Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of the project was to:a. conduct a retrospective occupational hygiene survey of the <strong>Oberon</strong> <strong>Class</strong><strong>Submarine</strong>.b. identify known hazards of the <strong>Oberon</strong> <strong>Class</strong> HMA <strong>Submarine</strong> and estimateexposures and risk of harm based on the available literature and existingDefence Science and Technology (DSTO) reports.• The broad aims of the project have been further refined below, into activityand the deliverables (text in italics):• Identify all known occupational hazards aboard the <strong>Oberon</strong> <strong>Class</strong><strong>Submarine</strong> - List of known hazards;• Attempt to quantify these hazards within retrospective limitations - List ofhazards with quantified measurements, where available;• Estimate exposure to these hazards based on proximity and job type - Listestimated exposure to the identified hazards by crew position or branch;• Estimate risk of adverse health outcomes based on the hazard and exposureestimate - Production of an estimated probability of harm score for eachhazard;• Liaise with <strong>Submarine</strong> Association of Australia. - Inspect <strong>Oberon</strong> <strong>Class</strong>boat;• Conduct 2 focus groups of at least 6 participants each of <strong>Oberon</strong> <strong>Class</strong>submariners and related experts - Focus group protocols (to be approvedbefore use) and report on discussion findings; and,• Relate any findings to the existing literature and DSTO habitability data -Produce a report detailing the identified hazards, estimated exposures andestimated probability of harm from exposure.14
Approach Adopted in this StudyIn order to create the exposure profile, the following multifaceted approach wasadopted:• Firstly, a literature review of hazards in <strong>Oberon</strong> class submarines wasundertaken, utilizing the services of a professional librarian, military contactsand other leads. Some of the literature described submariner morbidity andmortality, which together with an understanding of toxicology andepidemiology, may shed some light on likely exposures.• Secondly, a tour of the decommissioned HMAS ONSLOW was carried outto assess static characteristics of the submarine, and to put exposures intocontext. Experienced submariners were able to act as tour guides, describingthe tasks performed and equipment used.• Thirdly, focus groups of <strong>Oberon</strong> class submariners were engaged toidentify hazards and to describe their experiences.• Fourthly, individuals with an expert knowledge of <strong>Oberon</strong> classsubmarines and operations were consulted about time activity patterns, andlikely sources/pathways of exposure.• <strong>Final</strong>ly, information from the abovementioned sources was triangulated,with professional judgement, to deduce the exposure profile, according tohazard category.Hazards, exposure levels (significant/low) and the quality of the evidence(good/medium/poor) are presented in tabular form.The exposure levels are based on measured values, or, if these are not available, on ametric taking in account proximity to sources, tasks undertaken and other factors.Exposures are compared with exposure criteria where available, and rated assignificant or low.The quality of evidence is classified according to (1) the presence or absence ofpublished exposure data; (2) professional judgement in conjunction with focus groupinformation and observation; (3) lack of availability, inadequacy or purely apresumption of exposure, based on indirect information.This is a pragmatic approach, attempting to utilize all information, yet acknowledgingweaknesses. Note that the outcome is exposure and not risk. Risk is inferred fromexposure and health data.15
- Page 1 and 2: Oberon Class SubmarineOccupational
- Page 3 and 4: ContentsExecutive Summary..........
- Page 7 and 8: There is strong anecdotal evidence
- Page 10: decommissioned) in 1992. The five r
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- Page 19 and 20: of diesel-electric propulsion and a
- Page 21 and 22: 4. Gan & Mazurek (~ 2005), “Expos
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- Page 25 and 26: from the air vents, in excess of 65
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- Page 31 and 32: pollution by 33%. There is a length
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- Page 37 and 38: ClothingStandard orders refer to th
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Health HazardsThe health hazards id
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Psychological• Stress caused by n
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Tar epoxiesJason pistols?berylliumE
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Some of the psychological effects i
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Table 3: Rank and job description b
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Junior SailorsEngineeringTradespers
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Seaman- maintainerelectricalLeading
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Table 4: Exposure Profile and Quali
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DiscussionThis project appears to b
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in surface vessel engine rooms. The
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exceeded the guideline of 50 microg
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ConclusionIn conclusion, the occupa
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AnnexesAnnex A: The Project TeamAnn
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Annex B toOberon Class SubmarineOcc
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locked cabinets at CMVH and accesse
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• What were the specific tasks co
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List of Documents not AvailableAnne
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ReferencesLiterature ReviewAdelson
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Gorman R., Liss G.M., (1985), “Oc
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McKinnery, W. N., Jr. and Moore, R.
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Aeronautical and Maritime Research
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