and the necessity for active139

involvement of family/whanau in child welfare decisions.Office of the Commissioner for Children. (2003). Report on the investigation into the deaths of SalielJalessa Aplin, Olympia Marisa Aplin. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12776.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Child homicide, Families, Children, Children asvictims, Children as witnesses, Care and protection, Education, Social services, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: This report investigates the deaths of sisters Saliel Aplin, aged 12, and Olympia,aged 11, who were killed by their step-father in December 2001. Failings by Child, Youth andFamily Services, the Police, schools and other professionals were identified as contributing toand maintaining family violence in the lives of Saliel and Olympia. Lack of interagencycommunication is emphasised as a significant factor undermining the care and protection ofthe sisters. Recommendations for improving interagency collaboration in instances of childabuse and neglect are made. Improving risk assessment strategies to incorporate talking,listening and responding to children is also recommended.Office of the Commissioner for Children. (Ed.). (2004). Proceedings of Children Call Symposium:Wellington, New Zealand, 11-12 February 2004, Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13275.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This paper is a record of the process, presentations and findings from the ChildrenCall Symposium, February 2004. Included is a brief best practice example from the Ministryof Social Development’s Agenda for Children (2002). Topics related to family violence thatwere addressed at the symposium include child abuse; children’s safety; emotional, physicaland sexual child abuse; and law and justice, notably solutions to child abuse with particularrecommendations to repeal s59 of the Crimes Act (1961). Feedback on these topics, receivedin breakout groups at the symposium, is summarised in the paper.Oliver, D. (2001). Police discourses on policing domestic violence. Unpublished master’s thesis,Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13056.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders,Victims/survivors, Justice, Cultural factors, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This research forms part of a larger, ongoing project led by Dr Mandy Morgan,Massey University, which addresses domestic violence from the perspective of its victims,offenders, and other service and intervention providers. This current thesis explores policeofficers’ experiences of policing domestic violence using discourse analysis.The methodological approach stems from a social constructionist paradigm, which holds thatlanguage is active and constructive in maintaining, contesting and transforming social reality.To this end, 12 front line officers were interviewed to discuss domestic violence. Theinterviews were transcribed and a discourse analysis was used to identify shared socialresources or discourses used by police officers in their understanding of domestic violence,the people encountered in its policing, and the problems experienced in relation to the proarrestpolicy. Officers made use of a variety of, often contradictory, discourses in their140

understanding of domestic violence, the people involved in it, and their role in policing it.While the analysis suggests officers continue to draw on discourses that blame victims andexonerate offenders, it also points to a discursive shift in police discourses on policingdomestic violence, particularly with regard to its seriousness and dangerousness, theimportance of policing it, and the utility of arrest.Source: Author’s abstractOlo-Whaanga, E. (2000). Responding to mothers who are ambivalent about their child’s disclosure ofsexual abuse. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13144.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Families, Women, Children,Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice, Cultural factors, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This research explores how some mothers may maintain a stance of ambivalence totheir child’s disclosure of sexual abuse in terms of their belief in the child’s account, or theirwillingness to support and protect their child, or both. Such mothers pose particulardifficulties for those staff charged with the responsibility for child protection. This qualitativeresearch was carried out to explore the reasons why some mothers respond in this way, andhow this may be influenced by child protection staff members’ response to them. Two groupswere interviewed: key informants who were experienced professionals working in the area;and a mother who was identified as having maintained an ambivalent response to her child’sdisclosure. The interviews were analysed using content analysis. It was found that factors thatkept mothers from believing and supporting their child include: their initial reaction of shock,disbelief and shame; self-blame; a mother’s relationship to the perpetrator; the relationshipbetween the mother and the child; cultural influences; the nature of the disclosure; lack ofknowledge about child sexual abuse; and a mother’s history of victimisation. This researchfindings also identified helpful and unhelpful behaviours of professionals in aiding mothers toshift from ambivalence, to belief and support of their child. Key turning points were identifiedfrom interviews in which mothers shift from ambivalence to belief and support. These includea confession by the offender, evidence, provision of information and education, and support.Implications for professionals responding to mothers identified as ambivalent are given.Source: Author’s abstractOsborn, A. (1996). Caregivers and elders: The caregiving relationship: An exploratory study of eldermaltreatment in New Zealand. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Canterbury,Christchurch, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13295.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Neglect, Families, Older persons,Perpetrators/offenders, Mental health, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study was initiated to increase understanding of the causes of eldermaltreatment in New Zealand and to provide victim and perpetrator profiles. A small study ofcaregivers was undertaken and three groups compared: caregivers who physically abuse theirelderly, caregivers who neglect their elderly, and caregivers who neither neglect norphysically abuse their elderly. Results showed that differences exist between physical abuseand neglect, lending support to the argument that researchers should cease to analysemaltreatment data as though ‘elder abuse’ were a single phenomenon. Similar to overseasresearch, findings also indicated that neglect seemed to be more associated with the stress,141

social isolation and elder dependency risk factors, and physical abuse with the intraindividualdynamics risk factor. Implications from these findings and future directions forresearch are given. Because this study analysed the physical abuse and neglect groupsseparately, the small number of participants in each maltreatment group meant that thisresearch was mainly indicative rather than conclusive. Nevertheless, demographicalcharacteristics of the elders and caregivers seemed to be comparable to profiles generatedoverseas, allowing comparisons to be made with greater confidence.Source: Author’s abstractOverall, S. C. (2001). Minimising the hostage effect: The implementation of the Dangerous SituationsStrategy in the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services. Unpublished master’s thesis,Massey University, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12081.pubTopic Areas: Care and protection, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Cultural practiceAbstract: This research report analyses a sample of 52 case records, and interviews 12 socialworkers in the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services, New Zealand whoexperienced violent incidents that were officially reported to the Dangerous SituationsStrategy (DSS) from 1996 to 2000. Social workers did experience a number of emotionalresponses that, if not dealt with constructively, had the potential for deleterious consequencesfor the social worker and quality of service delivery. The efficacy of the DSS as anorganisational response to workplace violence is discussed and further refinements suggested.It is concluded that the DSS was the beginning of an appropriate organisational response tothe pressing problem of workplace violence in the statutory social work services.Source: Author’s abstractPack, M. (2001). Sexual abuse counsellors’ responses to trauma and stress: A social workperspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12152.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Victims/survivors, Health, Mental health, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: Using a qualitative research methodology, this study explores the range of social,organisational and theoretical factors that impact on sexual abuse counsellors. The relevanceof vicarious traumatisation and constructivist self-development theory are investigated using asocial work perspective. Secondly, the relationship between sexual abuse counsellors’responses to trauma and the theoretical frameworks identified as fruitful in their work withsexual abuse survivors are explored. Thirdly, the significant others of the primary participantswere interviewed to elicit their perspectives of the impact of the work on their relationshipswith the counsellor-participants. This thesis adds to the body of knowledge about stress andtrauma among sexual abuse therapists by introducing a multi-layered understanding of thechallenges faced. It suggests that there are ways in which social workers and therapists candevelop awareness and understanding of trauma and stress on multiple levels. It underlies theimportance of workers sampling and integrating into their practice a wide range of theoreticalapproaches. Maintaining relationship is the primary theme which protects the counsellor fromthe fragmenting sense of disjuncture that is a key experience of sexual abuse work.Source: Author’s abstract142

Pack, M. (2004). Sexual abuse counsellors’ responses to stress and trauma: A social work perspective.Social Work Review, 16(1), 19-25.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13371.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Mental health, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article presents research that explored how theoretical, social andorganisational factors affect 36 Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) accredited sexualabuse counsellors from a social work perspective. The author examines the relationshipbetween how counsellors respond to their clients’ trauma, the theoretical practice frameworksthey use, and the impact of this work on counsellors’ personal relationships. Vicarioustraumatisation is discussed alongside strategies that promote worker wellbeing. This researchemployed a qualitative methodology, and randomly selected participants included socialworkers, psychotherapists, clinical psychologists, counsellors, and significant others of theseprofessionals. The research findings suggests that both sexual abuse counsellors and theirsignificant others require an avenue for expressing the ramifications of involvement in thistype of work. The author discusses the importance of personal values and philosophies, multitheoreticalframeworks, and a process-orientated, as opposed to a rule-bound, context.Parker, W. (1999, May). Family violence and matrimonial property. New Zealand Law Journal, 151-154.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13015.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This article examines the Matrimonial Property Act (1976) and the influence ofpartner violence on the division of marital property. Examples of legal cases involvingmarriages characterised by violence are used throughout the article to highlight the difficultiesof dividing property within the context of family violence. The author posits that violenceaffects a woman’s capacity to contribute equally to the marriage, so discounting the influenceof family violence means the offender has the same rights to property as the victim. TheMatrimonial Property Act is well behind other laws in addressing family violence, as thereare no consequences for the offender. The author suggests the perpetrators of partner violenceshould be held accountable for their actions, so penalising them financially is a step towardsthis imperative.Paterson, R., Luntz, H., Perlesz, A., & Cotton, S. (2002). Adolescent violence towards parents:Maintaining family connections when the going gets tough. Australian and New ZealandJournal of Family Therapy, 23(2), 90-100.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12952.pubTopic Areas: Violence towards parents, Families, Women, Adolescents, Mental health,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This article explores the subject of adolescent violence towards parents, andevaluates a group-based intervention programme designed to help mothers understand anddeal effectively with their adolescent child’s abusive behaviour. The participants wererecruited mainly through self-referral, and were all mothers who were victims of violence bytheir adolescent children. The group intervention strategy was evaluated using bothquantitative and qualitative methodologies. The findings reveal a reduction in violence, but143

the mothers continued to experience depression and other mental health problems. Thewomen in the study did disclose various positive outcomes from participating in the group,such as feeling empowered, support from others in a similar situation, and developing a senseof self.Patterson, T. G. (2002). Interviewer’s questions, children’s responses: Assessments of children whomay have been abused. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Otago, Dunedin,New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12312.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Children, Children asvictims, Justice, Care and protection, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis is based on interviews conducted with a sample of 26 children, aged 3to 8 years, who were assessed regarding concerns that they may have been abused, and on 88transcripts of children undergoing a diagnostic assessment for potential sexual or physicalabuse at a regional Child, Youth and Family protection agency. Three issues are considered:how children were questioned; how they responded; and the conditions under which thechildren disclosed substantive issues.The author argues that there are specific techniques that enable children to disclose abusemore comfortably, and specific techniques that inhibit any sort of disclosure. The authorfurther argues that many of the procedures in place in the court system currently fall in thesecond category and actually inhibit the child as they are focussed on evidence and proof,rather than putting the child at ease. Recommendations are made for further research in thearea of effective methods for interviewing children, as well as recognition of the three studiesin current practice.Paulin, J., Kingi, V., Huirama, T., & Lash, B. (2005). The Rotorua Second Chance Community-Managed Restorative Justice Programme: An evaluation. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministryof Justice. Retrieved December 21, 2005, from http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2005/rotorua-second-chance-community-managed-restorative-justice/index.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12783.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Perpetrators/offenders,Victims/survivors, Maori, Justice, Restorative justice, Communities, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report, produced by the Ministry of Justice, re-evaluates the Rotorua SecondChance Programme (RSCP). This programme facilitates a restorative system for offendersand victims of domestic violence and other violent offences. The purpose of this evaluation isto ascertain the effectiveness of the tikanga-based (Maori customs and values) restorativejustice process and to identify best practice principles. A description of the programme,including the objectives, cultural aspects, referral and restorative justice procedures isoutlined. The evaluation shows that the objectives around community and victim participationin the restorative justice process were met with approximately 83% of participating victims‘satisfied’ with the process and outcomes. The programme was not effective in reducing reoffendingrates as findings show that a one-year reconviction rate is similar between theparticipants in this programme and a comparison group matched for offending history,offence characteristics and demographic features. This report identifies that relevantstakeholders thought very highly of the RSCP staff; and the links between the programme, TeArawa Maori Trust Board and the community were valued. Best practice areas, in accordancewith the Ministry of Justices’ principles, are evaluated and four areas of improvement are144

identified. These are: that victims remain updated throughout the process; that victiminformed consent be obtained prior to beginning the process; that safety and supports for allparticipants be maintained; and that programme staff receive ongoing supervision andtraining. Particular issues around using a restorative process for family or sexual violence areanalysed as this is a sensitive and important consideration, especially when the victim is achild.Perry, N. C. R. (1999). An empirical study of applications for protection orders made to theChristchurch Family Court. Unpublished manuscript, University of Canterbury,Christchurch, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13245.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Families, Women, Children, Perpetrators/offenders, Children as victims, Children aswitnesses, Justice, Protection orders, Legislation, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This dissertation investigates the efficacy of the Domestic Violence Act (1995), theaim of which is to reduce and prevent violence in domestic relationships. The objectives ofthe research were twofold. The first objective was to conduct quantitative research to assessthe impact of the Act in the Christchurch Family Court on applications for protection ordersand the outcome of these applications. The second objective was to address areas of concernwhere research findings could help Family Court staff to address particular concerns they hadregarding applications for protection orders. A sample of 208 applications for protectionorders, made to the Christchurch Family Court between 1 January to 30 September 1997,were gathered for analysis. Data was collected from an examination of the affidavits filed bythe applicants in support of an application for a protection order; notices and affidavits filedby respondents to defend the making of a final protection order; information sheets; judges’notes; and Court orders.The results of the study show that almost all applicants for protection orders were women andof European descent. Just over half (58.2%) had previously reported their respondent’sdomestic violence and/or harassment towards them to police on at least one occasion prior tomaking their application. In 62% of the cases the abuse had been occurring for years (mean of4.5 years) and the analysis of the affidavits showed that the major grounds for applicationswere alleged psychological and physical abuse. Abuse also occurred in front of children(14.4% witnessed physical abuse and 28.1% witnessed psychological abuse). Children werealso subjected to physical abuse (18%) and psychological abuse (14.4%). The majority ofapplicants for protection orders obtained a protection order. Where applicants who applied tohave their proceedings withdrawn were compared with those who did not, there was asignificant difference by type of application (on notice and without notice), and whether therespondent gave notice to defend the making of a protection order. The author provides anumber of recommendations for improving domestic violence practice and concludes withsome suggestions for further research.Perry, N. C. R. (2000). An empirical study of applications for protection orders made to theChristchurch Family Court. Butterworths Family Law Journal, 3(6), 139-145.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12953.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexualabuse, Women, Justice, Protection ordersAbstract: This article presents the findings from a study of 208 applications for protection145

orders made to the Christchurch Family Court in the 9-month period from 1 January 1997 to30 September 1997. This study was completed for the author’s LLM dissertation, from whichthis article has been written. The research had two main objectives. The first was to examinehow domestic violence impacted on the applicants and their children, including violencewitnessed by children. It also considered the severity of the abuse that was happening prior tothe application being lodged. The second objective was to look specifically at why someapplicants later requested to withdraw their application for a protection order, and to examinethe Court’s decisions in these cases. The author makes comparisons between applicants whowithdrew their applications and those that didn’t, looking at variables, such as the type ofrelationship, the nature and severity of the violence, whether children or pregnancy wasinvolved, and history of withdrawing applications for a protection order.The research findings show that in the majority of cases the applicants for protection orders:were women; had been in a defacto relationship and the relationship had lasted for more thanone year; had separated from their partner before applying for a protection order, but had beenvictims of domestic violence again after the separation; had children under the age of 17 yearsstill living at home; and had suffered from a variety of forms of abuse. In the majority ofcases, applications for protection orders were granted. Just under one-third of applicantsapplied to withdraw their protection orders. This was more likely to happen if an applicant’spartner gave notice that they were going to defend the application. A high majority of theseapplications were discharged by the Court.Pettit, M. T. (1999). Violence in relationships: The experience of alcohol dependent women.Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13149.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Drug and alcohol abuse, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This dissertation describes a survey of the extent of violence and violence-relatedbehaviours experienced by women attending for alcohol and drug treatment. Eighty womenclients of the Community Alcohol & Drug Service, Christchurch (CADS) were interviewedwithin 2 weeks of agreeing to participate in the CADS Women’s Study, of which theViolence questionnaire was one section. The results indicate that the women experienced highlevels of many different types of violence. Individual violent behaviours or violence-relatedbehaviours had been experienced by as many as 90% of the women. Violence occurring onceor more a week was reported by 32.5% of the women, while violence at intervals rangingbetween one to three times a month and once or more a day was the experience of 65% of thewomen. They predominantly cited the personal attributes of their partners, rather than otherfactors, as the main reasons for the violence occurring. Despite just under half the womenneeding medical attention due to the severity of injuries received during violent altercations,only small numbers sought help through external agencies. Weapons, as a means of defence,were used by only 11 of the 76 women - most often the weapon being an easily accessible,household item. The women’s main reason for not seeking help was a belief that the violencewas their problem, with reduced trust in relationships being the main effect on their lives. Theauthor establishes the extent of the violence facing New Zealand women presenting foralcohol and drug treatment and discusses the implications of this. Directions for futureresearch are suggested.Source: Author’s abstractPipe, M.–E., & Seymour, F. (Eds.). (1998). Psychology and family law: A New Zealand perspective.Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press.146

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13061.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexual abuse, Neglect, Families, Women, Children, Perpetrators/offenders,Children as witnesses, Justice, Protection orders, Care and protection, Care and contact,Legislation, Gender, Health, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, Pregnancy, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This book explores research on issues concerning children’s rights and interests,family law and legislation, domestic violence, child abuse, and the impact on those who arevictims of physical, sexual or emotional abuse. Many of the chapters in this book addressissues relating to family violence.In chapter 2, "Family Mediation of Custody and Access Disputes", Fred Seymour and JanPryor explore custody and access issues, and discuss how domestic violence affects mediationdue to unequal power relations. Neville Robertson and Ruth Busch analyse domestic violencefrom a feminist perspective and various other issues in the chapter entitled "The Dynamics ofSpousal Violence: Paradigms and Priorities". In chapter 4 "Children: Hidden Victims ofViolence Against Women", Tania Pocock and Fiona Cram investigate the vulnerability andeffects of battered women on children. In Heather McDowell’s chapter, "Emotional ChildMaltreatment: Impact and Intervention", definitions of emotional child maltreatment areexplored, and the author utilises a New Zealand study to discover the indicators,characteristics, effects and adult outcomes of childhood emotional abuse. In chapter 6, "ChildSexual Abuse: A New Zealand Community Study", Eleanor Morris, Judy Martin and SarahRomans employ a research study to discover the impact of childhood sexual abuse on variousoutcomes in adulthood. In the chapter entitled "Listening to Children", M-E Pipe, K Salmonand G Priestley investigate the reliability and admissibility of children’s testimonies,especially in cases of physical or sexual abuse. In the final chapter, "Children’s Rights: HowWell Are They Protected by Legislation?", Gabrielle Maxwell examines the principles of theUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and its influence on NewZealand’s justice system.Pitama, D., Ririnui, G., & Mikaere, A. (2002). Guardianship, custody and access: Maori perspectivesand experiences. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice. Retrieved November 24,2005, from http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2002/guardianship-custody-access-maori/guardianship-custody-access-maori.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13122.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Children, Maori, Justice, Care and protection,Care and contact, Legislation, Cultural factors, Cultural practiceAbstract: This report presents a study, commissioned by the Ministry of Justice andDepartment for Courts, which aimed to provide information on Maori perspectives andexperiences of the Family Court services, in particular with regard to guardianship, custodyand access. The research was qualitative and employed a narrative approach. Severalinterviews were held with whanau who have been involved in Family Court guardianshipproceedings. Interviews were also conducted with legal counsel and social service providers.The methodology showed a commitment to Maori values, principals, language and culture.Those conducting the interviews were Maori, and the researchers attempted to ensure thatparticipants came from a diversity of whanau type. The study was conducted in two parts: apilot study and the main study. The report also includes a literature review of Maori conceptsof guardianship, custody and access. The report recommends that a number of key principlesbe investigated further in order to better recognise the Maori perspectives on guardianship,custody and access.147

Pocock, T. (2003). Making connections: The experiences of women and children in situations ofdomestic violence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13038.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Women, Children, Children asvictims, Children as witnesses, GenderAbstract: This qualitative research draws on feminist and poststructuralist theory to explorethe experiences of women and children in situations of domestic violence, and criticallyexamine the overlap between domestic violence and child abuse in this context. Pocockinterviewed 13 women who had experienced violence from their male partner and 13 of thewomen’s children.Pocock found that nearly all of the children saw, overheard or became aware of the violence,threats, intimidation and/or controlling behaviour that took place, but their experience of theirfathers’ abuse extended far beyond witnessing. The children were exposed to several of thesame physical, as well as non-physical, dimensions of abuse as their mothers, and theviolence impacted on them in a variety of ways. Children talked about being distressed,fearful, confused, anxious, never feeling happy or secure, living in constant alert and tension,feeling powerless in their relationships with their fathers, and resentful.The interviews with women revealed that their experiences of abuse, manipulation andcontrol around their children comprised a fundamental, but much neglected, dimension oftheir abuse. Children were deployed in a variety of ways by their abusive fathers (such asthreatening to kill or hurt the children), to co-opt the women’s compliance or submission, topunish, and to complicate or undermine the choices they had in dealing with and resisting hiscontrol and abuse. Men’s attempts to interfere with and undermine women’s relationshipswith their children, in tandem with the father’s ability to manipulate their children’sperceptions and loyalties, impacted on how women and children ascribed responsibility andblame.Pocock challenges conceptualisations of the ‘separateness’ of domestically violent men’srelationships with their children and identifies the numerous ways in which women andchildren’s experiences, safety and recovery are intimately connected. She maintains that anunderstanding of the connection between partner and child abuse should be central to the waywe approach, work with, and legally respond to women and children in situations of domesticviolence.Source: Author’s abstractPocock, T., & Cram, F. (1996). Children of battered women. Waikato Law Review, 4(1), 77-100.Retrieved January 17, 2006, from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/law/wlr/special_1996/3_pocockcram.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12973.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Women, Children,Children as witnesses, Care and contact, LegislationAbstract: This article reviews the literature and research surrounding the risk factorsassociated with children witnessing domestic violence. The authors begin by discussing thetrauma that children experience from witnessing domestic abuse and the subsequent socialfunctioning-related consequences. Evidence from research to date suggests that children ofbattered women are more isolated from their social networks and have lower levels of ‘socialcompetence’ that their peers. The authors discuss the risk of the ‘intergenerational148

transmission’ of violence when children are witness to domestic violence. The researchfindings support this notion as parents play a significant and influential role in their children’slives. Children witnessing violence are taught that violence can be used as a very powerfuland effective means of control. The authors further discuss the behaviour and adjustmentdifficulties of children who witness abuse, noting that these children often are often moreaggressive and disruptive that their peers. As throughout other parts of the article, findingsfrom the authors’ study of children living in Women’s Refuge are presented to support thisargument.The authors address the issue of children who are ‘direct’, as well as ‘indirect’, victims ofviolence, making the link between intimate partner abuse and child abuse. At the time of thisarticle, women abuse and child abuse have traditionally been examined in isolation. However,the authors highlight a number of trends that show the two to be inherently linked. Alsodiscussed is the significance of mothers’ health related factors, such as stress, and how thiscan increase the risk of emotional and behavioural problems in children due to the disruptionin parental and family functioning. Further, the authors also raise the concern of women andchildren’s vulnerability to abuse post-separation from their abusive partner. Even afterseparation, men can still control their ex-partners, often using the children as a target andexploiting their custody and access privileges. The article concludes by briefly discussinglegislation and the reasoning for supervised access. The authors make suggestions forlegislation to work in the best interests of the child, and caution that in relation to supervisedaccess, children’s psychological safety is as imperative as their physical safety.Polaschek, D. L. L. (1999). A descriptive model of the offence chain for rapists. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13169.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Perpetrators/offenders, JusticeAbstract: This study developed a preliminary descriptive model of the offence chain inrapists. Qualitative, primarily interview-based, data was obtained from 24 incarcerated NewZealand European rapists. The main source of data was a verbal description of the offencedeveloped by the offender during interviews with the researcher. This description includedthe cognitive, affective, motivational and behavioural features of the sexual violation offence.It was analysed using grounded theory methodology. The resulting model demonstrates howrapes unfold over time and includes both offender behaviour and offender responses to victimbehaviour.The model uses a number of variables to determine which path the offender followed, such aswhether the offender believed the act was a sexual assault, the nature of the pre-offencerelationship to the victim (stranger versus non-stranger), the level of force used in the offence,and the degree of victim injury. Using the model, analysis of the offenders’ individual offencepatterns indicated that they could be summarised in terms of three paths: seeking sexualgratification to enhance positive mood, escaping negative effect through sexual gratification,and redressing harm to self by harming others.Polaschek, D., Ward, T., Hudson, S., & Siegert, R. (2001). Developing a descriptive model of theoffence chains of New Zealand rapists: Taxonomic implications. In D. Farrington, C. Hollin& M. McMurran (Eds.), Sex and violence: The psychology of crime and risk assessment (pp.153-174). London: Routledge.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12991.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Perpetrators/offenders, Justice149

Abstract: This chapter details a model formulated by the authors that seeks to classify rapistsand their behaviours. The chapter is based upon a thesis entitled, A Descriptive Model of theOffence Chain for Rapists, which involved qualitative interviews with 24 European NewZealand men currently in prison on sexual assault charges. The authors conclude that themodel does work in specific cases, but needs adaptation before being used more widely. Thiswas being addressed at the time of publication.Pond, R. (2003). The legal response to men’s violence against women (ex-) partners: Narrativerepresentation of women’s experiences and discourse analysis of lawyer’s talk. Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12203.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Sexual abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Children as victims, Children aswitnesses, Justice, Protection orders, Care and protection, Legislation, Gender, Cultural andprofessional practice.Abstract: This thesis research focuses on New Zealand’s legal response to domesticviolence, exploring how the legal system serves the needs of women who experience abusefrom their male partners and ex-partners, and how lawyers make sense of partner violenceand the legal response to it. The author uses a feminist post-structuralism theoretical approachand interviewed 10 women, representing their individual accounts using narrativemethodology.The women’s narratives suggest the legal system does not consistently serve the needs ofwomen seeking protection from partner violence; many women were dissatisfied. Women didnot always feel that judges, lawyers, and other legal personnel treated their experiences ofviolence and psychological abuse seriously or empathetically. Some women also encounteredresistance when they attempted to protect their children through supervised access.The author also interviewed 18 lawyers working in the area of domestic violence andanalysed their transcripts using discursive methodology. Lawyers utilised many discourses tomake sense of, and constitute domestic violence and the legal response to it. Some discourseswere consistent with holding perpetrators accountable for their violence and with protectingwomen and children. However, many discourses minimised and detracted attention awayfrom men’s violence towards women, marginalised women’s experiences of abuse andviolence, and undermined women and children’s protection and safety. The author notes thatthe legal system maintains and perpetuates gender bias and oppression against women.Source: Author’s abstractPond, R., & Morgan, M. (2005). New Zealand women’s experiences of lawyers in the context ofdomestic violence. Women’s Studies Journal, 19(2), 79-106.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12332.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Justice, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article presents a study that examined women’s experiences of the legalsystem when they endeavour to protect themselves from domestic violence, and in particular,how they viewed the lawyer representing them. The study employed a narrative methodology.The author found that a common complaint of the women was that lawyers do not understandthe complexity of domestic violence, namely how abuse affects many aspects of the victim’slife. Many of the participants reported that their lawyer had poor communication skills,minimised or blamed them for the abuse, and often did not provide all the relevantinformation about their case. Those that indicated positive experiences reported that their150

lawyer did attempt to understand the situation, displayed empathy and listening skills, andseemed genuinely concerned about the safety and wellbeing of them and their children. Theresearch findings suggest that negative experiences of the legal system in domestic violencecases often exacerbate an already stressful situation.Pond, R., & Morgan, M. Harmful weapon? Empowering protection? Or just a piece of paper?Discursive constructions of protection orders by New Zealand lawyers working with partnerviolence. Unpublished manuscript.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13252.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Justice, Protection orders, Legislation,Cultural factors, GenderAbstract: This article examines how lawyers make sense of domestic violence and the legalresponse to such violence. Interviews with 18 lawyers working in the domestic violence areawere analysed using a feminist poststructuralist framework. The authors identify severaldiscourses used by the lawyers, and argue that some discourses help victims by focussing ontheir needs, while others hinder victims because they shift the responsibility for violenceaway from the perpetrator. The authors also identify the use of discourses that have mixedimplications for the victim, such as the view that protection orders can worsen the situation byangering the abuser.Pool, I. (1999). Fathers and the future. Paper presented at the Social Policy Forum, Wellington, 19thApril 1999, Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12016.pubTopic Areas: Families, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This paper uses data from the survey New Zealand Women: Family, Employmentand Education (1997), and the population census to examine family, behavioural anddemographic changes in New Zealand society. The ways in which family structure influencesthe family’s capacity to develop is discussed. This paper concludes that the best way toprotect children in New Zealand is to support the wellbeing of families.Porch, T. L. (1990). Attitudes of New Zealand police and social workers toward child sexual abuse.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of South Dakota, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13173.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Incest, Children, Justice, Legislation,Cultural factors, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practice,Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study investigated attitudes of 327 New Zealand Police and social workerstowards intrafamilial child sexual abuse. Respondents completed a questionnaire consisting ofthe Jackson Incest Blame Scale and a series of scenarios that depicted intrafamilial sexualcontact with children. A primary objective was to explore the impact of specific variables inthe abuse situation on perceptions of seriousness and predictions of long-term emotionaltrauma. A second objective was the identification of patterns of incest blame attribution. Ananalysis of variance revealed significant differences in perception of seriousness for all sixvariables manipulated: age of victim; gender of victim; relationship to perpetrator; chronicity;type of act; and profession of respondent. Significant differences in predictions of long-termemotional trauma were found for five variables: gender of victim; relationship to perpetrator;151

chronicity; type of act; and profession of respondent. Both police and social workersessentially viewed all situations involving intrafamilial sexual contact with children as seriousand likely to be harmful. Numerous interaction effects demonstrate the complexity of therating task and necessitate the use of caution when interpreting main effects. Exploratoryfactor analytic procedures were employed in an attempt to clarify the dimensions along whichjudgerants of seriousness and likelihood of long-term emotional trauma were made. Theseanalyses suggest that subjects discriminated among scenarios primarily on the basis of thetype of act and the age of the child. As in previous studies, incest blame was observed to be amultidimensional construct, as evidenced by the emergence of four blame attribution factors:representing offender; societal; situational; and victim factors respectively, in descendingorder of blame. Varying patterns of agreement and disagreement were identified as a functionof the respondent’s profession and gender. Implications for practice are discussed, along withrecommendations for future research.Source: Author’s abstractPotter, K., Martin, J., & Romans, S. (1999). Early developmental experiences of female sex workers:A comparative study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(6), 935-940.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13005.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Families, Women,ChildrenAbstract: This article examines the early childhood and family experiences of 29 of femalesex workers in New Zealand. Participants originated from Dunedin and Wellington, and wererecruited via the New Zealand Prostitutes Collective using the snowball method. The resultswere compared with data from the Otago Women’s Child Sexual Abuse (OWCSA) study.More than 80% of the sample had at least one experience of physical violence before the ageof 16 years, and in all but one of the cases the offender was a relative. Additionally, theparticipants were more likely than the sample of women from the OWSCA study to haveexperienced sexual abuse as a child. The sample of sex workers were also more likely tooriginate from a family characterised by discord and poor relationships, with the parentsreported as less caring compared to the OWSCA sample. The authors acknowledge thelimitations of the study, including the small sample size, the use of retrospective data, and thedifficulty determining the representativeness of the findings.Pouwhare, T. (1999). Maori women and work: The effects of family violence on Maori women’semployment opportunities. Wellington, New Zealand: National Collective of IndependentWomen’s Refuges.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12070.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Maori, Cultural factors, Health, EducationAbstract: This report discusses and analyses the effects of family violence on Maoriwomen’s employment opportunities. The research was undertaken through individualinterviews and focus groups with 30 women and is framed within the wider context of Maoriwomen’s experiences of employment and family violence. The report argues that bothemployment and education policies have increasingly marginalised Maori women and thatfamily violence intensifies this marginalisation. This is seen in unemployment and familyviolence statistics, in which Maori women are consistently over-represented. The author alsoargues that in addition to the negative health and wellbeing outcomes that family violencepresents to women, Maori women’s employment is affected through their partner coming to152

their workplace and creating scenes, increased sick days recovering from violent episodes,and lower productivity due to the stress of always being aware of their partner’s potential tobe violent.Pratt, R. J. (1997). Mutual help groups for battered women: An evaluation of a women’s educationprogramme. Unpublished master’s thesis, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13182.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Gender, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This study, based on a feminist approach, uses a mutual help framework toevaluate both the process and outcomes of a women’s education programme run by theHamilton Abuse Intervention Project. It documents the experience of the non-Maori women’sprogramme area. Group members completed individual topic evaluations and 10 participantsprovided feedback in in-depth interviews at the end of the 10-week programme. The fourfacilitators were interviewed three times throughout the programme. The education groupclearly fitted within the mutual help group framework. In addition, the study findings indicatethat being a group member is a very positive experience, with women experiencing reducedisolation, gaining strength, gaining an analysis of family violence, and reducing self blame.The experience of the group members was mostly consistent with previous research. The wayin which the group members gained strength was not well covered in previous research. Forfacilitators, the experience of facilitating the group was both rewarding and challenging. Themain challenge arose from the difficulties in negotiating an equal relationship with a cofacilitator.The group members did indicate that having two facilitators was useful. Thisindicates that it is worthwhile overcoming the difficulties in the co-facilitation relationship.Source: Author’s abstractPricewaterhouseCoopers. (2000). Improving outcomes for women and children using refuge services.Wellington, New Zealand: National Collective of Independent Women’s Refuges.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12042.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Children, Victims/survivors, Maori, Pacificpeoples, Asian, Migrants, RefugeesAbstract: This report is based on a performance monitoring tool developed byPricewaterhouseCoopers, which describes the connection between resources, service deliveryand the outcomes for women and children who utilise Women’s Refuge services. The initialfindings estimate that an increase in resources, primarily funding, will enable Refuges tobetter deliver early and crisis interventions, and prevention services. Greater and sustainedinvestment by the government is identified as a significant key to eliminating family violenceand its effects over the long-term.Priest, E. (2001). Justice for victims of sexual abuse and their offenders: Implementing a model ofrestorative justice and therapeutic jurisprudence. Unpublished master’s thesis, University ofAuckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13034.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Children as victims,Justice, Restorative justice, Legislation, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Demographics/statistics153

Abstract: This dissertation proposes a restorative justice model for sexual offending basedupon therapeutic considerations. The model is designed to be integrated within the existingcriminal justice system. In this way, the framework amalgamates new restorative initiativeswith positive aspects of the existing system to achieve therapeutic outcomes for sexualoffenders, their victims and the New Zealand public. Evidence supporting the rehabilitation ofsexual offenders, particularly the success of cognitive-behavioural therapy is discussed. Thesuccess of the Kia Marama programme for sexual offenders of children is examined, andfurther therapeutic initiatives that would help reduce sexual offending are suggested.Alternative justice models, in particular the concepts of comprehensive law, therapeuticjurisprudence, restorative justice, and victims’ rights are described and critiqued. Arestorative justice framework for sexual offending is proposed. The appropriate role ofvictims in criminal justice and whether restorative justice can achieve the objectives ofcriminal justice are identified as the two primary arguments against restorative justice. Theconclusion is drawn that the most therapeutic way to assist sexual offenders, their victims andthe community is by integrating a restorative justice framework for sexual offending withinthe current system.Source: Author’s abstractPublic Health Group, Ministry of Health. (1996). Youth mental health promotion, including suicideprevention: The public health issues 1995-1996. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry ofHealth.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13298.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Suicide/self-harm, Adolescents, Youngpersons, Mental health, Policy, Education, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statistics, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This paper examines public health aspects of mental health and suicide preventionand intervention, and makes recommendations for policy, research and programmes with theaim of reducing New Zealand’s youth suicide rates. Suicide rates are examined by age,ethnicity and gender. Child sexual abuse, physical abuse and neglect are identified assignificant suicide risk factors. Research findings suggest that the risk of suicide is highestamongst adolescents from dysfunctional families characterised by factors such as poorrelationships, sexual abuse and parental mental illness. Therefore, this paper posits thatprogrammes aimed at reducing youth suicide rates also need to address child abuse andviolence in the home. The benefits of family support and early intervention children’sprogrammes are discussed, and recommendations are made for an interagency coordinatedapproach to meet the needs of at-risk families to contribute to reducing suicide behaviour.This report examines the role of schools in identifying children at risk, and emphasises theneed for government agencies to respond more quickly to reports of suspected child abuse.Public Issues Committee, Auckland District Law Society. (1998). Compensation for rape and otherassaults. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland District Law Society.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13221.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape, Victims/survivors, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This paper examines the issue of compensation for victims of sexual assault orsexual abuse. Sexual violence significantly impacts the victim’s life in many domains, butavenues for compensation are virtually non-existent. The victim cannot sue for damages andseek reparation through the court system. The majority of members of the Auckland DistrictLaw Society believe that victims of sexual violence should be able to pursue restorative154

justice options in the form of punitive damages.Ratcliffe, G. (1998). The Social Security (Conjugal Status) Amendment Bill. The Bulletin of the NewZealand Psychological Society, (93), 26-30.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13098.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Legislation, Mental healthAbstract: This article discusses the ramifications of The Social Security (Conjugal Status)Amendment Bill (1997), and reasons why the New Zealand Psychological Society opposesthe Bill. The article explains the phases of the cycle of partner abuse, and the psychologicalconsequences of domestic violence. The reasons why women fail to leave violentrelationships are discussed. The author explores common long-term consequences of physicalabuse, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, learned helplessness, depression and anxiety.The article argues that the Bill does not acknowledge Battered Woman Syndrome or thecontext of intimate partner abuse. Potential problems with the Bill are identified, and theauthor suggests that the Bill does not protect women from violence, but further victimisesthem.Read, J., & Fraser, A. (1998). Abuse histories of psychiatric inpatients: to ask or not to ask?[Electronic version]. Psychiatric Services, 49(3), 355-359.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12948.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Mental healthAbstract: This study examined the prevalence of childhood sexual and physical abuse forpsychiatric inpatients. It analysed the reporting rates of abuse among inpatients depending onwhether or not they were asked bout being abused as a child on admission. One hundredmedical records were analysed from the acute psychiatric inpatient unit of a New Zealandurban general hospital. The medical records included people experiencing various psychiatricdisorders, such as major depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, and posttraumaticstress disorder. A comparison was made between records using the old admission form andrecords where the new form, which includes a section on abuse history, was completed onadmission. Findings suggest that the inclusion of an abuse section on admission forms bearsno significant impact on client disclosure rates. This report also suggests that findingsunderestimate the prevalence of abuse. The authors propose that this information is highlyimportant for the purposes of clinical management.Read, J., & Fraser, A. (1998). Staff response to abuse histories of psychiatric inpatients. Australianand New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32(2), 206-213.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13079.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Mental health, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study ascertained the responses of staff in a New Zealand psychiatric inpatientunit to the knowledge that patients had been subjected to sexual or physical abuse, inchildhood or adulthood. The medical records of 100 consecutive admissions were examinedand staff response was measured in terms of acquiring information about previous treatmentfor, or disclosure of, abuse; providing information, support or counselling duringhospitalisation; reporting to legal authorities; and referring for ongoing abuse counselling. Of155

the 100 inpatients, 57 were men and 43 were women (mean age was 37.6 years). Resultsshowed that 32 disclosed abuse, of which 44% were men and 56% were women. Eleven filesincluded documentation of previous treatment or disclosure; none were reported to havereceived support, counselling or information while in hospital; and three referrals were madefor ongoing counselling. Discussion includes recommendations regarding the need for unitpolicies that ensure routine abuse inquiry and staff training concerning response to abusedisclosures.Rickard, S. (1998). Koi patu koi mamae: Disciplining Maori children [Electronic version]. SocialWork Now, (11), 4-9.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12064.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Families, Children, Maori, Discipline/punishment, CulturalfactorsAbstract: This article examines a study that looked at Maori peoples’ attitudes towardsphysically disciplining children, and their motivation and reasoning for using this form ofdiscipline. Six Maori people, aged 21 to 67 years, were interviewed using a semi-structuredinterview schedule, and a thematic analysis was employed to identify prominent themes fromthe participants’ transcripts.A number of themes were identified as being common across all participants’ interviews.These included using physical punishment as a way to teach children right from wrong; the‘cycle of abuse’ (although it was found that the use of physical discipline was more likely tobe associated with being ‘Maori’ than the cycle of abuse); and racism (using physicalpunishment to try and make children fit better into a ‘Pakeha’ society in order to avoid racismcomments). The researchers also found that stress, frustration and anger were often precursorsto the use of physical punishment.The author concludes that dominant Pakeha ideological views need to be challenged by Maoriin order for change to occur regarding the discipline of children. The article also includes acomparison of an historical nature between Western societies’ way of disciplining childrenand those of traditional Maori society.Ritchie, J. (2005). Commentary: Women’s violence to children. Women’s Studies Journal, 19(2), 131-136.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12311.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Women, Children as victims,Cultural factors, GenderAbstract: This commentary discusses the differential treatment of female compared to maleperpetrators of child abuse and neglect. The author suggests that women deviating fromaccepted social mores of the nurturing female appear to be punished and judged moreseverely than their male counterparts. This review proposes that the wellbeing of children iscorrelated with the wellbeing of mothers. Thus, children must be shielded from abuse by theircarers and women must be protected from partner abuse in order to ensure a safe and securemilieu for children.Ritchie, M. S. (2004). Process evaluation of an emergency department family violence interventionprogramme. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13059.pub156

Topic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Health, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This study aimed to identify the enablers and barriers to routine questioning in theEmergency Department (ED) one year after the programme was launched, and the strategiesto address these barriers. Staff who have responsibility for routinely questioning women wereconsidered well placed to provide this information. The methodology selected was evaluationresearch using semi-structured interviews. The design included member checking andtriangulation of the findings. Eleven ED staff members participated in five (two group andthree single) interviews.The interviews revealed that routine questioning for partner abuse is difficult in the EDsetting as barriers to questioning exist, including a lack of privacy and time. Enablers, such aspolicy and training, support routine questioning and can minimise barriers. Participantssuggested strategies to overcome these. These barriers, enablers and solutions were eitherpersonal or organisational in origin and all had a common theme of safety.Source: Author’s abstractRobertson, H. J. B. (1997). Do we really love our children? In Children’s Issues Centre (Ed.), (n.d.),Community Collection. Paper presented at Children’s Issues Centre Seminar. Dunedin, NewZealand: University of Otago, Children’s Issues Centre.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13248.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children, Justice, Care and protection,Care and contact, LegislationAbstract: This paper examines how professionals can gain testimonies from children incontested trials, particularly in sexual abuse cases. The author heavily critiques the frameworkof videotaped evidence, including the collection of this type of evidence, the crossexaminationprocess, and how the courts utilise video evidence. Further, this paper discussesthe use of ex parte (without notice) applications for child custody and access cases and theauthor evaluates the appropriate use of these.Robertson, N. R. (1999). Reforming institutional responses to violence against women. Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation, University of Waikato, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12130.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Justice, Gender, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practice,Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: In this thesis, the author argues that a more comprehensive approach is needed toend violence against women in which multiple interventions are delivered in a consistent andcoordinated manner with the twin objectives of enhancing the safety and autonomy of womenand holding men accountable for the use of violence. Within the justice system, this can beachieved by legislative and administrative reforms which reduce the ability of decisionmakers to exercise discretion in woman-blaming and batterer-colluding ways, which ensurethat there is a common set of priorities across agencies, which provide for the sharing ofsafety-relevant information between agencies and which include mechanisms for batteredwomen’s advocates to monitor institutional practices so that decision makers can, in effect, beheld accountable to battered women.This study involved case studies of women who experienced difficulties with protection order157

enforcement; key informant interviews for an overview on the justice system’s responses tobattery; and lastly, document analysis of District, High, and Family Court decisions withrespect to domestic violence.Source: Author’s abstractRobertson, N. (1999). Stopping violence programmes: Enhancing the safety of battered women orproducing better educated batterers? New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 28(2), 68-78.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13080.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Perpetrators/offenders, Maori, Justice,Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This article reviews the literature around the effectiveness of stopping violenceprogrammes. It highlights that there are a number of problems when assessing how effective aprogramme is in ending violence against women. The author discusses how various modelsand formats are used across treatment programmes, and how this diversity contributes to theconflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of these programmes. It is pointed out thatthere are significant problems with many of the evaluation measures, for example, it is oftendifficult to tell what was evaluated, there are varying opinions as to what signifies ‘success’and how this should be assessed, and the unreliability of self-reporting by the participants.Because of this, the effectiveness of a programme is often overrated. The article concludes bysuggesting that there is a place for stopping violence programmes. However, they should beused in conjunction with other community-wide programmes aimed at protecting batteredwomen.Robertson, N. (2003). Battered women in New Zealand: Implications for general practitioners. NewEthicals Journal: New Zealand’s Journal of Patient Management, 6(2), 11-16.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12961.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Children, Victims/survivors, Gender, Health, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article aims to inform general practitioners about the dynamics and impact ofbattering and women’s experiences of partner abuse. The author argues that healthprofessionals are in a position to make a real difference to the lives of women who are abusedif they recognise and respond to partner violence. The article briefly covers the types ofpower and control tactics used by abusers, the myths about violence, including the myth thatwomen are as violent as men, the effects on women and children, how women cope with andtry to resist the violence, legal protection, and an intervention process for health professionals.Robertson, N. (2005). There are no magic bullets: The case for coordinated community interventions.Te Awatea Review, 3(2), 9-10.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13101.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Violence against men,Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This article is a summary of a seminar presented by the author at Te AwateaViolence Research Centre. The article is written in two parts. The first section addresses thequestion of whether women are as violent as men. The author discusses how many studieshave shown this to be true. However, these studies often use the Conflict Tactics Scale or like158

measures. The author highlights the deficiencies in using such as scale as an accuratemeasurement of violence. For example, the Conflict Tactics Scale fails to examine thecontext, impact or meaning of the violence; and it does not ask questions about sexualviolence. The author argues the importance of recognising the element of fear in men’sviolence towards women, noting a distinction between ‘violence’ and ‘battering’. In thesecond section of the article, the author purports that improving the coordination of socialservices leads to greater effectiveness when protecting the safety and autonomy of women.Efficient collaboration also means that violent offenders are held accountable for theiractions. The article concludes with a list of suggestions for effective collaboration.Robertson, N., & Busch, R. (1997). Seen but not heard? How battered women and their children fareunder the Guardianship Amendment Act 1995. Butterworths Family Law Journal, 2(8), 177-188.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13070.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Families, Women, Children, Justice, Protection orders, Care and contact,LegislationAbstract: This article discusses the influence of domestic violence on custody and accesscases, and examines the implementation of the Guardianship Amendment Act (1995) on thedecision-making process. The authors utilise a number of legal cases involving custody andaccess disputes in the context of domestic violence to illustrate the inconsistent application ofthe Act. Supervised access is one approach to ensuring the child has access to both parents,but this does not always guarantee the safety of the child. Often domestic violence isminimised or disregarded by the Courts, at the expense of mothers and their children.Russell, M., & Wood, B. (2001). A violence-free family environment: The views of parents who don’tsmack. In Conference Collection 2002: Children & Young People: Their Environments: 2ndCollection: Unedited papers from The Fourth Child and Family Policy Conference: Childrenand Young People 28 - 30 June 2001. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago,Children’s Issues Centre.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13244.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Families, Discipline/punishmentAbstract: This essay discusses a research study that explored examples of parents who havedecided not to use physical punishment as a discipline strategy with their children. Thirtyparticipants were interviewed by telephone, and the questions revolved around why they haddecided not to use smacking, when they had made this decision, and had they ever usedphysical discipline. The results indicated that the parent’s own experience of physicalpunishment in their family of origin was the greatest influence on discipline style. Themajority of the participants had decided not to engage in the use of physical discipline beforethe child was born, particularly due to their beliefs about the negative outcomes of smacking.Saphira, M. (2001). Commercial exploitation of children in New Zealand/Aotearoa (CSEC Project).Retrieved December 20, 2005, from ECPAT NZ Web Site:http://www.ecpat.org.nz/pdf/ChildProstitution.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12798.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Children, Drug and159

alcohol abuse, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: The aim of this study was to examine the extent and characteristics of thecommercial sexual exploitation of children in New Zealand, and produce results that may beused to inform child welfare policy. Questionnaires from 280 respondents who work withchildren, such as counsellors, community workers, social workers and police, were used togather information on aspects of child prostitution. The respondents felt that familybackground was a significant factor leading a child into prostitution: 64% said children theyworked with had been sexually abused in the family, and 72% had been physically abused.The findings show that 82% of children were known to abuse drugs, and of these, 72% hadbeen physically abused and 63% sexually abused. Strategies for eliminating the commercialexploitation of children are discussed, including more social and youth workers on the streets,and working to end violence and abuse in the family.Saphira, M., & Herbert, A. (2004). The involvement of children in commercial sexual activity.Retrieved September 9, 2005, from ECPAT NZ Web site: http://www.ecpat.org.nz/pdf/The%20Involvement%20of%20Children%20in%20Commericial%20Sexual%20Activity.PDFSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12201.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Women, Children, Adolescents, Maori,Pacific peoplesAbstract: This report presents a study that focused specifically on the reasons leading to sexworker’s first involvement in underage commercial sexual activities. The respondents had allbeen involved in prostitution since before 18 years of age. The research findings show that forthe most part, 18-year-olds were guided into commercial sex by others, and that they hadoften received suggestions in relation to setting a price. The majority of the participants hadattempted to leave prostitution; however, most were drawn back due to lack of money. Overhalf of the respondents to the questionnaire disclosed childhood sexual abuse. Compared withPakeha respondents, a larger percentage of Maori, followed by Pacific peoples, disclosedsexual abuse as a child. The authors suggest that young people who have experienced a highrate of sexual abuse, and who are living apart from their parents, may be more vulnerable tocommercial sexual activity exploitation.Saphira, M., & Herbert, A. (2004). Victimisation among those involved in underage commercialsexual activity. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from ECPAT NZ Web site:http://www.ecpat.org.nz/pdf/victimisation.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12225.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Women, Children,Adolescents, Maori, Pacific peoplesAbstract: This study explored the occurrence of violence in the lives of those people whobecame involved in commercial sexual activity before the age of 18 years. The study wascompleted in the Auckland, Northland and Waikato regions, and participants either completeda questionnaire or were interviewed. Respondents were predominantly of Pakeha or Maoridescent. Where a participant had become a prostitute before 18 years of age, they were askedabout childhood sexual abuse, and about sexual and physical assault since being involved inthe sex trade. Results showed that over half of the participants in this study disclosedchildhood sexual abuse. This rate was higher than that of a South Island study that did notinclude Maori, Pacific or transgender participants.160

Saville-Smith, K. (2000). Familial caregivers’ physical abuse and neglect of children: A literaturereview. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Social Policy. Retrieved October 31, 2005,fromhttp://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/sector-policy/familialcaregiverslitreview.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11993.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Neglect, Families, Children, Childrenas victims, Care and protection, Cultural factors, Communities, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This literature review discusses in detail the characteristics and circumstances thatinform our understanding of physical abuse and neglect by familial caregivers. It recognisesthat there are multidimensional explanations for abuse and neglect which incorporatecomplex interactions between individuals, families, communities and cultural systems. Thereview concludes that treatment and prevention services need to reflect those complexinteractions. This review contributes significantly to research-based knowledge regardingdevelopment of care and protection policies and programmes. A discussion of the researchmethod limitations and a strengths and weakness assessment of the research studies arereviewed within the report.Schofield, V. (2003). Elder abuse and neglect. Te Awatea Review, 1(1), 14-15, 18.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13009.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Older personsAbstract: This article explores the issues around elder abuse and neglect, and identifies thatsubstantially more research is necessary within New Zealand. The few small-scale studiespreviously undertaken in this area differ widely in their results, and as yet cannot be used toprovide accurate generalised data across the field. The author identifies areas of futureconcern, including the current dearth of knowledge, the limited use of policy initiativeswithout a wider knowledge base, and the growing ageing population.Semple, R. J. (2001). Psychological abuse in intimate relationships: A New Zealand perspective. NewZealand Journal of Psychology, 30(2), 60-72.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13318.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Legislation, Gender, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article discusses the prevalence and pervasiveness of psychological abuse inisolation from physical or sexual abuse. The author posits that, in New Zealand,psychological abuse may occur more frequently than both physical and sexual abuse. Theauthor defines psychological abuse for measurement purposes, as violence of this nature isdifficult to recognise. The widespread acceptance and tolerance of psychological abusetowards women, primarily due to overarching patriarchal beliefs of male control anddominance, is examined. Aspects of the Domestic Violence Act (1995) pertinent to this formof abuse are discussed. This article also analyses prevention and treatment programmes basedon a psycho-social perspective targeting both perpetrators and victims.Seuffert, N. (1996). Lawyering for women survivors of domestic violence. Waikato Law Review, 4(1),161

1-57. Retrieved February 9, 2006, from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/law/wlr/special_1996/1_seuffert.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13036.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Justice, Protection orders, Legislation,Cultural factors, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article presents the findings and conclusions of research that explored theinteractions of women survivors of domestic violence with their lawyers, and therecommendations to lawyers as a result of these interactions. The study involved in-depthqualitative interviews with 15 non-Maori women who had been subjected to domesticviolence, and interviews with lawyers who represent survivors of domestic violence. Firstly,the author briefly summarises the context of women’s experiences: the legal process involvedin obtaining non-violence and non-molestation orders, the histories of abuse that preceded thewomen’s applications for these orders, the gender bias in the legal system and amonglawyers, and the importance of safety to the women. The research findings, specificallyrelated to legal representation are then presented, including initial meetings with lawyers,counselling and mediation, and other specific aspects of client representation. Finally, theauthor discusses the importance of support for women during the process of representation,and of training for lawyers in the dynamics of domestic violence.An important caveat to consider is that the research was conducted while the DomesticProtection Act (1982) was in force. Therefore, in some instances the findings will be specificto practice and procedure under that Act. Some of these practices and procedures havechanged under the Domestic Violence Act (1995), and where appropriate, the article makesnote of these changes and of the likely impact on the findings that are presented.Seuffert, N. (1997). Battered women and self-defence. New Zealand Universities Law Review, 17(3),292-328.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12960.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Homicide, Women, Justice, Legislation,Gender, Mental healthAbstract: This article examines battered women who kill their abusive partner in selfdefence.Self-defence law is examined, and the author discusses Battered Woman Syndromeand its admissibility as evidence. New Zealand and Canadian self-defence laws are compared,and cases where women have killed their violent partners are used to highlight thecomplexities and inconsistencies of applying Battered Woman Syndrome as a defence. Thearticle discusses how stereotypes of women influence how the self-defence law is interpreted.The author suggests that the main players in the justice system need to have a betterunderstanding of the context in which women are led to kill their violent partners.Seymour, F. W. (1996). Memory and childhood abuse: The psychological evidence. Waikato LawReview, 4(1), 155-166. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/law/wlr/special_1996/6_seymour.htmlSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13042.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children, Justice, Social servicesAbstract: This article critically examines the psychological evidence on the various issues offorgotten or repressed memories of childhood abuse, with an emphasis on childhood sexualabuse. The issue of whether forgetting occurs, whether memories are ‘repressed’, and whether162

fake memories are possible, is discussed. The evidence for whether false memories areproduced in therapy and therapists use of memory recovery techniques is also criticallyexamined. The question of whether psychologists can assist in criminal trials is brieflycovered.Sharp, J. (2001). Family secrets: Young people’s ideas. Unpublished master’s thesis, University ofWaikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13138.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Psychological/emotionalabuse, Families, Children, Children as witnesses, Education, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This research aims to explore young people’s experiences of having secrets and theimpacts of secrets in their lives. Through discourse analysis the research reflects and analysestexts from interviews with young people, while presenting their ideas about secrets and howthey impact families. Dominant ideas relating to breaking the power of secrets for youngpeople who have experienced domestic violence are explored. Discourses that constitutesecrets are identified and discussed under four major themes of: the secrets experience,telling, family and counselling. As a result of reflections on the implications for practice, theco-researchers in this project have produced a pamphlet summarising ideas about secrets andadvice for counsellors and therapists.Source: Author’s abstractSharratt, A. (2000). An evolving justice system?: How do we best meet the needs of battered womenwho have killed their abusive partners? Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University ofWellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13162.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Homicide, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Violence against men, Justice, Legislation, GenderAbstract: This thesis is concerned with the criminal justice system’s response to batteredwomen who kill their abusive partners. The research addresses the question of how abusedwomen’s needs are being met within the current system, especially in relation to their legaldefence. The research is largely literature-based, and includes a review of court cases andcase studies.The author concludes that the needs of battered women who kill abusive partners are notbeing met: Whilst reference to ‘battered woman’s syndrome’ has been introduced in somecases, the author claims that the justice system fails to acknowledge the effect that years ofabuse has on women. The author recommends that any reform taking place in the area ofbattered women’s defences to murder should focus on the gender bias in the criminal justicesystem which limits women’s access to self-defence. The author argues that the interpretationand application of s48 of the Crimes Act (1961), (self-defence) should be afforded particularattention, with consideration as to why New Zealand diverges from the rest of the Westernworld with regard to this defence. Finally, the author concludes that before they areintroduced, any new defences should be evaluated for their potential impact on abusedwomen.Shepard, M. F., & Pence, E. L. (Eds.). (1999). Coordinating community responses to domestic163

violence: Lessons from Duluth and beyond. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11931.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Maori, Justice, Cultural factors, Communities, Socialservices, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practice, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This book focuses on the Duluth model of domestic violence intervention - anindependent community organisation that was set up to track domestic violence cases,contribute to monitoring and development, and provide specialist training and programmes.Several chapters outline the establishment of, and the background to, the Duluth AbuseIntervention Project in Minnesota, USA, discussing policies, methods of communitycoordination, systems monitoring, advocacy, programmes for victims, perpetrators andchildren, and evaluation.In one of the chapters, Roma Balzer describes how the Hamilton Abuse Intervention Project(HAIP) was established in New Zealand in 1991 using the Duluth model. The processthrough which Women’s Refuge workers and others decided to implement the Duluth modelis outlined, paying particular attention to how the model was found to be compatible with ananalysis of colonisation, the experiences of Maori women, and the New Zealand cultural andpolitical context. The author discusses the implementation of the pilot, the governmentdecision to withdraw funding, and the continued existence of HAIP as a community initiative,which lead the way for future collaborative domestic violence intervention projects in NewZealand.Silva, P. A., & Stanton, W. R. (Eds.). (1996). From child to adult: The Dunedin MultidisciplinaryHealth and Development Study. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12933.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Neglect, Families, Children,Adolescents, Young persons, Health, Mental health, Drug and alcohol abuse, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This book provides a summary of the results from the comprehensive DunedinMultidisciplinary Health and Development Study. This longitudinal study examinednumerous health, development and behavioural variables from a birth cohort of 1,037individuals born in Dunedin between 1 April 1972 and 31 March 1973 through to age 21.Various chapters present findings related to family violence and adversity, and the authorsdiscuss the implications for prospective prevention and intervention strategies.In chapter 9, "Mental Health", Rob McGee, Michael Feehan, and Sheila Williams posit thatadverse family circumstances are a significant risk factor for a child developing a persistentmental disorder.Terrie Moffit and Hona Lee Harrington examine the impact of family functioning on thepropensity to display antisocial behaviour in the chapter entitled "Delinquency: The NaturalHistory of Antisocial Behaviour". The authors suggest that child abuse is linked to antisocialoutcomes, and similarly, child neglect is a strong predictor of later criminal careers.Individuals showing life-course persistent delinquency are more likely to experience adversefamily circumstances, such as family conflict and poor parenting.In chapter 11, "Substance Use: Progression in the Use of Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs",Warren Stanton identifies some of the characteristics of multiple substance users, includingbeing a child of a substance user, being a victim of child abuse, having experienced mentalhealth problems, and having lived with family conflict.Sally Casswell’s chapter, "Alcohol Use: Growing Up and Learning About Drinking -164

Children in Dunedin in the 1980s", discusses the finding that children exposed to severealcohol related problems, for example, a violent or abusive father when drunk, are judged bytheir teachers as having more behavioural problems than their peers at 9 years old. A similarconclusion was drawn by the child’s parents when the children were 13 years old.Jan Pryor and Lianne Woodward examine the effect of family adversity on child developmentin the chapter entitled "Families and Parenting". The authors of this chapter suggest thatgrowing up in an adverse familial environment impacts negatively on child behaviour andcognitive performance, potentially having a lasting effect on an individual’s overallwellbeing. Another significant finding is that family conflict was a predictor of childhooddisorder at 11 years of age.Simpson, A., McKenna, B., Moskowitz, A., Skipworth, J., & Barry-Walsh, J. (2003). Myth andreality: The relationship between mental illness and homicide in New Zealand. Auckland,New Zealand: Health Research Council of New Zealand. Retrieved December 15, 2005, fromhttp://www.hrc.govt.nz/assets/pdfs/publications/mythandreality.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12800.pubTopic Areas: Homicide, Child homicide, Families, Perpetrators/offenders, Cultural factors,Mental health, Policy, Media violence, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study sought to discover what proportion of all homicides are committed bypeople with a serious mental illness, establish any existing trends in this proportionalhomicide rate, and discern their victims’ characteristics. A retrospective study was employedto gather information on all persons committing homicide in New Zealand between 1970 and2000. This data was obtained from various Governmental datasets, such as the PoliceHomicide Monitoring database, Ministry of Health records, and the New Zealand ParoleBoard records of all people convicted of murder. This authors discovered that victims ofhomicide committed by people with a serious mental illness were more likely to be familymembers. The results of the study also show that the rate of homicide committed by peoplewith a serious mental illness has reduced as a proportion of total homicides, from 19% in1970 to 4% in 2000. Therefore, as there is a lower risk of homicide being committed bypersons with a serious mental illness, the authors question the widespread public perceptionthat mental health services are not protecting society from harm. The authors suggest that themedia plays a significant role in influencing and exacerbating negative and misleading imagesof persons with a serious mental illness. Implications and recommendations for policy andfuture research in the area of mental health are also discussed.Smith, A. B. (2005). Children’s rights to protection from physical punishment in their homes: Theoryand research. Paper presented at the Childhoods 2005 International Conference, Oslo,Norway. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.otago.ac.nz/cic/publications/0510Smith05ChildrensRights.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12977.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Discipline/punishment, Mental healthAbstract: This conference paper examines the use of physical punishment from a socialsciences point of view. The author discusses five theoretical perspectives in relation tophysical punishment as a framework for the discussion. The author draws on a review ofresearch to argue that physical punishment is an ineffective and detrimental means fordisciplining children. Research findings consistently show that physical punishment used as aform of family discipline has a number of negative long-term effects on children’sdevelopment. Some of these effects include: antisocial behaviour, for example, aggression165

towards others; poorer cognitive development and lower academic achievement; poorerrelationships between children and their parents and attachment issues; mental healthproblems, for example, depression, anxiety and suicidal behaviours; and inhibitedinternalisation of moral values. The author concludes that there is very little research thatsupports the use of physical punishment.Smith, A. B. (2005). Is physical punishment a mental health risk for children? Paper presented at theChild and Adolescent Mental Health Conference, Dunedin, New Zealand. Retrieved January26, 2006, from http://www.otago.ac.nz/cic/publications/0510Smith05IsPhysicalPun.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13031.pubTopic Areas: Children, Discipline/punishment, Mental healthAbstract: This paper explores various international and national research and theory thatsuggests the disciplining of children with physical punishment is detrimental. The theoreticalframework for discipline and punishment is discussed through such theories as socio-culturaltheory, social learning theory, and ecological theory. The author provides a summary of theevidence of the effects of physical discipline on children. Five areas of the long-term effectsof physical punishment are discussed: social behaviour, cognitive effects, quality of parentchildrelationships, mental health, and moral internalisation. This paper also looks at the someof the work to change parental disciplinary practices. The paper concludes that there is littleevidence to support the physical punishment of children as a means of discipline. The authorsuggests that, although compliance is the desired goal behind disciplining children, alternativedisciplinary methods may prove to be more positive for long-term outcomes than physicalpunishment.Smith, A., Gollop, M., & Taylor, N. (1998). Children’s voices in foster or kinship care: Knowledge,understanding and participation. In Children’s Issues Centre (Ed.), (n.d.), Children’s VoicesCollection. Paper presented at the Twelfth International Congress on Child Abuse andNeglect, Auckland. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago, Children’s Issues Centre.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13365.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Care and protection, Care and contact,Cultural practiceAbstract: This qualitative paper examines state care and protection interventions into thelives of 10 children in Dunedin. The intention of this research is to determine the level ofunderstanding that these children had of their placement situations, the reasons behind thembeing in out of home care, and the child’s involvement in decisions about their lives.Participants interviewed included the children, caregivers, and where possible, their socialworkers, with two follow-up interviews conducted for each child. Results included children’sknowledge of why they were in care, their knowledge and understanding of agencies andprofessionals who are involved in their lives, and children’s participation in the decisions thataffect their lives. The findings indicate that the majority of children did not understand whythey were in care and were confused about the roles of professionals. Seventy percent ofchildren stated that they were listened to about placement options and family contact.Personal accounts of children’s stories about how and why they came into care are included,some of which discuss family violence.Smith, A. B., Gollop, M. M., Taylor, N. J., & Marshall, K. A. (2004). The discipline and guidance ofchildren: A summary of research. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago, Children’s166

Issues Centre. Retrieved October 21, 2005, from http://www.occ.org.nz/media/files/discipline_guidanceSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12262.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Families, Children, Children asvictims, Discipline/punishment, LegislationAbstract: This report was commissioned by the Office of the Children’s Commissioner. Itsaim is to provide parents and professionals with fundamental knowledge surrounding thenegative effects that physical punishment has on children’s behaviour and wellbeing. It is alsohoped that the report will lead to more informed discussions and decision making around thedebate concerning s59 of the Crimes Act (1961). This report is a summary of a larger reporton national and international research findings on family discipline that was prepared foracademics and policy makers.The report summarises that many studies have shown that long-term use of physicalpunishment as a form of discipline is associated with negative outcomes in children’sbehaviour. Furthermore, there are both immediate and long-term effects on children,including: social behaviour, intellectual development, quality of parent-child relationship,mental health problems, and moral internalisation. The report also states that physicalpunishment is not proven to result in compliance. Instead, children should be surrounded by asafe and loving environment where they are clear about what is expected of them, withrewards for good behaviour and minor reprimand for disobedience.Smith, A. B., Gollop, M. M., Taylor, N. J., & Marshall, K. A. (Eds.). (2005). The discipline andguidance of children: Messages from research: A review of the literature for the Office of theChildren’s Commissioner by the Children’s Issues Centre. Dunedin, New Zealand:University of Otago, Children’s Issues Centre. Retrieved December 9, 2005, fromhttp://www.occ.org.nz/media/files/discipline_guidanceSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12285.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Families, Children, Children asvictims, Maori, Pacific peoples, Discipline/punishment, Legislation, Cultural factors, Gender,Mental health, Religion/spirituality, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report presents a review of the literature pertaining to the discipline ofchildren within the family milieu. The negative consequences for children who haveexperienced physical discipline are examined in detail, including adverse social behaviours,impaired cognitive development, mental health problems, substance abuse, and poor qualityparent-child relationships. The report examines differences in the prevalence and severity ofuse of physical discipline across ethnic groups; however, the authors note that more researchis needed on this issue pertinent to the New Zealand context. The influence of religiousideologies on parental disciplinary strategies is discussed, although this area is also earmarkedfor future research.The report addresses factors that influence parenting practices, namely child characteristics,parental educational attainment, mental health issues, and the parents’ own childhoodexperiences. Contextual variables, such as socio-economic status, family size, and maritalstatus, are also identified as shaping parenting style. Differences between male and femaleuse of physical discipline, and the type of punishment meted out dependent on the gender ofthe child are analysed.Also included in this report is an exploration of children’s perspectives on physicalpunishment and international responses to the issue of disciplining children. The reportconcludes by offering recommendations, including education for parents about alternative167

discipline tactics, and public awareness campaigns on the effects of physical punishment onchildren.Smith, A. B., Taylor, N. J., & Gollop, M. M. (Eds.). (2000). Children’s voices: Research, policy andpractice. Auckland, New Zealand: Longman.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13195.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Justice, Care and protection, Careand contact, Legislation, Cultural factors, Policy, Communities, Social servicesAbstract: This book is dedicated to understanding the experiences and perspectives ofchildren, with the aim of improving the wellbeing of children in New Zealand. Along with theeditors, various other authors from differing occupational backgrounds contributed to thewriting of this book. These include Margaret Carr, Nicola Atwool, Pauline Trapp, MarkHenaghan, Anne Kerslake Hendricks, and Andrea Jamison. The authors completed qualitativeresearch, asking children about their experiences in relation to factors, such as being inwelfare care, parental separation, and involvement with the legal system. The editorsrecommend that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) should betaken seriously, and this is a theme underpinning many of the chapters in this book. Adiscussion on ways to interview children effectively and respectfully is included, and theimpact of exposure to risk and trauma on children is also examined. The Christchurch CityCouncil is used as an example of how the government and communities can protect andenhance children’s development. In conclusion, the book argues that to successfully advocatefor the rights and wellbeing of children, future research and policies need to incorporatechildren’s perspectives.Smith, L. (2000). To see or not to see?: Psychological perspectives on custody and access issues withchildren and their parents who have been violent. Butterworths Family Law Journal, 3(7),161-169.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13103.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Childrenas witnesses, Justice, Care and contact, Legislation, Mental healthAbstract: This article examines issues of custody and access within the context of familyviolence. Legislation that provides the framework for custody decisions and the safety ofchildren, such as the Guardianship Act (1968), is discussed. The article reviews variousfactors pertaining to custody and access in situations where violence occurs in the family,such as the physical, social and emotional impact on children; advantages and disadvantagesof supervised access; the likelihood of further violence occurring; and whether remaining incontact with both parents poses any risk to the child. The author suggests those working in theFamily Court system must consider what is best for the child within the parameters of thelaw.Snelson, J. M. (2002). Protecting the powerless: An examination of the impact of ‘New Directions’ onthe reporting of, investigation and intervention into cases of potential child maltreatment.Unpublished manuscript, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12123.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Psychological/emotional abuse, Children, Care andprotection, Legislation, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment168

Abstract: The object of this paper is to examine the impact of the Child, Youth and FamilyServices initiative, New Directions, on the child maltreatment investigative and interventionprocedure that the Department has in place. The reporting of suspected child abuse isexplored and the merits of mandatory reporting debated to determine whether or not thiswould bring the plight of more at risk children to the authorities’ attention. Emotional neglectis examined in order to show the difficulties of substantiating this form of maltreatment, aswell as the difficulties of intervening in such an area. This research paper argues that there isa need for a comprehensive interagency scheme that allows multiple agencies to work inpartnership when it comes to the reporting, investigation and intervention into cases ofsuspected abuse.Source: Author’s abstractStasiak, K., Davies, E., Koziol-McLain, J., & Hanna, K. (2004). Incubated in terror: Children livingwith domestic violence. Te Awatea Review, 2(1), 3-5.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13027.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Psychological/emotionalabuse, Children, Victims/survivorsAbstract: This article presents a summary of a draft review of international literature onchildren who witness domestic violence. The full review is being completed as part of a NewZealand exploratory qualitative study that is investigating children and their mother’s viewsof domestic violence interventions. This article discusses how parents do not alwaysrecognise the impact that witnessing violence has on their children and how traumatic this canbe. The authors highlight that by seeing and hearing the abuse as it is happening, children aredirectly involved in the violence. Witnessing abuse can also lead to children trying tointervene in the abuse, and children are also involved in, and affected by, what happens afterthe violent event has occurred. The article also draws attention to the connection betweenintimate partner abuse and child abuse and neglect. Two qualitative studies are brieflydiscussed in relation to understanding children’s experiences of domestic violence and thecoping strategies they use. The authors conclude that there needs to be a continued effort toensure that children’s voices are heard, and that children are provided with child-centredinterventions.Stenswick, M. J. (2002). The frequency, correlates, and consequences of post-relationship stalking.Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13262.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse, Perpetrators/offenders,Victims/survivors, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This thesis investigates factors related to post-relationship stalking, such as thenature, consequences and motivations of this form of abuse. Participants were students at theUniversity of Canterbury, providing a sample of 98 males and 98 females. Participants wereasked to disclose levels of self-stalking and partner stalking behaviours. The study found nosex differences in the frequency of self or partner stalking, or in negative consequences ofstalking. However, it was discovered that females were more likely to report they experiencedfear. Another finding was that stalking behaviours increased if violence occurred in therelationship prior to separation. Additionally, the person initiating the relationship break-upwas more likely to be the recipient of stalking behaviours, and conversely, unwantedtermination of a relationship was a motivator for an individual to engage in stalkingbehaviours.169

Strang, H., & Braithwaite, J. (Eds.). (2002). Restorative justice and family violence. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13126.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Homicide, Families, Children,Adolescents, Young persons, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Justice, Restorativejustice, Legislation, CommunitiesAbstract: Chapters 5 and 12 of this book include discussions on restorative justice measuresin relation to family violence in New Zealand. Allison Morris, the author of chapter 5,"Children and Family Violence: Restorative Messages from New Zealand", explores familyviolence and restorative measures for children and youth. The author argues that theconventional criminal justice system is not necessarily the ideal model for dealing with familyviolence. Family Group Conferencing as a restorative justice model is described and caseexamples utilised. The author argues that restorative practices have the potential for resolvingfamily violence issues. Concerns about restorative justice measures, power imbalances,putting children at risk, the trivialising of abuse in the family, and perpetuation of negativeattitudes are also explored.Ruth Busch, the author of chapter 12, "Domestic Violence and Restorative Justice Initiatives:Who Pays if We Get it Wrong", critically evaluates the historic debate surrounding therestorative justice practice of family mediation in cases of domestic violence. This chapterdraws on international and New Zealand literature. The inadequacies of, and recentameliorations to the Court system are explored. The ideas surrounding, and the issues ofvictim-offender mediation in cases of domestic violence, are discussed. The author cautionsthat there are gains from this model of practice, but that these gains should not overshadowthe value of the court system because not all family violence issues can be resolved throughmediation. The limitations of youth justice Family Group Conferences (FGC) and thelimitations of FGCs in domestic violence offences are explored. The case of Craig Manukauis discussed as a cautionary note on FGCs. The chapter then discusses the adaptation of NewZealand’s FGC process in Australia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and community groupconferencing and domestic violence. The author concludes that a culture of safety is neededin cases of domestic violence.Stubbs, J. (Ed.). (1994). Women, male violence and the law (Monograph Series, No. 6). Sydney,Australia: The Institute of Criminology.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13282.pubTopic Areas: Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Maori, Justice, Protectionorders, Legislation, Gender, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This book explores legal aspects of domestic violence in both New Zealand andAustralia. The potential and current limitations of legislation in helping women affected bymale violence to gain independence and control of their lives once they have sought help ishighlighted. There are three chapters that are of specific relevance.Ruth Busch and Neville Robertson’s chapter, "Ain’t no Mountain High Enough (to Keep MeFrom Getting to You): An Analysis of the Hamilton Abuse Intervention Pilot Project",examines the impact of the Hamilton Abuse Intervention Pilot Project (HAIP) on domesticviolence in Hamilton. It discusses the greater level of intersectoral collaboration that hasresulted from the project, and which has Women’s Refuge, the Police and the District Courtworking together to establish a consistent response to domestic violence. More specifically,the chapter discusses how evaluations of HAIP have shown that the project has had a positive170

impact on the lives of victims and offenders, for example, women feeling more empowered,and men taking steps to reduce their controlling behaviours.In the chapter "Lawyering and Domestic Violence: A Feminist Integration of Experiences,Theories and Practices", Nan Seuffert discusses the way that the varying experiences ofdifferent women can inform feminist theory and legal practice. The author argues that there isno one approach to dealing with domestic violence. In particular, the author distinguishesbetween the experiences of Maori and non-Maori women in New Zealand.Ruth Busch, the author of "Don’t Throw Bouquets at Me...(Judges) Will Say We’re in Love:An Analysis of New Zealand Judges’ Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence", reports onjudicial attitudes towards domestic violence in New Zealand. Through interviews with judgesand a study of case law, it was found that while some judges give appropriate recognition todomestic violence, the victims’ safety is often overlooked in favour of attempting toreconstitute families. The author argues that due to judicial attitudes playing such an integralrole in the wider perception of domestic violence, judges need to be unaccepting of domesticviolence, and focus on the needs of the victim, not the continuation of the family unit. Thischapter is based on work from a much larger study undertaken by the author and colleaguesfrom 1990 to 1992, which produced a 300 page report that was subsequently censored and hasbeen shrouded in controversy.Sutton, G. (1990). From collusion to confrontation: An approach to confront women-battering infamilies. Unpublished manuscript.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13366.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors,Justice, Protection orders, Legislation, Gender, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report considers models of domestic violence intervention within the justiceand social services sectors, and makes the case for a Duluth-style intervention in NewZealand. The report begins by outlining differing theories of woman-battering or domesticviolence, and development of feminist understandings of violence towards women. TheDuluth Abuse Intervention Programme in Minnesota, USA, is discussed, with the aim ofdrawing out principles and practices that could be used in the New Zealand context. (Adetailed description of the Duluth programme and policies is included in the appendix.)Finally, the author reviews the development of legislation and programmes in New Zealandthroughout the 1970s and 1980s, and makes some recommendations around the coordinationof family violence services.Sutton, I. G. (1997). How does telling a story of oppression become an act of liberation?: Liberatedwomen’s stories of their experiences with social workers. Unpublished master’s thesis,Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13165.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Gender, Media violence,Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis analyses the meanings that seven women attached to their relationshipswith social workers as they attempted to liberate themselves from violent and oppressiverelationships with men. The author examines what the participants define as liberation andargues that women cannot be free from violence in a society where male violence againstwomen is so prevalent, and where the media condones the domination of women. The author171

concludes that if social workers and social policy makers are to succeed in assisting theliberation of women, they must not only help women leave abusive relationships, but tacklethe issue at a structural level, including education in schools, media campaigns discouragingthe tolerance of violence, banning pornography and other media representations of women inoppressive roles, and making economic resources available to enable women to escape fromabusers and still sustain their livelihood.Tapp, P. (1996). Family law. New Zealand Law Review, (2) 187-196.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13014.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children, Justice, Protection orders, Careand protection, Care and contact, LegislationAbstract: This article examines the Guardianship Act (1968) in relation to custody andaccess arrangements, and looks at legislation aiming to provide protection for children,namely the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act (1989) and the DomesticViolence Act (1995). The author explores the impact of parental conflict on custody, accessand guardianship arrangements. The author suggests that the Guardianship Act be amended topromote parental cooperation in order to minimise harm to the child at the centre of custodydisputes. The article discusses the ineffectiveness of the Children, Young Persons, and TheirFamilies Act in providing immediate protection for children, due to its focus on keeping thechild within the family. The Domestic Violence Act provides immediate protection forvictims of domestic violence, but the author points out the difficulties for children obtainingprotection orders against their parents. The author recommends evaluating the effectivenessof the family group perspective encapsulated in the Children, Young Persons, and TheirFamilies Act as a step towards breaking the cycle of domestic violence.Taylor, A. (2005). Section 59: Crimes Act 1961: The impact of corporal punishment on children andyoung people. Te Awatea Review, 3(1), 14-16.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13069.pubTopic Areas: Children, Justice, Discipline/punishmentAbstract: This article discusses issues relating to the physical punishment of children and theNew Zealand law. The largely negative outcomes of corporal punishment on children are alsopresented. Corporal punishment issues and the outcomes for children are linked through asocio-legal framework, and a definition of reasonable force is provided.Taylor, N. (2005). Physical punishment of children: International legal developments. New ZealandFamily Law Journal, 5(1), 14-22.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13053.pubTopic Areas: Physical abuse, Children, Discipline/punishment, LegislationAbstract: This article explores international developments in legalities concerning thephysical punishment of children, and discusses the implications for New Zealand. The articleexamines countries that have already abolished the physical disciplining of children, such asSweden, Israel and Germany, and those that are looking to do so, for instance Italy andEngland. New Zealand abolished corporal punishment in schools in 1990, but s59 of theCrimes Act (1961) remains, allowing for the use of ‘reasonable force’ to discipline children.However, the inconsistent application of this law has often excused seemingly severeviolence against children in New Zealand.172

Taylor, N. J. (1998). Guardianship, custody and access or parental responsibility, residence andcontact: Family law legislation in New Zealand and Australia. In Children’s Issues Centre(Ed.), (n.d.), Divorce and Separation Collection. Dunedin, New Zealand: University ofOtago, Children’s Issues Centre.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13230.pubTopic Areas: Families, Children, Justice, Care and protection, Care and contact, LegislationAbstract: This occasional paper discusses historical and social contexts within the FamilyCourt, and explores the legal decision making process in both New Zealand and Australia.This research serves to contextualise family violence as a component of the family courtenvironment. The article contains a small section on the Children, Young Persons and TheirFamilies Act (1989), which places family violence in the context of divorce and separationcourt proceedings.Te Puni Kokiri, Ministry of Maori Development. (2000). The Children, Young Persons and TheirFamilies Agency service delivery to Maori: Provider interviews. Wellington, New Zealand:Author. Retrieved December 19, 2005, from http://www.tpk.govt.nz/publications/docs/revCYPFAint00.docSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12805.pubTopic Areas: Maori, Care and protection, Policy, Communities, Social servicesAbstract: The aim of this research was to examine Maori service providers’ views on thecontracting process and service delivery by the Children, Young Persons and Their FamiliesAgency (CYPFA), currently known as the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services.Thirty-nine Maori social service providers funded by the CYPFA were interviewed betweenApril and May 1999. The study investigated participant responses to factors such as theCYPFA’s commitment to the Treaty of Waitangi, relationships between the CYPFA andcontracted service providers, adequacy of funding, and the CYPFA’s contribution to the longtermdevelopment of Maori. Lack of funding and resources from the CYPFA to serviceproviders was identified as a significant barrier to improving outcomes for Maori clients.Some providers also questioned the CYPFA’s commitment to the Treaty of Waitangi.Overall, a greater commitment by the CYPFA is needed to develop and improve Maoriservice providers contracted by the CYPFA.Te Puni Kokiri, Ministry of Maori Development. (2000). Review of the contracting functions of theDepartment of Child, Youth and Family Services. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.Retrieved October 26, 2005, from http://www.tpk.govt.nz/publications/docs/revCYPFA00.docSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12934.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Maori, Care and protection, Care andcontact, Legislation, Social servicesAbstract: This Te Puni Kokiri review evaluates the responsiveness to Maori needs, rights andinterests of the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services’ (CYFS) new contractingprocess. A set of expectations were designed by Te Puni Kokiri as the foundation for theevaluation. Information was gathered from a variety of sources, including interviews withCYFS employees, non-Maori social service providers and Iwi/Maori social service providers.Findings from the interviews with social service providers identify some key factors173

egarding CYFS responsiveness to Maori, including that CYFS do not have a clear long-termcommitment to Maori. Te Puni Kokiri produced recommendations from the review with theaim of improving CYFS contracting process for Maori. The recommendations come underfour categories: statutory and Treaty of Waitangi obligations, the contract and Maori, thecontracting framework, and provider and workforce development.Television Violence Project Working Group. (2004). Towards precautionary risk management of TVviolence in New Zealand: The report to the Minister of Broadcasting of the Working Group:TV violence project. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Retrieved January 13, 2006, fromhttp://www.tv-violence.org.nz/TV-Violence-Report.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13373.pubTopic Areas: Families, Children, Policy, Education, Media violence, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: This report examines the link between television (TV) violence and socialbehaviour. A content analysis was carried out on the incidence of violence on New Zealandtelevision, and was further compared with previous New Zealand and international researchin this area. The analysis reveals little difference in the incidence of violence betweenprogrammes targeting child viewers and those directed at adults. No definitive relationshipwas found between TV violence and aggression, but TV was identified as one of a myriad offactors that contribute to violent behaviour. Therefore, the authors posit that decreasing theinteraction of TV violence with other risk factors, such as family violence and socioeconomicdisadvantage, may contribute to reducing violent behaviour. The report suggeststhat children are vulnerable to prolonged exposure to TV violence. The researchersrecommend a risk assessment and precautionary risk management approach, similar to apublic health policy initiative, to identify risk factors stemming from exposure to TVviolence. Other recommendations include a collaborative approach to reducing risks posed byexposure to TV violence, improved information and education in schools concerning themedia, stringent programme classifications, and more choice for television viewers.The United Nations Children’s Fund. (2003). A league table of child maltreatment deaths in richnations. (Innocenti Report Card, 5). Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.Retrieved November 22, 2005, from http://www.unicef-icdc.org/ publications/See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11868.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report attempts to draw a comparative picture of the physical abuse ofchildren in the 27 richest nations of the world. UNICEF research estimates that almost 3,500children under the age of 15 die from physical abuse and neglect every year in theindustrialized world. The greatest risk is among younger children. A small group of countries- Spain, Greece, Italy, Ireland and Norway - appear to have an exceptionally low incidence ofchild maltreatment deaths; Belgium, the Czech Republic, New Zealand, Hungary and Francehave levels that are 4 to 6 times higher. The United States, Mexico and Portugal have ratesthat are between 10 and 15 times higher than those at the top of the league table. The goodnews is that child deaths from maltreatment appear to be declining in the great majority ofindustrialized countries.Tolmie, J. (2002). Battered defendants and the criminal defences to murder: Lessons from overseas.Waikato Law Review Taumauri, (10), 91-114.174

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13311.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Violence against men,Justice, Legislation, Cultural factorsAbstract: This article aims to assess the recommendations made in the New Zealand LawCommission Report No. 73, Some Criminal Defences with Particular Reference to BatteredDefendants, released in 2001, about the legal argument for battered defendants who kill theirviolent mate. Strengths and limitations of these recommendations are identified andelaborated upon. Previously, ‘imminence of danger’ was fundamental to a self-defence legalargument. However, the Law Commission’s report suggests that ‘imminence’ should nolonger be a requirement for a self-defence argument; instead it should be changed to‘unavoidable anticipated danger’, and this article discusses reasons in support of this.Additionally, due to the complex nature of intimate partner abuse, the term ‘battered womansyndrome’ is not inclusive of all the impacts on a victim of this type of violence. Therefore,the author supports the recommendation that ‘battered woman syndrome’ as a defence maynot always be helpful for victims of partner violence. Furthermore, the article discusses how amandatory life sentence for murder can pressure battered defendants into pleading guilty formanslaughter in order to prevent harsher sentencing. The author also supports the LawCommission’s recommendation of abolishing this mandatory minimum sentencing.Limitations pertaining to the 2001 report are discussed, including the cursory nature ofcultural inclusion in these cases, and difficulties in determining self-defence. There is also adiscussion of potential pitfalls in reviewing individual cases where women have already beensentenced for homicide. A number of international cases that employed the recommendations,and those that relate to the limitations of the Law Commission’s report, are discussed tohighlight advantages of the aforementioned legislative reforms.Tolmie, J. (2005). Is the partial defence an endangered defence? Recent proposals to abolishprovocation. New Zealand Law Review, (1), 25-52.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13317.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Homicide, Women, Justice, Legislation, GenderAbstract: This article investigates the ramifications of the abolition of partial defence underthe Sentencing Act (2002). The author contends that the partial defence argument isimperative for victims of domestic violence who kill their abusive partners. Without thisdefensive argument, ‘battered defendants’ who kill their abusers will be facing murder asopposed to manslaughter charges. The article discusses the complex nature of domesticviolence, and how the courts must consider the social, economic and cultural context ofmurder in this instance. The defence of provocation may be used by defendants to reduceculpability in some homicide cases, and the author argues that this applies in the case ofbattered women who kill their partners in self-defence. However, the defence of provocationhas differing interpretations and is often used to normalise male violence towards their femalepartners. The author suggests the definition of defence of provocation must be clarified inlegislation to expunge any misdirection of legal argument.Toney, S. M. (2004). Battered Woman Syndrome and self defence in New Zealand and the UnitedStates. Te Awatea Review, 2(2), 8-10.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12959.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Justice, Mental health175

Abstract: This article debates the use of Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) as expertevidence in self-defence cases where a female has killed her abusive partner. The authorexplores the legal definition of self-defence, and discusses the idea of imminent danger andhow this applies to battered women in New Zealand and the United States. Finally, argumentsboth for and against using BWS in self-defence pleas are highlighted.Towns, A. (2005). Violence against women: Beyond silence. Paper presented at the Women’sConvention: Looking Back, Moving Forward, Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13269.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Cultural factors, GenderAbstract: This conference paper discusses the silencing of women in the context of domesticviolence. The author argues that constructions of mutual responsibility - where the woman isassumed to have the same degree of responsibility for the violence as the man - and genderneutral language are a major cause of women remaining silent about abuse. The author claimsthat a manifestation of this silencing is the fact that many victims do not see domesticviolence as a crime. This presentation is the second half of a joint presentation with NicolaGavey’s Violence Against Women: Beyond Gender Neutrality (2005).Towns, A., & Adams, P. (2000). ‘If I really loved him enough, he would be okay’: Women’s accountsof male partner violence. Violence against Women, 6(6), 558-585.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13026.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Cultural factors, GenderAbstract: This article discusses how social ideals of romantic love contribute to thecontinuation of violent relationships. Interviews with 20 women pointed to the fact thatdiscourses of ‘perfect-love’ play a significant part in women’s decisions to maintainrelationships with men who use violence against them. The ideals and expectations of ‘perfectlove’ also work to silence women from talking about the violence. The authors used afeminist post-structuralist discourse analysis framework. The authors maintain that thesefindings have significance for early intervention and prevention strategies.Towsey, F. (1996). Women’s experiences of their partner’s attendance at a Men for Non Violenceprogramme: Their stories and a discourse analysis. Unpublished master’s thesis, MasseyUniversity, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12253.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Gender, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This study analysed, via interviews, 11 women’s perspectives regarding theirpartner’s involvement in Men For Non Violence (MFNV) programmes. By making thewomen’s stories publicly available, the author found similarities in viewpoints, gainedsuggestions for improvements to MFNV programmes, and knowledge of how the womenexercised the resources available to them.Trenberth, A. (2002). The sound of one hand clapping: Psychological violence and its implications forchildren. In Child Law Conference. Wellington, New Zealand: LexisNexis Professional176

Development.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13265.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Psychological/emotionalabuse, Children, Children as victims, Children as witnesses, Justice, Protection orders, Careand contact, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This conference paper focuses on the effects on children of experiencing and/orwitnessing psychological abuse, drawing on the author’s practice experience. The authordiscusses the difficulty involved in detecting and defining psychological abuse, but arguesthat the effects can be serious and enduring. The author briefly discusses the Family Courtresponse to psychological violence and recommends that this type of violence be given moreregard in decisions about protection orders and contact (access). The author also recommendsthat more research be undertaken by the Family Court into different ways that the court canrespond to psychological abuse, recognising that a one-size-fits-all approach will not suffice.Lastly, the author argues that psychologists and counsellors should work with legalprofessionals and the Family Court to assure the best outcomes for each case.Trute, B. (1998). Social welfare practices and programmes in New Zealand and Canada: Twocountries with a great deal to learn from each other. Social Work Review, 10(2), 20-23.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13076.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Children,Indigenous, Care and protection, Policy, Media violence, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article presents Professor Barry Trute’s address to staff and students at theDepartment of Social Work, University of Canterbury. Trute compares the welfare policiesand programmes of New Zealand and Canada, and suggests that these two countries sharesimilar concerns in the child welfare arena. The article explores how the principles of FamilyGroup Conferences have been adopted for use in child protection cases by First Nationspeoples in Canada in the form of ‘Healing Circles’. Child welfare approaches in Canada arediscussed, and Trute argues that mandatory reporting in situations of child abuse should beintroduced in New Zealand. Additionally, initiatives aimed at reducing partner violenceappear to be effective in Canada, and therefore, similar approaches may be useful in NewZealand. The article examines the increasing instances of violence shown on television andhow this affects children. The impact of government policies on the incidence of familyviolence is also highlighted. Trute posits that due to the similarities between New Zealandand Canada, both countries could benefit from sharing social work and welfare knowledge.Verzyde, K. H. (1996). The psychological impact of partner abuse on women and their relationships.Unpublished master’s thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13209.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Families, Women, Mental healthAbstract: This thesis investigated psychosocial and relationship factors in relation to partnerabuse. A sample of 104 New Zealand female tertiary student volunteers was surveyed for theresearch. Using the Conflict Tactics Scales, partner abuse was categorised in four ways:verbal and physical abuse occurring within the year preceding the study, and verbal andphysical abuse occurring prior to that. Compared to non-abused students, students who hadbeen verbally abused during the year preceding the study used exit more as a problem-solvingstyle, and rated themselves less effective in problem-solving, less committed to the177

elationship, less satisfied with the relationship, more attracted by alternatives to therelationship and more inclined to have an external locus of control for relationshipsatisfaction. Students who were verbally abused during the year preceding the study were alsosubject to more general feelings of distress and to negative affects, while rating their partnersless effective in problem-solving, and more repressive of their autonomy and relatednessneeds. Students who had been verbally abused prior to the year leading up to the studydiffered from non-abused students in sociability. Students who were physically abused duringthe year preceding the study differed from non-abused students in their perceptions of theeffectiveness of their approach to problem-solving, and in closeness to their partner. Studentswho had been physically abused prior to the year leading up to the study differed from nonabusedstudents in the ratings of their partner’s use of hostile control. These results supportthe findings carried our across clinical samples, and indicate that abused women do differfrom non-abused women across a range of psychosocial and relationship factors.Source: Author’s abstractVirtue, P. (2001). General practitioners and violence intervention: Why not leave well alone?: Aqualitative study. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, NewZealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12027.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Gender, Health, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of general practitioner (GP)violence intervention through 6 women’s experiences. The methodology and analysis of thisresearch used a feminist framework. This framework assumes that the underlying dynamic ofviolence is one of power and control. The research investigates the impact of intervention onwomen, children and perpetrators, through women’s recollections. The women’s participationwas facilitated by a GP who practices routine screening for violence.Results suggest that GPs who practice violence intervention provide support which empowerswomen to make decisions about life-changes to stop the violence. Findings show that GPs arein a front-line position to have significant impact on the health and wellbeing of women bycommunicating a zero tolerance of violence.Source: Author’s abstract.Waldegrave, S., & Coy, F. (2005). A differential response model for child protection in New Zealand:Supporting more timely and effective responses to notifications [Electronic version]. SocialPolicy Journal of New Zealand, (25), 32-48.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13328.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Care and protection, Legislation, Policy, Socialservices, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article highlights the role of key stakeholders in implementing changes to theChildren, Young Persons and their Families Act (1989). An international comparison of careand protection processes shows that some western countries use the type of notification todetermine response and investigation mechanisms. This article explores the foundation andobjectives for policy changes to the Children, Young Persons and their Families Act. Furtherdiscussions involve the care and protection process, Child, Youth and Family Services’response to and nature of child protection notifications. The article discusses a proposeddifferential response system for New Zealand, and child and family wellbeing assessments.178

Several challenges for implementing such a system are critiqued, including changing thepractice culture, deciding how to respond to notifications in the most appropriate manner, andcollaborative government and non-government agency relationships.Warburton, T. J. (1996). The availability of compensation for victims of sexual assault. Unpublishedmanuscript, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13226.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Victims/survivors, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This paper examines the history of criminal injuries compensation and provides anoverview of the current procedures that are available in the Accident Rehabilitation andCompensation Insurance Act (1992), civil proceedings, and the Criminal Justice Act (1985),highlighting both the positive and negative aspects of each procedure as it relates to victimsof sexual assault. Whilst these schemes provide some relief to victims, the effects of rapeensure that many victims are unable to fully utilise the available resources. As the statereduces its commitment to victims of accidents, the author argues that reforms are needed toensure that victims of sexual assault and other criminal injuries are not ignored in the process.Recommendations are made to allow compensation to reflect financial costs incurred in theaftermath of sexual assault, such as loss of income, costs of increasing home securitymeasures, and making a distinction between accidental and crime-related injuries.Source: Author’s abstractWard, T. (1998). Crisis counselling with rape victims. New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 19(1),31-42.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12986.pubTopic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, Women, Victims/survivors, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: This article discusses crisis intervention with women who have been sexuallyassaulted, and provides information for counsellors working with victims on how to interveneeffectively. The author debunks common myths of rape and suggests that understanding rapeand the pervasive effects on the victim are important components to working with rapesurvivors. An important role of the therapist is also to help the victim make meaning out ofthe sexual assault.Ware, J. B. (1997). The emotional apperception test: A victim specific empathic competency measurefor child sex offenders. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch,New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13261.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Incest, Perpetrators/offenders, Children as victims, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This study is an attempt to create a new measure of empathy in the child sexoffender, which measures empathic competency towards their own victim(s), other victims,and generalised contexts. The measure also sought to discover if offender empathy deficitsemanate in one, or all, of the four necessary stages of empathy. Twenty incarcerated child sexoffenders and 20 community non-offenders were administered the Emotional ApperceptionTest (EAT). The EAT provided reliable and discriminating results. The sex offenders179

presented significant victim specific empathy deficits, but were also generally less empathicthan the non-offenders. Their deficits emanated at the perspective taking stage of empathy,particularly towards their own victims. They presented more general deficits at the followingemotional replication stage. These deficits were consistent during and immediately after thesexual encounter with their most recent victim. These results were mostly consistent withrecent research, and emphasised the need for further development of competency-basedmeasures that are not subject to the fundamental bias associated with self report scales. Thelimitations and research implications are discussed with particular emphasis on the EAT andthe factors that manifest these victim specific empathy deficits.Source: Author’s abstractWatson, C. (1996). Policy options for the treatment of sexually abused women who have a mentaldisorder. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13185.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Women, Children, Victims/survivors,Children as victims, Health, Mental health, Policy, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This thesis examines the prevalence and impact of childhood sexual abuse, and theresponses of the main health agencies involved in the treatment of sexual abuse. The authorargues that women who have been sexually abused as children can have a variety of reactionsto the abuse both in the short- and long-term; thus policies developed in the area of sexualabuse need to be flexible enough to deal with a spectrum of needs. The author suggests that aseparate team of specialist staff from across the health system, who solely work with victimsof sexual abuse, would provide the best services to victims. The author recommends that aclear statement of the responsibility of mental health services be made; those without a coexistingmental health disorder still receive counselling; there be a defined policy dealingwith victims of sexual abuse who have mental health problems so that clients have all theirneeds met; and best practice guidelines, along with clinical standards, be established for thetreatment of sexual abuse victims.Weatherall, M. (2001). Elder abuse: A survey of managers of residential care facilities in Wellington,New Zealand. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 13(1), 91-99.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13008.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Families, Older persons, Institutional violenceAbstract: This article presents an exploratory study into the occurrence of elder abuse inresidential care facilities in Wellington, New Zealand. A standardised interview procedurewas conducted with 26 managers of residential care facilities. A definition of the differenttypes of elder abuse are provided, and the managers were asked questions relating to these.Ninety-two percent of the participants revealed that at least one resident in the past year hadbeen a victim of elder abuse. The offender was identified as a family member in 63% ofcases. Despite acknowledging the occurrence of violence towards residents, not all of thefacilities had procedures for the detection or management of elder abuse. Furthermore, theAge Concern Elder Abuse programme was seldom contacted.Wedde, F. R. (2004). Victim refusal to testify in domestic violence cases: Can "victimlessprosecutions" provide the answers. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University ofWellington, New Zealand.180

See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13105.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Justice, LegislationAbstract: This thesis discusses the implications of a victim refusing to testify in domesticviolence prosecutions. It points to the frequency with which victims of domestic violencewithdraw their testimony against the perpetrator, citing reasons such as wanting to continue ina relationship with the perpetrator, not wishing to create trouble for the perpetrator, andthinking the trial would have a negative impact on children. The author recommends a changein legislation that would allow prosecution to go ahead without the testimony of the victim,which is not currently the case in New Zealand. This, the author says, will allow the law tohave a zero tolerance attitude towards domestic violence. The author also points out that thereare other avenues for evidence, such as witness accounts, damage to property, and the sceneof the incident. These could substantiate a case without the need to compel the victim totestify.Weir, K. M.. (1999). An exploratory study of pre-schooler’s perceptions and understanding ofconcepts taught in the "Feeling Special, Feeling Safe" sexual abuse prevention program.Unpublished master’s thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12954.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Children, Education, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This thesis evaluated pre-schoolers’ understanding of the Feeling Special, FeelingSafe (FSFS) programme developed by the New Zealand Family Planning Association. Itlooked at whether children were able to learn the concepts taught, what concepts they foundthe most and least difficult, and explored what children understood the concepts to mean. Itused both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. Ninety-eight children fromeight Manawatu kindergartens completed an adapted version of the Children’s Knowledge ofAbuse Questionnaire Revision II. The participant group of 63 children (average age 4 yearsand 7 months) completed the questionnaire after FSFS participation, and the control group of35 children (average age, 4 years and 6 months) before FSFS participation. Parents ofchildren in the participant group completed a six-item survey on how their child responded toFSFS, and their view of FSFS. The results support the hypothesis that children who hadparticipated in the programme would have more knowledge of prevention concepts thanchildren who had not participated in the programme. Parents generally viewed FSFSpositively, although 13.5% observed negative behaviour changes stemming from the bodyownership concept (that children are in charge of their body and have a right to say ‘no’ tounwanted touching). Results are discussed in view of adaptations and extensions to FSFS andprevention programmes for pre-schoolers in general that could aid children’s learning andabuse prevention. FSFS was concluded to be a worthwhile prevention programme for preschoolaged children.Source: Author’s abstractWeldon, S. L. (2002). Protest, policy and the problem of violence against women: A cross-nationalcomparison. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: University of Pittsburgh Press.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12124.pubTopic Areas: Women, Cultural factors, Policy, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This book discusses and compares how global social movements have led to policyformation on violence against women in 36 democratic governments. The author identifies181

areas in which some governments prioritise more than others the area of violence againstwomen. Included is an international comparison of the scope of national policies on violenceagainst women, where New Zealand is statistically ranked amongst other democraticcountries. Recommendations are made to democrats, feminists and policy makers about newdirections for research and government policy responsiveness.Wellington Community Law Centre. (2002). Review of the Domestic Violence Act 1995: Is it meetingits objectives? Wellington, New Zealand: Author.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13370.pubTopic Areas: Victims/survivors, Justice, Protection orders, Legislation, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This report discusses whether or not the Domestic Violence Act (1995) is meetingits objectives, as set out in section 5 of the Act. The research involved sending questionnairesto people working in agencies in the area of domestic violence, police, and lawyers. Overall,the participants said that the Act was not completely successful and many recommendationswere given for improvement. These recommendations include the granting of protectionorders without notice, access to legal aid for all women, more simplified protection orderapplication forms, ongoing training for judges and police officers, and a tightening of section14 of the Act that currently gives judges too wide discretionary power.White, K. (2000). Intimate homicide: Women as offenders, women as victims, and the trouble with thelaw. Unpublished manuscript, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13141.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Homicide, Women, Perpetrators/offenders, Victims/survivors, Violence against men, Justice, Legislation, Cultural factors, Gender, CulturalpracticeAbstract: This dissertation looks at the legal response to intimate homicide. This form ofintimate partner violence is usually the last act in a continuum of violence against women in,or after, relationships. When women kill their intimate partners they kill out of fear of deathor bodily injury. When men kill their partners they kill to control or to punish. The legalresponse to these crimes does not reflect the true nature of either group. For women, thismeans that they are subject to male aggression that is not legally sanctioned, and from whichthey cannot effectively protect themselves. Necessity for reform is clear, but manysuggestions for change focus on only one gender, and while this may help, it will always belimited. The author argues that to adequately protect women, discourses and assumptions thatrender women powerless and men powerful, must be directly challenged. Legal systems mustunderstand that domestic violence and intimate homicide are related and are completelydifferent to male paradigms of violence.Part 1 discusses violence and intimate homicide, and how the gap between reality and legalresponse has occurred and been maintained. Part 2 outlines the gap between the reality ofintimate homicide and the legal construction of the crimes, and highlights the commonreasons for the differences. Part 3 considers suggestions for new defences, reformulations ofcurrent defences and new definitions of crimes, for both male and female offenders, andhighlights their dependency on each other.Source: Author’s abstract182

Williams, J., Neale, J., & Preston, D. (1998). Report of evaluation of elder abuse and neglectprogrammes [to] New Zealand Community Funding Agency. Wellington, New Zealand:Business and Economic Research Ltd.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12132.pubTopic Areas: Elder abuse and neglect, Older persons, Maori, Policy, Social services,Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report is an evaluation of pilot programmes delivering elder abuse and neglectservices with the aim of providing information upon which to base future funding decisions.Fundamental questions about service delivery concerning need, effectiveness, improvements,coverage, cost effectiveness and need for standardisation are addressed.Williamson, R., & Drumm, J. (2005). ‘Stop Fighting.’ A report into 30 families seen by the ChildCrisis Team. Auckland, New Zealand: Preventing Violence in the Home.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13260.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Child abuse and neglect, Families, Women, Children,Adolescents, Children as victims, Children as witnesses, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report examines and evaluates data gathered by Auckland’s Child CrisisTeam, which is a part of the Preventing Violence in the Home agency. The report looks at 30randomly selected cases involving 63 children handled by the team, and discusses servicesprovided and common characteristics among the users of the services.Key findings were that ethnic minorities in Auckland were over-represented in the statistics,and that the two most common age groups of children involved in domestic violence were 3-to 5-year-olds, and 12 years and over. Further findings showed that in 28 of the 30 cases theoffender was a male, and in 23 of these cases was the father of the child. Of the 63 children,43 said they had tried to intervene in a domestic violence incident between two caregivers.Over two-thirds of the children were distressed at leaving their mothers at home when goingto school, suggesting a high level of awareness of the abuse occurring. Many childrenexhibited trauma symptoms, such as not wanting to sleep in their own beds, night sweats, andgenerally feeling unhappy.The report also discusses the types of intervention provided. Following intervention,improvements in the children were observed in nearly three-quarters of the families, with halfof these noting a significant improvement. Parents also reported that the intervention had apositive impact on their lives.Wilson, K. (2002). New Zealand evidential interviewing within an international context [Electronicversion]. Social Work Now, (23), 9-14.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12938.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children as victims, Legislation, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This article provides a summary of issues surrounding evidential interviewingdiscussed at the San Diego Conference on Child and Family Maltreatment held in 2002. Thearticle examines New Zealand practice methods of interviewing children who have beenabused, particularly the free narrative technique, and how these fit within the context ofinternational models. The impact on evidential interviewers through ‘vicarioustraumatisation’ is also discussed.183

Wood, B., & Kunze, K. (2004). Making New Zealand fit for children: Promoting a national plan ofaction for New Zealand children (violence, exploitation and abuse section). Wellington, NewZealand: UNICEF New Zealand. Retrieved January 26, 2006, from http://www.unicef.org.nz/advocacy/publications/New_Zealand_Fit_for_Children_Abuse.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13253.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Care and protection, Legislation, Policy,Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Intersectoral collaborationAbstract: This report presents the follow-up to the United Nations Special Session onChildren 2002, where the New Zealand Government committed itself to a plan of action toreduce child abuse and neglect based upon A World Fit for Children (2002), the agreement ofthe Session. Section 1 of this document provides an overview of previous reports that haveidentified care and protection issues in New Zealand, and common themes arising out of thesereports are discussed. Section 2 reviews current government departmental initiatives aimed atreducing child abuse and neglect, such as the Care and Protection Blueprint 2003 (2003), andthe Youth Development Strategy Aotearoa (2002). Areas of child protection needingimprovement identified during the UNICEF workshop on 31 March 2004 are discussed insection 3. The authors present their conclusions and various recommendations in section 4 ofthis report.Woodham, M. J. (1996). Child emotional abuse: The journey of six women. Unpublished master’sthesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13278.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Sexual abuse, Families, Women, Children, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This study explores the occurrence of child emotional abuse from the perspectiveof six adult women who report being emotionally abused as children. The participants’experiences of emotional abuse, including the effects and techniques used to cope, heal andresolve, and their recommendations for treatment, intervention and prevention are discussed.Emotional abuse is examined through in-depth qualitative interviews which provide richinsight into the participants’ experiences and evaluations about abuse. The subsequent datawas analysed using a grounded theory approach. The women portrayed the occurrence andeffects of emotional abuse as multi-dimensional. It occurs singularly or concurrently withother forms of abuse (physical and sexual), and is identified by a series of acts of omissionand commission that occur along a continuum. The women believed that treatment shouldconsist of both formal and informal processes over which the individual exerts control andchoice. Child intervention should be conducted by professionals with expertise in thedynamics of emotional abuse, who are able to effectively identify the phenomenon, andensure that the child is safe and protected. Community and emotional abuse professionalsshould also be working to provide families (not only those deemed ‘high-risk’) withappropriate support, social networks, and education about effective and non-abusivecaregiving practices.Source: Author’s abstractWoolf, L. J. (2002). Playing for real: Play therapy with children traumatised by maltreatment - a pilotstudy. Unpublished master’s thesis, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12113.pub184

Topic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Mental health, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: The aim of this study was to develop and pilot a play therapy manual for use withmaltreated children presenting with trauma symptoms or post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD). Four children (aged 6 to 8 years) with trauma symptoms and their caregiversparticipated in the study. Pre- and post-treatment measures included a structured diagnosticinterview with the children to determine PTSD diagnosis, parent report, teacher report, andchild self-report measures. While some treatment gains were observed, these were mostevident where there was greater PTSD symptomatology. The play therapy manual developedfor the study appeared to allow the processing of trauma for the four children involved in thestudy, with children responding well to the therapeutic tools utilised. Findings offerpreliminary support for manualised, trauma-specific play therapy intervention with maltreatedchildren, with further research indicated to determine both effectiveness and efficacy.Source: Author’s abstractWorrall, J. (2005). Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Charitable Trust research report March2005: Grandparents and other relatives raising kin children in Aotearoa/New Zealand.Auckland, New Zealand: Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Charitable Trust. RetrievedDecember 14, 2005, from http://www.raisinggrandchildren.org.nz/supporting/Research%20Report%20final.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12799.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Children, Older persons, Care and protection, Careand contact, Legislation, Social services, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This study examined the experiences of grandparents and other relatives raising kinchildren, in many cases, as a result of family violence. A postal survey was used to collatequalitative data from 323 kin caregivers. The impetus of Child, Youth and Family Services(CYFS) for children in need of protection to remain in the family has resulted in greaternumbers of grandparents caring for their grandchildren. The organisation GrandparentsRaising Grandchildren Charitable Trust suggest that the needs of grandparents acting ascarers are overlooked by policymakers and service providers. The participants in the studyoverwhelmingly cited financial constraints as a cause of ongoing stress, with 80% ofrespondents not meeting the costs of care with the allowance they receive from the state. Lackof support and understanding by professionals surrounding the unique needs of grandparentscaring for children was emphasised by the participants. Many of the children in careexperience physical and/or psychological problems, which placed extra strain ongrandparents. Legal issues were also identified as problematic, including the high cost ofapplying for custody, and the length of time for custody decisions to be made.Recommendations include: income support paralleling that of foster care payments; legalexpenses to be incurred by the state; more resources and support targeting grandparents actingas caregivers; and training for CYFS staff about the issues involved when placing children inkinship care.Wurtzburg, S. J. (2003). The Pacific Islands community in New Zealand: Domestic violence andaccess to justice. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 14(3), 423-446.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13095.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Women, Pacific peoples, Justice, Protectionorders, Legislation, Cultural factors, Gender, Religion/spirituality, Cultural practice185

Abstract: This article begins with a summary of the Domestic Violence Act (1995), andhighlights that Pacific Island women in Christchurch are penalised for their ethnic and genderorigins. The research provides a discussion of the Domestic Violence Act and its provisions,and of ethnic considerations for many Pacific Island cultures. The methodology employed inthis research is participant-observation using the snowball sampling method. Observationsoccurred over 5 years at a Christchurch women’s refuge, over 2 years at a Christchurchorganisation providing programmes for violent males, and the researcher spent time in anumber of Polynesian Islands conducting interviews with 76 participants. The researchsuggests that attitudes and beliefs of the police influence decisions about arresting someoneunder the Domestic Violence Act. Further, the widespread implications of language barriersand religious issues are explored, and the research concludes with implications andsuggestions for public policy and services. The article suggests that strengthening the linksbetween the justice system and various Pacific Island church ministers may help meldattitudes about religion and ethnicity to alleviate tension.Young, L. (1996). Mothers voices: A study of mothers of children who have been sexually abused.Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13142.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Sexual abuse, Incest, Families, Women, Children asvictims, Justice, Cultural factors, Mental health, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, Cultural practiceAbstract: The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of mothers’ responses tothe sexual abuse of their child. Interviews were undertaken with 9 mothers, exploring theirreactions to the abuse, what helped them, what made the experience worse for them and whatrecommendations they wished to make to service providers. Mothers’ feelings includedshock, anger, powerlessness, sadness, guilt and isolation. Most experienced some difficultyaccepting that the abuse had occurred, but all were supportive and protective of their child.The responses they received from others included accusations of inventing the abuse, andblame for allowing the abuse to happen. Mothers’ reactions to the abuse were stronglyconsistent regardless of the circumstances of the abuse; however, responses from other peoplevaried, with greater support being given to the mother when the abuse was extra-familial.Mothers received little help and support for themselves following the abuse, and thereforeidentified great need for improvement in services available to mothers if they are to beenabled to provide optimum support to enhance their child’s recovery and maintain their ownwellbeing.Source: Author’s abstractYoung, T. (2001). Report on an exploratory study of the experiences of Strengthening Families clientsin six selected regions. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Social Policy.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12134.pubTopic Areas: Families, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatment, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: This report describes the Strengthening Families process and the InteragencyCollaborative Model used to work towards the goal of improved family outcomes. Thepurpose of the report was to identify areas for future evaluation. The findings highlight thefavourable and limiting aspects of this process, including what makes the StrengtheningFamilies approach a success. Although the report makes links to family violence, this issue isnot central to the discussion.186

Young, W., Morris, A., Cameron, N., & Haslett, S. (1997). New Zealand National Survey of CrimeVictims 1996. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Justice.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13231.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Sexual assault/rape,Families, Women, Young persons, Older persons, Violence against men, Maori, Pakeha,Pacific peoples, Social services, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report presents the findings from New Zealand’s first comprehensive nationalsurvey of crime victims. The response rate was 57% and participants were drawn from arandom sample of the population aged 15 years and over. The objectives of the survey wereto produce an alternative measure to police crime victimisation statistics; to collateinformation on the circumstances and impact of offences; to illustrate victims’ responses tocrime and its effects; and to provide other information related to crime. The survey focusedon personal offences and household offences. The results of the survey indicate that nearlytwo-thirds of the offences disclosed in the survey are violent or sexual offending. The reportdiscusses family violence in relation to the perpetrators being well known to the victim; thisincludes data collected on partner abuse.Yule, T. (1996). A critique of the Domestic Violence Act 1995. Unpublished manuscript, University ofAuckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12942.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Families, Victims/survivors, Children as victims,Children as witnesses, Justice, Protection orders, Care and contact, Legislation, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This paper aims to critically analyse and evaluate the changes introduced by thetwo main Acts in the law reform package: the Domestic Violence Act (1995) and theGuardianship Amendment Act (1995). In the first part of the paper the dynamics at work inabusive relationships are discussed. The aim is to dispel the many myths surrounding thetopic of domestic violence and to provide the reader with some background knowledge withwhich they too can evaluate the new legislative reforms. The second part of the paperprovides an outline of the regime established by the Domestic Protection Act (1982).Although the Domestic Protection Act was considered to be an innovative response to theproblem of domestic violence in the early 1980s, the inadequacies of that regime became thesubject of close scrutiny over the next 13 years. In the third part of the paper, the three reportsthat constituted the major catalysts for legislative reform are identified and briefly discussed.Finally, in the main part of the paper, the reforms introduced by the Domestic Violence Actand the Guardianship Amendment Act are examined and the adequacy of the new regimeevaluated.Source: Author’s abstract187