www.bonanza.orgAdrian Eichhorn working on N<strong>12</strong>7<strong>11</strong>’s IO-520 engine.ConditionMonitoring byBorescopeBy Steven W. OxmanIn another world, I was an information resourcemanager for the Navy’s Trident submarine program.One of our projects was the acquisition, collection,and analysis of vibration data from onboard rotatingmachinery. We analyzed the data and developed vibrationsignatures of both healthy and unhealthy machinery.The idea was to allow equipment with healthy signaturesto remain in service, thus reducing maintenance anddown time with lower operation and support costs.Similar and important work has been done for ouraircraft equipment by Mike Busch, who has written a loton the subject. My friend, Adrian Eichhorn, is anotherwho has been working in the maintenance monitoringarea, from a different view and with different technology.Adrian’s work is relatively new and little has been writtenabout it yet (see AOPA Pilot, June <strong>20<strong>11</strong></strong>).More Than Two Years Ago…Adrian called me and asked me to bring N<strong>12</strong>7<strong>11</strong>,my K35 <strong>Bonanza</strong>, to his hangar for a look at the cylin ders with a recently acquired new tool. Adrian hadacquired a medical endoscope from a hangar friendthat could be used as an engine cylinder borescope thatwas more precise than those normally used to complywith Continental Service Bulletin SB03-3 (available atwww.bonanza.org/documents/SB03-3.pdf). This tool hassome really neat benefits, such as being able to better seeinside the cylinders and display the view on a largecomputer screen. That enables several people (such asthe mechanic and the owner) to look at the cylindertogether, and permits the results to be recorded for futureviewing and analysis.I took Adrian up on the invitation and flew my <strong>Bonanza</strong>over to his hangar. We looked at all the cylinders withhis scope and while the first five cylinders lookedexcellent, the last cylinder looked like something wasstarting to go south.All of my cylinders had recently been checked by thetraditional cylinder leak-down differential compressiontest and all were found to be good, with <strong>number</strong>s between78 and 76. There were no sounds of air leaking at theexhaust pipes or at the oil filler tube, and oil consumptionhad been good at about 14 hours per quart. Oil analysisshowed no unusual wear, and the oil filters always lookedgreat. Previous borescope inspections had been normalin all six cylinders. My <strong>12</strong>-point engine monitor indicatedthat the engine was running well (I typically run lean ofpeak EGT).One cylinder had been pulled at about 900 hours onthis IO-520BA and its exhaust valve and guide werereplaced. Other than that, nothing has been needed forthis engine. It had about 1000 hours on it when Adrianlooked at it.None of the traditional engine monitoring I had beenusing hinted to a need for future engine work. But Adrian’snew tool showed us where one exhaust valve and valveguide (not the one that was recently reworked) wouldsoon need rework. That one valve face showed the beginningsigns the valve was not rotating as it should innormal operation. A small, quarter-moon shaped discoloration,rust in color, showed on the computer screen.Two Years LaterAdrian asked me to return in one year so he couldre-inspect that one cylinder. The weekend before mynext scheduled annual, we first inspected the five goodcylinders and they were still fine. Then we looked at thatlast cylinder, and sure enough, it was not looking good.The quarter-moon shaped discoloration had turned greenin color. I will never forget Adrian’s immediate reaction:14 AMERICAN BONANZA SOCIETY DECEMBER <strong>20<strong>11</strong></strong>
www.bonanza.orgIhave learned over the past two yearsthat the color of green warns ofimminent failure.Exhaust valve with green crescent showing.“Steve, I have learned over the past two years that thecolor of green warns of imminent failure. I want you tofly straight home, put your plane in your mechanic’s hangarfor your annual and tell him to pull this cylinder.”Adrian had been able to clearly see the pattern describedin the Continental Service Bulletin.My engine had not been looked at for the past year.My <strong>12</strong>-point engine monitor had not warned me of anyproblems, including on the flight home (and you canbe sure that I was watching it!). The previous year’s oilanalysis, compression test, and oil filter inspection hadnot raised any flags. Engine starts were fine, as was theoil consumption.The next morning I taxied my warmed up <strong>Bonanza</strong> tothe maintenance hangar, where my mechanic, LarryDonaldson, and I first tested the five good cylinders, whichagain tested fine. When testing the suspect cylinder, wecould hear air coming out the exhaust pipe immediatelyand the cylinder tested poorly. This cylinder had to comeoff. Once off, it was evident that the exhaust valve andvalve guide needed to be replaced. We shipped thecylinder off to Skyline Cylinders in State Line, Pennsylvania,where Tim Barnes had previously rebuilt my othercylinder. He rebuilt this cylinder in short order, and afterinstallation it is now doing well. The rest of the annualwent as expected.Volume <strong>11</strong> • Number <strong>12</strong> AMERICAN BONANZA SOCIETY 15
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