Abstracts - Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft

General Lectures

General LecturesG Opening.1 (Fr) - DEDie Bilderwelt von Ernst HaeckelOlaf BreidbachErnst-Haeckel-Haus, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaG Opening.2 (Fr) - DE100 Jahre Phyletisches MuseumMartin S. FischerInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaG Public.1 (Mo) - DE„Impavidi progrediamur“. Zur Haeckelrezeption im 20. JahrhundertUwe HoßfeldAG Biologiedidaktik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaDer Zoologe Ernst Haeckel zählt zu den bekanntesten, zugleich aber auch umstrittensten Naturforscherndes 19. und beginnenden 20. Jahrhunderts. Als einer der frühesten Anhänger und streitbarstenVerfechter der Darwinschen Evolutionstheorie stellt er eine Zentralfigur in der Frühgeschichte desDarwinismus dar. Doch sein Name steht nicht nur als Symbol für die Auseinandersetzungen umden Entwicklungsgedanken und dessen Popularisierung in dieser Zeit, sondern auch für ein aktivesEintreten für den von ihm formulierten und postulierten Monismus. Die enge und stete Verknüpfungvon Wissenschaft, Weltanschauung, Religion und Künstlertum geben und gaben seinem Wirken eincharakteristisches Gepräge, boten zugleich aber auch Möglichkeiten für kontroverse Interpretationen,Angriffe und politisch-ideologische Vereinnahmungen unterschiedlichster Art. Insbesondereseine materialistischen, lamarckistischen, rassenhygienischen und monistischen Auffassungen führtenim 19. und besonders 20. Jahrhundert bei einer Reihe von Politikern und Wissenschaftlern in verschiedenengesellschaftlichen Systemen dazu, diese in ihrem Sinne zu interpretieren. NachfolgenderVortrag versucht, einige wichtige Aspekte der Haeckelrezeption in den verschiedenen Gesellschaftsepochen(vom Kaiserreich bis ins geteilte Deutschland) aufzuzeigen.G SE.1 (Mo) - DEWas Sie schon immer über die DFG wissen wollten! Hintergründe, Informationen undTipps für junge und erfahrene AntragstellerSonja IhleDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, ZoologieIn einem kurzen Vortrag werden Informationen zur Antragstellung und zum Ablauf der Begutachtunggegeben. Weiterhin wird auf Programm- und Verfahrensänderungen hingewiesen, die eventuellauch für erfahrenere Wissenschaftler interessant sein könnten. Der Hauptteil der Sitzung soll allerdingsfür Fragen der Teilnehmer zur Antragstellung oder zur DFG im Allgemeinen zur Verfügungstehen.

General LecturesG SE.2 (Mo) - DENachweis zoologischer Literatur und weiterer zoologisch relevanter Ressourcen in derVirtuellen Fachbibliothek BiologieGerwin KasperekVirtuelle Fachbibliothek Biologie, Universitaetsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurta.M.Die Virtuelle Fachbibliothek Biologie (www.vifabio.de) bietet einen integrierten Zugang zu wissenschaftlicherInformation für Zoologen über das Internet. vifabio ermöglicht das parallele Durchsuchenvon Datenbeständen in Bibliothekskatalogen und bibliographischen Datenbanken,sowie einen Führer zu wissenschaftlich relevanten Internetquellen. So umfassend wie möglichwerden Zugänge zu elektronischen Volltexten oder zu Bestellmöglichkeiten integriert. Die aktuellvorhandenen und die zukünftig geplanten zoologischen Inhalte werden im Vortrag hinsichtlich Abdeckungund Relevanz bewertet.

Plenary LecturesPlenary Lectures

Plenary Lectures

Plenary LecturesL PL.1 (Mo) - ENHypothalamic integration of hormonal inputsJens BrüningInstitut für Genetik, Universität zu KölnNeuropeptide Y (NPY) – and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) – as well as proopiomelanocortin(POMC)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus integrate multiple hormonaland nutrient signals to adapt energy homeostasis and peripheral glucose metabolism. The presentationwill focus on the common intracellular signaling pathways activated by these signals in definedneurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus such as the activation of the Pi3 kinase andSTAT3 signaling pathway. Data from transgenic mice with either deletions or constitutive activationsof these pathways in AgRP and POMC neurons will be presented. The functional consequencesof modulating these unifying intracellular pathways and their regulation by diverse upstream activatorswill be discussed.L PL.1 (Sa) - ENThe promise of insect genomicsCornelis GrimmelikhuijzenDepartment of Biology, Cell Biology and Comparative Zoology, University of CopenhagenInsects are ecologically and economically extremely important, because most flowering plants dependon insects for their pollination. In USA is has been calculated that, if honey bee pollinationwould be absent, society would miss 30% of its food products. But insects can also be severe agriculturalpests, destroying up to 30% of our potential annual harvest, and can be vectors (intermediatepathogen carriers) for major human diseases such as malaria. In addition to their clear importance forour global economy, ecology, food supply, and health, insects are also extremely useful as laboratorymodels. Genetic studies in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, for example, have led to thediscovery of many molecular mechanisms underlying embryonic development (such as homeoboxgenes, Wnt signaling). These molecular mechanisms turned out to be valid not only in Drosophila,but also in all other animals including humans. Genetic and developmental studies in Drosophila,therefore, have revolutionized our understanding of animal development. During the last few years,the genomes from more than 24 insects have been sequenced or are in the process of being sequenced.Because genome sequencing technologies are currently becoming cheaper and faster, thenumber of sequenced insect genomes will certainly increase and also include other arthropods suchas myriapods, crustaceans and chelicerates. These exciting developments in arthropod research willgive us enormous amounts of new, highly useful data that we can use for our own specific researchinterests, for example for the establishment of new phylogenetic relationsships using phylogenomics.In my own research group, we are interested in the insect neuroendocrine system and specificallyin neurohormones (biogenic amines, neuropeptides, protein hormones) and their G protein-coupledreceptors (GPCRs). These signal molecules play a central role in the insect brain and in the physiologyof insects, because they occupy a high “hierarchic” position in the steering and coordinationof vital processes, such as reproduction, development, growth, behavior, feeding, and homeostasis.We have now set up an endocrine genomics (endocrinomics) program based on all insects with asequenced genome. Our findings show that (i) Drosophila is not a very good representative of allinsects; (ii) novel endocrine systems (GPCR/neurohormone couples) can be discovered in otherinsects that are absent in Drosophila; (iii) endocrine systems can be conserved, duplicated, or lost

Plenary Lecturesduring insect evolution. Thus, to obtain a correct (=complete) understanding of insect endocrinology,genome-wide inventories of all insects with a sequenced genome must be carried out.L PL.1 (Su) - ENEvolution of cerebral cortical developmentZoltán MolnárDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UKThis review aims to provide examples of how both comparative and genetic analyses contribute toour understanding of the rules for cortical development and evolution. Genetic studies have helpedus to realize the evolutionary rules of telencephalic organization in vertebrates. The control of the establishmentof conserved telencephalic subdivisions and the formation of boundaries between thesesubdivisions has been examined and the very specific alterations at the striatocortical junction havebeen revealed. Comparative studies and genetic analyses both demonstrate the differential origin andmigratory pattern of the two basic neuron types of the cerebral cortex. GABAergic interneurons aremostly generated in the subpallium and a common mechanism governs their migration to the dorsalcortex in both mammals and sauropsids. The pyramidal neurons are generated within the corticalgerminal zone and migrate radially, the earliest generated cell layers comprising preplate cells. Reelin-positiveCajal-Retzius cells are a general feature of all vertebrates studied so far; however, thereis a considerable amplification of the Reelin signalling with cortical complexity, which might havecontributed to the establishment of the basic mammalian pattern of cortical development. Based onnumerous recent observations we shall present the argument that specialization of the mitotic compartmentsmay constitute a major drive behind the evolution of the mammalian cortex. Comparativedevelopmental studies have revealed distinct features in the early compartments of the developingmacaque brain, drawing our attention to the limitations of some of the current model systems forunderstanding human developmental abnormalities of the cortex. Comparative and genetic aspectsof cortical development both reveal the workings of evolution. Supported by MRC and BBSRC.L PL.2 (Mo) - ENEvolution of morphological patterns in vertebrates viewed from developmentalperspectivesShigeru KurataniLaboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, JapanBy choosing a lamprey species Lethenteron japonicum, the evolutionary sequence of gnathostomeswas studied. As a basic developmental program, the lamprey head mesoderm is not segmented,but secondarily regionalized by pharyngeal pouches and otocyst, into several domains seen in gnathostomes;vertebrates appears to have evolved with somitomerism and branchiomerism that aredecoupled from each other, of which the latter became conspicuous with incorporation of the neuralcrest-derived ectomesenchyme by the absence of the former. The cephalic Hox code in the pharyngealarches (PAs), is partially conserved between the lamprey and gnathostomes, including the Hoxcode-default state in PA1 as the ground state of vertebrate branchiomerism. The gnathostome-specificjaw differentiation thus appears to have been obtained upon this shared developmental schemefor the PA positional values. Dlx genes, on the other hand, did not show clearly nested patterns ofexpression, suggesting that the Dlx code could be a comparatively a new feature for gnathostomes.

Plenary LecturesExpressions of Fgf8 and Bmp2/4, involved in proximodistal patterning of the oral apparatus, impliedthat the molecularly conserved tissue interaction has been heterotopically shifted posteriorly in thegnathostome jaw evolution. This shift is coupled with the diplorhinous state as well as the posteriorshift of the adenohypophysis in gnathostomes, consistent with the fact that diplorhiny has been assumedin stem gnathostomes. By observing hagfish embryos, the origin of the neural crest will alsobe discussed.L PL.2 (Sa) - ENBiodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep seaAngelika BrandtZoological Museum, University of HamburgShallow marine benthic Southern Ocean communities display high levels of endemism, gigantism,slow growth, longevity and late maturity, and adaptive radiations have generated considerable novelbiodiversity in some taxa.The deeper parts of the Southern Ocean exhibit some unique environmentalfeatures, including a very deep continental shelf and a weakly stratified water column, and are thesource for much of the deep water in the World Ocean. These features suggest that deep-sea faunasaround the Antarctic may be related both to adjacent shelf communities and to those in other oceans.Unlike shallow-water Antarctic benthic communities, however, little was known about life in thisvast deep-sea region. Three recent ANDEEP expeditions collected organisms and environmentaldata at 40 stations between 748-6348 m water depth, increasing known biodiversity substantiallyand discovering many new species. Evidence is emerging that Southern Ocean deep-water faunasare linked to both adjacent shelf and other ocean basin assemblages. This linkage is complex andvaries between taxa. Even though we are only beginning to understand the patterns and scale ofSouthern Ocean biodiversity, we now want to understand some forces that drive biodiversity andbiogeographic patterns. We want to understand the function of biodiversity, the role of rare and abundantspecies. ANDEEP-SYSTCO (ANtarctic benthic DEEP-sea biodiversity: colonisation historyand recent community patterns – SYSTem COupling) is an ambitious programme and designed tostudy processes in different realms of the biosphere in Antarctica and uncover how these systems arelinked to each other (atmospheric-pelagic-benthic coupling processes). SYSTCO will help to closeanother gap in our knowledge of the Southern Ocean deep sea, the functioning of these communities.Samples were taken during ANDEEP-SYSTCO between 28.11.2007 and 4.2.2008 and preliminaryresults besides genereal aims will be presented.L PL.2 (Su) - ENLooking back in time through marine ecosystem space: a predator’s perspective onclimate and change in the western Antarctic PeninsulaWilliam R FraserPolar Oceans Research Group, Sheridan, MT, USAThe rate of warming in the western Antarctic Peninsula region is 5 times the global average, resultingin profound and possibly unprecedented changes in the marine ecosystem. Trends in Adélie penguinpopulations are providing ecologists with key metrics for both detecting ecological responsesto climate warming and understanding the associated causal physical and biological mechanismsinvolved.

10 Plenary Lectures

Key Lectures of the Symposia 11Key Lectures of the Symposia

12 Key Lectures of the Symposia

Key Lectures of the Symposia 13S BB.1 (Su) - ENNo place to hide – foraging strategies under spatially uniform predation riskJana EccardAnimal Behavior, University of BielefeldEvolution has shaped the behaviour of potential prey species in a manner that individuals seek toreduce predation risk. Spatial uniformity of predation risk is common for many prey species if habitatstructures are uniform, such as in meadows, steppe, or tundra, and also common in agriculturalmonocropping. Moreover, if predators match body size and locomotion type of their prey, the preyhas no place to hide. Meanwhile, models on the economy of optimal foraging often ignore the costof risk. Their predictions, extrapolated to a landscape level of patchy resources would thus predictinvestment of foraging time over space. In models including risk it often pertains to local foragingdecisions in risk-heterogeneous habitats with differently dangerous microhabitats, predictingthe avoidance of dangerous places. We can show under laboratory and field conditions in differentspatial scales how risk-uniformity and high risk create patterns of unevenly distributed foragingeffort. Under high uniform risk other activities than foraging are equally dangerous. Thus, missedopportunity costs of alternative activities are probably low, compared to a situation with a uniformlow risk. Small opportunity costs may lead to prolonged residencies at resources. The concept ofrisk uniformity shall add to a comprehensive theoretical framework of adaptive foraging behaviourunder predation risk.S BB.2 (Su) - ENEffects of the abiotic and social environment on body condition and health: a study onEuropean rabbitsHeiko Rödel, Anett StarkloffLehrstuhl Tierphysiologie, Universität BayreuthEnvironmental conditions during an animal’s early ontogeny can have a strong impact on its healthand survival. Young animals are often more susceptible to the effects of unfavourable weather conditions,which might affect their body condition either directly, or indirectly by promoting the spreadof parasites. The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is an example of a multivoltine seasonalbreeder, where the mothers give birth to several consecutive litters from early spring until autumn.Thus, young rabbits from different seasonal cohorts might face extremely different weather conditionsduring their youth. In addition, young rabbits have to integrate into the social network of theirpopulation, whereas the structures of the different social groups vary strongly and show changesin the course of the breeding season. We studied the impact of both, the juveniles’ social environmentand the weather conditions experienced during early life on animals of an individually markedEuropean rabbit population. Generally, the juveniles’ pre- and post-weaning growth was influencedby different parameters of their early postnatal life. Furthermore, the rainy weather conditions experiencedafter weaning but also social interactions with conspecifics were correlated with the animals’post-weaning growth and parasite burden. Overall, our study provides a framework offeringa comparison of the importance of different early life conditions affecting the juveniles’ health andgrowth.

14 Key Lectures of the SymposiaS DB.1 (Su) - ENNovel genes control species-specific morphological traits in the genus HydraKonstantin Khalturin, Friederike Anton-Erxleben, Jörg Wittlieb, Georg Hemmrich, Thomas C.G.BoschZoological Institute, University of KielUnderstanding the molecular events that underlie the evolution of morphological diversity is a majorchallenge in biology. To identify genes whose expression correlates with species-specific morphologieswe compared transcriptoms of two closely related Hydra species. We found that developmentof species-specific structures is correlated with expression of taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs).We functionally analyzed the role of one of the TRGs in affecting tentacle formation in Hydra. Weshow that gain-of-function induces changes in morphology which mirror phenotypic differencesobserved between species. Thus, taxonomically restricted genes are involved in the generation ofspecies-specific morphological traits.S DB.2 (Su) - ENMolecular mechanisms of tectal development in vertebratesDorothea Schulte, Anja Badde, Antje Vennemann, Zsuzsa AgostonAbteilung Neuroanatomie, Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt a.M.The fundamental plan of the vertebrate brain is laid down as a series of vesicles by the time the neuraltube closes. The mesencephalic vesicle is the embryonic precursor of the adult midbrain structuresincluding the tectum, whereas the anterior hindbrain gives rise to the adult cerebellum. Earlydevelopment of the mid-hindbrain region is governed by the mid-hindbrain boundary (MHB) organizer,a signaling center located at the boundary between the mid- and hindbrain vesicles. Its activityis regulated by an interdependent network of nuclear factors and secreted proteins, which includesmembers of the Fgf- and Wnt-families. We provide evidence for a new player in this network, theReceptor Tyrosine Phosphatase lambda (RPTPlambda). Using gain-of-function and loss-of-functionapproaches in chick embryos we show that this molecule impacts on midbrain development in a dualway: it negatively regulates the expression of the secreted protein Wnt1, an important mediator ofMHB organizer function. This helps to confine Wnt1 activity to its characteristic narrow domain atthe MHB organizer. In addition, RPTPlambda binds to and can presumably sequester b-catenin, acentral component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, and thereby controls the growth of thefuture midbrain.S EB.1 (Sa) - ENBiogeographical and evolutionary importance of the European high mountainsystemsThomas SchmittBiogeographie, Universität TrierEurope is characterised by several high mountain systems over major parts of its surface, and thesestructures have strongly influenced the evolution of taxa. For species now restricted to these highmountain systems, characteristic patterns of differentiation exist. (i) Populations of taxa with widedistributions in the Alps often have two or more genetic lineages, which in some cases even have the

Key Lectures of the Symposia 15status of cryptic species. In many cases, these lineages are the results of several centres of glacialsurvival in the perialpine areas. (ii) Populations from adjoining high mountain systems often showsimilar genetic lineages, a phenomenon best explained by postglacial retreat to these mountainsfrom one single differentiation centre between them. (iii) Populations isolated in geographicallyperipheral mountain ranges own endemic genetic lineages, which survived and evolved in the vicinityof these mountain areas. (iv) The populations of a number of species show gradients of geneticdiversity from a genetically richer East to a poorer West. This might indicate better glacial survivalconditions for this group of species in the more eastern parts of Europe. (v) Finally, some temperatecontinentalspecies with affinities to mountains show similar genetic patterns like typical mountainspecies, thus underlining that the European high-mountain systems also strongly impacted theirintraspecific differentiation and evolution.S EB.2 (Sa) - ENSexual conflict and cooperation in bedbugsKlaus ReinhardtAnimal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UKConflict has recently been recognised as almost universal and an important driver of rapid evolutionarychange. By contrast, sexual cooperation should be rare among polyandrous organisms and is currentlylargely observed in social insects.Bedbugs are a classic example of sexual conflict: the matingrate observed in the laboratory is around 20fold higher than that required for optimal female fitness.Male bedbugs copulate by piercing the female’s body wall and inseminating into their body cavity.First, I present examples of male sexual traits that are harmful to females such as aggressive matingbehaviour, copulatory wounding and sexually transmitted microbes. I also provide examples howfemale respond by behavioural, biomaterial, morphological and immunological means.Secondly, Idemonstrate the seeming mystery that males and females also cooperate sexually: females receivesubstances during mating that increase their egg laying rate whilst, simultaneously, delaying ratherthan enhancing the onset of reproductive senescence. Two candidate traits in the ejaculate are alsobeing identified: significant activity of lysozyme and the elongation factor EF alpha1.S EC.1 (Sa) - ENGenetic diversity in freshwater: The phantom midge and Paramecium showunexpected patternsThomas BerendonkUniversität LeipzigOne of the primary questions concerning the long-term preservation of nature and its diversity is themaintenance of genetic diversity. Here I present two examples how genetic diversity may be influencedby current anthropogenic parameters. The first example focuses on local extinctions and howthese influence regional genetic variation of a species. Despite numerous theoretical investigations,comparative empirical information on how local extinctions influence regional genetic diversitydoes not exist. We used a microsatellite analysis of six midge species of the genus Chaoborus andgenerated intriguing scale-dependent results. Species which experienced repeated local extinctionshad reduced genetic variation at the local level, yet the regional genetic variation was greater than inspecies with permanent populations. Our findings call into question the assumption that species with

16 Key Lectures of the Symposialarge local populations always contain higher genetic diversity. The second example focuses on aParamecium and tests the question how the current global warming may influence the genetic variationof this fast reproducing eukaryotic microbe. More specifically we want to test the hypothesisthat these species will be able to adapt to the current temperature increase. The first results of ourinvestigation suggest that a prediction on the effects of global warming will not be straightforward,as we could not observe any current adaptation of populations to a regional average temperature.S EC.2 (Sa) - ENEffects of environmental complexity on species interactionsElisabeth ObermaierLehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Universität WürzburgBiotic interactions between organisms of different trophic levels occur in highly structured and complexenvironments. Here I examine the consequences of environmental complexity on multitrophicsystems on different spatial scales. On a small spatial scale the complexity of the individual plantarchitecture and the complexity of the surrounding vegetation structure and plant odour diversitycan influence reproductive strategies of herbivores and host finding success of their natural enemies.Apart from plant species diversity, the structural and chemical diversity of the vegetation has beenshown to influence the function of host-parasitoid interactions. Belowground, the heterogeneity ofsoil organisms add another trophic level to such multitrophic interactions. On larger spatial scalesenvironmental complexity can be influenced by agricultural intensification or anthropogenic landscapefragmentation with profound effects on trophic interactions. Current management strategies innature conservation, like extensive grazing by large mammals, have the potential to restore environmentalcomplexity and heterogeneity to maintain a high level of species diversity.S MO.1 (Mo) - ENThe functional morphology of sponges – new views on ancient animalsMichael NickelInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaThe recent re-postulation of sponge paraphyly challenges our understanding of early metazoan evolution.Unfortunately, sponges are regarded as animals with only few phylogenetically informativemorphological characters. This hampers the independent morphological validation of molecular databased hypotheses. Nonetheless, recent investigations based on microscopic techniques, time-lapseimaging and synchrotron radiation based x-ray microtomography (SR µCT) provide new insightsinto sponge morphology. Integrated morphological, behavioural and physiological studies on ourmodel sponge Tethya wilhelma (Demospongiae) demonstrated the early co-evolution of contractileand integrative systems. This view is supported by genomic data of Amphimedon queenslandica(Demospongiae). Results from histology, SEM and SRµCT 3D-analyses question the concept of“myocytes” (actinocytes) as main contractile effectors. In contrast, they support a second hypothesispostulating the pinacoderm as a main contractile effector. The observed strong contractions inDemospongiae, Calcarea and Homoscleromorpha call for effective epithelial connections. Thesenew perspectives blur the delimitations between sponges and epitheliozoa. Therefore, the epitheliozoanautapomorphies ought to be carefully re-evaluated. The ongoing integrated study of sponge

Key Lectures of the Symposia 17functional morphology opens up new views on this evolutionary ancient animal group. For Demospongiae,Hexactinellida, Calcarea and Homoscleromorpha, this process will help to reappraisemorphological characters of phylogenetic value.S MO.2 (Mo) - ENCharacter transformations and their functional significance as a key to the evolutionof hystricognath RodentiaAndrea MessMuseum of Natural History, Humboldt-University BerlinHystricognathi represent a high-level monophyletic taxon within Rodentia. It is supported particularlyby molecular data sets, whereas morphological systems seem to be here less valuable. However,phylogenetically analyzed morphological systems are still of outstanding importance for revealingevolutionary processes and significant for the biology and ecology of organisms. This study identifiesevolutionary character transformations on the stem lineage of Hystricognathi, as derived fromthe author’s own work and the literature. Data so far indicate that the outer nasal cartilage becamemobile and the associated skin lost its tactile ability in Hystricognathi, allied with the switch fromomnivorous to herbivorous and fibre-rich nutrition. In addition, structures associated with reproductionand placentation show a high proportion of derived character conditions: the chorioallantoicplacenta has a ring-shaped organization and growth structure which optimizes the capacity for passivediffusion, a subplacenta occurred as a specialized region responsible for placental invasion andthe completely inverted yolk sac facilitates substance exchange with the main placenta. Finally,precocial newborns evolved as a derived condition within Rodentia. All things considered, an effectivemode of reproduction is indicated, which does not demand excessive additional energy intakeby the mother and is in accordance with her low energetic diet. In summary, Hystricognathi possessmajor character transformations that represent prerequisites for their successful radiation at the timewhen open ecosystems and grasslands evolved during Earth history. The analysis resulted in thereconstruction of a life-like picture of the hystricognath stem species pattern with high explanatorypower in terms of changes in space and time and their interdependence with biodiversity.S NB.1 (Mo) - ENNeurophylogeny – retracing early metazoan brain evolutionRudi LoeselAbteilung für Entwicklungsbiologie und Morphologie der Tiere, RWTH AachenThe current view of metazoan phylogeny suggests that the bilaterian bodyplan arose only onceduring evolution. This urbilaterian was most likely equipped with an anterior ganglion from whichall brains of modern animals have diverged. Until recently, the ancestor of all bilaterian phyla wasviewed as a very simple animal with an accordingly simple brain. Molecular studies, however, demonstratea multitude of homologous genes that are expressed in identical patterns in the brains ofvertebrate and invertebrate representatives. Taken together these findings imply that the architectureof the urbilaterian brain might have been more elaborate than previously assumed. If true, ancientarchitectural features might have been conserved during evolution and should be identifiable indistantly related modern phyla. In this study, a comparison of representatives of arthropods, onycho-

18 Key Lectures of the Symposiaphorans, and annelids suggests that this is indeed the case. For example, a well-developed mushroombody, comprising many thousand small diameter globuli (Kenyon) cells is present in arthropods aswell as in annelids, two groups that represent distantly related protostome clades. We will discuss theconsequences for our understanding of metazoan brain evolution for both possible scenarios, first,the one that assumes that similar brain structures arose only once during evolution and second, theopposite view that structures like the mushroom bodies might have evolved independently. (DFGgrant Lo 797/3-2)S NB.2 (Mo) - ENIn vivo visualization of odor coding and processing in the Drosophila brainSilke Sachse, Marco Schubert, Sonja Bisch-Knaden, , Bill S. HanssonDepartment of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, JenaMost organisms rely on their olfactory system to detect and analyze chemical cues in the environment,cues which are subsequently utilized in the context of behavior. The basic layout of the firstolfactory processing centers, the olfactory bulb in vertebrates and the antennal lobe in insects, is remarkablysimilar. Odors are encoded by specific ensembles of activated glomeruli (the structural andfunctional units of the bulb-lobe) in a combinatorial manner. However, a comparison of the transformationof odor representations between input to the antennal lobe and output to higher brain centersyields a complex and contradictory picture. The question of how odors are processed is accordinglyopen. A central problem regarding our present understanding of olfactory processing is that virtuallynothing is known regarding the inhibitory components. The inhibitory processes are assumedto be as important as the well-studied excitatory pathways, however, the necessary tools to studythe former processes in imaging studies have so far been lacking. In order to visualize inhibitoryresponses, we used a newly described fluorescent protein, named Clomeleon, which functions as anindicator for chloride ions — the main mediator of synaptic inhibitions in mature neurons. Usingthe standard GAL4-UAS system in Drosophila melanogaster, we genetically expressed Clomeleonin subpopulations of olfactory neurons to measure and characterize neuronal inhibitions at differentprocessing levels in the Drosophila olfactory system.S PH.1 (Sa) - ENInsights into evolutionary ecology of insect immunityBoran AltincicekJustus-Liebig-Universität, GießenThe evolutionary success of insects regarding diversity in species and ecological niches reflectstheir prominent ability to control a wide array of pathogens. Here, we have identified immune-induciblegenes in phylogenetically distant insects using subtractive suppression hybridization. Resultsfrom the apterygote Thermobia domestica, the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, the drone fly Eristalistenax, and the genetically tractable model beetle Tribolium castaneum revealed the immune inducedexpression of genes encoding proteins involved in signaling, defense mechanisms, stress response,and cellular homeostasis. However, we also noted differences, especially on antimicrobial peptides(AMPs). We identified thaumatins in Tribolium (ancient antifungal plant peptides) that are absentfrom most other insects and numerous putative E. tenax specific AMPs. In the aphid we havefound lysozyme activity but no detectable inhibitory activities against live bacteria. We identified

Key Lectures of the Symposia 19a lysozyme gene but no homologues of known AMPs in our cDNAs or in 90.000 public sequences.Instead, we discovered that viviparous offspring generation was accelerated upon wounding. We arguethat aphids increase terminal reproductive investment and limit antibacterial defense in responseto a survival threat. Obtained results suggest an ancestral complexity of insect immunity and thatecology and pathogens are likely to have had a particularly important role in the diversification ofthe insect immune system.S PH.2 (Mo) - ENNew structural insights in the evolution of phenoloxidase and hemocyanin: thecupredoxin-like domainElmar Jaenicke 1 , Thomas Barends 2 , Kay Bückler 3 , Ilme Schlichting 2 , Jürgen Markl 3 , Heinz Decker 11Institut für Molekeulare Biophysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz; 2 Max Planck Institutefor Medical Research, Heidelberg; 3 Institut für Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität,MainzThe family of type 3 copper protein compromises two protein groups, which serve very differentfunctions despite their similar active site. Hemocyanins (HC) on the one hand are the extracellularoxygen transport proteins in the hemolymph of arthropods and mollusks. They reversibly bind dioxygenwith high cooperativity and constitute very large protein complexes with up to 160 activesites. Phenoloxidases (PO) on the other hand metabolize dioxygen when they hydroxylate or oxidizephenolic substrates, which then eventually form the brown pigment melanin. They play an importantrole in pigmentation and in invertebrates also in wound healing and the primary immune response.HC and PO are evolutionary related and HCs basically seem to be permanently inactivated POs,which have adapted properties such as cooperativity and allostery due to their new function. Thisevolutionary relationship is also reflected on the structural side. All type 3 copper proteins sharea predominantly helical domain harboring the active site and a second domain, which shields theentrance to the active site. While the functional unit (FU) of mollusk HC consists of only these twodomains, the subunit of arthropod HCs and POs contain a third domain of unknown function. Recentlywe have determined the structure of a collar FU (FU-h) of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)and found an additional domain featuring a cupredoxin-like fold, which was hitherto unknown inHCs. A critical reanalysis of the third domain of arthropod HC revealed that this domain, formerlyknown as having a Ig-like fold, can also be interpreted as a cupredoxin-like fold. The significance ofthe cupredoxin-like domains in HC with respect to copper loading and structure will be discussed.Financed by DFG and BMBF.S ZS.1 (Sa) - ENMorphological projects in “Metazoan Deep Phylogeny”Steffen HarzschEvolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, JenaThe DFG Priority Program “Metazoan Deep Phylogeny” (SPP 1174) unites ca. 30 morphologicaland molecular projects (http://www.deep-phylogeny.org/). It aims at synthesizing sequence data andmorphological traits to gain a deeper insight into metazoan relationships and a stable hypothesis ofmetazon phylogeny. This contribution will give an overview over the morphological projects in thisprogramme that range from the analysis of cell cleavage patterns and gastrulation across ultrastruc-

20 Key Lectures of the Symposiature of the coelome and nephridia to neuroanatomy. My focus will be on those projects involved in“Neurophylogeny”, an emerging discipline that explores structure and development of the nervoussystem in order to contribute characters that may be useful for phylogenetic reconstructions.S ZS.2 (Mo) - ENNew insights into protostome phylogeny: What shall we expect from the“postgenomic era”?Christoph BleidornEvolutionsbiologie/Spezielle Zoologie, Universität PotsdamTraditionally, single- or low copy number genes have been used for inferring phylogenetic relationships.It has become clear, however, that a gene tree does not necessarily correspond to a speciestree, and that gene trees often disagree with one another. Sequencing of EST-libraries and completegenomes of representative of most major lineages of Protostomia raised the hope to resolve largescalerelationships within this taxon. Contrary to initial hopes, it has become clear that increasingthe amount of genes analysed does not overcome incongruence. Instead, phylogenomic analysesoften reveal highly conflicting data within datasets. Reviewing current phylogenomic analyses ofprotostome relationships, it can be shown that interesting findings recovered in analyses of the 18SrRNA gene (e.g. monophyly of Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa, placement of Echiura wihin Annelida)or revealed by mitochondrial data (e.g. inclusion of Sipuncula within annelids) are corroboratedby large datasets. However, it becomes clear that the grouping of many problematic taxa (Bryozoa,Gastrotricha, Myzostomida, etc.) remains unclear. Possible reasons why genes within such largedatasets reveal incongruent phylogenies will be discussed. I will give an outlook, how analyses of sofar rarely used markers (e.g. intron-positions), and application of largely unexplored methods, whichwill be able to include a bigger fraction of the available data (e.g. gene tree parsimony), can be usedto improve deep metazoan phylogeny.

Behavioral Biology Symposium 21Behavioral Biology Symposium

22 Behavioral Biology Symposium

Behavioral Biology Symposium 23O BB.1 (Su) - ENLive fast, die young: flexibility of life-history traits in rainforest populations ofcheirogaleid lemursPetra Lahann, Kathrin DausmannDepartment of Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of HamburgThe grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) and the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius,)occur in Madagascar from the evergreen littoral rainforests of the southeast to the seasonal drydeciduous forests of the west. This wide geographic distribution and the occurrence in ecologicalextremely distinct habitats allow us to investigate whether these species react flexibly to ambientconditions. In this study we compared body masses, reproduction rates, lifespan, hibernation, matingsystems and home range sizes for two populations of M. murinus and C. medius: one of the littoralrainforest of Mandena with 1600mm rain/year and no distinct dry season and one of the dry deciduousforest of Kirindy with 800mm and 6-7 months without any rain. The results showed that bodymasses increased with increasing rainfall and individuals of the rainforest were heavier than theirconspecies of the dry forest. Reproduction rates were higher in the rainforest than in the dry forest.However, this increased number of litters in the rainforest seems to be traded against life expectation,which was shorter in the rainforest compared to the dry forest. The duration of hibernation wasshorter in the rainforest than in the dry forest in C. medius and coincides with the number of drymonths. In conclusion, the consistent geographical variations in body mass, hibernation periods,reproduction rates and lifespan of both species suggest adaptations to rainfall and seasonality inthese traits.O BB.2 (Su) - ENFace to face with a nest predator – effects of interspecific interactions in a vole-shrewstudy systemMonique Ellmer, Jana EccardLehrstuhl für Verhaltensbiologie, Universität BielefeldDirect interference and predation on adults or juveniles are some of the mechanisms of interspecificcompetition and shape species coexistence. However, the overlap of aggression and predation isunknown. Semi-fossorial common voles (Microtus arvalis) and shrews use the same tunnel systemscompeting for space by interference and interspecific aggression. Additionally shrews prey onvole’s offspring during the sensitive nestling phase. Thus interactions have the potential to influenceindividual’s behaviour and fitness.In an additive experimental set-up we investigated behaviouraladaptations of vole mothers with nestlings, e.g. activity or nest guarding in the presence of interferingshrews (Sorex araneus) that differ from that in the presence of another herbivore vole species(M. agrestis) or a conspecific. Experiments were conducted in caged semi-natural 35 sqm outdoorenclosures. Nest sites were identified with ratiotracking. RFID antennas were located at burrowentrances to get information about usage of the tunnel system by both competitors. Differences inburrow architecture (e.g. depth of nests, complexity) compared to non-shrew/herbivore treatmentswere monitored. Furthermore we focused on fitness costs, e.g. reduced offspring survival caused bythe presence of an interfering species. Behavioural responses of common vole mothers were linkedto shrew presence and confirm that shrews are perceived by lactating voles as a real threat.

24 Behavioral Biology SymposiumO BB.3 (Su) - ENForaging behavior and habitat selection in pit-building antlionsInon ScharfDepartment of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, IsraelPit-building antlion larvae are holometabolous insects, constructing conical pits in sandy soils,which serve as traps for small arthropods. In a series of experiments, I investigated the effects offeeding regime, predator presence, sand depth, light conditions and temperature on foraging behaviorand habitat selection in antlions. As prey item increased in size antlions showed an increase of pitdimensions followed by a decrease, indicating that they consider both their satiation level and the expectedrate of prey arrivals. Antlions also reduce pit construction rate when exposed to predators. Incomparison to a sit-and-pursue antlion, which does not construct pits, I found that the latter reducedrelocation activity, while the former reduced pit construction rate. Sand depth may affect antlions’ability to evade predators. In deeper sand, antlions built larger pits and showed reduced relocationrate, emphasizing the importance of the habitat’s physical characteristics. Exposing the antlionsto constant light increased their tendency to construct pits, which were also larger than those constructedunder complete darkness. Finally, antlions demonstrated a context-dependent response totemperatures: At low temperatures they preferred illuminated microhabitats, while otherwise shadedmicrohabitats were chosen. In conclusion, antlions use a flexible and context-dependent foragingbehavior with respect to both their biotic and abiotic environments.O BB.4 (Su) - ENBig ears for bats: absolute size matters for foraging efficiencyBjörn M. Siemers 1 , Michael Stauss 2 , Hendrik Turni 31Sensory Ecology Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen; 2 Institut für Verhaltensökologie,Universität Tübingen; 3 Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, BerlinMany predators find their food by listening for prey sounds. Bats do so when hunting in cluttered environmentswhere substrate echoes overlap and mask echoes from the prey. Within the largest genusof bats, Myotis, this strategy of detecting prey in clutter by listening for their sounds evolved severaltimes convergently. All of these “passive listening” specialists have large ears. In a comparativestudy comprising 31 Myotis species, we found that the absolute ear size of all six included “passivelistening” species was quite similar, irrespective of their body size. I.e, smaller “passive listening”species have ears much larger than predicted by the genus regression line for scaling of ear size withbody size whereas larger species do not. This suggests that a certain absolute ear size is requiredand sufficient for efficient detection and localization of rustling arthropods. To test the influence ofear size on the received sound amplitude, we measured idealized bat ears below, at and above thesize found in “passive listening” Myotis. Indeed, the typical ear size of “passive listening” speciesresulted in an increased sensitivity for the sonic frequencies that dominate arthropod rustling sounds.We conclude that absolute ear size matters to efficiently pick up and localize these sounds. Smallerspecies that specialized for “passive listening” foraging behaviour thus had to evolve very large earsrelative to their body size.

Behavioral Biology Symposium 25O BB.5 (Su) - ENWhy do shrews call?Sophie von Merten 1 , Grit Schauermann 2 , Hendrik Turni 3 , Björn M. Siemers 11Sensory Ecology Group, Max Planck Insitute for Ornithology, Seewiesen; 2 Animal Physiology,University of Tübingen; 3 Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, BerlinShrews are very vocal animals. While some vocalisations serve interspecific communication, it isnot yet clear why they produce twittering calls during solitary exploration. One hypothesis is the useof a simple echolocation-like system for orientation. Shrews mainly forage in cluttered substrate.Thus, they could use echoes of their calls to assess the habitat structure at close range, but beyond therange of their vibrissae. A series of classical studies provide equivocal evidence for echolocation inshrews. To complement these data, we used a novel behavioural and acoustic approach on two shrewspecies, representative for the two large shrew subfamilies. In both species, experimental manipulationof substrate density affected the number of twittering calls uttered during exploration. Thisadaptation of call rate to habitat clutterdness parallels bat echolocation and suggests that shrews usereverberations of their calls for probing habitat routing or type. The shrew signals were tonal, larynxproduced calls in the sonic range and not ‘echolocation clicks’, as had been suggested by other studies.To test the utility of those calls for orientation, we insonified different natural shrew habitats withan “artificial shrew” (small speaker mounted close to a sensitive microphone). We found that shrewlikecalls indeed yield echo scenes useful for habitat assessment, routing and spatial orientation.O BB.6 (Su) - ENFunctions of complex signalling in Nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos)Silke KipperAG Verhaltensbiologie, Freie Universität BerlinMany animal species evolved complex communication systems consisting of different signals thatcan be assembled in various sequences and combinations. Birdsong is one of the most prominent andwell-understood examples to study functions of such signalling systems. Hereby, the complexity ofsong in some bird species has been particularly puzzling. I will present recent findings that elucidatefunctions of song type repertoires in the common nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos). Males of thespecies possess large song type repertoires (mean 190 songs/male) with remarkable inter-individualdifferences in repertoire size and repertoire composition. To investigate repertoire size, I analysedlong sequences of undisturbed nocturnal song bouts of 12 free ranging territorial nightingales resultingin repertoire curves reaching towards saturation (indicating that not many more new song typeswere going to occur). I will show that, owing to specific song delivery rules, a much shorter songsequence is sufficient to reliably predict a bird’s repertoire size. In addition, to address the role ofrepertoire composition, I conducted playback experiments testing reactions to songs individual birdsdid or did not have in their repertoires. Results show that nightingales differed between these twosong qualities, suggesting that the development of a large repertoire is not only a matter of producinghigh versatility, but also allows fine-tuned interactions among males.

26 Behavioral Biology SymposiumO BB.7 (Mo) - ENHost localisation behaviour of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) towards its two host species Lobesia botrana andEupoecilia ambiguella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)Cornelia Rüdiger, Barbara Kagerer, Magdalena Daum, Thomas SchmittBiology I, University of FreiburgChalcid wasps of the genus Trichogramma are used for biological control against a large variety oflepidopteran pest species. These wasps parasitize eggs of their hosts and thus prevent eclosion ofthe damaging larvae. To detect its host’s eggs females of the genus Trichogramma can use a widerange of semiochemicals, such as sex pheromones of their host, oviposition induced plant volatilesor volatiles from the host’s eggs themselves. In this study we examined factors influencing the hostlocalisation behaviour of Trichogramma cacoeciae towards the two grapevine moth species Lobesiabotrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella. Using a Y-tube olfactometer we showed that T. cacoeciae usesvolatiles emitted from the eggs’ surface for host localisation. Only eggs up to an age of 48 hourscould be located by the parasitoid, which implies that the emitted substances are short lasting. Analysesof the eggs’ surface chemistry revealed that the substances used as kairomones exhibit polarproperties like alcohols, esters and fatty acids. Further studies showed that within the examinedparasitoid host system volatiles emitted from plant material have no positive influences on the hostlocalisation of T. cacoeciae. Since the wasps show a slightly higher localisation rate of eggs of L.botrana than of E. ambiguella there might be differences in the effectiveness of T. cacoeciae asbiological agent against these two species of grapevine moth.O BB.8 (Mo) - ENSocial recognition: methyl geranate communicates breeding status in a buryingbeetleSandra Steiger, Wolf Haberer, Josef MüllerEvolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, Universität FreiburgSocial species are often confronted with the problem that they have to distinguish between intraspecificcompetitors and individuals like helpers or co-breeders which have similar interest in defendinga brood or resources. However, the exact recognition cue that mediates discrimination has rarelybeen identified. We explored the chemical basis of a recognition cue that allows the discrimination ofbreeding partner and conspecific infanticidal competitors in a beetle with parental care: the buryingbeetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. The discrimination depends on breeding status. In an earlier study,it was shown that cuticular hydrocarbons, which are assumed to play a fundamental role in recognitionsystems of insects, correlated with breeding status. In the current study, head space analysesrevealed that the beetles also emit volatile chemicals. Breeding beetles, in contrast to non-breedingones, produced considerable amount of the monoterpene (E)-methyl geranate. The chemical isemitted from the whole body, including elytra, head and legs. Subsequent behavioural experimentsshowed that dummies treated with methyl geranate induced tolerant behaviour, whereas controldummies were treated aggressively. Our study provides the first identification of a recognition cuewhich allows discrimination between individuals which share a similar interest in the well-beingof a brood and conspecific competitors. We discuss whether (E)-methyl geranate provides honestinformation about breeding status.

Behavioral Biology Symposium 27O BB.9 (Mo) - ENDuration of work but not age determines associative learning performance in honeybeesRicarda ScheinerInstitut für Ökologie, Technische Universität BerlinHoney bees are excellently suited to study separately the influence of age and social role on learningperformance. Normally, bees show age-dependent division of labour. Young bees work as nurses inthe centre of the hive, whereas old bees forage outside the hive for pollen and nectar. In single-cohortcolonies, all individuals have the same age. Nevertheless, the bees perform different tasks after a fewdays. They thus allow us to study separately effects of age and social role on behaviour. We tested theassociative tactile and olfactory learning performance in bees of different ages, in bees with differentsocial roles and in bees differing in the duration they performed their social roles. Age had no effecton learning or memory. But social role and the duration of performing the respective task stronglyaffected associative acquisition. Foragers displayed impaired tactile and olfactory acquisition afterprolonged foraging duration, whereas nurse bees and foragers with shorter foraging duration did not.Discrimination between learned cues and novel alternatives was unaffected by social role or chronologicalage. Foragers with long foraging duration had a better long-term memory than foragers withshorter work duration. We also tested learning performance in winterbees, which were chronologicallybetween 160 and 180 days. They learned well and had a good long-term memory.O BB.10 (Mo) - EN3D-olfaction in desert ants Cataglyphis fortisMarkus Knaden, Kathrin Steck, Bill HanssonEvolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, JenaCataglyphis fortis forages for dead arthropods that are killed by heat stress in the inhospitable saltpansof Tunisia. Both high surface temperatures of up to 70° C and a non-patched food source distributionresult in the absence of any trail-laying behaviour in these individually foraging ants. Insteadof odour trails, path integration is the fundamental system of long-distance navigation in Cataglyphis.This system constantly informs an ant about its position relative to the nest. In order to compensatefor errors accumulated during path integration the ants in addition rely on visual landmarks asgeocentric navigational aids. Here we show that, in addition to its visual orientation system, Cataglyphiscan learn environmental odours and use them to pinpoint the nest entrance. Ants that weretrained to a nest entrance being situated within a squared array of four different odours, concentratedtheir nest search within this array in a test situation. The search accuracy degraded when the odourarray was rotated or when the positions of the odours within the array were swapped. Hence, the antsare not only able to learn the association of the nest entrance and the odours. They furthermore learnthe spatial distribution of different odours surrounding the nest entrance. A topochemical sense hasalready been predicted by August Forel and Karl v. Frisch. However this is the first time that the useof this sense in the context of landmark orientation could be proven.

28 Behavioral Biology SymposiumO BB.11 (Mo) - ENMemory formation in Nasonia vitripennis: ecology and behaviourDaria Schurmann, Johannes L.M. SteidleInstitut für Zoologie, Fg. Tierökologie, Universität HohenheimThroughout the animal kingdom, the formation of memory after learning involves different phases,which can be roughly characterized as short-term memory (STM), medium-term memory (MTM)and long-lasting, protein-synthesis dependent long-term memory (LTM). According to Menzel,these memory phases represent an adaptation to the specific ecology of a species. This hypothesiswas studied in the pteromalid Nasonia vitripennis, a parasitoid of fly pupae. Bioassays revealed thatone host encounter with drilling in the presence of an odour induces an intermediate-term memoryfor that odour in N. vitripennis. Interestingly, the trained wasps avoided odours that were not presentduring the host encounter, although naive wasps did not react to these odours. This unique behaviourprobably causes wasps to focus during host searching on those chemical cues they have experiencedin the host environment. In support of the studied hypothesis, these findings seem to fit the ecologyof the wasp. The host patches of N. vitripennis range from one to some hundred hosts and might differwith respect to their olfactory environment. Under these conditions, the induction of a transient,intermediate form of memory after one learning event is adaptive to avoid costs involved with formationand maintenance of memory for misleading cues. Currently, the formation of other memoryphases are investigated under laboratory and field conditions to get more information about theirsignificance in an ecological context.O BB.12 (Mo) - ENSpectral sensitivity in the Archerfish Toxotes chatareusLieselotte Jäger 1 , Almut Kelber 2 , Meik Landsberger 1 , Gerhard von der Emde 11Institut of Zoology, University of Bonn; 2 Department for Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University,SwedenAll species of archerfish use a special technique to hunt their prey: they spit with shots of water oninsects and other arthropods, located close above the water surface. Due to the interface betweenwater and air, this technique leads to difficulties in faming the prey correctly. To minimise this problemcolour vision might be useful because it can enhance the contrast between prey and background.We therefore tested whether archerfish can discriminate colours. In behavioural experiments, threeToxotes chatareus were trained to spit on a light-emitting diode (LEDs) of a defined wavelength.They were conditioned to distinguish between this rewarded and an unrewarded colour. By usingrandomised intensities of both stimuli we could show that the fish choose the correct stimulus onlyby discriminating between the wavelengths and not because of the intensities. Therefore the fishmust be able to see colours. Our results show, that archerfish can distinguish between 655nm (red)and 600nm (orange) as well as between 525nm (green) and 470nm (blue). The wavelength-discriminationthresholds (Δλ) are approximately 55 nm. In addition, we tested intensity-thresholds ofdifferent wavelengths in order to determine their visible spectral range and to get an estimate of thenumber of cone types they possess.

Developmental Biology Symposium 29Developmental Biology Symposium

30 Developmental Biology Symposium

Developmental Biology Symposium 31O DB.1 (Su) - ENEvolution of posterior patterning in a short germ beetleChristian Schmitt, Michael SchoppmeierBiology Department, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Erlangen-NurembergSymmetry breaking events during early embryogenesis are the fundamental basis for the developmentof differentiated embryos throughout the animal kingdom. In the long germ insect Drosophila,these symmetry-breaking events lead to protein gradients along the antero-posterior axis, whichserve as starting points for the regionalization of the embryo. Itis still not completely clear to whichdegree these early acting antero-posterior systems are conserved in other insect species. To addressthis question, we have analyzed the role of the posterior determinants nanos and pumilio duringaxis formation of the shortgerm insect Tribolium castaneum. We found that Tc-pum and Tc-nos areimportant for abdomen formation and are involved in blastodermal patterning. Embryos resultingfrom nanos or pumilio RNAi do not form the full set of abdominal segments. In addition to thatand in contrast to Drosophila they also show homeotic transformations or deletions of gnathal andhead-segments. These transformations are due to misregulation of Hox-gene expression, while thedeletions are already detectable during blastodermal stages. Interestingly, these phenotypes resemblethose of Tc-gap-genes, which also show homeotic transformations.Thus, although Tc-nos andTc-pum are important for blastodermal patterning and axis elongation, their function differs fundamentallyfrom their Drosophila orthologs, which may be due to the special needs of short germ,respectively long germ development.O DB.2 (Su) - ENThe role of frizzled dependent Wnt-signaling in body axis elongation and appendageformation in TriboliumReinhard Schröder 1 , Anke Beermann 2 , Rebekka Lutz 21Genetik, Universität Rostock; 2 Interf. Institut für Zellbiologie, Abt. Genetik der Tiere, UniversitätTübingenShort germband embryos establish their primary head to tail axis during embryogenesis by consecutivelyadding segments to the anterior body part from a posterior located growth zone. At which levelof the segmentation hierarchy Wnt-signalling is required during embryogenesis remains unknown.By expression analysis of the Wnt-receptors Tribolium-frizzled 2, we identify a novel region in theembryo involved in Wnt-dependent axis elongation: the presegmented region anterior to the growthzone. Simultaneously knocking down the function of the redundant Wnt receptors Frizzled 1 andFrizzled 2 using RNAi results in a dwarfed embryonic phenotype. We show here that Wnt signalingis primarily required for the elongation of the body axis, since in Tc-frizzled RNAi embryos the growthzonecollapses before the complete set of abdominal segments have formed. These defects occur atthe level of pair-rule gene regulation. The onset of Even-skipped expression takes place while thedevelopment of secondary Even-skipped pair-rule stripes is discontinued and leads to the cessationof the segmentation process. Whereas Fz-1 and Fz-2 act completely redundant in the segmentationprocess of the long germband insect Drosophila, the knock down of Frizzled 1 alone leads to shorterand misshaped appendages in Tribolium. This points to a novel role of Fz-1 dependent Wnt signallingin appendage formation. The single knock down of Tribolium Frizzled-2 has no effect.

32 Developmental Biology SymposiumO DB.3 (Su) - ENThe anterior median tissue of the insect headSebastian KittelmannJohann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Abteilung Entwicklungsbiologie,Georg-August-Universität, GöttingenHead development in insects is not well understood. Drosophila melanogaster as the classical developmentalmodel organism is unsuitable for studying head formation as it turns its head insideduring development. In contrast, Tribolium castaneum provides a typical insect head throughoutdevelopment. Recently we have identified a new developmental unit in the anterior median headof T. castaneum that we termed “Anterior Median Tissue (AMT)”. It gives rise to anterior portionsof the head, including the clypeus, labrum and stomodeum. The AMT can be distinguished fromother tissues through the expression of certain marker genes, e.g. Tc-optix/six3, Tc-cap and collaror Tc-crocodile. Moreover there is a set of genes marking the border of the AMT (e.g. Tc-gremlinand Tc-spitz) as well as a third set expressed only outside the AMT (e.g. Tc-labial, Tc-orthodenticleand Tc-six4). Knockdown of Tc-optix/six3 via parental RNA interference leads to the deletion of theAMT structures without affecting other tissues. So Tc-optix/six3 seems to play a major role in AMTpatterning. In contrast knockdown of some genes not expressed in the AMT only affects outside tissues(e.g. Tc-hedgehog). These observations suggest that the AMT is patterned rather independentlyfrom the surrounding tissues. The AMT seems to be an anterior developmental unit that is formedin a different way than a parasegment. Its analysis could give insight into the evolution of differenthead forms in insects.O DB.4 (Su) - ENDynamic gene expression required for anterior patterning in a spiderMatthias Pechmann, Alistair P. McGregor, Evelyn E. Schwager, Natalia M. Feitosa, Wim G.M.DamenInstitut für Genetik, Universität zu KölnThe establishment of defined spatio-temporal gene expression patterns is key to metazoan development.The gradient of the morphogen Bicoid that regulates anterior regionalisation in Drosophilahas long been a model for anterior patterning. However, bicoid is unique to higher dipterans andmay have usurped a possible ancestral system involving orthodenticle. Here we show that in the cellularisedembryo of the spider Archaearanea tepidariorum, rather than acting as a morphogen likein insects, orthodenticle controls an anterior to posterior wave of dynamic gene expression requiredfor correct anterior development. In orthodenticle pRNAi embryos the dynamic repositioning of targetgene expression is blocked and anterior structures are not specified, implying that dynamic geneexpression across a field of cells is required for anterior regionalisation in spiders. Our data suggestthat orthodenticle is an ancestral determinant of anterior regionalisation in arthropods and that it’srole as a morphogen in insects may be a newly acquired mechanism associated with the switch tosyncytial development.

Developmental Biology Symposium 33O DB.5 (Su) - ENSearching for differentially localized maternal mRNAs in the progenitors formesoderm and ectoderm in the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensisPeter Nestorov, Johanna Havemann, Günes Özhan, Matthias GerberdingMax-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, TübingenAll embryos specify multiple cell fates after fertilization in a stepwise process but do so at differentstages and utilize different mechanisms. In examples such as Drosophila and Xenopus the earlylocalization of different maternal mRNAs to different regions of the embryo is upstream to thespecification of different cell fates. We study the allocation of cell fates in the early embryo of thecrustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Parhyale specifies ectodermal, mesodermal, endodermal and germline progenitor cells as early as the 8-cell stage. We found that the maternal mRNAs of beta-cateninand vasa localize to the germ line progenitor and later the germ cells. We could show for vasa thatits localization depends on its 3’UTR and that its translation is necessary for germ cell maintenance.Using the Agilent microarray platform and our EST database, we were able to design a customcDNA microarray for Parhyale, which we now use to compare the mRNAs of the cells of the 8-cellstage. In order to identify localized maternal mRNAs for mesoderm and ectoderm, we analyse theobtained large-scale gene expression data. We will next validate the results of the microarray experimentby in situ hybridization and aim for functional characterization.O DB.6 (Su) - ENThe germ plasm component Vasa allows tracing of the interstitial stem cells in thecnidarian Hydractinia echinataNicole Rebscher 1 , Cordula Volk 2 , Regina Teo 3 , Günter Plickert 41Spezielle Zoologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg; 2 Institut für Zoologie, Universität Heidelberg;3Cardiff School of Biosciences, UK; 4 Institut für Zoologie, Universität KölnGerm cells in hydrozoans arise lifelong from multipotent interstitial stem cells. In order to discover,if a true germline-soma segregation exists in these species, we studied gametogenesis in Hydractiniaechinata using in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry for the germ cell marker Vasa. Wecould show, that Hevas is a zygotic transcript, present in embryos from the gastrula stage onwards.In the planula larva, Hevas is expressed in the interstitial stem cells located in the endoderm. Duringmetamorphosis, Hevas-expressing cells appear in the ectoderm in the lower half of the polyp.While the Hevas transcript is not detectable in developing gametes, the protein accumulates duringoogenesis. Vasa containing granules are detectable at the polar-body-forming pole after fertilisation.These results suggest that in Hydractinia, maternal Vasa protein, but not the mRNA, is a maternalconstituent of a germ plasm and might be involved in the specification and maintenance of interstitialstem cells.

34 Developmental Biology SymposiumO DB.7 (Mo) - ENNO-dependent cGMP is involved in formation of the antennal lobes duringmetamorphosis of the sphinx moth Manduca sextaWolf Huetteroth, Sandra Utz, Joachim SchachtnerAnimal Physiology, FB 17, Philipps-University of MarburgThe de novo formation of the adult antennal lobe (AL) during pupal development of Manduca sextasubserves as a well-established model for how and when a sensory system builds its correct connections.The main focus at this is on the assembly of the functional neuropilar subunits of theAL, the so-called glomeruli, spherical structures arranged around a central coarse neuropil. Theirestablishment by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN), projection neurons (PN), local neurons (LN),and centrifugal neurons (CN) can roughly be divided in three phases: preparation, differentiation,and maturation. These phases mirror the rise and fall of the global 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) titerin the hemolymph and each phase corresponds to about a third of pupal development. Earlier studiesreport a transient, OSN-activity-dependent rise in cGMP-immunoreactive LN during phase II vianitric oxide (NO), which correlates with the main wave of synaptogenesis in the AL glomeruli. Herewe examine this rise in cGMP-immunoreactive cells as well as sGC-immunoreactivity in detail andreport evidence for a possible positive involvement of the nitric oxide / soluble guanylyl cyclase(sGC) / cGMP-pathway in synaptogenesis in the developing AL of Manduca sexta.O DB.8 (Mo) - ENThe damselfly Ischnura elegans (Vand. 1823): A “non” model organism to study Hoxgene evolution at the base of winged insectsSara Khadjeh 1 , Heike Hadrys 21ITZ, Ecology & Evolution, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover; 2 Department of Ecologyand Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, USAHox genes are known to play important roles in the specification of segment identity in highermetazoans, and have been studied in detail in representatives of all arthropod classes in order tounderstand the evolution of segment diversification. However, within the most diverse group, thewinged insects, the available data are currently restricted to a few derived model organisms and areespecially lacking in basal pterygote orders. Odonata are one of the most basal and oldest wingedinsects. Their system of flight muscles and genital morphology are unique among animals. Hence,the study of Hox genes in odonates promises to gain insights into the question of how these morphologicaltraits evolved. We established the damselfly Ischnura elegans as a new “non” model systemto study Hox gene evolution at the base of pterygotes. As a basic prerequisite, we optimized culturingof the complete life cycle of I. elegans under laboratory conditions in order to document the lifecycle in vivo. Furthermore, six different Hox gene fragments of I. elegans were isolated and identified.Moreover, we were able to characterize 3’ cDNA ends of the Hox genes Sex combs reduced andUltrabithorax via RACE and carried out temporal expression analysis of one of the Hox genes indeveloping embryos. In summary, the damselfly Ischnura elegans promises great potential to serveas the first “non” model organism for the study of Hox gene evolution and bauplan transitions at thebase of pterygote insects.

O DB.9 (Mo) - ENEvolution and development of the spider silk producing systemMaarten Hilbrant, Wim G.M. DamenInstitute for Genetics, University of CologneDevelopmental Biology Symposium 35The spider silk producing system comprises a complex set of different gland types ending in specializedappendages called spinnerets. Using these organs, spiders produce many different types ofsilk for a wide range of tasks, which is a unique trait in the animal kingdom. After the appearanceof the system at the base of the Araneae, extensive variation arose between the silk producing systemsof different spider lineages, and this was arguably of key importance for the success of spidersnowadays. Nevertheless, surprisingly little data is available on the developmental origin of thesestructures. We present here the first molecular data on the development of the spider silk producingsystem, in the model species Cupiennius salei. We tried to identify the primordia of the four differentsilk gland types. Confocal and SEM data suggest that the ampullate glands are derived from embryonicectodermal invaginations of the spinnerets. These invaginations are associated with expressionof an achaete-scute homolog, which may indicate involvement of this gene in ampullate silk glanddevelopment. The other silk gland types most likely develop during post-embryonic stages, and theirprimordia are currently being investigated. These studies will provide the basis for future inter-speciescomparisons and potentially could develop into a powerful evo-devo model of structures with aunique ecological significance.O EB.1 (Sa) - ENPlastic morphological responses to varying predation pressure in three-spinedsticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)Joachim G. Frommen 1 , Fabian Herder 2 , Leif Engqvist 1 , Marion Mehlis 1 , Julia Schwarzer 2 , Theo C.M. Bakker 1 , Timo Thünken 11Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, Universität Bonn; 2 Abteilung für Ichthyologie, ZoologischesForschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, BonnTo understand the enormous phenotypic variation within and among populations is a major concernin evolutionary biology. Phenotypic variation is usually due to a combination of genetic and environmentalfactors. One environmental factor influencing individual fitness is predation. Prey organismstherefore evolved special anti-predator defenses in the presence of predators, often leading to phenotypicdifferentiation between populations. However, anti-predator traits are often costly to maintainund thus disadvantageous in predator-free environments. Three-spined sticklebacks are well-knownfor their morphological variation among populations. Recent studies have shown a strong geneticcomponent of variation in anti-predator morphology but the influence of plastic responses is lessunderstood. Here, we raised three-spined sticklebacks under different predator regimes using a splitclutchdesign. Sticklebacks growing in an environment simulating high predation risk grew significantlyfaster than their siblings kept under low or no predation risk. Adults from these treatmentsdiffered in their morphology, with fish from the high risk environment being more streamlined. Fishfrom the high predator-risk treatment developed greater spine asymmetries, maybe as a result oftheir increased growth rate. Thus, in addition to the well-documented genetic component of variationin stickleback morphology, phenotypic plasticity also contributes to variation within and amongpopulations.

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Evolutionary Biology Symposium 39O EB.2 (Sa) - ENCollective anti-parasite defence in antsLine V. Ugelvig, Sylvia CremerLehrstuhl Biologie I, Universität RegensburgLiving together in social groups has many benefits but comes at the cost of a high disease transmissionrisk between group members. To counteract this threat, social insects have evolved collectiveanti-parasite defences that combine the hygienic behaviours and physiological immune systems ofall group members to a “social immune system”. Infection of single workers of the invasive gardenant, Lasius neglectus, with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae leads to behavioural changes of theseindividuals. They avoid contact to the larvae, potentially to prevent parasite transmission to thesusceptible brood in the colony. However, contact rates to non-infected adult workers of the colonyare not reduced. We found that this social contact between infected individuals and their naïve groupmembers gives a protective advantage to the naïve individuals when later being challenged withthe parasite themselves. We currently study the underlying mechanisms of this protective effect byanalysing the disease transmission dynamics in colonies and measuring the immunocompetence ofgroup members.O EB.3 (Sa) - ENFighting fungi as parental investment in the European beewolf (Hymenoptera,Crabronidae)Gudrun Herzner, Tobias Engl, Erhard StrohmInstitut für Zoologie, Universität RegensburgParental investment may be multifaceted and comprises not only the provisioning of offspring withfood but e.g. the protection of progeny from pathogens and competitors. Females of the Europeanbeewolf Philanthus triangulum hunt honeybees as food for their progeny. These provisions are severelythreatened by mould fungi. However, beewolves have evolved a mechanism to counter thisthreat. Females lick the surface of their honeybee prey extensively prior to oviposition. During thistreatment, the prey is embalmed with huge amounts of a secretion of long-chain hydrocarbons.This embalming prevents the condensation of water on the prey surface and decelerates the growthof moulds. It was already known that the hunting of the prey constitutes an important part of theparental investment. Here, we asked whether the embalming of the prey also represents parentalinvestment. Parental investment was defined by Trivers as all expenditures of a parent that promotesthe survival of the current offspring, but reduces the future reproductive potential of the parent. Inthis study we provide evidence that, first, there is a correlation between the amount of secretionand its effect against fungi. Hence, the embalming of the bees has clear benefits for the larvae. Second,experimental manipulations show that the embalming may be costly for the females. Thus, thetreatment of prey by beewolf females probably constitutes another component of the multifacetedparental investment of beewolves.

40 Evolutionary Biology SymposiumO EB.4 (Sa) - ENMale olfactory dimorphism in a population of mexican orchid beesCarolin Pfeiffer, Thomas EltzInstitut für Neurobiologie, AG Sinnesökologie, Universität DüsseldorfMale orchid bees collect volatiles from flowers, decaying wood and other natural sources and storethem as species-specific perfumes in leg pockets. This perfume is later exposed during courtshipdisplay and probably serves as a mate recognition cue. In Yucatan, Mexico, there exist two malemorphs of E. viridissima which differ not only in the number of mandibular teeth (2 or 3) but also inthe composition of collected perfumes. Leg pockets of 3-toothed males contain quantities of a conspicuousbenzenoid (HNDB, 4 isomers), which is completely absent from 2-toothed males. We hypothesizedthat this results from (a) morph-specific differences in antennal sensitivity to HNDB and(b) corresponding differences in attraction to the currently unknown HNDB source. Both parts ofthe hypothesis were supported: (a) 3-toothed males exhibited substantially larger antennal responsesto HNDB in electroantennogram (EAG and GC-EAD) tests, while showing identical responses toall other tested compounds. (b) Synthetic HNDB attracted exclusively 3-toothed males during fieldbioassay. These results support the idea that differences in the olfactory periphery may initiate speciationin orchid bees, in which both male trait (accumulated perfume) and female preference (forthe perfume) may be jointly altered by an olfactory mutation.O EB.5 (Sa) - ENSkin feeding caecilian amphibians: rule or exception?Alexander Kupfer 1 , Marta Maria Antoniazzi 2 , Carlos Jared 2 , Mark Wilkinson 31Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brasil;3Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, UKMaternal dermatophagy (aka skin feeding) is an extraordinary form of parental investment that wasrecently discovered in an African caecilian amphibian (Nature 440: 926-929). Here we report thisunusual form of parental care, involving co-evolved specialisations of both maternal skin and offspringdentition in a second, distantly related Neotropical species, Siphonops annulatus. In additionto skin feeding, young were observed to imbibe liquid exuded from the maternal cloaca. The multiplepresence of skin feeding in various caecilian species provides evidence of homology and hasconsequences for understanding the evolution of viviparity in amphibians. We hypothesise that (1)maternal dermatophagy is widespread among oviparous direct developing caecilians, and (2) that viviparouscaecilians which feed of on the hypertrophied maternal oviduct evolved from skin-feedingancestors. The diversity of parental care strategies makes the limbless tropical caecilian amphibiansan excellent model group to study life history evolution.

Evolutionary Biology Symposium 41O EB.6 (Sa) - ENCommon origin and common environment effects on offspring performance in thecoal tit Periparus ater: a balanced cross-foster experimentTim Schmoll 1 , Wolfgang Winkel 2 , Thomas Lubjuhn 11Institut für Evolutionsbiologie & Ökologie, Universität Bonn; 2 Institut für Vogelforschung “VogelwarteHelgoland”Phenotypic variation between individuals within natural populations is a ubiquitous phenomenon.In many contexts it is important to assess how much phenotypic variation may be due to genotypicvariation, especially to additive genetic variation determining trait heritability. Examples include thepotential for evolutionary response to environmental change or the magnitude of genetic benefitsthat may be accomplished by mate choice. But estimating additive genetic variances in the fieldis not always straightforward, for example when offspring of high-quality parents are brought upin high-quality microhabitats and thus the resemblance due to additive genetic effects will be confoundeddue to genotype-environment correlations and non-genetic parental effects. Here we analysephenotypic variation of offspring traits in a population of the coal tit Periparus ater, a sociallymonogamous, territorial passerine bird with biparental care. Traits investigated include body sizeand fledgling body condition as well as local recruitment, a major predictor of lifetime reproductivesuccess in passerine birds. Applying mixed effects models we first address natural variation betweenbroods in these traits and then use a balanced cross-foster design to experimentally separate effectsof a common origin (i.e. genetic effects as well as maternal effects) from effects of a common offspringrearing environment.O EB.7 (Sa) - ENLife-history evolution in a changing worldThomas S. Hoffmeister 1 , Louise E.M. Vet 2 , Patrick Coquillard 3 , Eric Wajnberg 31Populationsökologie, Universität Bremen; 2 Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Heteren, NL;3I.N.R.A. Sophia Antipolis, FranceGlobal environmental changes include the fragmentation of habitats as well as their stability withinand across seasons. For instance, imagine a large continuous environment with more or less constantresource availability contrasted with habitat islands in which, due to seasonal fluctuations, resourcesmight be present at one time and absent at other times. The latter allows animals to forage locally inone generation but forces them to disperse to other such habitat islands in other generations. In such asituation, many insects that forage for oviposition resources like butterflies searching for host plantsand parasitoid wasps hunting for host insects face the dilemma that they need to trade-off fecundityagainst the lifetime they can invest into foraging for oviposition sites. Using evolutionary algorithmswe analysed optimal trade-offs for insects facing different environments, and the optimal plasticity– the capability of adjusting the fecundity-survival trade-off within a lifetime – when such plasticityis costly. Additionally, we explored the effect of competition on these life-history strategies.

42 Evolutionary Biology SymposiumO EB.8 (Sa) - ENThermal adaptation in the butterfly Lycaena tityrusKlaus Fischer 1 , Isabell Karl 21Zoologisches Institut, Universität Greifswald; 2 Universität BayreuthUnderstanding how organisms adapt to complex environments lies at the very heart of ecologyand evolutionary biology. We here analyze clinal variation in traits related to fitness in the butterflyLycaena tityrus, as such variation suggests a contribution of directional selection. We first demonstratealtitudinal variation in life-history and stress resistance traits, with high-altitude animals showinge.g. increased cold- but decreased heat-stress resistance, but little environmental variation in theexpression of stress-inducible heat-shock proteins as opposed to low-altitude butterflies. Using allozymemarkers, we next show that high- and low-altitude populations are genetically differentiatedto a remarkable degree (F ST: 0.065), which is basically caused by variation at a single locus, PGI.Finally, we show that PGI genotype significantly affects growth patterns and cold stress resistance.The PGI genotype dominating in high-altitude populations showed patterns consistent with thosefound in high-altitude animals. Thus, PGI is likely to contribute significantly to thermal adaptationin L. tityrus. Our study demonstrates local adaptations to regional climates, that environmentallyinducedplasticity can be as important as genetic factors in mediating adaptive responses, and thathigh-altitude populations may be more vulnerable to global warming than low-altitude ones.O EB.9 (Sa) - ENNematodes – small creatures with a huge potentialMatthias Herrmann, Werner E. Mayer, Ralf J. SommerAbteilung Evolutionsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, TübingenNematodes are the most abundant animals on eath. The number of described species is around 20000and the estimates of species yet to describe go up to more than a million. Nematodes can be used asmodels in developmental, cell biological, ecological, taxonomic and evolutionary studies. Howevermany scientists refrain from working with this fascinating group of animals. Disadvantages as theapparent lack of morphologically useful characters and the difficulty in culturing the animals seemto outweigh the advantages. Furthermore the assignment of yet existing species names to newlyisolated nematodes (i.e. the identification of known or new species) is quite a hassle. Here I wouldlike to show how we started with a single species that was originally used for developmental studiesonly and by now work on a multitude of different topics. Pristionchus pacificus was established asa satellite organism to Caenorhabditis elegans. After some years of studies using only four strainswe wanted to move from macro- into microevolutionary studies and needed more strains and closerelated species. Therefore we first had to investigate the biology and ecology of this nematode innature. Doing so we found many more strains and species and interesting insect-nematode associations.By now we expanded our research to phylogeny, ecology, taxonomy, behaviour, physiologyand diffent aspects of macro- and microevolution.

Evolutionary Biology Symposium 43O EB.10 (Sa) - ENPhysiology of Zugunruhe in passerines caught at a stop-over site during springmigrationWolfgang Goymann 1 , Leonida Fusani 21Abteilung Verhaltensneurobiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Seewiesen; 2 Departmentof Biology and Evolution, Universita di Ferrara, ItalyMany day-active birds become active in the night during migration. The pineal gland and its hormonemelatonin are major components of the circadian system and hence possibly involved in thecontrol of the change in activity during migration. In captivity, birds show decreased levels of melatoninduring periods when they show Zugunruhe (migratory restlessness), but a causal relationshipbetween Zugunruhe and melatonin has not been established so far. In this study, we caught free-livinggarden warblers, whinchats and whitethroats on a stop-over site and kept them over-night in registrationcloth-cages to investigate factors related to Zugunruhe. Birds with a high fat score showedmore Zugunruhe than birds with a low fat score. Also, nocturnal levels of melatonin were negativelyrelated to Zugunruhe, i.e. birds showing high levels of nocturnal activity expressed lower levels ofmelatonin. In addition, melatonin levels were negatively related to corticosterone concentrations(another hormone suspected to be involved in the control of migration). However, we did not finda causal relationship between Zugunruhe and melatonin, as garden warblers treated with melatonindid not show different levels of Zugunruhe than controls. Because the fat score was the main predictorof Zugunruhe we are currently manipulating leptin – a hormone produced by the fat cells – andhope to present these additional results during the meeting.O EB.11 (Sa) - ENComplementary sex determination and inbreeding avoidance in the parasitic waspHabrobracon brevicornisAnne C. Weeda, Andra Thiel, Thomas S. HoffmeisterUniversität BremenIn species with single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), sex is determined by multiplealleles at a single locus. In the haplodiploid Hymenoptera, sl‐CSD results in females, if individualsare heterozygous (2n) at the sex locus, and in males, if they are hemi- (n) or homozygous (2n).Diploid males originate from matched matings, i.e. if a female wasp mates with a male carrying asex allele matching one of hers. They are sterile and, additionally to having zero fitness, accrue costson females they mate with. As a consequence of matched matings, parasitic wasps with sl-CSD, suchas Habrobracon brevicornis, rapidly show effects of inbreeding depression in small populations.In the F2-generation a huge male bias occurred already and more than 70 % of all inbreeding-linesbecame extinct in F3. In nature, this wasp produces clusters of eggs when parasitizing host insectsand thus, there is a large potential for inbreeding through sib-matings. An obvious question is howH. brevicornis avoids the associated costs. Our investigation focussed on three different potentialmechanisms of inbreeding avoidance. 1) Males and females may emerge asynchronously and maynot meet on the natal patch due to immediate dispersal. 2) Females may reject mating attempts earlyin their life and thus, before dispersal. 3) Females may employ kin-recognition to reject brothers asmating partners. Additionally, we tested whether females are able to discriminate against diploidmales.

44 Evolutionary Biology SymposiumO EB.12 (Sa) - ENHow do mice cope with limitations in water resources? An analysis of the molecularbasis of differences between mice from arid and humid environmentsMeike Teschke 1 , Tobias Heinen 21Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön; 2 Institut für Genetik, Universität KölnOrganisms with a broad distribution over different environments have to cope with various limitationsin resources. One resource with obvious differences in availability is water. Individuals fromarid environments will have less opportunity to assess water than those that live in humid areas. Differencesin the ability of water re-absorption from primary urine could be expected between thoseindividuals. We investigated gene expression profiles of kidneys between mice from Western Europeand from Iran. Applying standard statistics we were able to show that there are significant differencesin expression level of genes coding for salt- and water-channels between the two populations.These genes are good candidates to be involved in different water re-adsorption abilities. We arefurther investigating these loci from an evolutionary perspective by analyzing patterns of selectionand protein sequence differences.O EB.13 (Mo) - ENConvergent evolution and adaptive radiations in stick insects (Phasmatodea)Sven Bradler 1 , Thomas Buckley 21Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Abteilung Neurobiologie,Universität Göttingen; 2 Landcare Research, Auckland, New ZealandLanceocercata is one of the most remarkable hypotheses in stick insect evolution. It suggests thata wide array of Phasmatodea conventionally thought to be unrelated to one another form an ancientgroup that evolved in the Australasian region. Among Phasmatodea the Lanceocercata exhibitmorphological and ecological parallelisms comparable to those found between placental mammalsand marsupials. Our molecular analysis provides strong evidence that the Lanceocercata and theremaining stick and leaf insects underwent parallel adaptive radiations that resulted in astoundingexamples of convergence, e.g., the repeated evolution of the tree lobster ecomorph, ground dwelling,flightless phasmids with a robust body form and enlarged, powerfully armed hind legs in themale. Tree lobsters, including Dryococelus and Canachus among Lanceocercata and Eurycantha inEurycanthomorpha, are outstanding examples of repetitive evolution, raising questions of generalrelevance regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms. Such phenotypic similarity between unrelatedspecies is most probably generated by extrinsic selective pressure as well as by intrinsic factors,such as shared trajectories in the developmental architecture, which might provide constraintson the direction of stick insect evolution.

Evolutionary Biology Symposium 45O EB.14 (Mo) - ENThe imprint of Pleistocene glaciations of the Antarctic shelf on the genomes of thesurvivors (Crustacea: Serolidae)Florian Leese 1 , Christoph Held 21Lehrstuhl Evolutionsökologie und Biodiversität der Tiere, Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 2 Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologie mariner Tiere, BremerhavenBenthic habitats on the Antarctic shelf are largely ice-free at present but were covered with groundedice that reached several times as far as the shelf break during the glacial maxima. The strikingly highbiodiversity on the Antarctic shelf has often been taken as indirect evidence that not all benthic lifemay have been eradicated during the glacial maxima but there is a lack of hard evidence supportingthis view. We investigated polymorphisms at ten newly developed microsatellite loci and a fragmentof the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene in the abundant and broadly distributed benthicisopod Ceratoserolis n. sp. 1 from the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) and the Eastern WeddellSea (EWS). The patterns of intraspecific genetic variation in the two marker systems are concordantwith a deep genetic divergence between both regions on either side of the Weddell Sea indicating alack of effective gene flow since the late Pleistocene. There is also a signature of rapid and recentpopulation expansion in AP and EWS, which coincides with a recovery of populations after the lastglacial maximum. The molecular data from this study demonstrate that glaciations had a pronouncedimpact on genetic diversity but also suggest that continued survival in separate refuge areas in theEWS and around the AP was possible.O EB.15 (Mo) - ENEvolution of intraspecific diversity: a comparison of genetic and geographic structurein freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura) from three Caribbean islandsNicole T. Rivera, Christoph D. SchubartLehrstuhl Biologie I, Universität RegensburgThe Greater Antilles are classified as biodiversity hotspot due to their high species richness andincreased endemism. We compare the evolution of intraspecific diversity between freshwater crabsof the islands Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. The freshwater crabs Epilobocera haytensisfrom Hispaniola and Epilobocera sinuatifrons from Puerto Rico inhabit rivers. Due to their directdevelopment to juvenile crabs, these crabs lack the possibility of dispersal by ocean currents. Metopauliasdepressus from Jamaica lives and reproduces in water-filled leaf axils of bromeliads. Hence,there is no possibility of dispersal for the lecithotrophic larvae. To reconstruct the phylogeographyand to identify potential cryptic species, part of the mitochondrial NADH1 gene was amplified fromover 350 specimens of the three species. The results show four important genetic subgroups for E.haytensis and two for E. sinuatifrons. Based on genetic differences, there is no cryptic speciation andfar more gene flow than would be assumed for a freshwater species, suggesting that the animals mustbe able to migrate reasonable distances overland. In contrast, the results for M. depressus show morerestricted gene flow of the species throughout its range and reveal an ongoing separation into a westernand eastern clade. The comparison of these three species corroborates the importance of differentgeological histories of the Caribbean islands and of ecological plasticity of the colonizing taxa.

46 Evolutionary Biology SymposiumO EB.16 (Mo) - DEPhylogeography of the southern skua complex – rapid colonisation of the southernhemisphere during a glacial period and reticulate evolutionMarkus Ritz, Craig Millar, Gary D. Miller, Richard A. Phillips, Peter Ryan, Viviane Sternkopf,Dorit Liebers-Helbig, Hans-Ulrich PeterInstitute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaWhilst we have now a good understanding how past glaciation influenced species at the northernhemisphere, our knowledge of patterns and modes of speciation is far more limited for the southernhemisphere. We provide mtDNA based data on the phylogeography of a circumpolar distributedsouthern hemisphere seabird group – the southern skua complex (Catharacta spp.). Diversificationof southern skuas dates between 210,000 yBP and 150,000 yBP and coincides with a glacial spanning230,000 – 140,000 yBP. Skuas most likely first inhabited the Antarctic continent, in the courseof global cooling and increasing glaciation spread to the sub-antarctic islands and Tristan da Cunhaand finally colonised Patagonia and the Falkland Islands at the glacial maximum. Despite significantdifferences between taxa most populations still exchange genes with neighbouring populations ofother taxa and speciation is incomplete.O EB.17 (Mo) - DEDiversity and variation of mandible shape in wild house mice and their close relativesLouis Boell, Diethard TautzEvolutionsgenetik, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionsbiologie, PlönA prerequisite to the study of evolutionary diversification of morphology is knowledge about naturalvariation. Our study system is the mandible of house mice. Variation in mandible shape is exploredusing Geometric morphometrics in wild and laboratory populations, with a focus on Mus musculusdomesticus but also including M. m. musculus, and the closely related M. spretus and M. macedonicus.First results include: - within the subspecies M. m. domesticus, there is clear but small divergenceamong populations from different geographical areas. - within the European Mus complex,divergence is not distributed according to taxonomic distance. - Phenotypic plasticity appears to benot very influential on phenotypic divergence. - Outbred populations are more variable under laboratoryconditions than inbred strains, suggesting the presence of important genetic standing variation.This broad survey will allow us to ask precise questions about the distribution of subtle morphologicalvariation and to choose study populations for investigations on the quantitative genetics of shapedifferences. Using In-vivo-microCT, an artificial selection experiment on shape in a biologicallymeaningful direction in shape space will be performed and used for hitchhiking mapping. Functionalstudies using cinematoradiography are also planned. The combination of the resulting morphologicaland genetic data should provide a powerful basis for further investigations of morphologicaldiversification.

Evolutionary Biology Symposium 47O EB.18 (Mo) - ENGeographic parthenogenesis in bushcricketsArne Lehmann, Gerlind LehmannInstitut für Zoologie, Freie Universität BerlinSexual reproduction is the main way that higher animals reproduce, but parthenogenesis is an alternativemode that is relatively common among invertebrates. In ‘geographical parthenogenesis’ theclones have a wider distribution than the sexual forms they originate from. The text book example inbushcrickets is Saga pedo, a tetraploid that originated from crosses of distantly related species (Lehmann& Lehmann unpubl. data), ranging from Portugal to Siberia. We studied the species Poecilimonintermedius, so far not investigated. Its range is similar large, but in contrast to Saga pedo, P. intermediushas a diploid chromosome set (Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 1996). Mass rearing confirmedobligate parthenogenesis in this bushcricket. In other parthenogenetic species antibiotics has resultedin the production of males, but antibiotic treatment of P. intermedius was not effective in restoringmale production. This and negative results from PCR screening exclude feminizing endosymbionts,such as Wolbachia, as a reason for the lack of males (Lehmann et al. submitted). Heterospecific matingswith males of a closely related species were rapidly achieved, spermatophores transferred andsperm successfully entered the females. However, the resulting offspring were all female, suggestingthat successful fertilisation did not occur. We further model how P. intermedius could have reachedits widespread distribution from a Balkan origin far into Siberia bypassing the “Allee effect”.O EB.19 (Mo) - ENTracing speciation in the Nasonia species complex – first hints on gene loci responsiblefor species-specific cuticular hydrocarbonsJan Büllesbach, Thomas SchmittSpemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, Institut für Biologie I, Universität FreiburgThe main focus of speciation genetics is the investigation of genetic factors associated with reproductiveisolation. The central challenge in this field is to determine the complex, coevolved andlikely polygenic traits mainly responsible for reproductive isolation. In many insect species, it hasbeen shown that cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) are crucial for species recognition and sexual communicationand thus have the potential to reproductively isolate a species. The parasitoid jewel waspNasonia vitripennis uses certain CHC compounds as sex pheromones. Assuming similar functions inother Nasonia species, CHC components might also play a major role in species recognition withinthis genus. Hence, we selected nine CHC compounds significantly differing between Nasonia vitripennisand Nasonia giraulti males, which were characterized using gas-chromatography coupledwith mass-spectrometry. Establishing distinctive “N. giraulti” and “N. vitripennis” phenotypes forthe CHC compounds that way, we then determined one of the two phenotype affiliations for eachcompound in 120 N. vitripennis / N. giraulti hybrid males. A subsequent quantitative-trait-locus(QTL) interval mapping of those hybrids identified 22 gene loci accounting for the CHC variation,distributed over all five chromosomes. These findings provide the first gene loci candidates in Nasoniafor CHC cues potentially distinguishing the respective species.

48 Evolutionary Biology SymposiumO EB.20 (Mo) - ENSex-specific selection in common vole hybrid zonesGerald Heckel, Andreas SutterCMPG, Zoological Institute, University of Bern, SwitzerlandHybrid zones provide excellent opportunities to study evolutionary processes underlying speciation.The width of a contact zone relative to the species’ dispersal ability provides information on theextent of reproductive isolation, and comparison of different character clines allows identificationof characters affected by selection. In this study, we investigated the position and width of threesecondary contact zones among old evolutionary lineages of the common vole (Microtus arvalis).Contact zones are expected to be broader for paternal than for maternal markers given male baseddispersal in the common vole and neutral diffusion. Maximum likelihood cline fitting analyses detectedin all transects a shift of paternal relative to maternal clines. All transects displayed a completelack of one of the two potential male hybrid classes. One of the paternal lineages occurred almostexclusively on the maternal background of the same lineage. Contact zones were generally verynarrow, but in contrast to the neutral expectation paternal clines were significantly narrower or atmost equal in width to maternal clines. These patterns suggest partial reproductive isolation betweenthese old evolutionary lineages and strong sex-specific selection against particular hybrids. Potentialmechanisms include lineage-specific assortative mating mediated through female choice or cytogeneticincompatibilities associated with an unusual manifestation of Haldane’s rule in a mammal.O EB.21 (Mo) - ENMolecular phylogeny of Andean Eois moths – implications for the evolution of wingpatterns and host plant usePatrick Strutzenberger 1 , Gunnar Brehm 2 , Florian Bodner 1 , Manuela Zimmermann 1 , Martin Wiemers1 , Konrad Fiedler 11Department of Population Ecology, University of Vienna, Austria; 2 Institut für Spezielle Zoologieund Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaThe genus Eois (Geometridae: Larentiinae) comprises an important part of a megadiverse assemblageof moths in the mountain rainforests of southern Ecuador. We aim to elucidate phylogenetictrajectories of wing-pattern evolution and of the relationships with larval food plants in the genusPiper. Elongation factor 1-alpha sequences and cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences of at least70 Eois species were acquired, amounting to a combined sequence dataset of ~2200 bp. Maximumparsimony and Bayesian inference of phylogeny were employed to estimate relationships withinEois. Phylogenetic trees reveal that most wing-pattern types represented in our sample evolved butonce. The only exception to this rule occurs in the most basal clade whose species closely resemblethose in a clade higher up in the tree. This may represent an ancestral character state or the result ofconvergent evolution. Species known to feed on Piper are spread over most of the major clades withinEois, suggesting that the trophic relationship with Piper is a trait found all over the neotropicalmembers of the genus and not just in certain subclades. Within the Larentiinae, Eois has traditionallybeen placed close to the Eupitheciini. However, our analyses failed to recover a stable associationwith Eupithecia or any other included outgroup taxon.

Evolutionary Biology Symposium 49O EB.22 (Mo) - DEBarcoding gene COI fails to distinguish between two fiddler crabs (Brachyura:Ocypodidae: Uca) across their entire range of geographic overlapRichard B. Landstorfer 1 , Christoph D. Schubart 1 , Darryl L. Felder 21Fakultät für Biologie 1, Universität Regensburg; 2 Department of Biology, University of Louisianaat Lafayette, USAUca minax (Le Conte, 1855) and Uca longisignalis Salmon & Atsaides, 1968 are two closely relatedfiddler crab species. Uca longisignalis is endemic to the northern Gulf of Mexico. The geographicrange of Uca minax is wider and includes most of the American East Coast with a disjunct distributionacross the Peninsula of Florida. Several diagnostic morphological traits allow us to distinguishthe two sister species. Intraspecific allozyme divergences in trans-Floridian populations in Uca minaxhave also raised the question of whether the Gulf of Mexico hosts an endemic lineage of this species.Our studies include populations in the region of sympatry for the two species as well as regionswhere Uca minax (along the Carolinian Province) and Uca longisignalis (south-central Texas) occuralone. Samples of at least ten specimens each from separate populations were examined for morphologicalcharacters and color; thereafter, six to ten specimens from eight populations were usedfor genetic examination with the barcoding gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Results are presentedas phylogenetic networks. Both species are characterized by high haplotype diversities, but limitedgeographic structuring. The amount of gene flow within and between species was calculated withAMOVA. As opposed to the morphology, our COI analysis does not allow distinction between thesetwo species, suggesting a very recent separation. This is one more example, where COI barcodingmethods fail to recognize actual species diversity.O EB.23 (Mo) - DEMultiple Paraphylie bei Papio, Primates: biogeografische und taxonomischeImplikationenDietmar Zinner, Linn Fenna Groeneveld, Christina Keller, Christian RoosDeutsches Primatenzentrum, GöttingenPaviane, Papio spp., bilden ein Cluster allopatrischer Populationen in weiten Teilen Afrikas südlichder Sahara. Traditionell werden fünf Morphotypen unterschieden, wobei allerdings mehr als 20 Taxabeschrieben wurden, deren taxonomischer Status und deren phylogenetische Beziehungen innerhalbder Gattung unklar sind. Ziel unserer Studie war eine subgenerische phylogenetische Analyse vonPapio. Wir haben DNA-Proben (Kotproben) im größten Teil des Verbreitungsgebiets gesammeltund unsere Analyse auf mehrere mitochondriale Marker gestützt. Überraschenderweise konnte nurfür einen der fünf traditionellen Morphotypen Monophylie bestätigt werden, alle anderen zeigtenparaphyletische Beziehungen. Unsere Analyse ergab sieben Hauptcladen mit 11 terminalen Taxa,die nicht mit der traditonellen Taxonomie korrespondieren sondern ihre geografische Verbreitungwiderspiegeln. Für mehre Taxa ergaben sich Hinweise auf introgressive Hybridization. Ergebnisseunserer Analyse unterstützen das Superspezieskonzept für Papio von Jolly (1993), allerdings solltennicht nur die fünf traditionellen Morphotypen als gleichberechtigte Taxa anerkannt werden.

50 Evolutionary Biology SymposiumO EB.24 (Mo) - ENSex-biased gene expression and adaptive evolution in Drosophila ananassaeSonja Grath, John F. Baines, John ParschEvolutionary and Functional Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenSex-biased genes, i.e. those expressed predominantly or exclusively in one sex, often show rapidmolecular evolution between species. Previous comparative genomic studies of the fruit fly speciesDrosophila melanogaster and D. simulans revealed that many of these genes, especially those withmale-biased expression, have evolved under positive selection. To test if this is also the case forother fruit fly species, we used custom-made microarrays to investigate the expression of around 150genes in D. ananassae. The expression of these genes was previously classified as male-, female-,or unbiased in D. melanogaster. Additionally, we used published microarray data on sex-bias comparisonsbetween Drosophila species. We find that the pattern of sex-biased expression is generallywell conserved between these two species. Further, we investigated DNA sequence polymorphismof these genes within D. ananassae and their divergence to the closely-related D. atripex/D. phaeopleura.This allowed us to estimate the type and strength of selection acting on these genes in D.ananassae. We find a similar proportion of genes displaying evidence of positive or weak purifyingselection, but in general, individual genes do not display evidence for adaptive protein evolution inboth lineages.

Ecology Symposium 51Ecology Symposium

52 Ecology Symposium

Ecology Symposium 53O EC.1 (Sa) - ENPheromone communication in the model organism Nasonia vitripennisJoachim Ruther 1 , Mohatmed Abdel-latief 1 , Markus Koch 1 , Sven Steiner 1 , Leif-Alexander Garbe 21Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin; 2 Institut für Biotechnolgie, Technische UniversitätBerlinThe jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis is a model organism for the study of parasitic wasp biology.Males release a mixture of (4R,5R)- and (4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-4-decanolides (HDL) [1] and 4-methylquinazoline[2] as a sex pheromone that attracts virgin females. Within minutes after mating, however,females are no longer attracted [1]. In an integrative research approach we studied the biosyntheticpathway of HDL in Nasonia males and localized the pheromone producing gland [3]. Experimentsusing stable isotope labeled precursors demonstrated that HDL is derived from unsaturated fattyacids after epoxidation suggesting the involvement of an epoxide hydrolase. We cloned an epoxidehydrolase gene (Nasvi-EH1) from Nasonia males and localized its gene transcripts in the male rectalpapillae by in situ RT-PCR. Involvement of Nasvi-EH1 in HDL biosynthesis was established byRNAi-mediated gene silencing. Injection of Nasvi-EH1 dsRNA into the male abdomen inhibited thepheromone biosynthesis and suppressed the targeted gene transcripts in the rectal vesicle. Chemicalanalyses in combination with histological and behavioral studies confirmed that males synthesizethe sex attractant in the rectal vesicle and release it via the anal orifice by dabbing movements ofthe abdominal tip. References [1] Ruther J, Stahl LM, Steiner S, Garbe L-A, Tolasch T (2007) J.Exp. Biol. 210: 2163-2169 [2] Ruther, J, Steiner S, Garbe L-A (2008) J. Chem. Ecol. 34: 99-102 [3]Abdel-latief M, Garbe L-A, Koch M, Ruther J (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (in press)O EC.2 (Sa) - ENTrail sharing in antsTamara Pokorny, Thomas SchmittBiology I, University of FreiburgLaying a chemical trail leading from a food site back to the nest in order to recruit other workers is awidespread behaviour in ants. These trails are often aggressively defended against ants from foreigncolonies or species, which are recognized due to their different cuticular hydrocarbon profile. However,between certain species a phenomenon called trail sharing can be observed. In a trail sharingsystem two or more species of ants share a common trail on which they do not display aggressivebehaviour towards each other. This study focuses on two trail sharing systems of Bornean ants. Themain involved species are Polyrhachis ypsilon, Colobopsis saundersi and Dolichoderus cuspidatusin one system, Crematogaster modiglianii and Camponotus rufifemur in the other. In an attemptto understand the underlying mechanisms causing trail sharing, chemical analyses of possible trailpheromones and of cuticular hydrocarbons from the different species were conducted. The chemicalcompositions were then compared in order to search for similarities which might have accounted forthe evolution of trail sharing. Another aspect of this study is the recognition of trail sharing partners.Aggression tests suggest that ants recognize their trail sharing partners not by simply toleratingevery ant belonging to the corresponding species, but that they are able to specifically recognize antsfrom the colonies they actually share their trail with.

54 Ecology SymposiumO EC.3 (Sa) - ENExperimental evolution in an insect-fungus interactionMarko Rohlfs, Susanne WölfleTierökologie, Universität KielMicrobes are important pathogens and mutualists of animals, but they can also function as classicalconsumers of critical nutrient resources and therefore may compete against animals. Given that thereis in the wild genetic variation in the ability of Drosophila melanogaster to develop in the presenceof competing mould, we have started a selection experiment in which replicated insect populationswere confronted with the mould Aspergillus nidulans. After five cycles of confrontation with fungusinfestedlarval feeding substrates, selected lines had lower post-emergence adult mortality and higherearly fecundity than unselected control lines when larvae had fed on mould-infested substrate. Sincethe life-history paradigm predicts that organisms cannot simultaneously maximise all components offitness, we expected fungus resistant populations to suffer from decrements in fitness traits, such assurvival and reproduction. However, such a ‘simple’ trade-off was not found in the resistant populations;yet evolutionary costs may be revealed by testing resistance against various abiotic and bioticstresses. Nonetheless, the response in the selection experiment may enable Drosophila populationsto maintain or extend niche boundaries in the face of unfavourable microbial flora, and heritablechanges in the insect populations might determine whether resources are solely open to the detritalpathway or whether animals can direct energy and nutrient fluxes to higher trophic levels.O EC.4 (Sa) - ENSpecificity and function of glucoside sequestration in sawflies of the genus AthaliaSebastian Opitz, Caroline MüllerDepartment of Chemical Ecology, University of BielefeldThe genus Athalia (Hym: Tenthredinidae) is comprised of specialist herbivores, which feed on plantfamilies containing characteristic glucosidically bound metabolites. Larvae of Athalia rosae areknown to take up glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides) from various plants of the family Brassicaceaeand store these in the haemolymph. In contrast, Athalia cordata as a specialist on Plantagolanceolata (Plantaginaceae) was investigated for its sequestration ability of the iridoid glucosides(IG) aucubin and catalpol. Larvae sequestered the IG in quite high concentrations in the haemolymph,whereas artificially administered glucosinolates could not be detected in tissue of A. cordata.In contrast, A. rosae did take up little IG. Thus, the selectivity of putative transporters of glucosidicallybound plant metabolites is obviously species-specific. In several sawfly species, haemolymphdroplets are presented very fast upon attack of biting predators through an easily disrupting integument.This ‘easy bleeding phenomenon’ is thought to have an antipredatory function. The haemolymphof both sawfly species as well as both glucoside types were found to be deterrent against theant Myrmica rubra. However, it is puzzling that A. rosae larvae show off their putative defence byblack colouration, whereas A. cordata are rather cryptic.

Ecology Symposium 55O EC.5 (Sa) - ENQuantification of pollinator footprints on natural flowers: a tool for pollinationecologistsSebastian Witjes, Thomas EltzInstitut Neurobiologie, AG Sinnesökologie, Universität DüsseldorfObservational assessment of pollinator identity and visitation frequency at flowering plants is timeconsuming, especially when flower visitor abundance is low. As an alternative, we propose to reconstructpast visitation by extracting and quantifying visitor footprints on flower corollas by meansof GC/MS. We used bumblebee pollinated plants and their pollinators as model organisms. Thecuticle of bumblebees (as of many other insects) is covered by a mixture of long chained alkenes andalkanes. During flower visits traces of these cuticular hydrocarbons remain on visited flower corollas.The deposited alkenes (C21 to 31) do not occur on unvisited flowers, are of very low volatilityand partly specific to certain bumblebee species. Our results show that after visits such bumblebeealkenes accumulate linearly on flower corollas with increasing numbers of visits, and are retainedalmost without loss for up to 24 hours. In laboratory experiments we could show that there was noeffect of ambient temperature (15° or 25°C treatment) on the amount of bumblebee alkenes retainedon visited corollas. This suggests that residual footprint quantification is informative under a rangeof environmental conditions. Upcoming experiments will show whether species-specific markeralkenesallow a proportional assignment of visits to different bumblebee species in the visitor community.O EC.6 (Sa) - ENElectrophysiological study of pine volatile perception by a parasitoid of pine sawflyeggsIvo Beyaert, Nicole Wäschke, Monika Hilker1Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität BerlinEgg deposition by the pine sawfly Diprion pini on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is known to inducerelease of pine volatiles that attract the egg parasitoid Chrysonotomyia ruforum. The attractive oviposition-inducedpine odour consists of numerous terpenoid compounds and differs from non-attractivepine odour especially by enhanced quantities of (E)-β-farnesene. Behavioral bioassays revealedthat this sesquiterpene is attractive to C. ruforum only when offered at the background of non-attractivepine odour. These previous results suggest that the egg parasitoid is attracted to ovipositioninducedpine when a specific ratio of (E)-β-farnesene and other pine volatiles is released. However,which of the numerous “other pine volatiles” are relevant for attraction of C. ruforum? To approachthis question we recorded electroantennogram (EAG) responses by female C. ruforum to six monoterpenesand six sesquiterpenes. These compounds were selected based on their chemical structureand abundance in attractive oviposition-induced pine odour. The following components elicited aresponse significantly different from the response to the solvent: the monoterpenes 3-carene, β-phellandrene and (E/Z)-β-ocimene, as well as the sesquiterpenes α-copaene, (E)-β-caryophyllene,α-humulene and (E)-β-farnesene. The electrophysiological results will be discussed with respect tothe behavioural studies on the attractiveness of oviposition-induced pine odour.

56 Ecology SymposiumO EC.7 (Sa) - ENMolecular mechanisms of tolerance in tardigradesRalph SchillZoology, Universität StuttgartTardigrades are well-known cosmopolitan species and typical inhabitants of moist environmentswhich facilitate the animal´s gaseous exchange and avoid desiccation. However, such habitats frequentlyundergo seasonal changes that impact animal life. They are able to survive these periods ofadverse conditions due to its ability to enter into a anhydrobiotic state. In adverse environments, allterrestrial and freshwater tardigades arrest their metabolic activity and get dehydrated to form thetun state. In the anhydrobiotic stage, tardigrades show extraordinary tolerance to physical extremesincluding high-energy radiation, immersion in organic solvents, brief exposure to high temperaturesand prolonged exposure to indefinitely low temperatures. When environmental conditions are adequate,tuns rehydrate and the animals resume metabolic activity. Drying of cells generally leadsto massive damage to cellular membranes and proteins, which eventually results in cell death and,consequently, in the death of the entire organism. The aim of the project “Functional analysis of dynamicprocesses in cryptobiotic tardigrades” is the characterisation and quantification of molecularmechanisms of tolerance that enable tardigrades to survive in cryptobiosis. The project www.funcrypta.deis funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF (0313838).O EC.8 (Sa) - ENThe behavioural basis of patch leaving decisionsAndra Thiel, Pablo Gonzales-Torres, Jennifer Uhlig, Thomas HoffmeisterAG Populationsökologie, Universität BremenThe time a female parasitoid allocates to search in a host patch strongly determines the number ofhosts she can parasitize there and also affects the number of hosts she will be able to find elsewhereduring her lifespan. Patch residence times are thus an important factor influencing host-parasitoidpopulation dynamics and successful pest control. In general, the contact with host related cues likekairomones elicits orthokinetic and klinotactic responses in the walking behaviour of a female, leadingto an area restricted search pattern. It has been suggested that a waning response to such cues onthe patch (i.e. habituation) lets females finally cross the patch boundaries and leave. This model hasnow for decades been widely accepted to hold, since parasitoid leaving patterns seem to fit well toit: Females stay longer when the amount of kairomone in a patch is higher and their residence timesare shorter when several patches are visited in quick succession. However, we thoroughly testedthe habituation model by focusing on time-dependent changes in parasitoid walking behavior andoviposition rates as well as in walking paths on and off patch under different environmental conditions.Our results from several parasitoid species suggest that habituation can not act as the majorcomponent of parasitoid patch leaving behaviour and that other cognitive mechanism guide thesesmall but smart insects in their decision-making processes.

Ecology Symposium 57O EC.9 (Sa) - ENFunctional response and ratio dependence of the fruit fly parasitoid Fopius arisanusKatharina Merkel 1 , Sunday Ekesi 2 , Thomas S. Hoffmeister 11Populations- und Evolutionsökologie, Universität Bremen; 2 Plant Health Division, ICIPE,KenyaPresently, there is a theoretical debate about the suitability of host-dependent vs. ratio-dependentfunctional responses in parasitoid-host models. The value of the two idealized relationships as abasis for modeling is restricted by the lack of experimental comparisons. To corroborate this largelytheoretical debate with experimental data we used the system of an egg-prepupal endoparasitoidFopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host the Asian fruit fly Bactrocerainvadens Drew, Tsuruta & White (Diptera: Tephritidae) to validate both approaches. Laboratorytrials were conducted to predict the performance of the introduced parasitoid F. arisanus as a densitydependent control factor of the invasive B. invadens in sub Saharan Africa. In these trials, theabundance and the ratio of hosts and parasitoids were manipulated in three series of experiments.In the first two series parasitoids were individually or in groups exposed to a varying number of B.invadens eggs, while in the third series varying numbers of parasitoids were exposed to a constantnumber of host eggs. To further understand the results in the light of behavioral changes of the differenthost and parasitoid densities, the parasitoid behavior was recorded. The results will be discussedin line with the use of host-dependent and ratio-dependent approaches for modeling.O EC.10 (Sa) - ENEnergy expenditure and roosting behaviour during the reproductive season of wildBechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii) in deciduous forests of Bavaria, GermanyIris Pretzlaff 1 , Gerald Kerth 2 , Kathrin Dausmann 11Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biocentre Grindel, University of Hamburg;2Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, SwitzerlandAdapting roosting and thermoregulatory behaviour to changes in T ais crucial for the energy balanceand reproductive success of bats. However, so far we know little about the energy expenditure ofwild bats. Our study is the first that uses respirometry to measure MR of bats in the field. Duringdifferent reproductive periods, we investigated the relationship between T a, group size, and energyexpenditure in communally breeding Bechstein’s bats. They saved ~15% of energy in larger (>10ind) compared to roosting in smaller groups (≤10 ind) at the same T a. During pregnancy and lactation,the bats mostly remained normothermic and group size changed not significantly with T abutremained large (~12 ind). This suggests that Bechstein’s bats largely avoid torpor during this timeand instead react to low temperatures by forming larger groups. Accordingly, mean resting energyexpenditure did not change significantly with T a. After weaning, the bats formed significantly largergroups (12.3±4.9) on warmer days and smaller groups (7.6±5.9) on colder days when they becametorpid more frequently. The bats presumably prefer smaller groups to prolong energy-saving torporbouts, minimising the risk of disturbances by normothermic conspecifics. Our results demonstratethe importance of social thermoregulation in communally breeding bats. Roosting behaviour andfrequency of torpor changed with ambient conditions as well as with the season, which highlightsthe importance of studying free-ranging animals.

58 Ecology SymposiumO EC.11 (Sa) - DEMigration stategies of South Polar and Brown SkuasHans-Ulrich Peter 1 , Steffen Hahn 2 , Matthias Kopp 1 , Richard Phillips 3 , Markus Ritz 11Institut für Ökologie, AG Polar- & Ornitho-Ökologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 VogelwarteSempach, Schweiz; 3 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UKSkuas are closely related species from the Northern and Southern hemisphere which overwinteron the oceans. Since it is difficult to distinguish these, reliable data on the temporal and spatialmigration patterns are absent.Since 1984, we banded more than 2000 skuas on King George Island,Antarctica, i.e. South polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki), Brown skuas (C.antarctica lonnbergi)and hybrids (C.a.lonnbergi x C.maccormicki and C.maccormicki x C.chilensis) not only with metalrings, but also with plastic bands . Only a few banded birds were seen outside of the Antarctic. Onehybrid (C.maccormicki x C.chilensis ) and one South polar skua were found in the Northern Atlantic.Additionally, we equipped South polar skuas with satellite transmitters. Only two birds transmitteddata from outside of the breeding area: one bird was found to be migrating northwards in the Atlantic;the second bird had overwintered between Japan and Aleutian Islands.In the season 2006/07, weattached skuas with light GLS-loggers. In January and February 2008 these loggers were removedand the data processed. They provide a much more detailed picture of Brown skuas in the overwinteringarea of the South Atlantic and the migration route of South polar skuas to the Arctic.O EC.12 (Sa) - ENExtraordinary high diversity of siliceous sponges play an important ecological role inthe deep Southern OceanDorte Janussen 1 , Alexander S. Plotkin 21Abteilung Marine Zoologie, Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Franfurt a.M.;2University of St. Petersburg, RussiaSponges are important in marine benthic ecology by providing habitates for a variety of other organisms.Furthermore, large siliceous sponges (mainly of the class Hexactinellida) possess prominentspicules, which remain as spicule mats after death of the sponges, thus structure the sea floor andprovide attractive substrates for settlement of larvae. Rich Porifera associations are thus mostlylinked with high benthic diversity. This is obvious particularly on the Antarctic shelf, , where extraordinaryhigh sponge abundance and biomass are correllated with diverse associations of otherinvertebrates. With increasing depth, most of endemic Antarctic shelf sponge taxa are successivelyreplaced by cosmopolitan species, simultanously the distribution of sponges and other animalsbecomes increasingly patchy. However, diversity of e. g. Hexactinellida at above-species level issignificantly higher in the S.O. deep-sea than on the shelf. At the S.O. slope, eurybath species ofendemic shelf species (e. g. Rossella spp.) co-occur with cosmopolitan deep-sea taxa (such as Caulophacus,Chondrocladia spp.). Thus at bathyal depths between 1000m-2000m are characterizedby rich sponges associations, including both shallow and deep water taxa. With their structuringproperties and often large body size, the highly diverse Antarctic Porifera taxa play a crucial role forthe colonization of deep-sea bottoms.

Ecology Symposium 59O EC.13 (Mo) - ENPopulation heterogeneity in protists: methodological advances and evolutionaryimplicationsJens BoenigkInstitut für Limnologie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mondsee, AustriaWe analysed protist population heterogeneity based on cultivation-dependend as well as cultivationindependentapproaches. We show that protist populations are not homogenously but rather heterogeneouslycomposed of different ecotypes and genotypes, possibly corresponding to cryptic species.We suggest that this population heterogeneity may partly explain the deviations between studieson single strains/populations in laboratory and field studies. The molecular distance between theisolated strains was generally correlated with the salinity and temperature adaptation of the respectivestrains, contradicting the assumption that SSU rRNA variation just reflects accumulated neutralmutations. Independent of whether this correlation reflects adaptation above the (biological) specieslevel or variation between asexually reproducing lineages, our data demonstrate the unsuitabilityof the current classification system (species concept) for the investigated organisms, at least withrespect to ecological and ecophysiological investigations. We further developed a method for thecultivation-independent quantitative analysis of planktonic protists and microalgae from preservedfield samples combining morphological and SSU rRNA gene sequence analysis. We applied theprotocol to investigate the dominant SSU genotypes in distinct flagellate morphospecies originatingfrom different samples. Our results confirm the significance of molecular variation within protistmorphospecies.O EC.14 (Mo) - ENNew insights into bushcricket spermatophoresGerlind LehmannInstitut für Zoologie, Freie Universität BerlinBushcricket spermatophores transferred during mating are costly for males to produce but femalesreceive several benefits from these nuptial gifts. One of these benefits is to boost their metabolismby feeding on large spermatophores. Therefore, spermatophore size should be subject to sexualselection through female choice. New data from the bushcricket genus Poecilimon show, that spermatophoresize depends on a range of factors. These include male condition which can be influencedby parasitism and mating history - the longer the intervals between matings the larger the spermatophore(Lehmann & Lehmann in press BJLS). Spermatophore size also depends on diet; herbivorousspecies transfer larger spermatophores than carnivore ones. I have shown that females choose heaviermales to mate with (Lehmann & Lehmann 2008 BES 62: 569-578) and also choose males whohave not mated recently. Consequently, a female is expected to mate with the male who will give herthe largest spermatophore. I hypothesize, that feeding ecology has an important influence over thesexual conflict in bushcrickets, with females preferring comparatively larger spermatophores in lessfavorable habitats or under protein-poor diets, as in herbivorous species.

60 Ecology SymposiumO EC.15 (Mo) - DEWetness-based activation of traps in carnivorous pitcher plantsUlrike Bauer, Walter FederleDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UKNepenthes pitcher plants have highly specialized leaves to attract, capture, retain and digest arthropodprey. Several capture mechanisms have been proposed, ranging from slippery wax crystals todownward-pointing cells and anesthetizing alkaloid secretions. We recently discovered that in manypitcher plants, insects are captured when slipping on the upper pitcher rim (peristome). Unlike mostother plant surfaces, the peristome is completely wettable, and thin water films cover the surface underhumid conditions. Insects loose their foothold on these water films, similar to the ‘aquaplaning’of a car tyre on a wet road. To investigate the ecological implications of this mechanism, we combinedcontinuous measurements of peristome wetness and meteorological data with experimentalassessments of the pitchers’ capture efficiency in the field. We found that pitchers can be temporarilyhighly effective with capture rates up to 80% but completely ineffective at other times. These dramaticchanges are due to the wetting condition of the peristome. Variation of peristome wetness andcapture efficiency was perfectly synchronous, and caused by rain, condensation, and nectar secretedfrom extrafloral nectaries. We propose that the intermittent and unpredictable activation of Nepenthespitcher traps facilitates ant recruitment and constitutes a strategy to maximize prey capture.O EC.16 (Mo) - ENSleeping single in a double bed? Social hibernation in a tropical primate species(Cheirogaleus medius) – possible causes and consequencesKathrin DausmannDepartment of Ecology & Conservation, University of HamburgCold periods are energetically demanding for small endotherms that have to keep up a comparativelyhigh body temperature, especially as cold seasons usually coincide with periods of restricted foodavailability. The fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) has found an intriguing way to escapethis dilemma during the cool dry season of western Madagascar. It hibernates for up to seven monthsin tree holes. C. medius lives in life-long pairs and during the activity season the couples share sleepingsites in tree holes for more than 60% of the days. It is known from temperate zones that groupliving during hibernation is crucial for the maximisation of energy savings or even mere survival. Itmay therefore seem surprising that C. medius hibernates in all kinds of group sizes and has no preferencefor social hibernation. In fact, the percentage of days spent together during the hibernationseason decreases to about 40%. During hibernation, the lemurs show a very unusual, flexible patternof body temperature and metabolic rate, depending on the insulation capacities of the tree holes usedas hibernaculum, as they adjust their T bto the prevailing temperature in the tree holes. This possiblyturns sleeping mates into a disturbing nuisance, rather than a benefit. Considering this exceptionalhibernation physiology it seems likely that social hibernation in this tropical species is not driven byenergetic demands. Other factors (social, ecological) may be of greater influence.

Ecology Symposium 61O EC.17 (Mo) - DETropical tadpole communities: distribution patterns and assembly rulesAxel Strauß 1 , Roger-Daniel Randrianiaina 1 , Erik Reeve 1 , Meike Teschke 2 , Miguel Vences 1 , JulianGlos 31Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig; 2 Max Planck Institute for EvolutionaryBiology, Plön; 3 Zoological Institute, University of HamburgSpecies-rich communities are of high interest to scientists and conservationists. This is in particulartrue if they consist of functionally and quantitatively important parts of the ecosystem, such as tropicalfrogs. A significant stage of the life history of frogs is the larval stage (tadpole), but many tropicaltadpoles are not known to science and knowledge about their ecology is even scarcer. Large-scalefield studies on diverse tadpole communities have so far been limited by identification possibilities.By combining intensive field sampling with efficient molecular identification methods, we now establishedthe means to tackle essential questions of community ecology in diverse tropical tadpoleassemblages. We studied communities in Ranomafana National Park, a rain forest in Madagascarthat is listed as a hotspot of amphibian diversity with >120 species. We raised the following questions:(A) What are the patterns of species composition, diversity, and community structure at thescale of species, ecomorphological groups, and functional groups? (B) What are the factors thatdetermine these patterns? We sampled 32 streams for tadpoles and associated aquatic fauna, and collecteddetailed environmental data. We used DNA barcoding to identify the collected specimens. Usingmultivariate statistics we analysed species-environment associations on two geographical scalesand examined the influence of predators on tadpole distribution patterns.O EC.18 (Mo) - ENSensitivity of reptiles to habitat disturbance in the tropical dry forestJulian Glos 1 , Anselme Toto Volahy 2 , Robert Bourou 2 , Jonah Ratsimbazafy 2 , Joanna Durbin 2 ,Richard Young 21Ökologie & Naturschutz, Universität Hamburg; 2 Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, MadagascarThe natural habitats of Madagascar are being lost at a very high rate, especially the deciduous dryforest in the west of the island. Menabe Central, our study site, is one of the largest remainingblocks of this dry forest in Madagascar and an important site for biodiversity conservation. Reptilesform a diverse (> 50 species) and ecologically important group in this habitat, but have often beenneglected in studies on conservation issues. We investigated the effects of forest disturbance (e.g.timber harvest, collecting of fuel wood) on key properties of reptile communities. In order to do this,we assessed species-habitat associations by quantitatively recording reptiles on 28 transects (each1 km) along a disturbance gradient in the forest and by recording detailed habitat variables for eachtransect. Using multivariate statistics we analysed the effects of habitat disturbance on diversity,composition and structure, and on the functional diversity of reptile communities. Furthermore weinvestigated whether morphological, phylogenetical and/or ecological-functional factors predisposefor the sensitivity of reptile species to disturbance in Western Madagascar.

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Morphology Symposium 65O MO.1 (Su) - DEFunction of the epaxial muscles in trotting dogsNadja Schilling 1 , David R. Carrier 21Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena;2Biology Department, University of Utah, USAThe epaxial muscles of mammals are believed to stabilize the trunk during walking and trotting becausethe timing of their activity is not appropriate to produce bending of the trunk. To test whetherthis is indeed the case, we recorded the activity of the lumbar multifidus and longissimus musclesat three different sites along the trunk as we manipulated the moments acting on the trunk and thepelvis in dogs trotting on a treadmill. Confirming results of previous studies, both muscles exhibiteda biphasic and bilateral activity. The higher burst was associated with the second half of ipsilateralhindlimb stance phase, the smaller burst occurred during the second half of ipsilateral hindlimbswing phase. The asymmetry was noticeably larger in the longissimus muscle than in the multifidusmuscle. Although our manipulations produced results that are consistent with previous studies indicatingthat the epaxial muscles stabilize the trunk against accelerations in the sagittal plane, theresponse of the epaxial muscles to manipulations of trunk inertia were small compared to theirresponse when moments produced by the extrinsic muscles of the hindlimb were manipulated. Ourresults indicate that the multifidus and longissimus muscles primarily stabilize the pelvis against 1)vertical components of hindlimb retractor muscles and 2) horizontal components of the hindlimbprotractor and retractor muscles. Consistent with this, stronger effects of the manipulations wereobserved in the posterior sampling sites.O MO.2 (Su) - DEThe back muscles of the rat – a morphofunctional analysisDirk ArnoldFachbereich Motorik, Pathophysiologie & Biomechanik, Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie,Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaLow back pain is an enormous socioeconomic problem in all industrialized countries. In Germanythe total costs are estimated at about several billion Euros per year. The basic mechanisms are notwell understood. To detect dysfunctions of a system the ‘normal’ characteristics must be defined indetail first. The human back is not an ahistorical structure, so it is possible to identify some constraintswhich influenced its evolution. Therefore the intramuscular innervation and the myoelectricalactivation pattern of the back muscles of Rattus norvegicus were investigated. The propertieswere compared with the known characteristics of human and other mammalian back muscles. In themultifidus, iliocostalis and longissimus muscle numerous morphological subunits along the craniocaudalaxis could be identified. The iliocostalis, longissimus and thoracal part of the multifidusmuscle are innervated unisegmentally. In contrast to that the intramuscular innervation pattern of thelumbar region of the multifidus revealed a polysegmental supply. In this region adjacent Rami medialesare connected and innervate medial and lateral areas of the muscle. Similar observations havebeen made in humans. The multifidi muscles were biphasic and bilateral activated during walking ona treadmill. This activation pattern was found for the multifidus muscles of all hitherto investigatedmammals. Within mammals the activation pattern seems not to depend on the kind of locomotion.

66 Morphology SymposiumO MO.3 (Su) - DEThe effect of vertical head movements on the locomotor economy of quadrupedalmammalsDavid M. Loscher, Carsten NiemitzInstitut für Biologie / Humanbiologie und Anthropologie, Freie Universität BerlinDuring locomotion in the walk, horses perform characteristic vertical movements of the head. Whilethis kinematic feature also appears in a variety of other large ungulates, it seems absent in smallsized and noncursorial mammals. To investigate function and distribution of this kinematic pattern,we analysed the motion of the head and thoracic spine of various species of ungulates, carnivoresand primates during locomotion in the walking gait. Within all carnivores and primates, we foundvertical movements of the head and thorax being in phase and similar in range. By contrast, mostungulates moved their head out of phase and with higher range than the thorax. When swingingvertically, the load that the head and part of the neck excert on the forelegs fluctuates during thegait cycle. A proper timing of these fluctuations with limb movements results in reduced loads onthe forelimbs during the phases of double support, when muscle work is required for redirecting thebody centre of mass. During the phases of single limb support, the load increases accordingly, butis carried with less effort, because of the passive movements of the supporting legs which act likeinverted pendulums. Therefore, some ungulates economise locomotion by carrying the load of headand neck (in horses around 10% of body weight) very efficiently. The fact that this technique wasnot observed in the carnivore and primate species, implies, that an effective use might be determinedby neck size.O MO.4 (Su) - DE3D architecture of muscle fascicles and its change during contractionHeiko StarkInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaBiomechanical models describing muscle characteristics are very complex in their modelling anduse different techniques like forward kinematics, inverse kinematics, and finite element methods.None of them take all influential 3D features into account such as the fibre type distribution or thegeometrical arrangement of the muscle fascicles. In particular, the arrangement of the fascicles hasan influence on the force production of the muscle. The aim of this study was to reconstruct andcompare the 3D architecture of the fascicles of the m. soleus and the m. gastrocnemius medialis fixatedin relaxed and contracted states and to document possible internal inhomogeneities. For this, themuscles of the rat were shock-frozen and, from serial cross-sections, the muscle fibre bundles werereconstructed and evaluated as 3D polynomials using different techniques. The muscles showedlocally different pinnation angles and curvature distributions, which furthermore changed duringcontraction. The results specifically show that models often oversimplify muscle architecture. Thissimplification neglects local differences in the pinnation angles which have an effect on the muscle’scontraction properties. Therefore, a detailed, nature-orientated muscle model has to take local inhomogeneitiesinto account.

Morphology Symposium 67O MO.5 (Su) - ENProperties of flexors muscles in the tibia-metatarsus joint of Cupiennius saleiTobias Siebert, Tom Weihmann, Reinhard BlickhanScience of motion, Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaBesides using hydraulics for leg extension, spiders use direct muscular leg flexion. Muscle propertieshave to be known for modeling of spider locomotion. We determined the force-length and theforce-velocity relation of tibia-metatarsus joint flexors. Spiders were fixed in a metal frame allowingflexion in the tibia-metatarsus joint. The metatarsus was connected by a small hook with a musclelever system (Aurora scientific 300B-LR) measuring force and length change during tibia-metatarsusjoint flexion. Muscle forces and length changes were calculated considering the geometricleg properties. The muscle was stimulated supramaximally using needle electrodes. Force-lengthrelation was determined by a set of isometric contractions at knee angles ranging from 80° to 190°.Force-velocity relation was determined by isotonic measurements. Muscle produces maximum isometricstress (≈20 N/cm 2 ) at a knee angle of about 160°. Further extension decreases isometricforce to about 0.7 maximum isometric forces (F iso) at 190°. Force-velocity relation shows the typicalhyperbolic shape. The maximum shortening velocity is ≈ 4 L opt/s and the curvature (a/F iso) ofthe Hill-function is 0.8. During running (140°-90° tibia-metatarsus joint flexion, [Reinhardt 2006,Diploma thesis, FSU Jena]) the muscle works on the ascending limb of the force-length relation.Force-velocity parameters and maximum muscle stress are comparable to cockroach muscle properties[Ahn 2002, J exp Biol, 205].O MO.6 (Su) - ENSequence heterochronies in cranial suture closure pattern: Hystricognath rodentsLaura Wilson, Marcelo Sánchez-VillagraPaläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, SwitzerlandThe influences of heterochrony and developmental conservatism in cranial suture closure patternwere investigated. Sutures are joints in the vertebrate skull that have two bone fronts interposed withfibrous connective tissue. A total of 35 events were identified, representing sutural contact betweeneach cranial bone. Parsimov was used to implement event pair cracking analysis. A consensus ofchanges inferred under parsimony optimization identified late closure of sutures belonging to thepalatal and facial regions across the Hystricognathi. The recorded relative timing indicates broadsimilarity with the classic paradigm of suture closure based upon the study of hominoids. Neverthelessnumerous differences are noted and further substantiate previous indication that the order ofsuture fusion is species-specific. Changes in sutural patterns serve to diagnose basal clades of caviomorphssuch as the octodontids (e.g. degus) that are distinguished by delayed closure of maxillaand lacrimal sutures. Representatives for some genera displayed conserved closure patterns (e.g.Hystrix) whilst some genera exhibited inter-specific variation in closure pattern (e.g. Cavia). OldWorld porcupines were found to display the least number of closure events being characterized bythe early closure of sutures associated with the basisphenoid. In contrast, New World porcupinesdisplayed the highest amount of closure events and were the only group that exhibited maxillo-jugalsuture closure.

68 Morphology SymposiumO MO.7 (Mo) - ENJaw-closing mechanics in caecilians: a biomechanical modeling approachThomas KleinteichBiozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität HamburgThe caecilian (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) skull is characterized by numerous specializations to afossorial lifestyle. The skull is compact and heavily ossified, the jaw closing muscles (mm. levatoresmandibulae) are covered laterally by bone (the squamosal). A hyobranchial muscle, the m. interhyoideusposterior, acts as an additional second jaw closing system in caecilians. The recruitment ofthe m. interhyoideus posterior to the jaw closing apparatus is suggested to support the mm. levatoresmandibulae those space is restricted by the squamosal. I will present a biomechanical model thatpredicts bite force over gape angles for the two jaw closing systems. Every muscle in the caecilianjaw closing apparatus has a critical gape angle above that the muscle will act against bite force. Theintegration of the two jaw closing systems, however, results in almost constant bite forces over awide range of gape angles. Skull morphology has a direct impact on the relative contribution of theseparate jaw closing systems to total bite force. In species with a fenestrate temporal region (zygokrotaphy)the mm. levatores mandibulae contribute more to total bite force than in species with aroofed temporal region (stegokrotaphy). The action of the m. interhyoideus posterior on the ventralside of the lower jaw, caudal to the jaw joint, correlates with an unusual jaw joint in which the fossais a deep groove which has an oblique orientation.O MO.8 (Mo) - DELooking deep into your eyes – a morphological multi-method approach to learn aboutvertebrate visionMartin HeßBiozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-MartinsriedThe fully differentiated vertebrate eye is a complex 3D-structure on the organ-, tissue-, cell- andsubcellular level – a comparison of developmental stages and related species creates additional dimensions.Various morphological characters in different scales and coordinate systems, like eyepositioning within the head, internal eye geometry, retina layering and topography, architecture ofphotoreceptors and pigment epithelium cells, as well as the neuroanatomy and synaptic wiring of theinner retina all have to be recorded in 3D. This was done exemplarily with the eyes of selected teleostspecies using tomography (µMRT, µCT, TEM), mechanical sectioning (light microscopy, TEM) andoptical sectioning (CLSM, 2-photon microscopy), followed by computer aided segmentation, surfacerendering, volumetry, cell counting and topographic mapping and supplemented by REM andRaman measurements. This way complex structure data were obtained for a description, comparisonand interpretation of some lower vertebrate eyes in terms of probable visual functions, adaptationsto habitats and habits and evolutionary aspects, e.g. eye migration in flatfishes, polarization visionin anchovies, duplex eel retinas with banked rods and the development of the eyes and supportingstructures in different teleost species.

Morphology Symposium 69O MO.9 (Mo) - ENMorphology and ultrastructure of the placenta of Atelerix albiventris, the middleAfrican, white-bellied hedgehogSwetlana Siniza, Ulrich ZellerLehrstuhl für Spezielle Zoologie, Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinUntil now there has been only one reliable description of chorioallantoic placentation in Erinaceidae,published by Hubrecht in 1889. In order to contribute to the reconstruction of the placental morphotypeof Laurasiatheria, we studied the near term placenta of a single female Atelerix albiventris usinglight and transmission electron microscopy. Atelerix albiventris has a discoid, definitive chorioallantoicplacenta, which is situated in an antimesometrial position. The late placental disc consists ofa labyrinthine zone at the fetal side, underlain by cytotrophoblastic tissue and a broad basal maternallayer of decidua, which contains clusters of secretory active uterine glands. The labyrinth is formedby the fetal allantochorion, building up a network of cytotrophoblast-bordered lacunae, throughwhich the maternal blood flows, thus confirming the haemochorial nature of the interhaemal barrier.Products of maternal erythrocyte and tissue breakdown are visible in the uterine lumen, though nospecialized haemo- or heterophagous region, as described in other Eulipotyphla, could be found. Theplacenta of Atelerix albiventris resembles this of Erinaceus europeus, previously described by Hubrecht.Within Laurasiatheria the compact and invasive mode of placentation, found in Erinaceidae,as well as in other Eulipotyphla, Chiroptera and Carnivora is plesiomorphic and always correlatedwith an altricial neonate.O MO.10 (Mo) - ENComparative morphology of the hemolymph vascular system in scorpions – a surveyusing corrosion casting, microCT, and 3D-reconstructionChristian S. Wirkner 1 , Lorenzo Prendini 21Allgemeine & Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock; 2 American Museum of Natural History,New York, USAIn a recent paper (Wirkner & Prendini 2007; Journal of Morphology 268:401–413) we presented thefirst comprehensive investigation of the gross morphology of the scorpion vascular system, based ona survey of 27 species representing all major lineages of the order, using classical and modern nondestructivetechniques in combination with three-dimensional reconstruction. The presentation summarizesthe main results of the investigation: The hemolymph vascular system (HVS) of Scorpionescomprises a central pumping heart which extends the entire length of the mesosoma and is enclosedin a pericardium. Several arteries branch off the heart to supply different organs and body regions.Two different anterior aorta major branching patterns are identified among the species investigated.Arteries that branch off the anterior aorta system supply the appendages (chelicerae, pedipalps andwalking legs) and the central nerve mass with a complex arterial network. This study of the HVS ofscorpions provides further evidence that the vascular systems of euarthropods can be highly complex.Use of the term “open circulatory system” within euarthropods is re-emphasized, as it refers tothe general organization of the body cavity rather than to the complexity of the circulatory system.

70 Morphology SymposiumO MO.11 (Mo) - ENThe nervous system of Priapulida – an immunohistochemical approach to reconstructthe nervous sytem of Tubiluchus troglodytes and larvae of Priapulus caudatusBirgen Holger Rothe 1 , Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa 21Abteilung 2 Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Bielefeld; 2 Biozentrum Grindel und ZoologischesMuseum, Abt. Niedere Tiere I, Universität HamburgThe taxon Priapulida is represented by only 16 extant species today, but is among the oldest groupswithin the metazoans. Palaeontological data suggest the date of origin of this taxon in the earlyCambrian period. This taxon gives us the possibility to retrace the evolution of the nervous systemapproximately 500 Ma back in time.We investigated the nervous system of two different species ofPriapulida. (i) Adults and larval stages of the meiobentic species Tubiluchus troglodytes and (ii) thefirst larvae of the macroscopic species Priapulus caudatus. We used antibodies against 5-Ht (serotonin),FMRFamides, acetylated α-tubulin and β-tubulin in combination with counterstaining of thenuclei and staining of the musculature by phalloidin to visualise the entire nervous system by meansof confocal Laserscanning Microscopy (cLSM). On the basis of these data we try to reconstruct thenervous system in priapulids and compare this with the condition in other members of the Scalidophora,especially with the nervous system of the Kinorhyncha. This project is part of the larger aimto reconstruct nervous system evolution in Cycloneuralia, in particular of the tripartite circumpharyngealbrain and the longitudinal nerve cords. We will show, that the scalidophoran nervous systemis probably a derived orthogonal nervous system.O MO.12 (Mo) - ENArchitecture of the brain in an ancestral protostome clade, the enigmatic arrowworms (Chaetognatha)Verena Rieger 1 , Carsten H. G. Müller 2 , Yvan Perez 3 , Bill Hansson 1 , Steffen Harzsch 11Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena;2Institut für Biowissenschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock; 3 InstitutMéditerranéen d’Ecologie et de Paléoécologie “Persistence and Evolution of the Biodiversity”,Université de Provence, Marseille, FranceThe Chaetognatha (arrow worms) are a group of small, marine predators. The phylogenetic positionof these animals is a subject of debate and intense research. As part of an effort to analyse the structureof the nervous system in order to extract features useful for phylogenetic inferences, the presentreport focuses on the brain of adult chaetognaths. We used immunohistochemical techniques on individualsof Spadella cephaloptera to localise the serotonergic and RFamidergic systems. Serotonin isquite rare in the brain. Only one cell in the median region can be found. It branches into a fine meshof neuropil and extends fibres that connect with the ventral nervous centre (VNC). The neuropeptideRFamide in contrast reveals a very elaborate staining-pattern. It consists of a few pairs of bilateralcells in the lateral and posterior region of the brain and different fibre tracts that extend posteriorly tothe VNC as well as rostrally to the ventral part of the head. RFamide-stainings in Sagitta setosa andPterosagitta draco show, that despite some differences, basic features like projections and arrangementof cells are similar to S. cephaloptera. In addition to the immunolocalization experiments, wealso prepared a 3D brain-reconstruction (Amira) from semithin section series. Our results are discussedwith regard to brain evolution in Metazoa. This study was supported by grant HA 2540/7-1/2in the DFG focus programme „Metazoan Deep Phylogeny“ and by the Max Planck Society.

Morphology Symposium 71O MO.13 (Mo) - DEDas Gonangulum der Insekten: Struktur im Vergleich, Interpretation undphylogenetische RelevanzKlaus-Dieter KlassMuseum für Tierkunde DresdenDie weibliche Genitalregion der Insekten ist ein komplexes Merkmalssystem mit hohem Informationsgehaltfür die Rekonstruktion der Phylogenie. Zur Erschließung dieses Merkmalssystems sindzunächst umfangreiche Arbeiten auf der Ebene der vergleichenden Morphologie durchzuführen.Dies wird am Beispiel einer Skleritregion erläutert: Das Gonangulum ist eine anterolaterale Sklerotisierungdes 9. Abdominalsegments; bei vielen Insekten mit Ovipositor ist es ein zentrales Elementder weiblichen Genitalregion. Es werden die Gonangulum-Sklerite verschiedener Insekten verglichen,basierend auf eigenen Untersuchungen an Pterygota und Literaturdaten zu Archaeognathaund Zygentoma. Berücksichtigte Teilstrukturen sind die Artikulationen (oder Verwachsungen) mitNachbarskleriten, die Ansatzpunkte von Muskeln und der Verlauf von Verstärkungsleisten. Langewurde das Gonangulum als Autapomorphie der Insecta-Dicondylia (Zygentoma + Pterygota) angesehen.Neuere, genauere Untersuchungen an verschiedenen Insektentaxa weisen aber auf einekompliziertere Sachlage hin: (1) Das Gonangulum besteht aus zwei Teilskleriten, die auch bei Archaeognathavorhanden sind. (2) Deren Verschmelzung zu einem Sklerit findet sich bei Zygentomaund den meisten Neoptera, nicht aber bei fast allen Odonata (einzige Ausnahme Epiophlebia), undauch einige Dermaptera zeigen eine (möglicherweise primäre) Teilung.O MO.14 (Mo) - DEInclined locomotion in two ant species using distinctly different habitats: sagittalplane kinematicsTom Weihmann, Reinhard BlickhanInstitut für Sportwissenschaft, Lehrstuhl Bewegungswissenschaft, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitätJenaFormicine ants are able to detect the slope of the substrate they crawl on. It is considered that hairfields between the main body segments (head, trunk and abdomen) and between the proximal legsegments contribute to graviception. This suggests a change in posture in response to slope. Sagittalkinematics of two ant species were investigated and compared for different slopes. Cataglyphisfortis, a north African desert ant, is well known for its extraordinary orientation abilities in texturallynearly uniform habitats, while Formica pratensis, a common middle European shrub and meadowdwelling species, orients primarily on landmarks and pheromone traces. The comparison revealsspecies specific postural adaptations during inclined locomotion reflecting distinct differences oftheir natural habitats. In both species sagittal kinematics were surprisingly similar. Only minor angularadaptations to different slopes were observed. While slope changed by 150° respectively 120°,the strongest adaptation were only a 24° head rotation for C. fortis respectively 29° for F. pratensis,suggesting dramatic changes in the field of vision. The pitch of the trunk towards the increasingslope is small in both species. Compared to F. pratensis, C. fortis achieves higher running speeds atall slopes and shows enhanced slope dependent variation of the centre of mass height perpendicularto the substrate indicating different slope specific locomotion strategies in the two species.

72 Morphology SymposiumO MO.15 (Mo) - DEExpert climbers: biomechanics of surface attachment in insectsWalter FederleDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UKMany insects are capable of climbing on smooth and often slippery plant surfaces, carrying loadsand withstanding detachment forces of more than 100 times their own body weight. The mechanismsof how this impressive performance is achieved are still poorly understood. Insect foot pads broadlydivide into two principal groups, namely ‘hairy’ and ‘smooth’ pads. In both groups, control of attachmentand detachment during locomotion is largely passive and involves sophisticated mechanicalsystems. A key mechanism for the control of attachment and detachment during locomotion is thedirectional dependence of attachment devices, which make contact when pulled towards the bodybut detach when pushed away from it. Nevertheless, many climbing insects use their feet for pushing,even on smooth substrates. They do this by walking on different parts of the foot, using pads onthe proximal tarsus for pushing and pads at its distal end for pulling. Insect adhesion is mediated bysmall volumes of fluid secreted into the pad contact zone. This secretion does not generally increaseattachment except on rough substrates, where it helps to maximise contact area. Adhesive padsexhibit considerable static friction even when secretion has accumulated. Insects appear to preventsliding by virtue of the non-Newtonian properties of their two-phasic adhesive secretion rather thanthrough direct contact between the cuticle and the substrate.

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Neurobiology Symposium 75O NB.1 (Su) - ENMolecular evolution and functional significance of Drosophila neuropeptide copiesChristian Wegener, Anton GorbashovEmmy Noether Neuropeptidgruppe, Tierphysiologie-Neurobiologie, FB Biologie, Philipps-UniversitätMarburgMultiple sequence-related copies within single precursors are a hallmark of invertebrate neuropeptides.Unlike vertebrate neuropeptides, they have not arisen by gene duplication, and it is unclearwhether they are mutually redundant. We choose a comparative genomic and peptidomic approachto investigate the molecular evolution and functional significance of multiple neuropeptide copiesin the genus Drosophila. We data-mined the 12 Drosophila genomes for homologs of neuropeptidegenes identified in D. melanogaster. We then predicted the peptidome of the 12 species, and biochemicallyidentified about half of the predicted peptides by direct mass spectrometric profiling ofneuroendocrine tissue in several Drosophila species. We found that all species have an identicalpeptidome, and seemingly contain an identical peptide hormone complement. Calculation of aminoacid distances showed that ortholog peptide copies are highly sequence-conserved between species.The observed sequence variation between peptide copies within single precursors must have occuredprior to the divergence of the genus. Our results suggest that neuropeptides including multiple peptidecopies are under stabilizing selection as shown here for the first time on a peptidome level. Ourfindings indicate that the last common ancestor of Drosophila had a set of neuropeptides and peptidehormones identical to that of modern fruitflies, and provide evidence against a mutual redundancyof multiple peptide copies.O NB.2 (Su) - ENPostgenomic peptidomics of Daphnia neuropeptidesHeinrich Dircksen 1 , Kevin Pauwels 2 , Jurgen Huybrechts 2 , Peter Verleyen 21Deparment of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden; 2 Biology Department, Catholic UniversityLeuven, BelgiumNeuropeptide signalling is well established in decapod crustacean endocrinology but little is knownabout its genomic background. The Daphnia pulex genome project offers opportunities to explorebranchiopods in endocrinological, ecotoxicological and endocrine disruptor studies. In a first postgenomicapproach towards the peptidome of the central nervous system of Daphnia pulex and D.magna we used mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF, nano-LC-Q-TOF) to identify peptides by predictionfrom and annotating the D. pulex genome. We discovered more than 50 peptides, about halfof which were confirmed. Classical decapod-peptides such as crustacean hyperglycemic hormones(CHHs), pigment-dispersing hormones (PDHs), a novel crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP),FMRF-amide related (FaRP) and novel orcokinin-like peptides were found. CHH genes are closelyrelated to those of insect ion transport peptides, and we identified novel PDHs. A red pigment concentratinghormone (RPCH), conserved in all decapods, was not found but an insect adipokinetichormone related-peptide and its gene. Several other neuropeptide hormones, e.g. bursicon, diuretichormones, allatotropins, allatostatins and many myotropic peptides even an “insect-like” eclosionhormone occur in both species with identical or slightly different sequences. Surprisingly, Daphnianeuropeptides and several of their gene structures are more closely related to those of insects thanthose of classical decapod crustaceans.

76 Neurobiology SymposiumO NB.3 (Su) - ENPlasticity of microcircuits in the insect nervous systemClaudia Groh 1 , Andrea Nuschke 1 , Ian. A Meinertzhagen 1 , Wolfgang Rössler 21Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Center, Halifax, Canada; 2 Lehrstuhl für Verhaltensphysiologieund Soziobiologie, WürzburgResearch in vertebrates suggests that the cytoskeleton of neurons organizes structural plasticity withindeveloping and mature neuronal circuits. Their dynamic structure and strategic location both qualifydendritic spines to play a key role in the formation, maintenance and loss of synaptic contacts.Dendritic spines are rich in filamentous (f-) actin and exhibit actin-based changes in shape. We studycellular components of neuronal plasticity in two holometabolous insects Drosophila melanogasterand Apis mellifera. In both species, synaptic complexes in the first optic neuropil, or lamina, and insynaptic input regions of the mushroom body calyx facilitate investigations of fundamental principlesof neuronal structural plasticity. Own previous work revealed specific environmentally inducedand age-related structural plasticity within the honeybee brain, but there is still little informationabout the underlying subcellular and molecular processes. Using electron microscopy and immunofluorescencelabeling, we are investigating: 1) the effects of visual deprivation on the dendriticspines of L2 neurons in the lamina of the fly’s visual system; and 2) age-related plasticity of synapticcomplexes in the mushroom body calyces of flies and bees. The project aims to understand structuralplasticity within microcircuits in the insect brain related to changes in spine density and f-actin expression.Supported by DAAD, DFG, NSERC and HFSPO NB.4 (Su) - EN3D standard brain of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta: sex-dimorphism anddevelopmentBasil El Jundi, Wolf Hütteroth, Joachim SchachtnerTierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität MarburgThe basic properties of brain circuits are specified during development while shaping of the circuitsoccurs postnatal. Important tools to study changes in brain structure independent of individual variationsare 3D standard atlases of defined brain areas. We use M. sexta to study brain developmentand plasticity, especially of areas involved in processing of olfactory information. In insects, odorinformation is first processed in the antennal lobes (AL) and then conveyed to higher brain centers.The AL are, similar to the vertebrate olfactory bulbs, organized in neuropilar substructures calledglomeruli. The AL of M. sexta display a sex-dimorphism reflected by three specialized glomeruliwhich are in both sexes easy to identify by their shape, size and location. One aim of this studywas to analyze whether this sex-dimorphism is restricted to the AL or is also present in other brainareas. Based on immunostainings against synapsin we reconstructed and standardized 15 brain areasplus seven ordinary glomeruli from 12 females and 6 males. Analysis of the data revealed no sexdimorphismin the ordinary glomeruli, while all other brain areas are substantially larger in females.During metamorphosis the brain undergoes considerable remodeling including new formation ofneuropils, e.g. AL. To further understand mechanisms involved in the metamorphic transition of thebrain, we chose 11 defined stages for brain reconstruction and generated a 4D visualization of braindevelopment.

Neurobiology Symposium 77O NB.5 (Su) - ENBee vision and flower detection: new insights from immunocytochemical andpsychophysical studiesJohannes SpaetheDepartment für Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Wien, ÖsterreichA major task of the visual system of bees is the detection of flowers during foraging flights. Detectionis determined by the size and shape of a flower, as well as its chromatic and achromatic contrastagainst the foliage. When searching for flowers, bees can optionally use a chromatic or achromaticvisual channel which differ in spatial resolution and receptor types involved. Immunocytochemicalstudies show that photoreceptors are heterogeneously expressed in the bee’s eye giving rise tothree ommatidial types in the main retina of which only one type comprises all three photoreceptors(UV, blue and green). Interestingly, the heterogeneity of the receptor distribution correlates with thespatial resolution of the different visual channels. However, flower detection is not only limited byoptical features of the flower but also by the complexity of the visual surrounding. When bees weretrained to choose a rewarding target among various non-rewarding distractors, search efficiency wassignificantly affected by the number and spectral quality of the distractors, indicating that flowerdetection is not simply a threshold problem.O NB.6 (Su) - ENThe infrared sensory organ in the Fossorial Python Aspidites sp.Guido Westhoff 1 , Shaun Collin 21Institute of Zoology, University of Bonn; 2 School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland,AustraliaThe infrared sensitive organs of pythons are comprised of infrared sensitive thermoreceptors, whichare embedded within specialised pits of the labial scales. Infrared signals are detected by these pitslined with thermoreceptors, which project to the cns via the trigeminal nerve and a specialised nucleuswithin the hindbrain (nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract: nLTTD). The nLTTDis only found in infrared sensitive snakes. The lack of labial pits and thus the obvious lack of theinfrared sense in Aspidites have been interpreted in the past as a primitive character of this genus oras a secondary loss. We investigated a conspicuous U-shaped single pit located in the rostralia of Aspiditessp. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has confirmed that the ultrastructure of the fundusof the pit resembles the fundus of labial pits in other pythons i.e. it possesses enlarged shingle likecells with micropits. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also reveals the presence of typicalinfrared thermoreceptors within the pit that are not found in other scales. Furthermore, a comparativemorphological analysis of the brain of Aspidites melanocephalus reveals a structure that can beregarded as a nLTTD. We propose that Aspidites clearly possesses an infrared sense and the unusualposition of the single, downwardly-directed pit in the rostralia has evolved in response to its fossoriallifestyle i.e. to avoid damage to the pit from soil and debris.

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80 Physiology Symposium

Physiology Symposium 81O PH.1 (Sa) - ENThe Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec (Echinops telfairi) as a model for tropical hibernationJens Wein, Kathrin DausmannAbteilung Tierökologie, Universität HamburgThe Lesser Madagascan Hedgehog Tenrec (Echinops telfairi) is one of the few mammals known tohibernate under tropical conditions. Contrary to their temperate and arctic counterparts, tropical hibernatorscontinue to hibernate even under fluctuating temperature regimes and comparatively highambient temperatures. But energetic value and the involved mechanisms of tropical hibernation areyet not entirely understood. To address these shortcomings, we investigated frequency and length ofhibernation bouts and arousals as well as body skin temperature (T b) and oxygen consumption (VO 2)during hibernation at 19°C ambient temperature (T a) in eight hedgehog tenrecs under laboratoryconditions. Mean hibernation bout length was 43.4h, whereas arousals lasted for 10.9h. During hibernation,T bresembled T aand rose up to 28.9°C during arousals. Mean VO 2during arousal periodsaveraged 0.635 ml O 2 g -1 h -1 with peak values of 1.703 ml O 2 g -1 h -1 and declined to 0.072 ml O 2 g -1 h -1during hibernation with minimum values of 0.027 ml O 2 g -1 h -1 . Although hedgehog tenrecs hibernateat high T awhich reduces T b-dependent energy saving effects, they save up to 90% of energy duringhibernation compared to normothermic values. These results underline the enormous potential andbenefit of hibernation, even under tropical conditions.O PH.2 (Sa) - ENSeasonal and climatic variations in basal metabolic rate of the feral cat (Felis catus) inAustraliaStefanie Hilmer 1 , Elke Schleucher 1 , Dave Algar 21Department of Animal Physiology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt a.M.; 2 Departmentof Environment and Conservation, Science Division, Wildlife Research Centre Woodvale,AustraliaFeral cats are considered a major threat to Australia’s fragile wildlife, having caused the decline andextinction of native animals. Cats are common in a variety of habitats and appear to be highly adaptiveto a wide range of conditions. We seek to provide a physiological background and understandingof the ecology of the species by investigating potential differences in the energy requirements of catpopulations in relation to different climates and seasonal conditions. We focus on free ranging populationsto exclude any `captivity effects` that proved to affect the physiology of cats. Thus, we comparethe basal metabolic rates (BMR) of recently captured feral cats from Australia’s arid, temperateand tropical zones. Results show a tendency for cats from the tropical zone to exhibit the highestBMR, followed by cats from the arid zone and temperate zones (p=0.0104). These preliminary resultsindicate a physiological flexibility in the cats, which may be a key to their success in colonizingnew habitats. On a more technical level, our study assesses the significance of physiological dataderived under captive vs. free-ranging conditions. Supported by the VFF of the JWG University.

82 Physiology SymposiumO PH.3 (Sa) - ENDigestive physiology of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (Ensifera, Gryllidae)Matthias W. Lorenz 1,2 , Joseph Woodring 21Lehrstuhl Tierphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth; 2 Lehrstuhl Tierökologie I, Universität BayreuthAdult female crickets voraciously feed for the first 3 d of adult life. Within 2 d after adult moult, fatbody energy stores are filled to a maximum and thereafter decline because fuel is provided for eggproduction. We investigated the source, activity, and flow of digestive enzymes, the nutrient flow,and the morphology of the gut tract to better understand the mechanisms that allow female cricketsto process such high amounts of food within a very short time. On d 0, proteases and amylases flowfrom the midgut caeca, the primary site for secretion of digestive enzymes, through the proventriculusinto the empty crop to allow some digestion of carbohydrate and protein as soon as food ispresent. The partially digested food is then ground in the proventriculus, partly squeezed throughfilter-like folds into the caecal lumen and mixed with digestive enzymes. Then, the food mush comingfrom the proventriculus and from the caeca is mixed and forced into the lumen of the peritrophicmembrane, leaving no exoperitrophic space. In the ileum, however, the dorsal wall bulges out toform a large exoperitrophic pouch into which finger-like invaginations project, giving rise to highlybranched setae, which effectively hold symbiotic bacteria in place. These bacteria are thought to assistin the digestion of complex carbohydrates and probably provide the main building blocks for thesynthesis of fatty acids in the fat body. Supported by the DFG (Lo 697/4-3 and 4-4)O PH.4 (Sa) - DELipoprotein mediated lipid uptake in oocytes of Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta)Ulrich Hoeger, Björn Felber, Sven SchenkInstitut für Zoologie, Abt. I, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, MainzOocytes of polychaetes store large amounts of lipids which can be supplied either by exogenousuptake or autosynthesis. We have investigated the role of a recently described non sex specific discoidallipoprotein (LP) in the lipid supply for the growing gametes in Nereis virens and Platynereisdumerilii. Fluorescence labeled LP was readily incorporated into oocytes via endocytotic vesicles.After uptake, LP containing endocytotic vesicles fused with the yolk granules of the oocyte indicatingthese organelles as the primary lipid storage site. The large intracellular lipid droplets did notshow any LP related fluorescence. Western blots of oocytes using a LP specific antibody did notreveal intact LP apoproteins but only peptide fragments indicating that the LP is degraded inside thecell. Our observations suggest the importance of the LP-mediated lipid uptake in oocytes of Nereididpolychaetes in addition to the uptake of another well known lipoprotein, the yolk precursor proteinvitellogenin and demonstrate for the first time the LP mediated lipid uptake in male germ cells andeleocytes, coelomic cells with specific functions in reproduction. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(Ho 889/7-1)

Physiology Symposium 83O PH.5 (Sa) - ENA novel discoidal high-density-lipoprotein in Crustacea – a prototype in lipoproteinarchitecture?Stefanie Stieb, Sven Schenk, Ulrich HoegerInstitut für Zoologie, Abt. I, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, MainzLipoproteins are the ‚lipid-emulsifiers‘ in animals. The secreted apoproteins complex lipids andform the mature lipoproteins which consist of a lipid and a protein part. According to their densitylipoproteins are classified into four groups: the very low-density (VLDL), low-density (LDL), highdensity(HDL) and the very high-density (VHDL) lipoproteins. In crustaceans, two classes of sexindependent lipoproteins are present: a ß-glycan-binding-protein/HDL, which possesses defensivefunctions besides its role in lipid transport, and the clotting protein/VHDL. These two lipoproteinsare globular in shape with a diameter of ~7 nm and have a lipid content below 20%. However, wehave recently found a third sex-independent lipoprotein present in at least one species of Crustacea,the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. This novel HDL-type lipoprotein has a high lipid binding capacityof over 60%. It is discoidal in shape with a diameter of about 40 nm. As judged from its morphologyand some biochemical properties (apoprotein composition and stoichiometry, sedimentation coefficient),it shows remarkable similarities with the lipoprotein from a lower invertebrate, the polychaeteNereis virens. These similarities suggest this type of lipoprotein as a prototype in the lipoproteinevolution. It remains enigmatic at present why this lipoprotein found in A. leptodactylus is absent inthe congener A. astacus. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ho 889/7-1).O PH.6 (Sa) - ENLipoprotein receptors in the polychaete Nereis virensSven Schenk 1 , Ulrich HoegerInstitut für Zoologie, Abt. I, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, MainzTransportation of hydrophilic components such as dietary lipids, pigments or hormones through theaqueous body media requires the presence of lipoproteins. After the isolation and characterization ofthe HDL-type lipoprotein from the coelomic fluid of the polychaete Nereis virens, the correspondinglipoprotein receptor was isolated from the membranes of various tissues and cells by affinitychromatography. The functionality of the isolated receptor protein was demonstrated by ligand blotanalysis. The receptor was found to be a monomeric, integral membrane glycoprotein with an apparentmass of ~110 kDa as judged from SDS-PAGE. In ligand blot analysis, however, it showed amass of ~120 kDa. The binding properties showed strong dependence for Ca 2+ and the presence ofdisulfide bonds. Ligand binding was inhibited in the presence of 5 mM suramin. These biochemicalparameters suggest that this receptor is member of the LDLR superfamily, which have been describedin many animal species, although mainly by genetical approaches. The protein was presentin all kinds of cells and tissues such as oocytes, spermatogonia, elaeocytes, muscle and intestine.Biological function was demonstrated by the in-cooperation of fluorescently labeled Nereis lipoproteininto oocytes and eleocytes in vitro. Supported by the DFG (Ho-889/7-1)

84 Physiology SymposiumO PH.7 (Sa) - ENUCP1 is required for normal torpor behaviour and decreases reactive oxygen speciesproduction in brown adipose tissue mitochondriaRebecca Ölkrug, Martin Jastroch, Gerhard Heldmaier, Carola W. MeyerDepartment of Animal Physiology, Philipps-Universität MarburgIn small mammals and newborns, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT)mitochondria produces heat by uncoupling respiratory chain from ATP synthesis (= non shiveringthermogenesis, NST). In mice, targeted inactivation of UCP1 (UCP1-KO) impairs maximal coldinduced heat production in vivo and leads to decreased survival in the cold. We sought to determineother phenotypic disadvantages associated with absence of UCP1 in BAT of mice. Here we demonstratethat a combination of cold exposure and food restriction induced torpor in wildtype mice(minimal body temperature (T b): 20-23°C) while KO mice only moderately lowered T b(29-34.5°C),or passively cooled off without defending T b. On the mitochondria level, presence of UCP1 in BATmitochondria was accompanied by barely detectable superoxide production levels (0.122 nmol /min*mg) which could be increased ~30 fold by inhibition of UCP1 with GDP. In contrast, KO mitochondriahad a 7.5-fold higher superoxide concentration which was GDP-insensitive.These resultsdemonstrate that UCP1 is not only required for cold induced heat production but also for entry intorpor. Furthermore, the UCP1-mediated reduction of superoxide production rates strongly suggeststhat the incorporation of mitochondrial uncoupling in NST allows maximising metabolic rates inBAT without the generation of deleterious oxidative stress.O PH.8 (Sa) - ENA Drosophila model to study the role of matrix metalloproteinases in asthmaKerstin IsermannZoophysiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielAsthma is a chronic disease of the airways with rapidly increasing prevalence. It is characterized bychronic inflammation of the respiratory tract accompanied by copious remodelling processes, whichcomprise all major parts of this organ. One of the most assured susceptibility genes for bronchialasthma is ADAM 33, coding for a metalloproteinase and desintegrin. Another family of metalloproteinasesthat has strongly been associated with the chronic forms of this disease are the matrixmetalloproteinases (mmp). Having the ability to degrade the extracellular matrix, these enzymesare believed to play a central role in airway remodelling. Although an association between diseasedevelopment and protease function is obvious, there has yet been no idea about their causal role inthis process. Predestined to study the fundamental molecular mechanisms of this process is the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, which has developed as a model organism for basic phenomena inbiomedical research. In the fly two mmps, mmp-1 and –2, are present. Resembling the situation observedin patients experiencing chronic inflammation of the airways, pathogen infected flies show asignificantly increased expression of the mmp-1 gene. Additionally, irregularities in the developmentof larval airways do not only occur in mmp-1 deficient but also in mmp-1 overexpressing mutants.These observations suggest a vital function for mmp-1 during tracheal development and point to itsprobable role in inflammation accompanied remodelling processes.

Physiology Symposium 85O PH.9 (Sa) - ENCryo TEM-based reconstruction of the recombinantly expressed human meprin betadimer, a zinc peptidase of the astacin familyPhilipp Arnold 1 , Arne Moeller 1 , Frank Depoix 1 , Christoph Becker-Pauly 2 , Walter Stöcker 2 , UlrichMeissner 11Institut für Zoologie, Abt. Molekulare Tierphysiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz;2Institut für Zoologie, Abt. Zell- und Matrix-Biologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzMeprins are astacin-type zinc peptidases distantly related to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)[Stöcker, W. and Bode, W. (1995) Curr Opin Struct Biol. 5, 383-390]. They are expressed in variousepithelia, intestinal leukocytes and cancer cells. They cleave basement membrane proteins, cytokinesand adhesion molecules, suggesting a role in epithelial differentiation, cell migration and immunereactions [Herzog, C.et al. (2005) Cytokine. 31, 394-403; Norman, L. P. et al. (2003) Mol Cell Biol.23, 1221-1230; Crisman, J. M. et al. (2004) J Immunol. 172, 4510-4519]. Although Meprin alphaand beta have an amino acid sequence identity of 44%, they show differences in activation, substratespecificity and quaternary structure. From negatively stained TEM it is known that meprin alphaforms ring- and chain shaped oligomers, up to mega Dalton size. This characterizes meprin alpha asthe largest known secreted protease [Becker, C. et al. (2003) Biol. Chem. 384, 825-831; Bertenshaw,G. P. et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 2522-2532]. In contrast meprin beta builds just homodimers.Here we present preliminary data of the quaternary structure of recombinant meprin beta homo dimersbased on cryo electron microscopy. We benefit from the pure soluble protein solution purifiedfrom insect cell (HiFive) supernatants [Kruse, M.-N. et al. (2004) Biochem J. 378, 383-389]. Thesmall size of the meprin beta dimer, appears as a challenge for a single particle analysis approach.O PH.10 (Sa) - ENThe hemocyanin of Caudofoveata: Implications on phylogeny and evolution in basalmollusksBernhard Lieb 1 , Rachel Brandl 1 , Christiane Todt 21Institut für Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz; 2 Department of Biology, Universityof Bergen, NorwayThe basal groups of mollusks are believed to encompass three major clades: Solenogastres, Caudofoveata,and Polyplacophora. The phylogenetic relationship between those clades is still a matter of debateand could not be resolved by analyzing commonly used molecular data. We started to investigate thisenigma by using hemocyanin sequences. Since it was not known whether solenogasters and caudofoveatesexpress hemocyanin at all, we collected a number of species of both groups from the Norwegianfjord region and performed hemocyanin expression studies. The results showed that only Caudofoveataexpress hemocyanin. Thus, it is not applicable to study relationships between the two clades ofaplacophoran mollusks but rather is one more character that separates them. Within the Caudofoveata,however, we were able to clone and obtain hemocyanin sequence data from three representative speciesto perform molecular-phylogenetic analyses: (i) the resulting trees reconstructed by Bayesian inferencesand by ML analyses showed a close relationship to other basal groups, such as Polyplacophora andNautilus pompilius, (ii) the intra-caudofoveate nodes show high bootstrap supports and significant PPvalues,and (iii) additionally, we could calculate and improve a molecular clock based on hemocyanindata providing evidence for the first emergence of Caudofoveata in a historical perspective, especiallyimportant considering the complete lack of fossil record for these shell-less mollusks.

86 Physiology SymposiumO PH.11 (Sa) - ENWhen the brain goes diving: neuroglobin and hypoxia tolerance of the seal brainStephanie A. Mitz 1 , Stefan Reuss 2 , Lars P. Folkow 3 , Arnoldus S. Blix 3 , Jan-Marino Ramirez 4 , ThomasHankeln 5 , Thorsten Burmester 61Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; 2 Department of Anatomy andCell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; 3 Department of Arctic Biology, Universityof Tromsø, Norway; 4 Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago,USA; 5 Institute of Molecular Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; 6 Institute ofZoology and Zoological Museum, University of HamburgDiving mammals experience exposure to hypoxic conditions in their natural environment. The HoodedSeal (Crystophora cristata) can dive to more than 1,000 m depth and stay submerged for about1 hour. During these dives, arterial oxygen tension drops to levels that are lethal to terrestrial mammals.However, it is unknown how the seal brain tolerates this severe hypoxia. Intra- and extracellularrecordings from isolated neocortical slices of hooded seals showed that seal neurons displaya remarkable tolerance to hypoxia. We therefore compared the distribution of neuroglobin (Ngb)in mouse and seal brains. Ngb is a neuronal oxygen-binding protein of vertebrates and althoughits main function is still elusive, there is strong evidence that Ngb is linked to the oxidative energymetabolism. Immunofluorescence studies showed that in the hypoxia-sensitive mouse, Ngb is exclusivelylocalised in neurons whereas Ngb is predominantly expressed in glial cells of the sealbrain. The Hooded Seal thus is the first mammal in which the expression of Ngb is not restricted toneurons. We further showed that, in mice, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c is located mainlyin neurons, confirming that neurons of terrestrial mammals largely rely on aerobic metabolism. Inseals, however, mitochondria are most predominant in astrocytes. We therefore hypothesise thatneurons of the seal brain are hypoxia-tolerant because they largely rely on anaerobiosis, whereasglial cells employ aerobic metabolism.O PH.12 (Mo) - ENAllosterism of Nautilus pompilius hemocyanin as deduced from 8 Å cryo-EM structuresobtained under oxy and deoxy conditionsArne Moeller, Christos Gatsogiannis, Frank Depoix, Ulrich Meissner, Jürgen MarklJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzHemocyanins are the blue copper-containing respiratory proteins of many molluscs. Nautilus pompiliushemocyanin (NpH) is a decamer composed of ten copies of a 350 kDa polypeptide subunit,consisting of seven O 2-binding functional units (FUs, NpH-a to NpH-g). Ten copies of the subunitsegment NpH-a to NpH-f form the cylinder wall, whereas NpH-g build the internal collar. Recentlywe published a 9Å cryo-EM structure and molecular model of NpH that solved the principal architectureof this protein [1]. Hemocyanins are highly allosteric, and the cooperativity of oxygenbinding should be transferred between functional units by conformational changes. In this context,we try to monitor structural changes caused by the reversible oxygen binding process. Our approachis to prepare the specimens in their fully oxy- and deoxygenated state, respectively, and to performindependent 3D reconstructions of both states. To achieve this, we developed an automated plungefreezeapparatus for flash freezing the specimen in liquid ethane under controlled atmospheric conditions.This led to two independent NpH datasets resulting in two 3D reconstructions with resolutionsof 7.8 and 8.4 Å, respectively. A correlative analysis shows significant structural differences

Physiology Symposium 87especially concerning the spatial orientation of certain FU types. On the basis of the two resultingmolecular models it is now the task to interpret these differences in terms of allosteric interactionmechanisms, but also to reveal possible pitfalls.O PH.13 (Mo) - ENThe acid-stress response of Daphnia pulex: insights from a proteome analysisRalph Pirow 1 , Sebastian Benkhoff 1 , Johannes Madlung 2 , Claudia Fladerer 2 , Tobias Lamkemeyer 21Institut für Zoophysiologie, Universität Münster; 2 Proteom Centrum TübingenHow animals cope with environmental changes has been, and still is, a major question in organismalbiology. The increasing availability of whole-genome sequence information offers new opportunitiesto connect well-characterized organismal responses with variations in gene expression. By usingtwo-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we analyzed the molecular mechanismsof acid-stress acclimation in the planktonic microcrustacean Daphnia pulex, which is an emergingmodel for ecological and toxicological genomics. Compared to the control animals raised undercircumneutral pH conditions, animal acclimated to acidic conditions (pH 6.0) showed a reducedexpression of digestive enzymes (laminarinase, serine proteases), whereas vitellogenin (VTG), hemoglobin(Hb) and a glycolytic enzyme (enolase) remained constitutively expressed. In contrast, aninduction of digestive enzymes and a suppression of VTG and Hb expression was observed in pH5.5 acclimated animals. Most remarkable among the acid-sensitive protein expressions was the upregulationof proteins involved in the cellular stress response (prohibitin, glutathione S-transferase,carbonyl reductase) and in the cellular calcium metabolism (calcyphosine), as well as the downregulationof a protein involved in membrane turnover (GM2 gangliosid activator protein).O PH.14 (Mo) - ENThe role of polyamine synthesis in stress tolerance of Caenorhabditis elegansAlexander Heinick, Tim Schlesinger, Danica Spiess, Stefan Roth, Eva Liebau, Kai LüersenInstitut für Zoophysiologie, Universität MünsterThe polyamines putrescine and spermidine are simple aliphatic polycations found in all living organisms.It is well established that polyamines are crucial for biological processes such as developmentand growth. However, an increasing number of evidence indicates that they also function asprimordial stress molecules. Previous studies on polyamines and environmental stress have beenperformed mainly in prokaryotes and plants. To investigate the role of polyamines in stress tolerancein an animal model system, we used free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Its polyaminemetabolism encompasses a synthesis pathway consisting of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase(ODC), S-adenosylmethionine decarboxlyase (SMD) and spermidine synthase (SPDS). The regulatoryODC converts ornithine into putrescine, the SMD together with the SPDS is essential forspermidine synthesis. Furthermore, the worms take up polyamines from the environment. C. elegansodc-1 and smd-1 null mutants as well as mutants with an impaired polyamine uptake system weretested against several environmental stressors. The odc-1 mutant exhibits a drastically reduced tolerancetowards heat stress at 32°C. Interestingly, neither the smd-1 mutant nor the polyamine uptakemutants showed an altered heat stress tolerance, indicating that putrescine but not spermidine isresponsible for the observed effect. Stress tolerance and the acute stress response will be correlatedwith the amounts of transcript and protein as well as with the polyamine content.

88 Physiology SymposiumO PH.15 (Mo) - ENCardenolide insensitivity in exposed insects – many riddles still unsolvedGeorg Petschenka, Susanne DoblerAK Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Universität HamburgInsect tolerance for cardenolide containing plants has stimulated many studies since these compoundsare highly toxic to animals as they block the Na + K + -ATPase (sodium pump). Most of theresearch on insects and cardenolides has focussed on the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) andsome other model organisms. In several of these species it could be shown that they possess Na + K + -ATPases which are insensitive to cardenolides (target site insensitivity). Evidence for the enzymes’altered sensitivity is either provided by enzymological assays or by analyzing the gene sequence andscreening for amino acid substitutions that have been shown to alter the binding capacity of ouabain(a commercially available cardenolide). In our recent approach, we set out to test whether this targetsite insensitivity is a common phenomenon in Lepidoptera feeding on cardenolide plants. Physiologicalinvestigations of their sodium pump enable us to directly measure ouabain sensitivity. We foundthat Daphnis nerii as well as the cardenolide sequestering Empyreuma pugione possess highly sensitivesodium pumps. We correlate these data to the observed tissue distribution of the Na + K + - ATPasein E. pugione as revealed by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody. On the other hand,we developed an enzymological assay to determine the cardenolide content in the hemolymph to getreliable estimates of the actual cardenolide exposition in the insect’s tissue.O PH.16 (Mo) - ENPaneth-like cells in the fruit fly’s intestineChristine FinkZoophysiologie des Zoologischen Instituts, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielThe intestinal immunity has to hold the balance between an effective immune response that fightspathogens and the maintenance of the bacterial flora that is essential for its proper function. The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, equipped with a simple immune system, has developed to a majormodel for studying basic aspects of intestinal immunity. The fly is able to cope with a great varietyof different pathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses and eucaryotes. If confronted with bacteria,such as Serratia marcescens or Erwinia carotovera, the intestinal immune system mounts differenttypes of responses that are characterized by the expression of divergent sets of genes. Within theintestinal epithelium, specialized cells are responsible for the expression of antimicrobial peptidegenes. In addition to the proventriculus, so-called copper cells of the anterior midgut appear to bespecialized for this task. These copper cells share substantial similarities with Paneth-cells of oursmall intestine. Both are sheltered from the intestinal lumen and express comparable sets of genes,including sPLC, AMPs and metallothioneins. Taken together, the architecture of the fly’s intestinalimmunity shares grave similarities with our own one. This makes the fly to an idea model to studybasic, yet not understood aspects of intestinal physiology, but also to study the molecular rationalbehind inflammatory bowel diseases e.g. Crohn’s disease.

Physiology Symposium 89O PH.17 (Mo) - ENThe Drosophila model of bronchial asthmaThomas Roeder, Christina Wagner, Kerstin IsermannTierphysiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielThe airways of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster represent a very simple but nevertheless valuablemodel for our own lung. Confrontation with bacteria induces a pronounced response that canalso be mimicked by ectopic activation of the major immune pathway. Those parts of the epitheliumthat show the most pronounced immune response undergo conspicuous morphological changes. Twomajor transcriptional reactions of the airway epithelium that may be associated with inflammatorydiseases of the lung are eye-catching; 1) a priming of the immune system, and 2) the launch of a cellularsurvival program. A modified ectopic activation regime of the immune response in the airwayepithelium that leads to a prolonged, strong activation of NF-kB factors, can mimic the reaction to aninfection. In these animals, substantial rearrangements, obvious airway remodelling processes, canbe observed. These comprise thickening of the epithelium, epithelial cell proliferation and formingof novel branches. Interestingly, the switch from the simple activation of the immune response tothis very complex morphological response is only based on differences in the activation of NF-kBfactors. Using a sophisticated expression control system, we are now able to activate and to stop thisactivation whenever we want, which allows us to take a look at the first stages of initiation or to askexperimentally if these morphological changes are reversible or not.

Zoological Systematics Symposium 91Zoological Systematics Symposium

92 Zoological Systematics Symposium

Zoological Systematics Symposium 93O ZS.1 (Sa) - ENNew insights into the phylogeny of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) withspecial focus on critical groupsKatrin Göbbeler, Annette Klussmann-KolbPhylogenie and Systematics, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann WolfgangGoethe-Universität, Frankfurt a.M.The Opisthobranchia comprise morphologically very diverse gastropod species occurring worldwidein marine habitats. The phylogeny of the Opisthobranchia is controversially debated, sincedifferent studies yielded varying results. It is widely accepted that the Opisthobranchia encompassnine subgroups: Nudibranchia, Pleurobranchoidea, Acteonoidea, Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Pteropoda,Tylodinoidea, Acochlidiacea and Sacoglossa. The interrelationships of these subgroups areless clarified. Some sistergroup relationships like the one of Nudibranchia and Pleurobranchoidea(forming the taxon Nudipleura) constantly occur in various analyses. But the position of some othersubgroups especially of Acteonoidea, Tylodinoidea and Sacoglossa has proven to be highly variable.The purpose of the present study is to reinvestigate the phylogeny of the Opisthobranchia usingmolecular systematic methods. Special emphasis is given to “critical” groups, which are discussedin detail by also taking morphological characters into consideration. The dataset comprises taxa ofall opisthobranch subgroups, as well as further members of the Euthyneura, basal heterobranchs andcaenogastropods. Four different markers were used: the complete 18S rRNA, partial 28S rRNA,partial 16S rRNA and partial mitochondrial CO1 sequences. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performedusing Baysian inference approaches and maximum likelihood.O ZS.2 (Sa) - ENThe Heterobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) – molecular phylogeny and evolutionAngela Dinapoli, Annette Klussmann-KolbPhylogeny and Systematics, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann WolfgangGoethe-Universität, Frankfurt a.M.The taxon Heterobranchia comprises the Euthyneura (with Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata) andseveral little-known “basal” groups. Evolutionary relationships among Heterobranchia especiallythe Euthyneura have been the subject of extensive controversy. The inclusion of “basal” taxa (e.g.Pyramidellidae, Architectonicidae, Rissoellidae, Omalogyridae) has been neglected in some morphologicaland most of the molecular studies. In the present study we inferred a phylogenetic hypothesisby using a multi-gene dataset including nuclear and mitochondrial genes of the Heterobranchia.The taxon sampling includes representatives of many important “basal” heterobranch families withuncertain systematic affinities (e. g. Larochella, Graphis), and additional members of several groupsthat have been poorly represented in earlier morphological and molecular investigations (e. g. Omalogyra,Rissoella). An a priory examination of the phylogenetic signal of molecular data was carriedout with split decomposition methods (SplitsTree) and phylogenetic trees were reconstructed usingmaximum parsimony (PAUP), maximum likelihood (RAxML) and Bayesian methodologies (Mr-Bayes). Our recent molecular phylogenetic work provides the most comprehensive molecular studyof Heterobranchia relationships to date and supplies new insights into the evolution and phylogenyof this enigmatic taxon.

94 Zoological Systematics SymposiumO ZS.3 (Sa) - ENCombining morphological and molecular characters to distinguish spinicaudatanspecies (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) with special focus on the male claspersMartin Schwentner 1 , Brian V. Timms 2 , Ralf Bastrop 1 , Stefan Richter 11Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock; 2 Australian Museum, Sydney, AustraliaThe Spinicaudata (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) fauna of Australia was only poorly studied in the past.Only recently several new species were discovered, all of these inhabiting temporal pools. Theysurvive dry periods with resting eggs in the sediment, which are also their mean of dispersal. Allmale spinicaudatans have 2 pairs of claspers (modified first 2 pairs of thoracopods), which are usedfor holding the female’s carapax during mating. The claspers comprise a movable finger opposingan unmovable hand and two palps. Morphological characters of the claspers are commonly usedfor discriminating different taxa but rarely for discriminating species. The aim of this study was togain molecular and further morphological support for these newly discovered species focusing ontwo spinicaudatan genera: Limnadopsis (endemic to Australia) and Eocyzicus (newly reported forAustralia). This was necessary since all species show great morphological variability with overlapin many characters between species and are therefore hard to distinguish. The sequences of COI,16S, ITS1 and ITS2 were analysed and compared with SEM results focusing on structures on the tipof the movable finger. Molecular and morphological data were consistent and validated the studiedspecies and revealed further unrecognized species. The structures on the tip of the movable fingerproofed reliable to distinguish these species and could most likely be used for other spinicaudatanspecies as well.O ZS.4 (Sa) - ENNeurogenesis in Onychophora supports the monophyly of ParadoxopodaGeorg Mayer, Paul WhitingtonAnatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, AustraliaThere is a long history of debate concerning high-level arthropod phylogeny. Most current studiesfirmly place Crustacea as the sister group to Hexapoda, whereas the position of Myriapoda remainscontroversial. According to the Mandibulata concept, Myriapoda are the sistergroup of Crustaceaand Hexapoda, while the alternative Paradoxopoda hypothesis places Myriapoda as the closest relativesto Chelicerata. Recent studies of neurogenesis provided the first potential morphological evidencefor the monophyly of Paradoxopoda since chelicerates and myriapods share a similar modeof neurogenesis. However, since information from outgroups is lacking, the possibility that thesesimilarities are plesiomorphies cannot be ruled out. We have therefore studied neurogenesis in Onychophora,the sistergroup of Arthropoda. Our data show that clusters of cells with convergent apicalprocesses do not occur in onychophoran neuroectoderm, which is in contrast to chelicerates andmyriapods. Instead, single cells resembling the neural precursors of entomostracan crustaceans aresegregated early from neuroectoderm. Although an analysis of the progeny of these onychophorancells is required to determine whether they are homologous to insect/crustacean neuroblasts, ourcurrent data support the monophyly of Paradoxopoda since cellular mechanisms of neurogenesisin onychophorans are more similar to those in crustaceans and insects rather than in myriapods andchelicerates.

Zoological Systematics Symposium 95O ZS.5 (Sa) - ENTowards a solution of the Holometabola problemRolf Georg BeutelInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaWith approximately 800.000 described species Holometabola are by far the most successful lineageof organisms. Despite numerous studies dedicated to the phylogeny of the group, the interrelationshipsare yet insufficiently clarified. There is a prevalent hypothesis favoring a sistergroup between aneuropterid-coleopteran clade and a hymenopteran-panorpid lineage, but alternative concepts havebeen proposed based on morphological and on molecular data. Especially the position of Strepsiptera,Hymenoptera and ‘Nannomecoptera’ are discussed controversially. A lack of reliable morphologicaldata is still one of the most serious problems. Mere compilation and recycling of datafrom the literature does not lead to reliable results. Even widely accepted branches in the holometaboloustree appear questionable after critical re-examination of supporting characters. We attemptto overcome the problems with a well coordinated effort of an international team of research groups.We examine a broad spectrum of morphological characters of different life stages of a sample oftaxa carefully chosen from all orders plus outgroup taxa using using different innovative morphologicalapproaches (e.g., 3-d reconstructions based on µ-CT or CLSM data). Finally the completemorphological character state matrix will be combined with molecular data. Based on results of thecombined analysis (‘total evidence’) we expect to be able to present, eventually, a well-foundedphylogeny and evolutionary scenario for Holometabola.O ZS.6 (Sa) - ENUnrecognized biodiversity as a public health problem: unveiling century-longmisdiagnosisUlrich KuchForschungszentrum Biodiversität und Klima, Frankfurt a.M.According to World Health Organisation estimates, about 10% of the global burden of disease isdue to diseases caused or transmitted by non-human metazoans. Using examples from the globallyneglected field of snakebite envenoming, I show how medically-oriented biodiversity research andphylogeny reconstruction that are informed by molecular and morphological evidence provide appropriateframeworks for improving public health planning and patient care. Inspired by clinicalcases from Bangladesh, India and Nepal, studies using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, morphological,distributional and proteomic data reveal that multiple species of krait (Elapidae: Bungarus)contribute to snakebite mortality in South Asia, calling for their consideration in clinical trials andthe design of improved, regional antivenoms to treat bite victims. All of these species had been describedat least a century ago, but their bites have routinely been misdiagnosed as those of a single,wide-ranging species, Bungarus caeruleus. This example showcases how zoological research thatactively integrates multiple disciplines with clinical and public health perspectives can point outunprecedented opportunities for advancing human health. At the same time, it highlights the needfor expanding international collaboration in interdisciplinary research networks, and for removingbarriers in the open access to taxonomic resources including historical and modern literature, physicalspecimens and collections.

96 Zoological Systematics SymposiumO ZS.7 (Sa) - ENLearning from Linnaeus: How to standardize morphological descriptions on the basisof a modern general structure conceptLars VogtFreie Universität BerlinOver 250 years ago Linnaeus developed his ‘sexual system’ for the classification of plants, which atits time provided a highly pragmatic and standardized way in which plants could be described on thebasis of fructification characters for classificatory purposes. The ‘sexual system’ represents what Icall a structure concept, which guides the generation of descriptions of organisms, with an emphasison objectivity (i.e. inter-subjective testability, independence of the individual observer). A structureconcept represents a set of perceptual categories that provide questions that have to be answeredfor generating maximally objective descriptions. Each answer provides a value to its correspondingcategory, with the result that a description is composed of a set categories and their correspondingvalues – just like Linnaeus’ fructification characters. Linnaeus’ structure concept was specializedfor classification and optimized for the practical demands of the taxonomists in his time. Structureconcepts are thus context dependent. In order to standardize morphological descriptions, a generalstructure concept has to be developed. This requires the standardization of categories and their possiblevalues and the standardization of morphological terminology. The development of bio-ontologiesprovides the required basis for developing such a general structure concept. This study has beensupported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (VO 1244/3-2).O ZS.8 (Sa) - ENDevelopment of a specific primer set for the detection of the genus Paramecium andthe Paramecium aureliaMadlen Häntzsch, Thomas U. Berendonk, Martin Schlegel, Detlef BernhardInstitut für Biologie II, Universität LeipzigThe genus Paramecium is one of the best-known and intensively studied taxa within the Ciliophora.Due to their cosmopolitan distribution, their importance for water purification and their easy cultivation,members of the genus Paramecium have become important model organisms. Up to now 17morphospecies are described, which possess unique morphological characteristics like the shape andsize of the cell or the number and shape of the nuclei. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to determinelive specimens, especially for non-specialists. For this reason molecular methods provide an additionalopportunity for species determination. Therefore, we developed a set of primers which enablethe unambiguous and easy assignment of ciliates belonging to the genus Paramecium. In addition,we present results on the development of hierarchic multiplex primers, which allow the simultaneousdetection of representatives belonging to the genus Paramecium as well as to the Parameciumaurelia –complex. Furthermore, we investigated the P. aurelia – complex in more detail. This speciescomplex consists of 15 different species which show almost identical morphological characteristics.We sequenced about 2200bp including the whole SSU rDNA and partial ITS- regions of 13species within the P. aurelia – complex, because only from two species SSU rDNA sequence dataare available in Genbank. Based on these new sequences, further species-specific primers will bedeveloped to discriminate these morphologically indistinguishable species.

O ZS.9 (Sa) - ENHomoplasy in mitochondrial gene order of LophotrochozoaLars PodsiadlowskiFreie Universität BerlinZoological Systematics Symposium 97Recent phylogenomic (= EST based) approaches found support for a lophotrochozoan subtaxonincluding Annelida, Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Phoronida and Nemertea, while the interrelationshipsof these taxa differs between different studies and is not properly resolved. We provide first completemitochondrial genome data for Sipuncula and Nemertea and analysed sequences and gene ordercharacters in order to evaluate hypotheses of lophotrochozoan phylogeny. Sequence based analysisgives support for a sistergroup relationship between Nemertea and Mollusca, as obtained already insome phylogenomic approaches. Mitochondrial gene order seems to be conserved to some degreecomparing Mollusca, Nemertea, Brachiopoda and Phoronida, while Annelida completely differ fromthis gene order. A large inversion of the half mitochondrial genome is observed in Phoronida, Polyplacophora,Cephalopoda and some gastropods, while this is absent in Brachiopods, Nemertea andother gastropods. In the light of sequence based phylogenetic hypotheses, the most plausible scenariofor gene order change has to assume two independent inversions in Phoronida and Mollusca,and an additional reversal in gastropods. Structural constraints may promote homoplastic events likethis and have to be considered if gene order characters should be used used in a phylogenetic context.This study was supported by DFG SPP “Deep Metazoan Phylogeny” Ba 1520/10-1,2.O ZS.10 (Sa) - ENMolecular and structural characterization of photoreceptor cells in Clitellata(Annelida)Carmen Doering 1 , Jasmin Gosda 1 , Kristin Tessmar-Raible 2 , Detlev Arendt 2 , Günter Purschke 11Zoologie, Universität Osnabrück; 2 Europäisches Molekularbiologisches Labor, HeidelbergWithin Clitellata eyes are only known in Hirudinea and Naidinae. The morphology of these pigmentedeyes differs greatly from eyes of non-clitellate annelids and forms a distinct structure, thephaosomous eye. In these eyes the apical membrane of the sensory cell forms an intracellular cavitycalled phaosome housing the microvilli and cilia. In order to determine whether or not phaosomesare evolutionarily related to one of the two main photoreceptor cell (PRC) types found in Bilateria,the ciliary and rhabdomeric, the employed opsin and other proteins involved in the phototransductioncascades, in particular G q, were identified. In Helobdella robusta two G q-proteins and three differentrhabdomeric opsins were isolated. WMISH resulted in distinct stainings by one r-opsin probeand by one g q-probe in extraocullar cells located at the anterior end. Subsequent TEM investigationsshowed that these labelled cells are phaosomous PRCs. Therefore, Clitellate phaosomes are verylikely modified rhabdomeric PRCs. These findings indicate that most annelid photoreceptor cells goback to either a ciliary or rhabdomeric precursor supporting the phylogenetic hypothesis which positionsClitellata as a subgroup within the paraphyletic polychaetes.Supported by the DFG-ProgramSPP 1174.

98 Zoological Systematics SymposiumO ZS.11 (Sa) - ENThe phylogeny of blattopteran insects: neuropeptides as a new character setBastian Fromm 1 , Steffen Roth 2 , Susanne Neupert 1 , Reinhard Predel 11Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Tierphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 Institutefor Biology, University of Bergen, NorwayTo establish neuropeptides as a novel character set, we examined a number of neuropeptides, namelyCapa-peptides, adipokinetic hormones, sulfakinins and pyrokinins (altogether 13 peptides) frommore than 100 insect species. The sequences of these peptides are highly conserved due to the constraintof fitting into their receptors. For that reason they are very good suited for phylogenetic analyses.After dissecting single neurohaemal organs (abdominal perisympathetic organs, corpora allata,and corpora cardiaca), all sequences were identified by using MALDI-Tof mass spectrometry. Thephylogeny of cockroaches is highly disputed and several authors also dealed with the arrangement ofcockroaches, termites and praying mantids within Dictyoptera. Therefore our taxon sampling representsthe major lineages of cockroaches (Polyphagidae, Cryptocercidae, Blattidae, Blaberidae, Blattellidae),a Praying Mantid Popa spurca and the termite Mastotermis darwiniensis (Mastotermitidae).The alignment resulted into more than 150 characters (ClustalX) and the following topologiesof the phylogenetic analysis (MP) are in general agreement with the formerly published relationships,based on molecular analyses of different gene loci, but show also differences which are wellsupported with bootstrap-values (1000 repeats). In addition, we identified apomorphic characters inmass fingerprints for most of the higher and a number lower taxa that are easily detectable.O ZS.12 (Su) - ENSpur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca) in the western Mediterranean: old complexdivergence in North Africa and recent arrival in EuropeUwe FritzMuseum für Tierkunde, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen DresdenNorth African Testudo graeca harbour four major mitochondrial lineages that constitute together thesister clade of an east Caucasian subspecies. Phylogenetic relationships within North African lineagesare badly resolved. Lineage A is distributed in Tunisia and adjacent Algeria, lineage B in Algeriaand northern Morocco, lineage C on the Cyrenaica, and lineage D north of the High Atlas Mts.and in the Souss Valley (southern Morocco). Lineage B is subdivided into two subgroups, B 1(easternMorocco and Algeria) and B 2(north-western Morocco). Italian tortoises harbour haplotypes oflineage A, Spanish tortoises of subgroup B 1. Western Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and southeastEuropean spur-thighed tortoises are estimated to have diverged approximately 4.2-1.8 Ma ago. TheWestern Mediterranean lineages were dated to have diverged 1.4-0.7 Ma ago. Italian and Spanishtortoises represent the North African lineages A and B 1, respectively, suggesting either introductionby man or recent trans-oceanic dispersal. Spur-thighed tortoises invaded North Africa probably viaNear Eastern landbridges emerging in the Late Tertiary. Their diversification in North Africa seemsto be correlated with Pleistocene habitat aridization cycles. The complex differentiation of T. graecain North Africa could indicate that the model of a bipartite east-west differentiation, as proposedfor other Maghrebinian amphibians and reptiles, may be too simplistic, reflecting rather incompletelocality sampling than actual phylogeographical differentiation.

Zoological Systematics Symposium 99O ZS.13 (Su) - ENDiagnosis of species taxa in Southeast Asian warblers (Aves: Phylloscopus,Seicercus) according to molecular, bioacoustic and morphological markers.Martin Päckert 1 , Jochen Martens 2 , Yue-Hua Sun 31Museum für Tierkunde Dresden; 2 Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; 3 Chinese Academy ofScience, Beijing, ChinaAccording to recent studies avian biodiversity in the Sinohimalaya has been greatly underestimatedso far. As an example for cryptic speciation we present phylogenetic reconstructions basedon mitochondrial genes and corresponding bioacoustic data for some Old World warbler species(Phylloscopus, Seicercus). Four main genetic lineages of Blyth´s Warbler (P. reguloides) andrelated species correspond to four separate clusters resulting from discriminant analysis of song parameters.Pairwise genetic distances and acoustic differentiation are significantly correlated. In thecase of Golden-spectacled Warblers (S. burkii s.l.) up to four distinct cryptospecies may be found inparapatry along an altitudinal gradient on a single mountain slope in China. The study of genotypedvoucher specimens furthermore revealed subtle characters like crown pattern and plumage colourationthat allow for morphological species diagnosis. Several currently accepted species turned outto be paraphyletic, the White-tailed Warbler (P. davisoni) even includes another species from a differentgenus (S. xanthoschistos) firmly nested in the respective molecular clade. This phylogeneticrelationship is again corroborated by acoustic data. Even for nomenclatorical problems molecularanalyses yielded a definite solution like in the case of a mixed type series from Chinese DuskyWarbler populations, P. fuscatus robustus. Funded by Feldbausch- and Wagner-Stiftung, Universityof Mainz.O ZS.14 (Su) - ENComparative systematics of Treecreeper (Certhia familiaris) and Coal Tit (Parus ater)Dieter Thomas Tietze 1 , Jochen Martens 2 , Yue-Hua Sun 31Museum für Tierkunde Dresden; 2 Institut für Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz;3Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaTreecreeper (Certhia familiaris) and Coal Tit (Parus ater) both are widespread Palaearctic passerinebird species. Due to their habitat preference, coniferous forests, they share the so-called northern-Asian Sino-Himalayan distribution pattern. In contrast to other species (groups), in these cases themost striking character shifts are to be observed within the Sino-Himalayan population, not betweenthe latter and the taiga population. The presented results are mainly molecular-systematic based onsequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene. But intensive studies of the vocalizations of thesesongbirds corroborate the findings. Additionally, morphological data are taken into account in orderto reconsider the current taxonomy. In both study cases taxonomic changes are necessary: Certhiafamiliaris, representing a genus in which species recognition has always been difficult, is deeplysplit into two old lineages, deserving species rank. Parus ater by contrast is divided into several cytochrome-bhaplotype clusters which do not always correspond to current subspecies (groups); oneof these clusters represents the traditionally heterospecific Spot-winged Tit (Parus melanolophus).Finally, possible scenarios of range extensions to Europe are depicted for both Treecreeper and CoalTit. Feldbausch-Stiftung and Wagner-Stiftung, both at Fachbereich Biologie of Mainz University,Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft, Gesellschaft für Tropenornithologie and Evangelisches Studienwerke.V. Villigst supported the research projects.

100 Zoological Systematics SymposiumO ZS.15 (Su) - ENMorphological versus molecular taxonomy of the Southeast Asian mangrove crabgenera Parasesarma and Perisesarma (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae)Nico Ramisch, Christoph D. SchubartInstitut für Biologie 1, Universität RegensburgThe crab genera Parasesarma and Perisesarma are important components of the mangrove ecosystemalong Southeast Asian tropical coastlines. Because of ongoing destruction of large mangroveareas, it is important to investigate the biodiversity of mangrove crabs in terms of species numbers,but also in terms of intraspecific differentiation. To reconstruct the phylogeny of these genera withmorphological and genetic methods we used individuals from two collecting trips to Thailand andpreserved material from different museum collections. After a morphology-based identification ofthe material, we used sequences of the mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidasesubunit 1 (CO1) to genetically compare the inter- and intraspecific relationships. We also conductedmorphometric analyses to investigate, if possible genetic differences are corresponded at the phenotypiclevel. These data helped to resolve the phylogeny and species delimitation and they forma basis for a new taxonomic classification. During this process, a “16S mtDNA profile” for eachavailable species within both genera was established, which could be used as a molecular barcodefor future identification and classification of samples. This procedure, in addition to re-investigatingdiagnostic external characters will help to establish a better morphology-based identificationsystem by recognizing, which characters are phylogeny-informative and which ones are based onconvergence.O ZS.16 (Su) - ENPhylogeny and bioacoustic evolution in the genus Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852Axel Hochkirch 1 , Martin Husemann 2 , Jana Deppermann 31Fachbereich VI, Biogeographie, Universität Trier; 2 Fachbereich 5, Fachgebiet Ökologie, UniversitätOsnabrück; 3 Fakultät 5, Institut für Biologie, AG Zoophysiologie & Verhalten, UniversitätOldenburgThe evolution of premating barriers is of high importance for speciation events. Grasshoppers useacoustic signals, which are believed to function as specific mate recognition systems and as effectivebarriers to hybridization. The genus Sphingonotus consists of more than 100 species and comprisesseveral recent radiations. Six different types of sound production have been reported in this genus(wing crepitation, tremulation with mid and hind legs, three tegmino-femoral mechanisms of soundproduction). Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of the West-Mediterranean species of Sphingonotususing sequences of mtDNA and one nuclear gene. Our results show that the major morphologicalinnovations evolved only once, whereas the current taxonomic affiliations are in conflict withour data. Two recent radiations (caerulans-group and azurescens-group) are difficult to distinguishwith molecular data, although they use distinct acoustic signals. Our study provides evidence that theevolution of morphological and behavioural innovations might drive speciation processes.

Zoological Systematics Symposium 101O ZS.17 (Su) - ENIdentification of new Hox genes from basal Hexapod orders: the use of Hox genes asphylogenetic markers?Barbara Meyer 1 , Heike Hadrys 21ITZ, Ecology & Evolution, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover; 2 Department of Ecologyand Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, USAHexapods are the most diverse organisms on earth, but their phylogenetic relationships are still ambiguous.The relationship among the basal pterygote lineages (Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Neoptera)remains especially controversial. Traditionally, pterygote insects are classified as either belongingto the Palaeoptera (Odonata + Ephemeroptera) or Neoptera (remaining pterygotes), defined by theirability or inability to fold the wings over the abdomen. Recently the use of both morphological andgenetic characters has brought this classification into question, and to date all three possible relationshipsare supported using different sets of data. To add more information we attempted to use Hoxgenes as phylogenetic markers. Hox genes are highly conserved transcription factors which functionduring development in all higher metazoans, and are responsible for the major bauplan differences.We isolated Hox genes in representatives of five basal Hexapod orders; Diplura and Archaeognatha(apterygotes) and Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Plecoptera (pterygotes). These data, in combinationwith sequences from GenBank, were used for phylogenetic analyses. The results show that Hoxgenes alone do not give a better phylogenetic resolution. However, comparative expression andfunctional studies involving these newly identified genes could give an indication of the evolution oftheir function. This way phylogenetic information might be achieved by expression patterns ratherthan sequence analyses.

102 Zoological Systematics Symposium

Behavioral Biology Symposium 103Behavioral Biology Posters

104 Behavioral Biology Posters

Behavioral Biology Posters 105P BB.1 - ENHormonal correlates of song seasonality and breeding status in the domesticatedcanary (Serinus canaria)Stefan Leitner, Cornelia VoigtAbteilung Verhaltensneurobiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, SeewiesenIn most bird species of the temperate zones seasonal events such as breeding are usually associatedwith seasonal fluctuations of steroid hormones that are often regarded as the basis for large-scalechanges in neuroanatomy of brain regions that are involved in the control of reproductive behavioursuch as song. In a long-term study on an aviary population of domesticated canaries, one of the mostwidely used models to study neural correlates of behavioural plasticity, we first found that song parameterssuch as song length and the proportion of non-repeated syllable types changed seasonallybut not annually. In contrast, repertoire size remained constant throughout the seasons, although repertoirecarry-over was lower on a seasonal compared to an annual basis. Further, the breeding seasonrepertoire contained significantly more sexually attractive syllable types than that of the non-breedingseason. These features are likely to be hormone dependent, as during the breeding season maleshad increased plasma levels of testosterone (T) compared to the non-breeding season. In contrast,fluctuations of plasma T in the course of the breeding season had no impact on song structure, suggestingthat there exist a threshold for hormone dependent song changes. The data were consistentwith our results obtained in a wild canary population, but partly in contrast to findings in a differentdomesticated canary strain, which implies caution when performing behaviour-brain relationshipsbetween different strains.P BB.2 - ENLying without blushing? An experimental study on the begging behaviour in Wilson’sStorm-petrel nestlingsAnja Nordt, Hans-Ulrich PeterInstitut für Ökologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaWhether parents or their dependent offspring control provisioning and how resource allocation ismediated behaviourally are fundamental questions in the context of parent – offspring conflict. Pronouncedbegging display of nestlings commonly precedes and accompanies provisioning by parentsand is widely seen as advertisement of food demand at the nest. Vocalisations during feeding ofchicks of a small long-lived seabird, the Wilson’s Storm-petrel (Oceanites oceanicus), were recordedon King George Island, maritime Antarctic, to evaluate their information content and effects onregulating provisioning by the attending adult. A supplemental feeding experiment was conducted inorder to verify empirical findings. During the control period chicks signalled their nutritional needadequately. They conveyed information about their body condition through the number and soundfrequency of begging calls uttered during feeding sessions. Parents responded to this information bydelivering larger meals to nestlings in a poorer state but within a certain range under the constraintsof food availability.Data suggest that parents used classic as well as sonagraphic components of thebegging display to adjust provisioning rates. The feeding frequency was based on the number oflong calls of the last begging session, while the meal size depended on sonagraphic parameters, e.g.syllable duration and pitch of calls uttered during the prevailing feeding.

106 Behavioral Biology PostersP BB.3 - ENThe social system of the round-eared sengi (Macroscelides proboscideus): a case ofsocial monogamyMelanie Schubert 1 , Neville Pillay 2 , Dietrich von Holst 1 , Carsten Schradin 31Lehrstuhl Tierphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth; 2 Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa;3Universität Zürich, SwitzerlandMonogamy is rare in mammals and is believed to occur in species with solitary females that occupysmall exclusive ranges, enabling males to monopolize access to them. In this study, we investigatedthe social system of the round-eared sengi (Macroscelides proboscideus), by documenting adult sexratios, sexual dimorphism, spatial use and population density. The study was conducted for a periodof 2.5 years in the Goegap Nature Reserve, South Africa using radio telemetry and trapping. Adultsex ratios did not deviate from a 1:1 ratio during the whole study, and we found no indication forsexual dimorphism in body weight. Female sengis occupied small exclusive home ranges, and malesoverlapped only with the home range of single females. Generally, inter- and intra-sexual overlapwith neighboring individuals was low for both sexes, but males occupied significantly larger homeranges than their female partners. Furthermore, male home range sizes were negatively influencedby population density, which was not the case for females. In conclusion, the round-eared sengishows space use which is in accordance with social monogamy. However, by using larger homeranges, males might increase their encounter rate with other females.P BB.4 - ENFemale social preferences and paternities in a wild guinea pigOliver Adrian 1 , Gabriele Dekomien 2 , Jörg T. Epplen 2 , Norbert Sachser 11Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster; 2 Department of Human Genetics,University of BochumPatterns of mate choice may be important determinants of a species’ social organisation and matingsystem. At least two different aspects of female choice can be distinguished: choice of a social partnerand choice of the genetic father of the offspring. The traits for which females may choose partnersare diverse. Body size can correlate with the male’s strength in defending resources or other abilitiesbenefiting the female and her offspring. In species living in social groups, social skills learned fromgroup members during infancy can be important for later reproductive success. In this laboratorystudy, we conducted choice tests with wild cavies, Cavia aperea, to determine social preferences offemales towards two simultaneously available males. Males differed in body weight and in rearingconditions: Half of the males had been reared in the presence or absence of their father, respectively.For the offspring sired, paternities were determined by microsatellite DNA profiling. Female caviesshowed clear social preferences towards individual males. Male rearing conditions had no effecton either female social preferences or paternities. Females significantly preferred heavier males associal partners. In five of six tests, the heavier male also sired the offspring. Sires were in most casesbut not consistently socially preferred. In conclusion, strong social preferences are a characteristicof this species but they do not necessarily determine the reproductive partner.

Behavioral Biology Posters 107P BB.5 - ENPersonalities in voles (Microtus arvalis)?Antje Herde, Jana A. EccardDepartment of Animal Behaviour, University of BielefeldAnimal personalities are nowadays understood as a suit of correlated behavioural traits. They arereflected in individual behavioural differences and were shown in many species. Individuals of onespecies could for example differ in their aggression, shyness, risk-taking and activity. We investigatedif there are characteristics in common voles (Microtus arvalis) that are consistent over situationsand/or over time. We developed our own tests or modified behavioural tests from laboratorymice for these wild animals, which differ in locomotive abilities and their perception of risk to mice.Many of the classical tests for fear in mice are therefore not suitable for voles. Test designs, repeatabilityof tests within individuals over time, and consistent correlations across tests which may serveto establish personality traits in voles will be discussed.P BB.6 - ENEncounters underground – effects of shrew presence on the burrowing behaviour ofcommon volesAnjuli Barber, Monique Ellmer, Jana EccardVerhaltensforschung – Verhaltensökologie, Universität BielefeldInterspecific interactions play a major role in regulating species assemblages. Interspecific aggressionand behavioural disturbance are mechanisms of interference and are hardly investigated. Afurther mechanism between interfering species is mutual predation on adults or each others juveniles,but the general importance of overlap of aggression and predation is unknown. We studiedbehavioural adaptations of common voles (Microtus arvalis) in the presence and absence of aninterference competitor, the common shrew (Sorex araneus). A competing herbivore species, thefield vole (M. agrestis) served as control. Whereas the two vole species mainly interact abovegroundby exploitation, voles and shrews do not use the same food resource. They interact aggressively intheir common underground tunnel systems. Additionally, shrews can prey on vole’s offspring. Weanalysed the burrowing behaviour of lactating common voles in narrow glass terraria during vole’searly nestling phase. Shrews and competing vole species were living in tube systems attached to theterraria with olfactorial and acoustic contact but without access. Changes in vole’s burrow architectureand tunnel complexity were monitored. Results will be related to vole’s overall activity, changesin body condition, aggression or avoidance and discussed pertaining to competition, interference andnest predation.

108 Behavioral Biology PostersP BB.7 - ENForaging under pressure – seasonal effects of nest predation on lactating volesThilo Liesenjohann, Monique Ellmer, Jana EccardBehavioral Ecology, Universität BielefeldThe relationship of sympatric living species can change with the seasonal availability of food sources.We investigated the impact of season and shrew presence on behavioural adaptations of bank voles(M. glareolus). Both species live in the same habitat, but while bank voles feed on insects and grains,shrews are insectivores, scavengers and nest predators. At high vole densities, shrews concentrate onnestlings, thus lactating bank voles should be highly sensible to shrew presence. But whereas in summerfood is frequent, resources diminish in autumn, enhancing the pressure on feeding for survival.Wereleased females with new born pups in fourteen ¼ ha outdoor enclosures in Central Finland and addedshrews (S. araneus) as treatment. We analysed feeding behaviour in artificial food patches located ina grid around the nest side. The experiment was repeated in summer and autumn 2007.Vole mothersresponded to shrew presence by using a lower number of feeding stations, but taking a higher percentageof their total intake from fewer trays. The total amount of food taken from the feeding stations wasdepending on shrew presence as well, but only in the summer replicate. In autumn voles where relianton the resources provided and shrews had no effect on the total intake. Supporting these results, a lowernumber of the offspring was recaptured from the shrew enclosures in autumn, indicating the voles´trade off between nest protection and nutrition in the late season.P BB.8 - ENThe influence of social stress on susceptibility and severity of a collagen-inducedarthritis (CIA) in male wistar ratsKerstin Schunke 1 , Christine Wolff 2 , Rainer H. Straub 2 , Volker Stefanski 31Lehrstuhl Tierphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth; 2 Department of Internal Medicine, UniversityMedical Center, Regensburg; 3 Leipniz Institute of Zoo and Wildlife Research, BerlinRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multi-factorial autoimmune disease whose aetiology and progression isinfluenced by a range of immunological, neuroendocrine, and psychosocial factors. Social stress hasbeen shown to influence the endocrine and immune system and may therefore play a role in RA. Theaim of our study was to investigate the effects of social stress on susceptibility and severity of a collagen-inducedarthritis (CIA) in male Wistar rats. Psychosocial stress was induced by continuous confrontationwith resident male opponents for seven days. Control males remained undisturbed in theirhome cages. On day 4 of confrontation, arthritis was induced by injection of collagen type II. Behavioralanalysis and a regular assessment of the clinical symptoms was conducted. Furthermore, bloodsamples for physiological measurements were taken. The data show that all intruders became clearlydefeated. Social defeat as well as induction of CIA was associated with many immunological and endocrinologicalalterations. Control animals developed more often disease than stressed rats. However,when stressed rats developed arthritis, we observed an earlier disease onset with more severe arthritisthan control rats. These data show that social stress leads to a reduced susceptibility to CIA, but on theother hand, it aggravates the disease in animals which are diseased. We hypothesize that stress causesa stronger innate immune response, which is deleterious during the immunization phase.

Behavioral Biology Posters 109P BB.9 - ENAnxiety-like behaviour and its modulation by winner and loser experience in adultwildtype and serotonin transporter knockout miceFriederike Jansen, Lars Lewejohann, Norbert SachserAbteilung für Verhaltensbiologie, Universität MünsterIn serotonergic neurotransmission the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) plays a key-role by regulatingthe re-uptake of the messenger molecule from the synaptic cleft. Humans, who experience stressfullife events, develop anxiety-disorders and depression more frequently when showing a reduced5-HTT expression. To further analyse these gene x environment interaction 5-HTT knockout micewere used as an animal model. The study examined if a genetic disposition for the development ofanxiety-like behaviour in 5-HTT knockout mice can be modulated by environmental influences inadulthood. To create positive or negative life experiences, Resident-Intruder tests were performedfrom which the mice of the genotypes 5-HTT+/+, 5-HTT+/- and 5-HTT-/- could emanate as winnersor losers. After the encounters anxiety-like and explorative behaviour were measured in testsfor anxiety-like behaviour. A general comparison of the three genotypes revealed a higher rate ofanxiety-like behaviour in 5-HTT-/- mice. After repeated confrontation with a conspecific, winnersas well as losers showed increased anxiety-like and decreased explorative behaviour. Only for individualswith negative life experiences (losing) a dependency of genotype was detected, in such amanner that 5-HTT-/- mice exhibited the highest ratio of anxiety-like behaviour and the lowest levelof exploration. This study proves an interdependence of genotype, social experience and anxiety-likebehaviour exists in adult 5-HTT knockout mice.P BB.10 - ENThe effects of olfactory stimulation in early-life on anxiety-like behaviour in wildtypeand serotonin transporter knockout mice in adulthoodRebecca Heiming, Lars Lewejohann, Norbert SachserAbteilung für Verhaltensbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterDepression and anxiety disorders in humans are known to be influenced by the expression rate of theserotonin transporter (5-HTT). Following adverse life events, the risk to suffer from depression is increasedin humans with a low 5-HTT expression. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect ofadverse early life events on anxiety-like behaviour in 5-HTT knockout mice, expressing either noneor a reduced amount of 5-HTT proteins. Animals were confronted with adverse early life events byrepeatedly exposing pregnant and lactating 5-HTT females to the olfactory cues of unfamiliar adultmales, i.e. small amounts of male bedding. The stimuli signal the danger of infant killing and simulatea threatening environment for a female and her young. Starting on postnatal day 50 the offspringwere examined in a battery of tests for anxiety-like behaviour such as the elevated-plus-maze anddark-light test. Homozygous 5-HTT knockout mice showed an increased anxiety-like behaviourcompared to heterozygous and wildtype animals, confirming previous results. Furthermore the appliedtreatment enhanced the anxiety-related behaviour in the offspring, especially in homozygousand heterozygous serotonin transporter knockout mice, which seemed to be more susceptible toadverse early life events than wildtypes. We conclude that the degree of anxiety-like behaviour inadulthood results from an interaction of genetic predisposition to anxiety and adverse events in earlyphases of life.

110 Behavioral Biology PostersP BB.11 - ENMaternal characteristics and litter size influence different immune parameters ofjuvenile laboratory rats.Geraldine Prager 1 , Volker Stefanski 2 , Heiko G. Rödel 11Universität Bayreuth; 2 Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (IZW) BerlinMany small mammals give birth to litters of highly variable sizes. Litter size i.e. the number of littersiblings, together with characteristics of the mother usually affect postnatal growth rates in altricialsmall mammals. In the laboratory rat, postnatal growth is comparatively lower in pups of larger littersbecause those pups get a smaller amount of milk per individual offspring. Mothers also transmitdifferent immune globulins und immune cells via milk supporting the development of the offsprings`immune system. In our study we tested for the effects of litter size, and of parity and body mass ofthe mother on some parameters of the cellular and functional immune system in juvenile Long-Evanslaboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). Litter sizes were not manipulated and ranged between 2 and 18pups. Short before weaning, blood samples were taken from all pups of the litter and we quantifieddifferent immune cells and measured activity of complement system. We found consistent effects inalmost all immune parameters tested: Lymphocyte numbers and activity of complement system werenegatively correlated with litter size. All immune parameters tested were positively correlated withmaternal body mass and were higher in offspring of primiparous mothers (first litter cycle) than inpups of following litters. In conclusion our study points out that maternal characteristics as well aslitter size influence components of the immune system in juvenile rats around weaning.P BB.12 - ENThe impact of huddling on oxygen consumption of juvenile European rabbits underdifferent simulated weather conditionsMartin Seltmann 1 , Thomas Ruf 2 , Heiko Rödel 11Lehrstuhl Tierphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth; 2 Institut für Wildtierkunde und Ökologie, VeterinärmedizinischeUniversität Wien, ÖsterreichIn many small mammals, post-weaning young frequently stay in close body contact. Such interactionsamong juveniles may occur either in a positive social context, but may also entail thermalbenefits (huddling). Also juvenile European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) frequently show thisbehaviour during the first weeks after leaving the breeding burrow; this was evaluated by us inanother study under field conditions. This behaviour might buffer the negative influence of adverseweather conditions on the thermoregulatory costs of the juveniles. In order to test this, we comparedoxygen consumption of singly housed and pairs of young wild-type rabbits under three differenttemperatures, which reflected the range of ambient temperature conditions in the field. We ran theexperiments under dry and wet conditions where we sprayed the animals with a small amount of water(simulated rain). Ambient temperature and wetness of the fur strongly affected oxygen consumption,with the temperature-dependent increase in oxygen consumption being more pronounced whenthe animals` fur was wet. However, we did not find significant effects of huddling on the juveniles`oxygen consumption, either under cold, warm, dry or wet conditions. In conclusion our study doesnot support that close body contact among juvenile rabbits lowers the costs of thermoregulation. Werather believe that this behaviour may play a role in a social context.

Behavioral Biology Posters 111P BB.13 - DERegulation der sozialen Arbeitsteilung während des Brutwärmens bei Honigbienen(Apis mellifera L.)Julia Lein, Stefan FuchsInstitut für Bienenkunde, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt a.M.Die Arbeitsbereitschaft einzelner Bienen bildet die Grundlage der Regulierung von kolonialen Arbeitsprozessen.Zu dieser Vorstellung liegen eine Reihe hochentwickelter theoretischer Modelle vor,praktische Untersuchungen fehlen aber fast vollständig. Wir untersuchen die Prozesse sozialer Arbeitsteilungam Beispiel der Brutwärmens von Honigbienen. Hierbei wird eine kleine, brutwärmendeBienengruppe einer thermischen Belastung ausgesetzt und die individuellen Beteiligungen sowiedie erbrachte Gesamtleistung erfasst. Ein für diese Untersuchungen entwickelter Versuchsaufbauintegriert erstmals die Infrarot-Thermografie mit Temperaturmessungen einer Brutfläche. Somit istes möglich, die Temperaturen der einzelnen, am Brutwärmen beteiligten Arbeiterinnen störungsfreizu messen und gleichzeitig die erzeugte Temperatur auf der Brutzellen über die ganze Fläche zuermitteln. Das Brutwärmverhalten von genetisch verschiedenen Bienen (z.B. Rassen, Patrilinien)kann nun experimentell erfasst und im Kontext zusammengesetzter Gruppen verglichen werden.Die Erstellung sozialer Arbeitsprofile als Kennlinie für die Brutwärmfähigkeiten der verschiedenenTeilgruppen trägt dazu bei, die Mechanismen der sozialen Arbeitsteilung weiter aufzuklären.P BB.14 - ENAge-specific endoparasite load in juvenile European rabbits prior to the winter seasonAnett Starkloff 1 , Dietrich von Holst 1 , Theodora Steineck 2 , Heiko Rödel 11Lehrstuhl Tierphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth; 2 Institut für Wildtierkunde und Ökologie,Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, ÖsterreichIn many seasonal breeding mammals (e.g. European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus), progeny bornearly in the vegetation period frequently show higher survival during the first winter. The higherbody mass that early born offspring have prior to the winter season is often discussed as the mainreason for this age-specific survival. However, the parasite load, which is an important predictor ofwinter survival in rabbits, also depends on the juveniles’ age. Older juveniles are known to developa higher immunity against several species of parasites after repeated infections. Furthermore, youngrabbits born late in the breeding season usually grow up in higher population densities and thereforedifferent social conditions, which may increase the infestation or even enhance the age-specific differencesin parasite load. In this study, we investigated whether such age-specific differences arehigher in the late breeding season than early in the season when the population density is lower.Generally, younger (later born) juveniles showed a higher amount of coccidial oocytes in the faecesand a higher infestation with nematodes in the small intestine than older ones, whereas the parasiteload was comparatively higher in the end of the breeding season when the density is high. Our resultssuggest that the age-dependent and high parasite load in autumn (compared to the summer season)might be an important cause for the lower winter survival of later born offspring in European rabbits.

112 Behavioral Biology PostersP BB.15 - ENMotor abilities of juvenile laboratory rats from litters of different sizesSusann Meyer, Heiko RödelLehrstuhl Tierphysiologie, Universität BayreuthLitter size of most small mammal species is highly variable. Offspring from larger litters usuallyreceive a lower share of milk leading to lower pre-weaning growth, which may influence the physicalcapabilities of the young shortly after weaning. On the other hand, a higher number of siblingsmay positively affect the motor development of the juveniles by higher rates of behavioural interactionswith their litter mates. We tested the motor skills and strengths of juvenile laboratory rats fromlitters of different sizes (3 to 17 pups/litter) around and shortly after weaning by behavioural tests.The latency time of jumping down from an elevated platform or out of their opened home cage waspositively correlated with litter size. Furthermore, we found a non-linear effect of litter size on thejuveniles’ strength in relation to their body mass, tested by the time they managed to stay attached toan elevated vertical wooden bar. Generally, young rats from large litters fell down earlier from thebar than the ones with less siblings, whereas juveniles from very small litters of 3 or 4 pups also felldown very fast, most likely due to their very high body masses. In conclusion, our study shows thatjuveniles from smaller litters had better motor skills and strength, most probably due to their betterphysical development. However, a very high body mass, as it occurs in juveniles from extremelysmall litters, might negatively affect their physical capabilities shortly after weaning.P BB.16 - ENLearning in freshwater stingrays (Potomotrygon falcneri)Kerstin Elisabeth Thonhauser 1 , Karl Kral 1 , Michael Kuba 21Institut für Zoologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria; 2 Department of Neurobiology,Hebrew University, Jerusalem, IsraelTesting the behavioral abilities of cartilaginous fish is an important step towards understanding theevolutionary origins of cognitive functions in higher vertebrates. In our study we used 7 SouthAmerican fresh water stingrays (Potomotrygon falcneri) in a social learning and problem-solvingtask. We used a tube apparatus developed for testing the cognitive abilities of aquatic animals. 3 animalswhere chosen as demonstrators that initially learnt to handle the tube and extract a food reward.After the demonstrators had reached criterion the 4 observer animals were positioned to watch themperform trials. The observers were then tested on their ability to learn to handle the tube and extractfood. Comparison showed significant differences between demonstrator and observer groups. Observersrequired less trials to reach criterion (p = 0.0023) and shorter trial duration (p = 0.0005). Thetwo groups also showed a significant difference in acquiring the best strategy for food extraction.This study is the first conclusive evidence of imitation learning in fish.

Behavioral Biology Posters 113P BB.17 - ENEntraining behaviour of trout exposed to unsteady flowsAnja Przybilla 1 , Horst Bleckmann 1 , Sebastian Kunze 2 , Christoph Brücker 21Institut für Zoologie, Universität Bonn; 2 Institut für Mechanik und Fluiddynamik, TechnischeUniversität FreibergTrout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alter their body kinematics if exposed to unsteady flows. We studiedthe swimming behaviour of trout exposed to a Kármán vortex street generated with a cylinder (diameter5 cm) placed in running water. To save energy trout exposed to a Kármán vortex street eitheruse the region of reduced flow behind (drafting) or in front of the cylinder (bow wake). In additionthey may use the flow field around the cylinder (entraining) or they adapt their axial body kinematicsto the vortices shed by the cylinder (Kármán gait). While Kármán gaiting has been investigated indetail little is known about the energetic advantage trout gain while entraining. We found entrainingtrout move into a stable position beneath the cylinder where they can keep for a certain time astraight body profile without any action of the tail or body fins. Calculations of the forces acting onan entraining trout suggest an adaptation to the pressure field around the fish´s body such that dragforce is balanced.P BB.18 - ENInfluence of obstacles in the water flow on the swimming behaviour of four EuropeanCyprinid speciesBernd Baier, Horst Bleckmann, Joachim MogdansUniversität BonnFish in flowing water can reduce their energy expenditure by actively seeking regions with benefitingflow regimes, for instance behind an obstacle. We compared the behaviour of four Cyprindspecies towards cylinders of different diameter in a flow tank. In the literature these species areassigned to different habitat preference classes: Rhodeus sericeus, limnophilic; Leuciscus leuciscus,limnophilic/ indifferent; Gobio gobio, rheophilic/ indifferent and Phoxinus phoxinus, rheophilic.We found significant differences between species in the time spent in different tank areas and thedistances travelled. A detailed video analysis of the swimming behaviour behind cylinders revealedmotor patterns closely resembling the Kármán gait. Seemingly G. gobio and Ph. phoxinus were ableto exploit wall effects in the tank to reduce their swimming effort, consequently spending only ashort time interacting with the cylinders. L. leucisucs spent significantly more time behind cylindersactively using the vortex street. R. sericeus travelled the longest distances, exhibiting many episodesof burst swimming followed by drifting, which possibly indicates a low adaptation towards flowingwater. We are now conducting experiments with pharmacologically blocked lateral line and inhibitedvision, to quantify the contribution of different sensory information to the positioning behaviour.

114 Behavioral Biology PostersP BB.19 - ENMagnetoperception in voles? Developing of a trainingsmethod to test common voles(Microtus arvalis) orientationStefanie Blohm, Joe Voss, Jana A. EccardDepartment of Animal Behaviour, University of BielefeldMagnetoreception is a widespread phenomenon through all major groups of animals but there areonly few evidents concerning mammals. How to test animals for the existence of such a magneticsense is a main problem as little is known about the underlying physiological mechanisms.In thisstudy we tried to develope a method to train Microtus arvalis to make orientation decisions accordingto a magnetic anomaly. To establish whether a common vole can be trained using cues we used astone as a tangible cue together with the magnet in the first training phase. After successful lerning ofthis double cue we removed the stone in phase II. We tried a two-choice conditioning test in an arenawhere voles were exposed and had to use the cues to find shelter, and a two-choice foraging experimentin the voles’ home cages.In both experiments some of the animals (45% in the two-choice testand even 70% in the foraging task) learned to use the double cue in phase I, showing an an increasein choosing the correct side with a proportion around 70% or even higher in an average of 10 (arenatest) or 5 (foraging experiment) decisions a day. After the removal of the stone in phase II all animalsreturned to a random proportion of correct and false decisions.The main result of this study is, that itseems to be generally possible to train Microtus arvalis on a given cue as an orientation aid, but wefound no support for voles’ ability to use magnetic anomalies as an orientation cue.P BB.20 - ENVibration sense as a determining factor for prey detection in the Kenyan sand boa(Gongylophis colubrinus)Nadine Vorwerk Tavares, Jill Ebert, Horst BleckmannInstitute of Zoology, University of BonnSand boas (subfamily Erycinae, family Boidae) are crepuscular and nocturnal sit-and-wait- predators.They live burrowed in the sand, so that only the front part of the labial scales and nose are visible,but not the eyes. Kenyan sand boas live in deserts and dry savannas in Eastern Africa and preyon small mammals. Apart from visual and olfactory cues sand boas may use vibrational informationfor prey detection. To test for vibrational sensitivity, a vibration-damped box (100x60x50cm) wasbuilt that consisted of two chambers. The two chambers, filled with a 7 cm layer of sand, were eithermechanically coupled so that vibration transduction through the sand by compressional and surfacewaves was possible, or they were mechanically uncoupled. During an experiment one chamberhoused the snake and the other chamber a juvenile mouse. Sand boas (N = 8) showed a reducedrate of tongue-flicking and body-movements when the two chambers were mechanically coupled.Although the substrate borne vibrations caused by the mouse altered the behaviour of the sand boasthey did not approach the mouse. Most likely the snakes showed the freezing behavior to avoidalerting the mouse.

Behavioral Biology Posters 115P BB.21 - ENShapes that elicit spitting in spitting cobrasRuben Berthé, Guido Westhoff, Horst BleckmannInstitute of Zoology, University of BonnSome cobras of the genus Naja (Serpentes: Elapidae) defend themselves by spitting their venom inthe face of an harasser. Since the venom is only effective if it hits at least one eye, we investigatedwhether and how spitting cobras recognize eyes (faces). To provoke spitting a black plate shaped likea human face (scale 1 : 1) was moved to and fro in front of the snakes. The plate was either presentedwithout eyes (control) or it was equipped with a pair of glass eyes (diameter 2 cm, distance betweeneyes 5 cm). Irrespective of whether the black plate was or was not equipped with eyes and irrespectiveof the colour, shininess and arrangement of the glass eyes, spitting was released in 77% - 97%of the cases (N = 9, 1 ≤ n ≤ 9) (Mann-Whitney test; always p > 0.05). These data suggest that eyesare not crucial for the release of the spitting act. In a second set of experiments the shape of the blackplate, now always presented without eyes, was modified. A black triangular shaped plate that had thesame surface area as the face shaped black plate elicited spitting in less than 26% of the cases (N =4, 6 ≤ n ≤ 24). The decrease in the likelihood of spitting was significant (Chi-square test; p < 0.01).Thus while eyes appear not to be necessary for the release of the spitting act the shape of the object(face) presented to the snake most likely is of importance.P BB.22 - ENSurvival of Paramecium caudatum at various pH values and under normoxic andhypoxic conditionsM. Saeed HeydarnejadBiology Department, University of Shahrekord, IranThe objective of this study was to determine the survival of Paramecium caudatum, a protozoanciliate, with different pH under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. P. caudatum was exposed to18 treatments (in triplicate) of varying pH (4, 4.7, 5.7, 6.7, 7.7, 8.7, 9.7, 10.7 and 11.7) with twodifferent conditions of normoxic and hypoxic. Survival was examined every second day for threeweeks. P. caudatum mortality was 100% immediately when exposed to pH 4, 10.7 and 11.7 either innormoxic or hypoxic conditions, whereas at other pH values tested this ciliate could survive mostlyunder hypoxic conditions. The results suggest that under hypoxic condition, 4.7-6.7 is the best pHrange for survival of this species.

116 Behavioral Biology PostersP BB.23 - ENOlfactory self and kin recognition in a cichlid fishTimo Thünken, Nadine Waltschyk, Theo C. M. Bakker, Harald KullmannInstitut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, University of BonnThe ability to actively discriminate self from non-self and kin from non-kin is important in diversebehavioral contexts like mating, shoaling or territoriality. Successful discrimination requires thatattributes of oneself as well as of related and unrelated individuals can be reliably assessed. Providedthat phenotypic and genotypic similarity are correlated, the comparison of one’s own phenotypewith those of others should be most promising. Here, we tested whether in- and outbred males ofthe cave breeding cichlid fish Pelvicachromis taeniatus recognize themselves and kin by olfactorycues using a functional test. Males discriminate self odor from those of unfamiliar, unrelatedconspecifics as well as from those of familiar brothers suggesting that males recognize themselvesindividually. Furthermore, males tended to discriminate the odor of familiar brothers from those ofunfamiliar, unrelated males. The results suggest that the self odor was recognized as own. We discussthe results in the context of animal self-cognizance. The effect of inbreeding on discriminationbehavior was generally weak.

Developmental Biology Posters 117Developmental Biology Posters

118 Developmental Biology Posters

Developmental Biology Posters 119P DB.1 - ENDevelopmental insights to the arthropod head problemGregor Bucher, Nico PosnienBlumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg August Universität GöttingenThe insect head is a complex structure composed of several segments fused to a probably non-segmentalanterior tissue, the acron. However, there is no agreement on the number of segments andthe extent of non-segmental tissue. It also remains debated whether the labrum (the so called “upperlip”) is a derived appendage originating from a segment or whether it has evolved as part of theacron. We use the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum as model system for the genetics and evolutionof head development. We test the hypothesis of a labral parasegment boundary by investigatingexpression and function of the segment polarity genes wingless, engrailed and hedgehog. We find noevidence for a labral parasegment boundary and conclude that six parasegment boundaries are foundin the insect head anlagen. As corollary, we propose that the acron comprises a significant part ofthe tissue anterior to the ocular parasegment boundary. Similar expression and function of genes inthe outgrowth of labrum and trunk appendage argue for homology of these structures. However, wealso find strong evidence that the labrum arises as part of the non-segmental acron and that the positionof its anlagen is deeply different from trunk appendages which contradicts a segmental origin.We reconcile these antitheses by suggesting that the network responsible for appendage outgrowthevolved in one of these structures and became re-deployed to form the other.P DB.2 - ENAnalysis of ageing-associated genes and telomere length in the short-lived fishNothobranchius furzeri – a new model organism for age researchNils HartmannMolekulare Genetik, Leibniz-Institut für Altersforschung (FLI), JenaAge research in vertebrates is usually constrained by the longevity of available models. The annualfish Nothobranchius furzeri lives in temporary pools of Southern Africa, which are only present duringthe rainy season, and exhibits an exceptionally short life span of only 3 – 6 months. This shortlife span is considered to depend on the amount of rain fall and the duration of the rainy season.We analyzed several ageing-associated genes that code for proteins that are involved in cell-cycleregulation, energy metabolism, ROS detoxification and telomere maintenance. N. furzeri-specificsequences were obtained by homology cloning and RACE. Identity values of the derived amino acidsequences between N. furzeri and the teleost fish Takifugu rubripes range from 55% to 93%, whereasidentity values between N. furzeri and human range from 34% to 87%. Study of gene expressionrevealed that most genes analyzed are not changed when comparing young (5-weeks-old) and old(21-weeks-old) tissues. However, expression of the p21, Tert, Sod2, and Cat gene is significantlyaltered during ageing. Moreover, we determined the telomere length of young (5-weeks-old) and old(21-weeks-old) fish. Despite high individual differences, a significant shortening of mean telomerelength was observed in aged tissues. In future, we want to establish transgenesis in N. furzeri to manipulategene expression and determine the effect of this manipulation on life span. We also want toanalyze the effect of different factors such as pharmacological substances on life span.

120 Developmental Biology PostersP DB.3 - ENDevelopment of nephridia in the polychaete Platynereis dumeriliiChristian Hasse, Wencke Reiher, Kathrin Sobjinski, Nicole Rebscher, Monika HasselSpezielle Zoologie und Evolution der Tiere, Fb. 17, Philipps-Universität MarburgNephridia are excretory organs invented at the base of bilateral symmetric animals. Morphologicalinvestigations showed that in polychaetes, the larval protonephridia are later on replaced bymetanephridia (1). The knowledge about their development is still fragmentary. In our study weanalysed formation of nephridia in embryonic, larval and adult stages of Platynereis dumerilii.Alkaline phosphatase (AlP) served as a marker. The first results suggest that during development 3morphologically and biochemically distinct types of nephridia form. These structures are also positivefor b-tubulin. AlP activity is first detectable in paired tubular structures lateral to the stomodaeumat 72 hrs of development (metatrochophora). In young worms containing 7 segments a pairof tubular structures between segments 1 and 2 is AlP-positive. In posterior segments, funnelled,segment-spanning tubular structures develop. In order to analyse if Platynereis nephridia containdistinct AlP isoforms, we used levamisol as a selective inhibitor. It inhibited AlP activity in theproximal but not in the distal part of the metanephridial tubule. Our study reveals complex morphologicalchanges during nephridiogenesis in Platynereis. Two different types of nephridia form– early, presumable protonephridia, and later, mature metanephridia. The presence of at least twodistinct AlP isoforms suggests functional specialisation between different regions of the tubule. (1)Bartolomaeus, T. Hydrobiologia 402: 21-37 (1999)P DB.4 - ENA presumptive germ plasm contains ß-Catenin RNA in the crustacean ParhyalehawaiensisJohanna Havemann, Matthias GerberdingMax-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, TübingenThe 8-cell stage of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is set up of progenitor cells for allthree germ layers and the germ line. At this stage, the highly conserved ß-Catenin RNA localizes to asingle cell, the germ cell progenitor “g”. At the 1-cell stage, ß-Catenin RNA localizes to the cortex ina yolk-free cytoplasmic area, as ultrastructure analysis by transmission electron microscopy reveals.With the first division, the RNA is moved into the central cytoplasm of one daughter cell at the 2-cellstage. Until the 8-cell stage, RNA inheritance occurs asymmetrically to one cell. Subsequent cleavagessegregate it symmetrically to all daughter cells. During divisions, the RNA is attached to thecentrosome and its transport presumably occurs via cytoskeletal elements, but not actin. ß-Cateninprotein starts to be expressed zygotically at germ disc stage at day 1 and is clearly upregulated in thecytoplasm of the germ cells. Morpholino injections abolished protein expression, but did not exhibitany morphological phenotype. We suggest the presence of a germ plasm in the zygote of Parhyaleand continue functional analyses to identify possible roles of ß-Catenin during early crustaceandevelopment. Contrary to what has been described in other organisms such as Xenopus, zebrafish,Platynereis and nemerteans, ß-Catenin is not involved in axis establishment but restricted to thegerm line in early Parhyale embryogenesis.

Developmental Biology Posters 121P DB.5 - ENEssential roles of MMPs in the development of Tribolium castaneum: an alternativemodel for MMP researchEileen KnorrAngewandte Entomologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität GießenMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are evolutionarily conserved zinc-endopeptidases with multifunctionalroles in animal development and homeostasis. Here, we identified seven MMP homologs,MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, and a number of virus-like MMP sequences with yet unknown functionsin the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an important model insect for developmental studies.Phylogenetic analysis elucidates that MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-3 are homologues to describedMMPs from other animals. To explore role of Tribolium MMPs in vivo we determined timely shiftedenhanced expression levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, but not of a virus-like MMP (MMP-4),respectively, during metamorphosis using real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, we silenced these fourMMPs of by dsRNA-mediated genetic interference. Knock-down of MMP-1 results in individualsthat arrest in larval to pupal transformation during metamorphosis, while knock-down of MMP-2,MMP-3, or MMP-4 did not impaired development of pupae and imagoes. Furthermore, all MMPknock-down animals exhibit normal egg laying rates and first instar larvae hatch normally. However,parenteral RNAi-mediated MMP-1 knock-down resulted in offspring with non-lethal defectsin posterior tracheal trunks, implicating a role in trachea development, whereas MMP-2 knock-downresulted in abnormal intestines with over 90% mortality in first instar larvae, implicating a role in gutdevelopment. Compared to results from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster our results from thebeetle Tribolium demonstrate some striking similarities but also obvious differences of MMP rolesin these two holometabolous insect species whose lineages have split from their common ancestormore than 270 millions of years ago.P DB.6 - ENUltrastructure of the Drosophila wing hearts: first example of adult syncytial musclesderiving from the heart fieldChristine Lehmacher 1 , Markus Tögel 1 , Günther Pass 2 , Achim Paululat 11University of Osnabrück; 2 University of Vienna, AustriaIn Drosophila, hemolymph circulation in the wings is accomplished by two small muscular pumpsthat are located bilaterally in the scutellum and function independently of the heart. Although clearlymyogenic, wing hearts neither share a common lineage with the contractile cardiomyocytes, norderive from somatic adult muscle precursors. Surprisingly, they originate from a specific subset ofembryonic Even-skipped positive pericardial cells, which arise in the heart field. In this study, wehave analyzed the wing hearts at an ultrastructural level to investigate the fine structure of musclesderiving from these new adult progenitors. We found that, like somatic muscles arising from adultmuscle precursors, the wing heart muscles are multinucleated syncytial muscle fibres that are attachedto the cuticle via epidermal tendon cells. Their myofibrils are radially arranged around centralnuclei and consist of well defined sarcomeres with discontinuous Z-discs, A-bands, and I-bands.However, in addition to these striking similarities with somatic muscles, wing heart muscles alsoshow mitochondria filled outpockets of the cell membrane between two adjacent Z-discs, which arecharacteristic for heart muscles. We conclude that wing hearts represent somatic muscles that eitherhave similar physiological requirements like the heart, or their fine structure is influenced by factorsexpressed in the heart field, which account for the characteristic outpockets.

122 Developmental Biology PostersP DB.7 - ENSomite fate mapping using GFP-transgenic axolotlsNadine Piekarski, Lennart Olsson1Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaSingle somite fate has been studied extensively using quail-chick chimeras. We are interested in towhat degree somite fate is conserved despite the conspicuous differences in morphology seen amongvertebrates. Therefore, we have focused our study on a urodele amphibian, the Mexican axolotl, inwhich long-term fate mapping is technically feasible. Compared to birds the axolotl is morphologicallyvery different e.g. in many skeletal muscles and in skeletal elements of the occipital region,as well as in the shoulder girdle, all known to be somitic derivatives from quail-chick chimeras.Somites two to six were fate-mapped by transplantation of single somites from GFP-transgenicaxolotls. Transplanted fluorescent somites and their derivatives were tracked in vivo, and cryosectionswere made. Our data reveal a highly conserved pattern of somitic derivatives among the twospecies. The shoulder girdle in axolotls for example has a segmental (more than one somite) and acomposite (somites and lateral plate) origin exactly as in chicken. However, there are small differencesthat could be caused by the different position in which it is being formed in the two species.We also found differences in the specific formation of the hypobranchial chord that gives rise tohypobranchial muscles. Our results support a conserved pattern of somitic derivatives, however, thesmall differences observed could be the key to understand the developmental basis of evolutionarychange in this system.P DB.8 - ENThe Hydra-FGFR Kringelchen partially rescues the htl- but not the btl-mutantphentotype of Drosophila melanogasterAnja Rudolf, Christine Hübinger, Katrin Hüsken, Angelika Vogt, Christian Hasse, Susanne Önel,Renate Renkawitz-Pohl, Monika HasselFachbereich 17, Philipps-Universität MarburgFibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are important regulators during axis formation, cell migrationand branching morphogenesis in embryogenesis throughout the animal kingdom (1). FGFRare receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and display a highly conserved structure: two juxtamembraneIg-like loops bind FGF ligands, the intracellular split tyrosine kinase domain is highly conservedand SH2 and SH3-domain consensus sequences couple signalling to either ras/MAPK, PI-PKC orPI-3 kinase signalling. The Hydra vulgaris FGFR homologue Kringelchen controls detachment ofvegetatively growing young polyps (2). It was the first ancient FGFR that had been characterizedand was present in cnidaria already about 650 mya – long before bilateral-symmetric animals hadsplit off. We have used Drosophila melanogaster to investigate if Kringelchen can act as a prototypeFGFR and functionally replace one or both of the Drosophila FGFR Breathless (Btl) or Heartless(Htl) (3,4). To this end we established Gal-4-UAS fly lines transgenic for the Kringelchen proteinand crossed to null mutants of either of the two Drosophila FGFR. We show that Kringelchen selectivelysubstitutes for Htl- but not for Btl-signalling, which indicates specific functional conservationof FGFR signalling.

Evolutionary Biology Posters 123Evolutionary Biology Posters

124 Evolutionary Biology Posters

Evolutionary Biology Posters 125P EB.1 - ENTracking a biogeographical paradox: the microgastropod genus Heleobia (Rissooidea:Cochliopidae) in South America and EuropeChristian Albrecht, Oliver Kroll, Thomas WilkeSpezielle Zoologie und Biodiversitätsforschung, Justus-Liebig-Universität, GießenThe strongly disjunct distribution of Heleobia (occurring in South America and Europe) has puzzledbiologists for decades. The type species lives in Lake Titicaca, together with 13 other endemicHeleobia taxa.Based on sequence data from 11 Heleobia species from Lake Titicaca and severalother taxa from South America and Europe, we aimed at investigating: 1) the phylogenetic positionof Heleobia, 2) the amphiatlantic relationship of Heleobia spp., and 3) whether the Lake Titicacaspecies represent a species flock.The analyses showed that the genus is not monophyletic. Heleobias.s. appears to be restricted to Lake Titicaca. Its sister is the nominal European subgenus Semisalsa.One Italian taxon, S. aponensis, does not belong to this subgenus. Thus, the faunal exchangebetween South America and Europe must have happened at least twice.Concerning Lake TiticacaHeleobia, it fulfills the criteria of an ancient lake species flock. Preliminary molecular clock analysesindicate that the radiation is very young. Moreover, none of the nominal species can be separated ina COI maximum parsimony network. Morphological analyses show a high degree of shell structuring.However, in many taxa, we could find independent transitions between these character states.Future studies have to show whether the Titicaca complex: 1) comprises only a single or few species,2) is a case of incomplete lineage sorting, or 3) constitutes a group of species that are subjectto phenotypical plasticity.P EB.2 - ENBalancing selection on cis-regulatory variation at B4galnt2 and its influence on vonWillebrand Factor in house miceJohn Baines 1 , Jill Johnsen 2 , Meike Teschke 3 , Diethard Tautz 3 , David Ginsburg 41Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Munich; 2 Puget Sound Blood Center andDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; 3 Max Planck Institutefor Evolutionary Biology, Plön; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute,Department of Human Genetics, and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, USAMammals tolerate wide variation in the critical clotting protein, von Willebrand Factor (VWF).The RIIIS/J laboratory mouse strain carries a mutation that switches the pattern of expression of aglycosyltransferase, B4galnt2, from intestine to blood vessels, resulting in low VWF levels similarto a common human bleeding disorder, von Willebrand Disease (VWD). We surveyed wild mousepopulations for DNA sequence and microsatellite variability, B4galnt2 expression pattern, and VWFlevel. We found that the RIIIS/J haplotype is present in wild mouse populations at varying frequencies.Strikingly, wild mice carrying an RIIIS/J haplotype display VWF levels less than half those ofmice that do not. Analysis of microsatellite and DNA sequence variation surrounding the B4galnt2gene found evidence of both recent natural selection and more long-term balancing selection, implyingthat intermittent selection may have maintained the RIIIS/J haplotype over a long evolutionarytime period. We hypothesize that mice tolerate low VWF levels in exchange for another benefit ofaltered expression of the glycosyltransferase. Similar mechanisms may account for the tolerance ofvariation of VWF and high prevalence of VWD in other mammals, including humans.

126 Evolutionary Biology PostersP EB.3 - ENTesting for phylogenetic concordance of Pleistocene biogeography in cold-adaptedspring snails (Bythinella spp.)Mandy Benke 1 , Christian Albrecht 1 , Thomas Wilke 1 , Martin Brändle 21Spezielle Zoologie und Biodiversitätsforschung, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen; 2 AllgemeineÖkologie und Tierökologie, Philipps-Universität MarburgUp to now, studies on Pleistocene refugia and (re-) colonization routes in Europe involved only singleor few selected species. Therefore, we know very little whether Pleistocene biogeography is affectedby phylogeny. Here, we investigate the European spring snail genus Bythinella Moquin-Tadon, 1856to test whether closely related species show similar patterns of refugial differentiation. Based onmtDNA and nuclear DNA sequence data from up to 140 populations (about 450 specimens), wespecifically aimed at: (i) testing whether these cold-adapted species with low dispersal probabilitieswere able to survive in glacial refugia within the permafrost area; (ii) investigating whether potentialsouthern refugia concord with those found in other European biota, and (iii) testing for phylogeneticconcordance, i.e. whether closely related species of Bythinella also occupied similar glacial refugia.Utilizing several phylogenetic and phylogeographic approaches, ten different clades were identifiedin Bythinella spp. throughout Europe. Most of them indicated Pleistocene refugia different from thethree ‘classic’ Mediterranean regions, e.g. in the Carpathian Mountains, in Northern and SouthernFrance. Only one lineage each was identified to have survived in regions of the Iberian and theBalkan Peninsulas. Tests for phylogenetic concordance did not reveal significant correlations. Thismeans that closely related Bythinella species did not occupy similar glacial refugia.P EB.4 - ENTesting kin-structures in shoals of the Eurasian minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) usingpolymorphic microsatellite markersBenjamin Bernhardt, Kathrin Lampert, Florian Leese, Christoph Mayer, Ralph TollrianLehrstuhl für Evolutionsökologie und Biodiversität der Tiere, Ruhr-Universität BochumThe Eurasian minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) and many other members of the superorder Ostariophysiproduce so called alarm-substances. The evolution of an alarm cue could be explained by kin selectionand resulting indirect benefits. Yet, it is unclear whether these chemical substances have direct orindirect fitness effects in P. phoxinus. In this study we show that there is no evidence even for partiallykin-structured shoals in this species using polymorphic microsatellite markers. Thus, our results furthersupport current studies which indicate that there are direct fitness benefits of alarm substances.P EB.5 - ENDetoxifier under selection? An evolutionary research approach of cytochrome P450genes in populations of wild miceAnna Büntge, Meike TeschkeEvolutionsgenetik, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, PlönPopulations that are exposed to different environments have to adapt to diverse conditions. Toxinsthat are taken up with food should have an impact on tolerance for that particular toxin. If the dietof local populations contains special toxins, they are expected to cause genetic adaptations. To seek

Evolutionary Biology Posters 127for positive selection for detoxification abilities we started a comparison of two Western Europeanhouse mouse populations (Mus musculus domesticus). The respective populations have split about3,000 years ago. As their history is reasonably well known, we can exclude demographic processes,which can produce patterns similar to selective sweeps. Candidate genes for detoxification enzymesare represented in the Cytochrom P450 (Cyp) gene family. As these genes are derived from duplicationsthey are clustered in chromosomal regions. We used dotplot analysis to get insights into the ageof the different duplicates. Expression analysis as well as variability measurements gave us first hintsfor positive selection acting on several copies of these genes.P EB.6 - ENPopulation structure of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus): the potentialspread of shell diseaseJana Deppermann 1 , Gabriele Gerlach 1,2 , Jelle Atema 31Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg; 2 Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA,USA; 3 Boston University Marine Program, Boston, USAShell disease has crippled the lobster fisheries of Southern New England, while the stocks morenorth in the Gulf of Maine region are mostly untouched. Shell disease is quite common in crustaceansand thought to be of bacterial origin. Differences in the outbreak of the disease could be due toe.g. regional stock differences in susceptibility, including resistance and tolerance, as well as limitedconnectivity among populations. To date very little is known about how the 3 week long pelagicphase of lobster larvae and/or adult migration influence population connectivity, gene flow and thepotential for spreading the disease. To analyze genetic exchange among lobster populations fromdifferent locations from the east coast of the US we used newly developed EST (expressed sequencetags) linked microsatellites. EST linked markers are thought to be under selection and might showdifferences in local adaptation. In some of these markers we found significant genetic differencesbetween populations suggesting limited connectivity and differential selection. The F STvalues wereup to 10 times higher than in neutral microsatellite markers. This project is part of the Rhode IslandSeagrant to study the spread of lobster shell disease.P EB.7 - ENMale attractiveness and greed in scorpionfliesLeif EngqvistInstitut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, Universität BonnIn species where males invest heavily in multiple matings, there is likely to be a trade-off betweenmating investment and number of matings. Males are therefore expected to allocate resources prudentlyacross successive matings. Attractive males that will have a high mating success might thereforebe forced to decrease mating investment in comparison to less attractive males that might affordto increase mating investment. Furthermore, if there is genetic variation in attractiveness, one mightexpect to find a negative genetic correlation between attractiveness and mating investment. In thescorpionfly Panorpa cognata (Insecta: Mecoptera), males offer costly salivary secretions as nuptialgifts to females. By producing large secretions, males increase copulation duration, sperm transferand, hence ultimately, sperm competition success. Thus, males that produce large nuptial gifts willhave a high fertilization success but as resources are limited, this might come at a cost of a reduced

128 Evolutionary Biology Postersnumber of matings. I used a full-sib breeding design and found that both attractiveness and matinginvestment showed considerable heritability. Most importantly, there was a negative genetic correlationbetween attractiveness and mating investment: in families with attractive individuals, malesproduced smaller nuptial gifts than in families with less attractive males. These results demonstratean evolutionary trade-off between mating success and sperm competition success.P EB.8 - ENCharacterization of MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) class II in the EuropeanFire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra)J. Susanne Hauswaldt 1 , Martin Gajewski 2 , Sebastian Steinfartz 31Institut für Zoologie, TU Braunschweig; 2 Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne; 3 Departmentof Animal Behaviour, University of BielefeldMHC class II genes are involved in the presentation of exogenously produced antigens to the immunesystem. Their importance for co-evolutionary processes of host-parasite interaction in vertebrateshas been well described and variability of class II genes has been examined in natural populationsof many species of fish, birds, and mammals. Furthermore, some studies have demonstratedthat MHC plays a role in mate-choice interactions. In amphibians, the organization of the majorhistocompatibility complex (MHC) and its variability in natural populations has been studied in onlya few species. We have characterized MHC class II B cDNA sequences from a non-model urodelanspecies, the European Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra), and have developed primers toamplify a large part of exon 2, which contains the highly variable antigen-binding region. We areusing this marker to examine its variability in natural populations, as well as in the context of matechoiceexperiments.P EB.9 - ENSpeciation by hybridisation? Investigation of a grasshopper hybrid zone in GreeceAnja Klöpfel, Jan Sradnick, Norbert ElsnerJohann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-UniversitätGöttingenThe two acridid grasshopper species Stenobothrus rubicundus and Stenobothrus clavatus are foundon the northern and southern slopes, respectively, of Mt. Tomaros in north-west Greece. Their habitatscross at the saddle area. Both species differ clearly from each other as far as the morphologyof the antennae, the position of the stridulatory pegs and numerous characters of the fore and hindwings are concerned. Most notably they are distinguished by their species-specific courtship behavioursdisplayed by the males which normally act a powerful prezygotic isolating mechanism ingrasshoppers. Despite of this, St. rubicundus and St. clavatus do hybridize on the saddle, and moreof 90% of the individuals are intermediate in this zone. These hybrids show an abundant numberof intermediate morphological and behavioural characters. Morphometrical measurements and molecularstudies reveal that the Tomaros populations of the two species differ clearly from populationson other mountains where either St. rubicundus or St. clavatus can be found. Obviously, on Mt.Tomaros these species do influence each other genetically to both sides of the hybrid zone. Since Mt.Tomaros is quite isolated from other mountains, such introgression of genes gives rise to speculationswhether in the long run new species might evolve by means of hybridization.

Evolutionary Biology Posters 129P EB.10 - ENEvolution of the AMP gene family in anuran amphibians: different motifs or differentorigins?”Enrico König 1 , Olaf R.P. Bininda-Emonds 21Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, Carl von Ossietzky UniversitätOldenburgAmong tetrapods, amphibians are distinguished in part by their highly specialized and glandularskin. Whereas the moist permeable nature of the skin enables key physiological functions such ascutaneous respiration, it simultaneously represents a prime route for infection. To counteract this,amphibians have developed an elaborate system of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) expressed in theskin glands. Although it is widely held that frogs (Anura) possess a common AMP system that isreasonably conserved, this view is influenced by the majority of data stemming from Neobatrachia(“higher frogs”), where the degree of conservation is indeed high. Our preliminary investigations ofavailable AMP cDNA data reveal the existence of two additional motifs in the two non-neobatrachianlineages (“Archaeobatrachia” or “archaic frogs”) sampled thus far. An open question, therefore,is whether these three highly distinct AMP systems within anurans have arisen independently orvia punctuated evolution. To answer this question the characterisation of the AMP system from theremaining major “archaeobatrachian” lineages is required to reconstruct the evolutionary history ofthis complex and vital defense system across anurans.P EB.11 - ENThe production of mating plugs in male dwarf spiders Oedothorax retusus: limited orunconstrained?Katrin Kunz, Gabriele UhlInstitut für Zoologie, Universität BonnMating plugs are obvious male adaptations to avoid sperm transfer and thereby help to secure fertilizationsuccess. Mostly, mating plugs consist of glandular products that are produced by the male,transferred onto or into the female genital tract and prevent or impede remating of the female withanother male. In the dwarf spiders Oedothorax retusus large plugs secure paternity very effectivelywhereas small plugs do not impede remating. We investigated if male O. retusus are limited in theproduction of their plug secretion. A limitation has strong implications for male fitness in a matingsystem with multiple mating and should promote male mate choice. We mated 22 males each withthree virgin females in succession with a re-mating interval of 1 hour. After mating, females werefixed and their genital region was investigated under a Scanning Electron Microscope in order toclassify plug size (large, medium, small). Overall, copulation duration was significantly correlatedwith plug size. Increasing mating experience had no effect on copulation duration or plug size sincevariation in these parameters was high. However, the subset of males that produced a large plug intheir first mating showed a significant reduction in plug size in the subsequent mating despite similarcopulation durations. Consequently, males are limited in the production of plug material and investdifferentially in matings with different females. Funded by the DFG (Uh87/5-1).

130 Evolutionary Biology PostersP EB.12 - ENMtDNA paraphyly - traces of ancient or current hybridization in the Longitarsusmelanocephalus group (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)?Jakob Laux 1 , Sonja Feigele, Susanne Dobler1Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität HamburgThe two morphologically almost undistinguishable flea beetles species, Longitarsus melanocephalusand L. plantagomaritimus, differ in their current host plant and habitat association. MtDNAanalysis revealed these two species as a paraphyletic group with the salt marsh specialist of theNorth Sea coast, L. plantagomaritimus, being nested within the wide spread Palearctic species, L.melanocephalus. These data suggest that either the two species actually represent host races withongoing gene flow or that L. plantagomaritimus might have arisen from L. melanocephalus throughbudding speciation in conjunction with a host switch. Food plant preference and larval performancedata leave open whether L. plantagomaritimus might be simply a host race of L. melanocephalus.In the lab the two species can be experimentally crossed and a first generation obtained, yet nucleargene sequences and allozyme analyses support both species as separate gene pools with ample fixedgenetic differences and exclude frequent recent gene flow between them. Although speciation mighthave happened in the past in a similar peripatric setting as currently observed, the present situationcannot be taken as a trace of budding speciation. We rather hypothesize that hybridization in thewake of range shifts during glaciation periods has lead to extensive mtDNA introgression.P EB.13 - ENPostglacial colonization of Europe and dispersal patterns: population genetics of theaquatic leaf beetle Macroplea mutica (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)Michael Mende, Gregor KölschDepartment of Molecular Evolutionary Biology, University of HamburgThe present population structure of species in northern Europe is mainly influenced by the pattern ofrecolonization from southern refugia since the end of the last ice age. Many studies exist so far thatinvestigated these patterns for terrestrial species predominantly with the ability to disperse actively,but few for aquatic invertebrates with passive dispersal. The leaf beetle Macroplea mutica has acompletely aquatic life cycle and is distributed in lakes and brackish coastal habitats of the Palaearctic.These beetles have no morphological adaptations for swimming and seem to be unable to fly.Therefore, they must solely depend on vectors like water birds or drift with host plant material alongthe coasts for dispersal. Nevertheless, they have been able to colonize their rare and geographicallyisolated habitats northward up to Fennoscandia since the beginning of the present postglacial periodin Europe. We used the method of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) to reveal thegenetic relations between the members of 25 different populations from across Europe. The resultsrender possible interpretations about the postglacial colonization pattern as well as the different velocitiesof range expansion and/or frequencies of recent geneflow that result from the two differentmodes of dispersal, namely zoochory or drift.

Evolutionary Biology Posters 131P EB.14 - ENDevelopment and possible evolution of first maxillae suction discs in Carp lice(Crustacea, Branchiura); molecular and morphological evidenceOle Sten Möller 1 , Jörgen Olesen 2 , AnneMarié Avenant-Oldewage 3 , Phillip Thomsen 4 , HenrikGlenner 41Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock; 2 Invertebrate Working Group, ZoologicalMuseum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 3 Department of Zoology, University ofJohannesburg, South Africa; 4 Center for Ancient Genetics, Niels Bohr Institute & Department ofBiology, University of Copenhagen, DenmarkThe fish ectoparasites Branchiura (Crustacea) display two different ways of attachment to the fishsurface as adults: the first maxillae are either hooks (Dolops) or suction discs (Argulus, Chonopeltis,and Dipteropeltis). In larval Argulus foliaceus the first maxillae are hooks. In view of the first molecularphylogenetic reconstruction of Branchiura, I discuss the evolutionary scenarios leading tohooks versus suction discs. Specific homologies exist between larval Argulus foliaceus hooks andadult Dolops ranarum hooks; e.g., a distal segment terminating in a double structure: a distal twoparthook (in Argulus) or one hook and an associate spine-like structure (in Dolops). In the phylogeneticreconstruction based on three molecular markers 16S MtrRNA, nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA,D. ranarum is found to be in a sister group position to all other Branchiura, which in this analysisinclude six Argulus and one Chonopeltis sequences. Based on the molecular phylogeny a likelyevolutionary scenario supported by character polarization using the ontogenetic criterion is that theancestral branchiuran used hooks (on the first maxilla) for attachment, as seen in Dolops, of whichthe proximal part was subsequently modified into suction discs in Argulus and Chonopeltis (andDipteropeltis). The sister group relationship of Branchiura and Pentastomida is confirmed based onthe largest taxon sampling until now. No evidence was found for a branchiuran in-group position ofthe Pentastomida.P EB.15 - ENDifferentiation in partner choice between two closely related populations of thehouse mouseInka Montero, Meike TeschkeEvolutionsgenetik, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, PlönNon random partner choice could be due to differences in the attractiveness of males, as well as theevolution of different kin recognition characters influencing the odor signals or different ethologicaltraits. Using two separated populations of Mus musculus domesticus, which have been split about3,000 years ago, we are interested in determining whether this recent split is associated with divergencein sexual and social partner choice. We set up a long term experiment in which individuals ofboth populations are tested for partner choice in semi natural environments. Mate choice and successfulreproduction is assessed by paternity tests in the offspring and examining the fitness of thelitters, while patterns of social partner choice is determined using spatial associations as a measurefor preference.

132 Evolutionary Biology PostersP EB.16 - DEDevelopment of forensically relevant species of Diptera (Insecta) under controlledvariable temperature conditionsSenta Niederegger 1 , Jana Pastuschek 1 , Rolf Beutel 2 , Gita Mall 2Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena; 2 Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologiemit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaStudies on the development of dipterans were carried out for several decades in a forensic context,aiming at a more reliable determination of the post mortem interval. According to a Canadian studyon crop management the development depends on the number of accumulated degree days or degreehours respectively and is constant for every species. Consequently a characteristic degree day ordegree hour number can be assigned to individual fly species. The age of the maggots can therewithbe calculated based on the already spent degree days or degree hours. This approach implies that thedevelopment rate is the same whether the maggots are reared under a constant temperature of e.g.15°C or under variable temperatures with an average of 15°C. This hypothesis was tested for the firsttime using a climate chamber. Individual egg batches were studied within four different experimentalsetups and the development rate of the maggots documented and compared.P EB.17 - ENMHC spreading and its consequences on social structure of European rabbitsPhilipp RauschTierphysiologie, Universität BayreuthGenes of the high polymorphic MHC play a crucial role in immune recognition of pathogens andparasites. Natural and sexual selection on these genes should influence their distribution in a population.In this work, the MHC II- DRB exon 2 of Oryctolagus cuniculus L. and its effects on the socialstructure of this species were examined. For this aim all adult individuals from a seminatural populationwere genotyped for MHC II DRB Exon 2. Analyses of the allel- spreading in the populationshowed a significant deviation from the Hardy- Weinberg- equilibrium to an excess of homozygotes.This contradicts heterozygote advantage and MHC dependent disassortative mating- strategies. Furthermore,one allele was much more present in the population than others, what may mediate a selectiveadvantage for carriers of this allele. In the mating groups and over the whole population was anincrease of homozygosity. So there seems to be no selective advantage of heterozygous individuals.Mating- groups showed a higher polymorphism of the MHC- locus than measured for the wholepopulation, at this, genetic distances to females of all to the group belonging males overcome thedistances of dominant group males. Nevertheless the distance between males and females of a groupis greater than expected by chance, which could be an effect of MHC dependent dispersal. That givesthe possibility, that dominant males are not the matter for grouping females, but the whole malesbelonging to the mating-groups.

P EB.18 - ENLoss of sex in rotifers: mechanisms and adaptive significanceClaus-Peter StelzerInstitute for Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mondsee, AustriaEvolutionary Biology Posters 133Even after decades of intensive research, the “paradox of sex” has remained largely unresolved. Acentral problem within this paradox is the fate of asexual lineages soon after they arise: Will theyspread or decline? Empirical estimates of the “invasive potential” of new asexual lineages can bebiased, especially if such estimates are derived from specimens collected in the field. First, asexualsand sexuals may not be comparable due to genetic differences, a problem that can arise if inferencesabout ancestry are drawn indirectly using genetic markers. Likewise, uncertainty about the exactage of an asexual lineage may be source of error: some asexuals may be old and already suffer fromsecondary effects of asexual reproduction, e.g. mutation accumulation. Here I introduce a new experimentalsystem to study the origin and evolution of obligate asexuality. The monogonont rotiferBrachionus calyciflorus normally reproduces by a mixture of sexual and asexual reproduction, yetlaboratory populations often show a transition to obligate asex (i.e., a complete and permanently inheritedloss of sexual reproduction). We have observed obligate asexuals arising among the sexuallyproduced offspring of individual females (i.e.; asexuals and sexuals were full sibs). I will presentexperiments targeted to identify the mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of such transitions toasex. I will also discuss potential implications for long-term asexuality, which has evolved in theclosely related bdelloid rotifers.P EB.19 - ENVisual signalling in pollinator attraction in a sexual deceptive orchidMartin Streinzer, Hannes F. Paulus, Johannes SpaetheDepartment of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, AustriaOrchids of the genus Ophrys are pollinated by males of solitary bees and wasps through sexualdeception. The flowers mimic the odor of a receptive female and thus attract males that seek tocopulate. The specificity of the sexual pheromones imitated by the flowers results in attraction ofsingle pollinator species which thus utilizes a private communication channel. General signals likevisually conspicuous coloration of the perigon are rather uncommon components of this pollinationsystem and have been assumed to play only a minor role in pollinator attraction. We studied therole of the bright pink and visually conspicuous perigon of Ophrys heldreichii for attraction of itsspecific pollinator, the long-horned bee Tetralonia berlandi (Apidae:Eucerini). Using dual-choiceexperiments and video recordings of male bees approaching artificial flowers we tested the role ofpresence/absence, size and color of the perigon. Our data suggest that the colored perigon servesas a close range signal in male attraction. When the perigon was removed search time significantlyincreased. Moreover, search time was also affected by the color contrast of the perigon against thefoliage background. We hypothesize that this kind of visual signal is adaptive particularly in thoseOphrys species where the targeted males patrol resource-based encounter sites and strongly rely ontheir visual system when searching for females.

134 Evolutionary Biology PostersP EB.20 - ENA protective shell? – The effect of cocoons on pupal infections in antsSimon Tragust, Line V. Ugelvig, Sylvia CremerEvolution, Genetics and Behaviour, University of RegensburgColonies of social insects contain a high number of developing larvae and pupae, which can face arisk of infection by parasites. The workers of social insects therefore perform intensive brood care,including hygienic behaviours and physiological protection of the brood. As some ant subfamilieshave their pupae enclosed in cocoons whereas others do not, we studied the effect of pupal cocoonsas barriers against infection in four unrelated and ecologically different ant species, two of whichwith and two without cocoons. A group of five workers of each species was confronted with threesets of larval and pupal brood items, which were either treated with live spores of the pathogenicfungus Metarhizium anisopliae, with dead (UV-irradiated) spores of this fungus or with a controlsolution. Immediately upon treatment and for the next five days the intake of the brood into thenest chamber and the hygienic actions towards the brood and between the workers were observed.Thereafter the status of the brood, their location and the status of the workers on signs of infectionwas scanned for another seven days.P EB.21 - ENSexual selection and male head secretions in the tropical spider Argyrodes elevatus:behaviour, morphology and biochemistryGabriele Uhl 1 , Peter Michalik 2 , Stefan Schulz 31Institut für Zoologie, Universität Bonn; 2 Institut für Zoologie, Universität Greifswald; 3 Institutfür Organische Chemie, TU BraunschweigThe kleptoparasitic tropical spiders of the genus Argyrodes are widely known for their peculiarforaging behaviour: they live in webs of large orb-web spiders where they glean trapped insects andsteal large food bundles and even feed on the host´s web. Apart from their interesting ecology, Argyodesspecies are markedly sexually dimorphic: Males possess two large protrusions on the prosomathat involve the ocular region. We tackled the potential functions of the male head structures on themorphological, behavioural, and biochemical level. Morphological investigations demonstrate thatthe protrusions consist of massive glandular tissue. The head structures play a role during mating,since a bite by the female in between the two protrusions of the male is a prerequisite for successfulcopulation. Females were observed to release saliva onto the male structures. Experimentally coveredhead structures resulted in similar copulation probabilities compared to control matings. However,only brief copulations occurred in covered males since the females ended these copulationsprematurely. Our studies suggest that the male head structures do not emit a pheromone for mateattraction but a gustatorial product that functions as a mating effort through prolonged copulationduration. These findings are in accordance with results from chemical analysis.

Evolutionary Biology Posters 135P EB.22 - ENPhylogeography and past population fragmentation in the South American red footedtortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria): implications for historical biogeography, speciesstatus and conservationMario Vargas-Ramírez, Uwe FritzMuseum für Tierkunde, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen DresdenGenetic studies and dating of divergence in Amazon forest species have been subject of studies thattried to explain the biogeographical history of the Amazon rain forest. Taxa occurring both northand south of the Amazonia, but not inside, can potentially provide more definitive information onrain forest fragmentation than rain forest species themselves. In this study, we use the variation ofthe mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to examine the phylogeographic patterns of C. carbonariathroughout most of its distribution range. Furthermore, using Relaxed Molecular Clock analyses weestimate the approximate dates of divergence of genetical distinctive populations. We revealed fourmajor phylogroups: 1. Northern clade (Colombia), 2. Southern clade (Paraguay), 3. North-easternclade (French Guiana), 4. Eastern clade (Brazil). The identification of these four Evolutionary SignificantUnits has crucial implications for species conservation and management. Our results suggestthat current diversity of C. carbonaria is shaped by at least three events dating to (i) the earlyPliocene (4.22 mya), (ii) the late Pliocene (3.2 mya) and (iii) in the early or middle Pleistocene (1.2mya). These divergence events of the forest-dwelling tortoise species suggest that the Amazon rainforest was repeatedly fragmented already in pre-Pleistocene times.P EB.23 - ENMultiple postglacial colonization events of western Patagonia by the freshwatergastropod genus Chilina (Hygrophila, Chilinidae)Parm Viktor von Oheimb 1 , Katharina C. M. Heiler 1 , Christian Albrecht 1 , Frank Riedel 2 , ThomasWilke 11Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Gießen; 2 Department ofEarth Sciences, Freie Universität BerlinDuring the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the largest ice sheet in the southern hemisphere besidesAntarctica was located in western Patagonia. This uniquely long and narrow ice sheet was about1800 km long. This ice sheet was an important biogeographic barrier for many organisms. The questionof the existence of ice-free areas within this ice sheet or along its western shore is still unsolved.The lacustrine and riverine freshwater gastropod genus Chilina Gray, 1828 (Hygrophila, Chilinidae)was used as a model organism to reconstruct postglacial colonization processes and to locate glacialrefugia. Because of their dependence on ice-free freshwater habitats, all Chilina populations todayoccurring in the formerly glaciated area of Patagonia must have colonized this area from suitablerefugia after the melting of the glaciers. Given this background, we studied the phylogeography ofChilina spp. from south-western South America (Argentina, Chile) using two mitochondrial genes(COI, LSU rDNA). The analyses resulted in several well supported clades of Chilina within theformerly glaciated area of southern South America, corresponding to different Chilina species. Theexistence of multiple and genetically diverse taxa in this area suggests multiple postglacial colonizationevents. Phylogeographic analyses indicate the existence of refugia for Chilina north of theformer Patagonian ice sheet. There is also some evidence for the existence of southern refugia.

136 Evolutionary Biology PostersP EB.24 - ENSingle mating in female orchid bees (Euglossini): implications for sociality and matechoiceYvonne Zimmermann, Thomas EltzInstitut für Neurobiologie, AG Sinnesökologie, Universität DüsseldorfThe number of different males that females mate with is an evolutionary factor, influencing i.e. offspringgenetic heterogeneity. Female mating frequency is variable in Hymenoptera and unknown inneotropical orchid bees. We used polymorphic DNA markers (microsatellites) for paternity analysisof brood from nests of Euglossa hemichlora (Panama, N=8) and Euglossa viridissima (Mexico,N=19). In the majority of nests all brood was clearly descended from the single present adult female(mother). All diploid daughters shared the same paternal alleles, strongly supporting single matingof the mother. No indication was found for multiple mating. Single mating is believed to promotesociality in bees, because it maximizes the degree of relatedness among daughters and, thus, theirincentive to cooperate. Many orchid bees, including our species, occasionally form matrifilial nestassociations. Single mating may promotes the observed reproductive subordination of daughters.Some of the genetic disadvantages of single mating (low genetic heterogeneity of offspring) may becompensated by female choosiness in respect to their single mate: Male orchid bees expose complexplant-derived perfumes during their courtship behaviour. These blends are time-consuming and riskyto collect from different natural sources and accumulate in hind leg pockets as a species specific perfume.Correct perfumes may reliably indicate the fitness of males, reducing the benefits obtainablefrom additional matings.

Ecology Posters 137Ecology Posters

138 Ecology Posters

Ecology Posters 139P EC.1 - ENDynamics and importance of marine organic detritus in terrestrial habitatsUlf EvertChristian-Albrechts-Universität KielFrequently, large amounts of drift line-material are washed ashore up to the upper shoreline. Sincemost of this material is deposited by storm during autumn and early spring, thick detrital mats canbe found beyond the area of the daily tides. As a result of predicted climate changes and eutrophicationof waters, both the frequency of these storm events and the amount of deposited detritus aresupposed to increase. During this project, the physical and biochemical influence of the depositedmarine detritus on salt marshes will be investigated. Therefore, experiments with detritivores andtheir potential predators will be carried out in spacious outdoor mesocosms. Furthermore, in situ experimentsare planned to shed light on the influence of detritus mats on salt marsh vegetation as wellas on soil organisms. Laboratory experiments will aim at measuring micro-climatic conditions insidedetritus mats on the one hand and decomposition rates under these conditions on the other hand.P EC.2 - ENOccurrence and life cycle of necromenic nematodes in earthworms with specialreference to Rhabditis anomala Hertwig, 1920Chiharu KatoEvolutionsbiologie, Freie Universität BerlinThe nematode species Rhabditis pellio and R. maupasi show a necromenic association to the earthworms.They infest the earthworm as dauer juveniles and remain in this stage, until the carrier dies.Than they resume their development to sexual maturity, while feeding on bacteria on the cadaver.Additionally a third species, R. anomala, has been occasionally described inside of earthworms,however, as it is morphologically very close to R. maupasi, the validity of R. anomala was doubted.Due to former accounts this species is characterized by a triploid chromosome set and parthenogeneticreproduction with merospermy, but the descriptions are contradictory. In a comprehensivestudy of several lumbricid species R. pellio, R. maupasi and R. anomala where found abundantly inthe nephridia and in brown bodies within the coelom of the earthworms. R. anomala can be distinguishedfrom both other rhabditids by the occurence of fine hair-like appandages between the orallips. Flourescence labellings reveal a chromosome number of 18 to 21 in the oocytes and thus confirmparthenogenesis without reduction division. The chromosome number support the hypothesis oftriploidy. The fusion of the sperm with the oocyte induces the further embryonic development, butthere occurs no karyogamy. Due to its spezialised reproductive mode R. anomala must be regardedas a valid species. Morphological and genetical characteristics can be presented that allow for unequivocalidentification of the three rhabditid species.

140 Ecology PostersP EC.3 - ENLife history study of a bisexual tardigrade population of Macrobiotus tonolliiMarie-Louise Lemloh, Franz Brümmer, Ralph O. SchillBiological Institute, Zoology, Universität StuttgartTardigrada are a minor phylum of Metazoa currently represented by more than 950 species of microscopicsmall animals and they are found in freshwater habitats, terrestrial environments and marinesediments. The most well-known tardigrades are limno-terrestrial, living in moist environments likethin films of water found in mosses. Although tardigrades were studied for the fist time during theyears 1774 to 1776 there is still less known about their way of life and until now only few studies arededicated exclusively to tardigrade life history traits. Recently the ability of tardigrades to undergocryptobiosis has created an increasing interest due to potential medical applications and as a consequencethere are enhanced rearing conditions for tardigrades which provides complete life cyclestudies. In this study a population of the terrestrial carnivorous eutardigrade Macrobiotus tonolliiwas reared under lab conditions and life history traits were analyzed based on the following biologicaland reproductive characteristics: active life span, body lengths, age at first oviposition, egg-layingintervals, clutch size, hatching time and hatching percentages. The received life cycle data supplementour knowledge of tardigrades in general and enable further research into factors which mayinfluence life history of this species. This study is part of the project www.FUNCRYPTA.de, fundedby the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF (0313838A).P EC.4 - ENEffects of UV-B radiation on the survival of tardigradesChristine Wittmann, Franz Brümmer, Ralph O. SchillAbteilung Zoologie, Universität StuttgartTardigrades are known to be highly tolerant to extreme environmental conditions such as desiccation,temperature fluctuations and ionizing radiation. However no attempts have been made to studythe influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on tardigrades so far. Talking about climate change, ozonelayerdepletion and the subsequent increase of UV-B radiation on earth’s surface, it is necessary toevaluate the ecological effects of increased UV exposure. The deleterious effects of solar UV-B includesdeterioration of biological relevant molecules such as proteins, lipids and chromophores. Themost severe affected molecule of solar UV radiation however is the DNA. UV-B radiation inducestwo of the most abundant mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers(CPDs) and pyrimidine pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs) and their Dewar valence isomers. In thisstudy specimens of Milnesium tardigradum were exposed to a UV-B lamp emitting with a maxiumat 311 nm. Tardigrades were exposed to cumulative UV-B doses of 0 – 8000 J/m 2 . The short termand long term effects of UV-B radiation, such as viability, survival, reproductive ability and feedingbehaviour were investigated. This study reveals that M. tardigradum shows a high tolerance towardsUV-B radiation. This study is part of the project www.FUNCRYPTA.de, funded by the GermanFederal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF (0313838).

Ecology Posters 141P EC.5 - ENFreeze tolerance in tardigrades – subzero temperature survival and supercoolingpointsSteffen Hengherr 1 , M. Roger Worland 2 , Franz Brümmer 1 , Ralph O. Schill 11Biological Institute, Zoology, Universität Stuttgart; 2 British Antarctic Survey, Natural EnvironmentResearch Council, Cambridge, UKMany limno-terrestrial tardigrades live in harsh and variable habitats where they experience extremeenvironmental conditions like draught, heat and subzero temperatures. By entering an extreme dehydratedstate known as anhydrobiosis tardigrades are able to survive heat stress and long draughtperiods. However, they also can be exposed to great daily temperature fluctuations in winter withoutdehydration. Survival of the resulting freeze/thaw cycles in an active state, requires either the abilityto tolerate freezing of the body water or mechanisms to decrease the freezing point (supercooling).Therefore we studied the survival rate of 9 tardigrade species by cooling them at five different ratesdown to –30°C and thawing up to room temperature at 10°C/h. The resulting moderate surival afterfast and slow cooling rates and a low survival after cooling at rates in between, may indicate theinfluence of a physical effect during fast cooling and the possibility to synthesize some cryoprotectantsduring slow cooling. The supercooling points (SCP) measured in individual specimens by usingDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) range in the different species between -11°C and -23°Cand showed no difference compared with SCPs of cold hardened specimens. These results indicatethat tardigrades are freeze tolerant and do not decrease their SCP with cryoprotectants synthesizeddue to cold hardening. This study is part of the project www.FUNCRYPTA.de, funded by the GermanFederal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF (0313838)P EC.6 - ENDNA damage in storage cells of anhydrobiotic tardigradesSimon Neumann, Andy Reuner, Franz Brümmer, Ralph O. SchillAbteilung Zoologie, Universität StuttgartTardigrades are small metazoans, ranging in size from 0.2 mm to 1.5 mm. They live in micro-habitatswhich frequently undergo changes in the environmental conditions, e.g. periodic desiccation.In response to such unfavourable circumstances tardigrades can enter a state of latent life, knownas anhydrobiosis, which is characterized by a metabolic arrest and the transition of the animal intoa so-called tun state. In order to be able to recover without any apparent damage, tardigrades haveeffective adaptations to preserve the integrity of cells and tissues. Yet, animals can persist in thisanhydrobiotic state only for a limited period of time. With increasing duration of anhydrobiosis thesurvival rate decreases, although time spent in anhydrobiosis does not add to the usual life expectancyof tardigrades, and recovery is possible even after years in anhydrobiosis. Evidence suggests,that oxidative processes are the cause of damage during anhydrobiosis. These processes are mediatedby reactive oxygen species, whose primary target is the DNA. We adapted the Comet Assay forthe use with storage cells isolated from the tardigrade species Milnesium tardigradum and showedthat tardigrades sustain only minor DNA-damage during transition into the anhydrobiosis. However,the longer the specimens remained in anhydrobiosis, the more DNA lesions accumulated. This studyis part of the project www.FUNCRYPTA.de, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Educationand Research, BMBF (0313838).

142 Ecology PostersP EC.7 - ENStorage cells in tardigrades – effects of starvation and anhydrobiosisAndy Reuner, Steffen Hengherr, Franz Brümmer, Ralph O. SchillBiological Institute, Zoology, Universität StuttgartThe body cavity of tardigrades is filled with free floating bodies. Lipids, proteins and carbohydratesare stored in those cells and can be released into the body fluid of the animals.In terms of the exceptionalabilities of tardigrades to survive unfavourable seasons in a cryptobiotic state the storagecells of three tardigrade species were examined (Milnesium tardigradum Doyère 1849, Macrobiotussapiens Binda & Pilato 1984, and Macrobiotus tonollii Ramazotti 1956). The role as energy store ofthe cells was quantitatively elucidated as well as the effect of a short period of anhydrobiosis. Thereforestorage cells of tardigrades were stained, photographed and size and number was measured instarved and ad libitum fed animals as well as in anhydrobiotic animals. The results are presentedwith links to the size of different tardigrade species and the survival time during starvation. The sizeand number of storage cells are not positively related to body size. During starvation the size of thecells declines, indicating a release of stored materials. At the end of starvation also the number of thecells becomes smaller. In anhydrobiotic M. sapiens and M. tonollii the storage cells were increasedin size (after short rehydration of the animals), but not in number. This was not detected in M. tardigradum.This study is part of the project www.FUNCRYPTA.de, funded by the German FederalMinistry of Education and Research, BMBF (0313838).P EC.8 - ENHabitat preference and food choice of moss inhabiting tardigardesNinja-N. Kage 1 , Ralph O. Schill 2 , Elisabeth K. V. Kalko 11Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, 2 Biological Institute, Zoology, UniversitätStuttgartTardigardes are attracting a lot of attention of researchers in the last years due to their remarkableabilities of desiccation tolerance and their hidden life. Until now little information is availableon food choice and habitat preference in nature. This study was conducted in the national park“Alpi Maritime” in Italy, within the guidelines of the ‘European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy’(EDIT). Moss samples were collected in three different types of habitats with Mediterranean climate.However, we discovered several different species of Eu- and Herterotardigrada, as well as speciesof rotifers, nematodes and ciliates. Trophic interactions within food webs are difficult to study withconventional methods. This is especially true when observing tardigrades with a cryptic food-webecology. Therefore, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach was used to investigate thegut and stomach content of tardigrades. Further more, feeding experiments were conducted with differentspecies of algae, rotifers, ciliates and nematodes, for understanding the food choice in nature.The habitat preference was studied by the use of parameters of abundance, dominance and diversityof tardigrades in different types of habitats. This study is supported by the project www.FUNCRYP-TA.de, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF (0313838), andthe Workpackage (WP) 7 of the ‘European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy’ (EDIT).

Ecology Posters 143P EC.9 - ENFood preferences of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in relation to the chemicalcomposition of willow clones (Salix phylicifolia and Salix myrsinifolia)Esther Verjans, Caroline Stolter, Jörg-Uwe GanzhornDepartment of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Hamburg UniversityBank voles (Myodes glareolus) feed on the bark of different trees, and can cause severe damage toforests in winter. Especially in northern regions (e.g. Scandinavia) bank voles use willows as a foodresource in winter. Therefore, we tested food preferences of bank voles in relation to the chemicalcomposition (nitrogen, total phenolics and condensed tannins) of different willow clones of Salixphylicifolia and S. myrsinifolia. In addition, we tested for possible deterrent effects of three differentphenolics (salicin, (+)catechin and chlorogenic acid) on bank voles. To address inter- or intraspecificdifferences in the chemical composition of the different clones, we conducted latin-squaredesigned feeding experiments with six different willow clones under laboratory conditions. Wefound strong indications of individual differences concerning the consumption of these Salix clones.Especially the clone with high nitrogen content and average concentrations of total phenolics andcondensed tannins was preferred. None of the tested individual phenolics had a significant negativeeffect on food consumption. In contrast, voles preferred food with an intermediate concentration of(+)catechin (1%). Therefore, we conclude that food with high nitrogen concentrations is preferred byvoles and that secondary plant metabolites have no severe deterrent effects. The role of (+)catechinin the voles’ diet might be the subject of further research.P EC.10 - ENThe influence of secondary plant metabolites of coniferous trees on bank volesCaroline Stolter, Monika Averdung, Sara Billerbeck, Sarah Deventer, Birgit Kleinschmidt, DorotheeKremers, Anne-Lone Ostwald, Anna Otte, Miriam Waldmann, Sara YousefTierökologie und Naturschutz, Universität HamburgBank voles (Myodes glareolus) prefer pine to spruce as food. This preference might be caused bydifferences in the composition of plant secondary metabolites (e.g. terpenoids). In the tissue of coniferoustrees essential oils are found, which consist of high amounts of volatile monoterpenoids.Therefore the deterrent effect might be caused by the smell in the first place. The aim of the studywas to test the influence of the odour of essential oil of pine, and spruce, and their main plantsecondary compounds (monoterpenoids) on the behaviour of bank voles. Therefore 16 male bankvoles were used in a two times 8x8 latin square design cafeteria experiment where they had thechoice between one room with odour and a scentless room. Additionally we tested the differencebetween the deterrent effects of pine vs. spruce essential oil. Next to the essential oils we used fivedifferent monoterpenoids: α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, limonene and myrcene. For 100 minutesthe behaviour was reported, e.g. time spend and food eaten in the rooms. In general voles stayedlonger in the room without odour. Moreover they fed less in the room with odour than in the scentlessroom, with the exception of pine’s essential oil. If the voles had the choice between spruce’sand pine’s essential oil they stayed longer in the room with the odour of pine oil and fed more. Themonoterpenoids β-pinene and camphene did not show strong deterrent properties compared to theother compounds.

144 Ecology PostersP EC.11 - ENCorrelated responses to selection for increased resistance against a fungal competitorin Drosophila melanogasterMonika Trienens, Susanne Wölfle, Marko RohlfsZoologisches Institut, Tierökologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielNatural antagonists pose a continuous challenge to an organism’s evolutionary fitness. Consequently,diverse and sophisticated morphological, physiological and behavioural mechanisms that avoidor mitigate the opponent’s impact are an outstanding hallmark of biological systems. Defence orresistance strategies may offer flexibility to organisms in terms of responsiveness to the negativeinfluence of antagonists, but are accompanied by disadvantages because using defences is likely tohave impact on an organism’s energy and resource budget. Additionally, given that there is geneticvariation in the ability to withstand the impact of antagonists, organisms suffer costs not only of usingbut also of possessing effective defences. We recently selected for resistance against a competingfilamentous fungus in saprophagous Drosophila melanogaster. Interestingly, we found no indicationof impaired survival or reproduction in resistant populations under mould-free conditions. However,by looking at resistance to various abiotic and biotic stresses, increased fungus resistance negativelycorrelates with survival when flies were confronted with low humidity and temperature extremes,and with the ability to fend off endogenous macroparasites. Our results suggest that evolution ofresistance against microbial competitors may be constrained by ecological stresses rather than bydecrements in fitness related to life-history traits.P EC.12 - ENMaternal condition effects offspring sex ratio and birth mass – an experimentalinvestigation in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)Sylvia Ortmann, Frank Göritz, Heribert Hofer, Sylvia OrtmannLeibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung, BerlinMaternal condition and its influence on offspring has been widely discussed with conflicting conclusions.In roe deer, all results derive from culled or captured animals lacking information aboutprevious energy constraints. Therefore we performed a controlled feeding-experiment under seminaturalconditions with captive roe deer over four years. We manipulated maternal body mass andtherewith maternal condition by energy supply (ad libitum vs. energy restricted) and examined theeffect on offspring sex ratio, litter size, body mass at birth. Our results show an effect of severeenergy restriction on sex ratio. Energy restricted females delivered more males than females. Sincemales are the more common dispersing sex, this finding is in accordance with the local resourcecompetition hypothesis. Furthermore, severe energy restriction decreased birth mass irrespective ofthe fawns sex. In contrast, litter size was not effected by energy restriction. However, body mass atbirth is not only decreased by lower energy intake of the mother. Therefore we developed a modelto explain the variance in birth mass of life neonates in general and observed additional effects oflitter size, date of birth, and climate conditions. Our experimental set-up provide a powerful tool toinvestigate mechanisms and consequences of energy allocation as well as reproduction adjustmentto energy supply in captive roe deer.

Ecology Posters 145P EC.13 - ENFacts on Drosophila’s latest food fad – dietary microorganisms modulate parasitoidhostinteraction in a saprophagous insectChristiana Anagnostou, Marko RohlfsAnimal Ecology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of KielSaprophagous insects like Drosophila melanogaster spend most of their life cycle in close associationto decaying organic material that always harbours a multitude of different microorganisms likebacteria and fungi. Especially various yeast species play a crucial role in the larval and adult diet ofDrosophila. Are these different yeast species, often differing in their metabolic features, all one andthe same to a Drosophila? Our study revealed that the microbial species composition had a substantialimpact on various life history traits of D.melanogaster such as survival, development time andimmune characteristics (encapsulation ability), and that larvae preferred those yeast species that supporttheir own development and immunocompetence. The microbial impact even carried forward toa 3 rd trophic level, parasitoids of Drosophila. Since a parasitoid derives resources for its developmentdirectly from host tissues, the microbial species composition of the host’s diet may directly influenceparasitoid fitness. Via an impact of nutrition on the host’s immune defence, a parasitoid may alsobe indirectly affected. Our study revealed that the dietary microbial species composition also had asubstantial impact on various life history traits and behavioural responses of the parasitoid Asobaratabida. Hence, a different microbial species composition in the nutritional environment may modulatethe outcome of host-parasitoid interaction and influence host-parasitoid coevolution betweenD.melanogaster and its parasitoid A.tabida.P EC.14 - ENInfluence of plant synomones on the host localisation capability of TrichogrammacacoeciaeBarbara Kagerer, Cornelia Rüdiger, Thomas SchmittBiology I, University of FreiburgThe egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) is a potentialantagonist against the two pest species Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae) which cause major damage in vineyards laying their eggs on the inflorescences and onthe berries of Vitis vinifera. It has been already shown that T. cacoeciae uses egg volatiles to locatethe eggs of both host species for parasitisation within a short timeframe after oviposition. In furtherinvestigated host-parasite systems plant volatiles are known as supplemental cues to be used for hostlocalisation, e.g. Trichogramma brassicae parasitising Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) onBrussels sprout. Therefore, we examined the influence of plant synomones on the host localisationbehaviour of T. cacoeciae. Both, a potential effect of volatiles from inflorescences and berries are investigated.The results show no positive effect of plant volatiles on the host localisation of the parasitoid.However, T. cacoeciae appears to be negatively influenced in locating eggs on inflorescences.After determining the essential factors for an optimal host localisation and parasitisation, strategiesfor the use of T. cacoeciae as biological pest control can be developed.

146 Ecology PostersP EC.15 - ENRelease of Trichogramma cacoeciae in commercial vineyards (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) for biological control of the grapevine moth Lobesia botrana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)Magdalena Daum 1 , Cornelia Rüdiger 1 , Josef K. Müller 1 , Michael Breuer 2 , Thomas Schmitt 11Biology I University of Freiburg, ; 2 WBI FreiburgEgg parasitoids are frequently used as biological control agents for crop and stored product protectiondue to their capability to prevent eclosion of the damaging larvae. Particularly, wasps of thegenus Trichogramma are well known as successful antagonists of many lepidopteran pest species. Inthe present study we investigate the application of Trichogramma cacoeciae as a potential biologicalcontrol agent against the grapevine moth Lobesia botrana, which cause significant damage inEuropean vineyards. In laboratory experiments it has been shown that T. cacoeciae has the abilityto successfully parasitize grape vine moths eggs. These parasitoids are effectively released in smallvineyards without agricultural treatments. However, supplemental studies have shown that somespecies of Trichogramma are sensitive to the presence of sulphur, which is used by the majority ofwinegrowers as fungicide against powdery mildew. Contrariwise, recent field studies reveal thatsulphur in concentrations used in viticulture might be less harmful to some Trichogramma speciesthan previously assumed. In the present study we determine the success of an inundate release ofTrichogramma cacoeciae against deployed Lobesia botrana eggs during the flowering and the fruitperiod. Additionally, we compare the parasitizing success of T. cacoeciae in areas with and withoutsulphur treatment in a sustainable agricultural system.P EC.16 - ENPrezygotic hybridisation barriers in NasoniaChristopher Greim, Jan Büllesbach, Thomas SchmittBiology I, University of FreiburgThe jewel wasps of the genus Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are parasitoids on pupae ofvarious fly species. The Nasonia species complex currently includes three described species: N. vitripennis,N. longicornis and N. giraulti. Well investigated in ecological, evolutionary, developmentaland genetic research, Nasonia proves to be a very eligible model system to study reproductiveisolation and speciation. Under natural conditions all three species are infected with species-specificendosymbiontic Wolbachia strains. These bacterial infections function as postzygotic hybridisationbarriers by causing hybrid lethality due to bidirectional incompatibility. However, they become interfertileif cured from their Wolbachia infection. Due to the costs of postzygotic hybridization barriers,prezygotic hybridization barriers should be under strong selection. In this study we investigatethe interruption of the complex and stereotypic courtship behaviour during interspecific mating ofall three Nasonia species. Thus, we attempt to pinpoint specific signals in their courtship behaviourthat might enable an individual of each sex to discriminate between a conspecific and an interspecificmating partner.

Ecology Posters 147P EC.17 - ENPreliminary estimation of the population size in Rhinoderma darwinii (Amphibia:Anura) in southern ChileJohara Bourke 1 , Klaus Busse 1 , Wolfgang Böhme 1 , Mirco Solé 2 , Heiko Werning 31Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113Bonn; 2 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil;3Redaktion Reptilia, Terraria & Draco, Lektorat Natur und Tier-Verlag, Seestr. 101, 13353 BerlinRecent studies of population size and structures indicate a decrease in many amphibian populations,especially frogs. However, in most cases the grad of decline has not be able to show, because of thelack of studies that allow to estimate the populations sizes and their variation on time, neither the factorthat control this populations.In Chile, vertebrates are affected by serious conservation problems,and the Amphibia, with their high grade of endemism, belong to the most vulnerable ones. Interestingly,there are no population size studies of even highly endangered species as Rhinoderma rufumand Rh. darwinii, in spite of its unique parental care. In this study we analysed the population size ofRh. darwinii, during their breeding periods (December to February) in 2006 and 2007. Animals werecollected during six consecutive days of each month, after which they were individually measuredand registered. Of 179 individuals in total, 70 males, 65 females, 28 sub-adults and 16 juveniles wereidentified (with 26 recaptured individuals). The population size varied across the years of the study,fluctuating from 33 to 58 adults (x=62, DS=78), while the population sex ratios fluctuated from 0.66to 1.09 males/ females (x=0.88, DS=0.30).P EC.19 - DEWo und wovon ernähren sich Südpolar-Skuas Catharacta maccormicki und BrauneSkuas C.antarctica lonnbergi im Gebiet der Süd Shetland Inseln?Matthias Kopp 1 , Steffen Hahn 2 , Hans-Ulrich Peter 1 , Markus Ritz 11Institut für Ökologie, AG Polar- und Ornitho-Ökologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena;2Vogelwarte Sempach, SwitzerlandDie fortschreitende Miniaturisierung von GPS-Systemen gibt uns jetzt die Möglichkeit, auch mittelgroßeVögel mit dieser Technik zu verfolgen. Wir brachten GPS-Logger an zwei räuberischeSeevogelarten in der Brutsaison 2007/08 im Untersuchungsgebiet von King-George Island an. Sieist die größte der South Shetland Islands und befindet sich in der maritimen Antarktis. Im Gebiet istein Überlappungsbereich des Vorkommens Brauner und Südpolar – Skuas wobei in diesem sympatrischenAuftreten auf unterschiedliche Nahrungsquellen zurückgegriffen wird. Die größere BrauneSkua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi frisst hauptsächlich Pinguine, die etwas kleinere Südpolar-Skua C. maccormicki überwiegend Fisch und Krebstiere. Die Südpolar-Skua ist also gezwungen,aufs offene Meer hinaus zu fliegen und dort zu jagen. Mit dieser Studie wurden tiefere Einblicke indie täglichen Nahrungssuchaktivitäten gewonnen. Fragen wie: welche Distanzen werden zurückgelegt,in welche Richtung fliegen sie, haben sie bevorzugte Futtergründe, sollten beantwortet werden.Es konnte bestätigt werden, dass Südpolar-Skuas auf das Meer hinaus fliegen. Braune Skuas,die in der Nähe von gut erreichbaren Pinguinkolonien brüten, können direkt durch Ringablesungenidentifiziert werden – im Gegensatz dazu konnte solchen, die nicht in direkter Nachbarschaft dieserKolonien brüten, der Aufenthalt auf weiter entfernten und nicht oder schlecht zugänglichen oderauch unbekannten Kolonien durch die GPS-Logger nachgewiesen werden.

148 Ecology PostersP EC.20 - ENA new kind of hair trap for non-invasive genetic studies of small cryptic mammalsTobias E. Reiners, Karin Nadrowski, Volkmar WoltersDepartment of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University GießenDue to both ethical and scientific reasons, non-invasive techniques of tissue sampling enjoy increasingpopularity. Hair traps are often used for this purpose, although they may harvest hair with onlylittle tissue for genetic sampling. Here we present an optimized hair trap using movable parts to extracthairs together with their bulbs. This hair trap is extraordinary by low price and easy application,with a high gain of genetic material. In addition the glue containing component is also fast and easyreplaceable and therefore samples can be directly conserved for further analysis. We demonstrate theusefulness of this trap on the endangered common hamster (Cricetus cricetus). Populations of thisspecies suffered from dramatic declines in the last decades, resulting in a status as one of the mostendangered mammals in Germany. In a pilot study we were able to amplify species specific microsatellitesout of hair sample extracts produced with several different extraction methods. This kind oftrap seems to be fully sufficient for population genetic studies on a large spatial scale and may alsofind usage for monitoring of other small mammals.P EC.21 - ENHabitat dependent survival and reproduction in the edible dormouse (Glis glis)Claudia Bieber, Thomas RufResearch Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, AustriaWe studied flexibility of life history tactics, in terms of habitat-dependent survival and reproduction,in a pulsed resource consumer, the edible dormouse (Glis glis). We compared capture-mark-recapturedata from three subpopulations of dormice: one in a homogeneous beech forest (Forest) withunpredictable occurrence of high food availability (beech mast), and two in patches of woodland(Grove/Hedge), with more constant but less energy-rich food availability (e.g. cherries and otherfruits), over a period of five years. The general seasonal pattern of hibernation and reproduction wassimilar in all three subpopulations. Only in three out of five years, paralleled by the occurrence ofbeech masts, juveniles were born at all study sites. Reproductive output (number of juveniles/female)was lower at the two sites with low seed tree abundance (Grove: 1.3; Hedge: 2.0) than in theForest (4.4). Yearly survival probability of adults was lower in the Forest (0.57) than in the areasGrove and Hedge (0.83). Despite their shortened lifespan, estimated lifetime reproductive success offemales in the Forest was higher (6.2 young) than in the areas Grove/Hedge (4.8 young). Together,these data indicate that dormice increase longevity as a trade-off for lower reproductive investmentin more constant habitats (Grove/Hedge). However, in this highly specialized pulsed resource consumer,lifetime reproductive success is apparently maximised by a ‘sit tight’ strategy that synchronizesreproduction with seed pulses in deciduous forests.

Morphology Posters 149Morphology Posters

150 Morphology Posters

Morphology Posters 151P MO.1 - ENThe motor system of the Schnauzenorgan of the weakly electric fish GnathonemuspetersiiMonique Amey, Gerhard von der EmdeDepartment of Neuroethology/Sensory Ecology, University of BonnWeakly electric fishes emit electric signals, which they also perceive through electroreceptors distributedover almost the entire skin surface. The fishes use their electro-sensory system for orientationand object detection during their nocturnal life, a process called active electrolocation. InGnathonemus petersii, the highest density of the so-called mormyromasts electroreceptor organs isfound at the Schnauzenorgan (SO). We investigated the motor system of the SO, a long, movablechin appendix. During active electrolocation, it is used for prey searching and for the analyses ofobjects. Former studies have shown that it is moved like a probe while scanning the surface of objectsor the ground. When a fish investigates an object of interest, the SO is moved over it followingits contours. During prey search, the SO is moved in a regular left-right motion over the ground,similar to smooth eye movements. Our previous studies have shown that there are several packagesof muscle fibres that extend from the base of the jaw and the gill arches into the SO. They lie mainlyventral of an inner cartilaginous structure and end before the tip of the SO. The innervating nervefibres accompanied by sensory nerve fibres from the electroreceptors run outside and through thepackages of muscle fibres. In this study we illustrate the anatomical structure of these muscles andnerves and present a 3D-reconstruction model of the whole SO.P MO.2 - EN3D-reconstruction of noise reductive specifics of barn owl feathersThomas Bachmann, Hermann WagnerRWTH AachenOwls are nocturnal hunters of prey. They have evolved specific feather structures and wings adaptedto low-speed flight in order to fly silently. Feathers building up the leading edge of the wingare equipped with a comb-like serration. All feathers are covered dorsally by a velvet-like surfaceformed by elongated pennula of hook radiates. Additionally these pennula are longer in areas ofoverlapping vanes to avoid friction noise. Increased porosity of the surface might also muffle noise.The third specific is a fringed edge of every feather. Hooklets are missing and, thus, barb endings canfloat freely. A similar structure can be found in the plumulaceous barbs at the base of each feather.With a three-dimensionally reconstruction of these specifics we are able to analyze and manufacturethe specifics of owls in order to investigate them in wind tunnel experiments as applications fornew designed airfoils. For the reconstruction we utilize the self-fluorescence of feather’s keratin(similar to DAPI). The surface and structures are scanned with a confocal laser microscope and arereconstructed with Amira® software. Finally we are able to analyze surface, volume and spatialparameters. At the end of this study a model of sound depressing applications and mechanisms usedby the owl shall be provided.

152 Morphology PostersP MO.3 - ENFringe for foraging? Histology of the bristle-like hairs on the tail membrane of thegleaning bat, Myotis nattereriNicole U. Czech 1 , Gertrud Klauer 2 , Guido Dehnhardt 3 , Björn M. Siemers 11Sensory Ecology Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen; 2 Department of Cellularand Molecular Anatomy (Anatomy III), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt a.M.;3Department of Biosciences, University of RostockMany bats are specialised to detect and capture arthropods from vegetation. As echoes from sittingarthropods and vegetation background overlap strongly, it is difficult for those bats to detect preyby echolocation alone. Within the largest genus of bats, Myotis, at least three species from differentsub-clades show a characteristic fringe of hairs on the trailing edge of their uropatagium. All threeare well able to glean arthropods from vegetation with this tail membrane. Phylogenetic analysesstrongly suggest that this specialization evolved convergently in these species. Therefore one canhypothesise that the hairs at the rim of the tail membrane have an important tactile and/or mechanicalfunction for gleaning prey from substrate. To assess this question, we used light microscopictechniques to investigate the morphology and innervation of the bristle-like hair fringe in Myotis nattereri.The results revealed that the fringe possesses two types of hair: larger guard hairs and smallervellus hairs. Both hair types are well innervated underneath their massive sebaceous glands. Theyare encircled by a piloneural complex, which functions as a stretch and tension receptor. Althoughthe bristle-like hairs are clearly no vibrissal hairs (i.e., tactile follicle-sinus-complexes), their position,morphology and innervation strongly support a sensory function for prey detection and capture.An additional mechanical function, e.g. brushing prey off substrate, is likely.P MO.4 - ENElectromyographic analysis of target reaching in the rat: How cortical ischemia in theforelimb motor cortex affects the activation pattern of the triceps brachii muscleBernd Faenger 1 , Dirk Arnold 1 , Marcel Knieling 2 , Manuela Schmidt 3 , Otto W. Witte 2 , Martin S.Fischer 3 , Hans-Christoph Scholle 11FB Motorik, Pathophysiologie & Biomechanik, Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie;2 Hans-Berger-Klinik für Neurologie; 3 Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologiemit Phyletischem Museum, JenaThe study focuses on the myoelectrical activation pattern of the triceps brachii muscle during reachingto grasp in adult Wistar rats. The animals were habituated to grasp for food pellets. The pellets wereplaced outside a Plexiglas box with an 1 cm wide opening. The myoelectrical activation of the tricepsmuscle was recorded before and after a cortical lesion in the forelimb motor cortex to evaluate theinfluence on the pattern. Thus a Surface-EMG-Matrix-Electrode with 16 single silver electrodes wasimplanted subcutaneously on the long and lateral head of the muscle. The measurements started at thethird postoperative day. Up to twenty trails were recorded for each individual. Synchronously the movementswere recorded with a normal high-speed-camera and a biplanar high-speed digital radiographysystem. Following this experiments a photothrombotic lesion was induced in the sensorimotor cortexof the forelimb. Three days later the EMG measurements were continued for up to 2 weeks. Duringthe first days the EMG amplitude was strongly reduced. Contrary to that the myoelectrical activationpattern had not changed. After 10 days the EMG-Amplitude was completely recovered. Measurementsshowed so far that only the muscle activation decreased whereas the activation pattern persisted.

P MO.5 - ENNew insights into the morphology of euphausiid light organsTorsten FreginBiozentrum Grindel, Universität HamburgMorphology Posters 153New information about the light organs of the Euphausiid shrimp Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M.Sars) is presented. Scanning electron microscopy of the light organs as well as 3D reconstructionbased on semi thin sectioning of animals were used to examine the surface morphology of the lightproducing organs, the innervation, the blood supply as well as the apparatus responsible for rotatingthe organs in the sagittal plane.P MO.6 - ENAn analysis of stability with a trotting dog modelMartin Groß 1 , Jürgen Rummel 21Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 Locomotion Laboratory - Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaQuadrupedal locomotion is a very popular, interesting and wide field of research, concerning animals,walking-machines and robots. Most current investigations on living animals are focused aspectssuch as the mechanics and energetics of locomotion (Biewener, 2006) and the function ofthe musculature (Carrier, 2006). The present work is centred on alternate questions. Like, how isit possible that a step resembles the other and under which conditions these are realised? As withUsherwood (2006), a computer-simulated model of a quadruped is used. This model is developed inthe sagittal plane and is composed of a stiff body and two massless springlike legs, one at each endof the body. Initial work conducted in support of the present research includes experimental analysesof dog trotting and the development of a modified spring-mass model. These kinematic and metricalparameters determined from the earlier work were used as initial conditions for the present simulations.The purpose of this work is to determine sources of instability in quadrupedal locomotion and,further, to determine control methods which are conducive to stable locomotion.P MO.7 - ENBud development in sponges – gain of adult body functionalityJörg U. Hammel 1 , Kathrin Streitberger 1 , Julia Herzen 2 , Felix Beckmann 2 , Michael Nickel 11Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 Institute for Materials Research, GKSS-Research Center GeesthachtSponges display a number of reproduction strategies, ranging from sexual to various asexual modes.The Tethyidae (Demospongiae, Hadromerida), as represented in our study by Tethya wilhelma, typicallyreproduce asexually by budding. This process has been barely studied and nothing is knownabout the underlying genetic control mechanisms. In comparison, in cnidarians (e.g. Hydra sp.) thebudding process and subsequent development is determined by developmental genes. The aim of ourstudy is to characterize the gain of functionality in the morphologically highly organized sponge T.wilhelma during bud development. By quantitative and qualitative morphological studies based onmicrotomography (SRµCT) we revealed the sequence of bud development. Time-lapse analyses of

154 Morphology Postersbody contractions in developing buds, demonstrates the correlation between onset of contractionsand formation of the first functional aquiferous system. Functionality was tested by particle feedingand subsequent SEM imaging, locating the uptake of particles. In this way, earliest self sustainingbud stage were characterized. Bud stages of at least 2 mm diameter are morphologically equivalentto adult sponges. From the observed morphogenetic processes during budding, we expect an underlyinggenetic regulation. Whether developmental genes are involved will be tested in future studies.Financed by Studienstiftung (JH), DRM fund of FSU Jena (MN) and DESY grant I-20060252(MN).P MO.8 - ENThe assessment of guild structure and competition in Pleistocene carnivoresChristine Hertler, Rebekka VolmerPaläobiologie der Wirbeltiere, Research Unit „The role of culture in early expansions of humans“,Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt a.M.In order to reconstruct Pleistocene mammal taxa and their relations in eco-systems an analysis ofrecent mammal communities is required. Pleistocene mammals are only known to us from their fossilremains. Differences to present forms are subtle but may nevertheless affect ecology. Body massis among the important determinants for ecological features for two reasons. Firstly, mammalianbody mass has a strong impact on physiology and ecology. It is moreover comparatively simple toestimate body mass from linear dimensions of various anatomical elements. In carnivores body massdetermines the accessibility and energetic reward of prey in certain size classes. It may therefore beused to determine main features of extinct carnivore guilds. In order to assess guild structure andcompetition in fossil carnivore guilds we carried out a corresponding analysis of present carnivoreguilds. Predator body mass determines prey focus mass and extension of the prey mass spectrum.Together with predator and prey abundances and the consideration of different hunting strategies,body mass permits to estimate the degree of competition between different predator individuals. Weapplied our studies of present carnivore guilds in a comparative analysis of a sequence of Pleistocenecarnivore guilds. We were able to identify particular strategies, e.g. changes in body mass, in orderto diminish competition with contemporaneously occurring predator classes. The results will bereported.P MO.9 - DEUpright trunk posture and bipedalism in humans – are there adaptations in thelumbar back musculature?Bettina Hesse 1 , Rosemarie Fröber 21Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 Institut für Anatomie I, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaThe upright trunk posture and the different contribution of trunk movements to body propulsionduring human bipedalism compared to mammalian quadrupedalism lead to different functional demandson the human lumbar musculature. Surprisingly, back muscle topography and activation patternsduring walking are very similar between humans and quadrupedal mammals; but conclusionsfrom muscle topography and EMG data concerning the function of these muscles are conflicting.Based on topography, the muscles are classified as stabilisers and mobilisers. Based on EMG data,

Morphology Posters 155all muscles are suggested to mobilise as well as to stabilise the vertebral column. To get furtherinsights into back muscle function, we investigated the distribution pattern of the two main musclefibre types over the whole muscular cross section along the lumbar spine of three donated malebodies using immune-histochemistry. The more or less equal distribution of muscle fibres of bothtypes over the muscles’ cross sections is consistent with the EMG results and contradicts a simplestabiliser/mobiliser-scheme. Even taking into account the age of the donated bodies and human bodymass, our results point to an increased percentage of type I fibres in adaptation to the upright trunkposture and bipedalism. To get an indication whether there is an absolute increase of type I fibres ora decrease of type II fibres we will compare the anatomical cross sectional areas of the back musclesbetween humans and other mammals.P MO.10 - ENThe female postabdomen of Amphiesmenoptera (Insecta: Lepidoptera + Trichoptera)Frank Hünefeld 1 , Niels Peder Kristensen 21Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, EntomologyGroup, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 Natural History Museum of Denmark, University ofCopenhagen, DenmarkThe female postabdomina of basal lepidopteran families (e.g., Micropterigidae, Agathiphagidae,Heterobathmiidae, Eriocraniidae) and putatively basal trichopterans (Rhyacophilidae, Hydrobiosidae)were investigated in detail, with a strong focus on the skeleto-muscular arrangements. ThroughoutLepidoptera and “lower Trichoptera”, the presence of a more or less extensible postabdomenwith two pairs of internal apophyses (one from segment VIII, one from segment IX) is widespread.Among the basal lepidopteran families, reduction of the apophyses is only described for Micropterigidae(total absence), which are probably the sistergroup of the remaining Lepidoptera, and forHeterobathmiidae (absence of the anterior apophyses), which are likely the sister-taxon to Lepidoptera-Glossata.In both cases the absence is certainly due to secondary loss. In Agathiphagidae, probablythe second branch in the lepidopteran phylogenetic tree, a unique situation is found: females ofAgathiphaga sp. display three pairs of postabdominal apophyses (two anterior, one posterior) anda complex postabdominal muscle system consisting of 24 muscles. Homologization of the singleanterior pair of apophyses of most moths and caddisflies with either the dorsal or the ventral pair ofAgathiphaga sp. causes serious problems, and it is conceivable that the single anterior apophysesmay be a composite formation of both, at least in “higher lepidopterans”.P MO.11 - ENFunctional and evolutionary morphology of the 5th pereiopods in anomalan decapods(Reptantia; Decapoda; Crustacea)Jonas Keiler, Stefan RichterAllgemeine & Spezielle Zoologie, Universität RostockThe Anomala (Decapoda: Reptantia) comprises many quite disparate groups e.g., hermit crabs, squatlobsters and king crabs. Several studies on anomalan phylogeny have recently been published, butneither morphological nor molecular analyses have been able to resolve the taxon’s internal relationshipin any convincing way. The 5th pereiopods (so-called grooming legs) are specialized limbs usedfor active gill and body cleaning, egg grooming and sometimes also for spermatophore transfer. This

156 Morphology Postersspecialization of the appendage pair represents an apomorphy for this crustacean group. Contrary toother decapod crustaceans (e.g., caridean shrimps) in which the cleaning mechanism and involvedappendices are quite well described, there is a serious lack of detailed information on the morphologyand function of 5th pereiopods in Anomala. In this study we examine the 5th pereiopods fromca. 30 species of most anomalan families by SEM- and LM-methods to prepare a comprehensivedescription of the advanced morphology. We also compare the large morphological diversity of thegrooming legs, e.g., the specific composition of chelae and setae with aspects of their functionalmorphology and discuss these findings in a phylogenetic context.P MO.12 - ENAnalysis of functional restitution after cerebral ischemia in ratsMarcel Knieling 1 , Manuela Schmidt 2 , Dirk Arnold 3 , Bernd Faenger 3 , Hans-Christoph Scholle 3 ,Martin S. Fischer 2 , Otto W. Witte 11Hans-Berger- Klinik für Neurologie; 2 Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mitPhyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 3 Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie;FB Motorik, Pathophysiologie, JenaLoss of motor function is a common consequence of stroke but motor improvement is usually incomplete.Motor compensation represents an alternative performance in order to solve a specificmotor task. The present study compares pre- and postlesion performance in skilled forelimb use inrats i) to elucidate acute and permanent motor deficits and ii) to discriminate functional recoveryand compensation. Animals were trained and tested in a skilled reaching task before they underwentfocal ischemia of the sensorimotor cortex. A photothrombotic lesion was induced by injection of thephotosensitive dye rose bengal via the Vena femoralis, followed by an illumination of the skull usinga cold light source over the target area. Skilled limb movements were assessed three weeks postlesion.Analysis of the reaching movement pattern revealed persisting abnormalities. In particular,postlesion performances comprised incomplete adduction of the elbow and incomplete weight shiftingin grasping that resulted in a higher weight load of the upper body and the non-reaching forelimb.Abnormalities in paw pronation and incomplete digit closure occurred during grasping the pellet.Withdrawing the paw into the box and pellet release were mainly disturbed because of an inability toperform rotatory paw movements necessary for supination. Results will be represented first time incombination with kinematic data of forelimb segments and electro-myography.P MO.13 - ENThoracic morphology of Mengenilla sp. and its implications for the systematic positionof Strepsiptera (Insecta)Monica Koeth, Hans PohlInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, EntomologyGroup, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaThe phylogenetic position of Strepsiptera is one of the most persistent enigmas in insect systematics.The placement is mainly impeded by the strongly modified morphology, which is correlated with thehighly specialised life cycle and endoparasitic habits. In recent phylogenetic hypotheses they wereeither considered as sister group of Coleoptera, of Diptera (“Halteria”) or of all other endopterygoteorders. Males of Mengenillidae, the most basal extant strepsipteran family, were studied using SEM,

Morphology Posters 157microtome serial sections and 3D reconstruction techniques. Based on the results, new groundplanfeatures for Strepsiptera are suggested. A new autapomorphy of Endopterygota preserved in Strepsipterais a metathoracic wing locking mechanism composed of a knob on the dorsal side of thebasalare and a cavity in the humeral plate. Characters differing from the endopterygote groundplanare the presence of two basalar sclerites, and only one instead of three muscles attached to the subalare.No synapomorphies of the wing base are shared with either Mecopterida or Hymenoptera. Awell known presumptive autapomorphy of the former group, a fan-shaped muscle originating on therim of the pleural ridge and inserting on the first axillary, is missing. Two potential synapomorphicfeatures are shared with Neuropterida and Coleoptera, an enlarged first axillary sclerite and a longcaudal projection of the ventral part of the second axillary sclerite of the hind wing base.P MO.14 - ENNeuroanatomy and immunocytochemistry of the collembolan brainMartin Kollmann, Wolf Hütteroth, Joachim SchachtnerDepartment of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University of MarburgThe large and diverse group of the arthropods consists of hexapoda, crustacea, myriapoda, and chelicerata.Despite this classification has been known for a long time, there is still some debate abouttheir phylogenetic relation. Most recent studies suggest that collembola (springtails) represent abasal group of the hexapoda. However, comparative neuroanatomy and immunocytochemistry ofthose basal animals is largely missing. To obtain data of brain neuroanatomy and immunocytochemistryof these minute animals, we examined brains of three collembolan species (Folsomiacandida, Protaphorura armata, and Tetrodontophora bielanensis). Immunolabelings were carriedout with an antiserum against synapsin in combination with several antisera against neuromediatorsand peptides known for specifically labeling neuropils in insect brains. To analyze these stainings,we used a confocal laser scanning microscope, and reconstructed several brain neuropils. With thesemethods we visualized the gross brain anatomy and identified several brain regions that putativelycorrespond to established neuropils of the insect brain. These include the central complex with theassociated lateral accessory lobes, the antennal lobes with olfactory glomeruli, and a structure whichseems to resemble the mushroom bodies. Eventually, comparison of these data with data obtainedfrom insects and decapod crustaceans showed that the collembolan brains share more features withinsect brains than with decapod brains.P MO.15 - ENShoulder joint morphology: a question of moveability and stabilityCornelia KrauseInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaThe shoulder joint is highly incongruent, which results in a trade-off between necessary stability andpossible moveability. It was tested, whether changes in the functional trade-off between mobility andstability are facilitated by additional shape changes of the articulating surface areas or by muscularchanges only. Therefore, arboreal quadruped primates were compared to terrestrial ones. In the lattera shorter collarbone and a flattened thorax cause a restriction of sideward movements and an accentuationof parasagittal movements. It is hypothesized that this restriction of forelimb movements

158 Morphology Postersis reflected in a accentuated shoulder joint mobility in the craniocaudal plane. Otherwise arborealspecies share the necessity of a three-dimensional moveability of the shoulder joint to secure movementson substrates which differ in orientation and linearity. It is hypothesized that arboreal speciesshow a higher shoulder joint mobility in both the craniocaudal and the mediolateral plane. The investigationof the shoulder joint mobility was carried out by the comparison of the form and size ofthe articulating joint surface areas using an optical three-dimensional scanner. In terrestrial speciesthe higher curvature of the glenoid cavity in the craniocaudal plane is correlated with a accentuatedcraniocaudal shoulder joint mobility. In contrast, arboreal species have a stronger curvature of theglenoid cavity in both planes which enable a higher mobility.P MO.16 - ENFunctional morphology of the caecilian cloaca revisitedSusanne Kühnel, Julia Vetter, Lennart Olsson, Alexander KupferInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller Universität JenaLike many other tetrapods, amphibians have a cloaca, a chamber that receives products from kidneys,intestines and gonads opening to the outside through the vent. However, in contrast to allsalamanders and most frogs the cloaca of male caecilian amphibians is evertible, transforming intoa phallus, an intromittent organ used for copulation and internal fertilization. Although the morphologyof the caecilian cloaca has received some attention, the functional association betweenthe specific male and female morphologies remained to be studied, including the testing of severalhypothesis regarding their precise function, such as the “lock-and-key” mechanism hypothesis. Weanalyzed the genital morphology of male and female Ichthyophis cf. kohtaoensis. The everted phallusin this species bears remarkable paired blind sacs at its terminal part. We present the first 3Dreconstructions and visualizations of genital systems of caecilians.P MO.17 - ENThree-dimensional reconstruction of corvids’ endocraniaChristoph Kulemeyer 1 , Sylke Frahnert 1 , Franz Bairlein 21Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität Berlin; 2 Institut für Vogelforschung, WilhelmshavenSeveral studies on vertebrates have demonstrated, that, in general, an increase in relative brainsizeco-varies with an increase in behavioral complexity. Furthermore, in birds, increasing relativebrain-size has been associated with an enhanced response to novel environments, an increase insurvival and with long-term population trends. Within birds, corvid-species are characterized bylarger brains, than predicted by their body-size and in addition, corvids have demonstrated verysophisticated and complex cognitive abilities, such as tool-use and food-caching. In the majority ofcomparative analyses on brain-size in birds, the endocranial volume, which is measured by fillingthe endocranium with lead shot, was used as a proxy for brain-size. In this study, the endocranialvolume of 120 skulls from six corvid-species were measured by means of computed tomography anda three-dimensional reconstruction of the encocrania. The outcome of this study is discussed withrespect to methodology and the behavioral complexity of birds.

Morphology Posters 159P MO.18 - DECranial morphology of Hydrolagus colliei and its bearing on holocephalan phylogenyMartin Licht, Peter BartschMuseum für Naturkunde BerlinCranial morphology and development of chimaeroid fishes is still little known. Therefore, little comparativereference information is available for evaluating homology of structural features. Even thecranial nerves of Hydrolagus colliei, a more easily accessed species, have never been comprehensivelyexamined. A comparison has been made with Chimaera monstrosa. Surprisingly, within thefamily Chimaeridae, the cranial nerves of Hydrolagus colliei differ from that of Chimaera monstrosa.The trochlear nerve, runs forwards inside the orbit, ventral to the Ramus opthalmicus superficialis(VII). A separation of this ophthalmic nerve into two branches, reuniting in the ethmoidal region,is absent in H. colliei. In C. monstrosa just the dorsal bundle innervates the supraorbital lateral linecanal. A premaxillary labial cartilage is recognized in H. colliei, which lacks in C. monstrosa. Generally,a pronounced macrophthalmic specialization, large preorbital adductor portions, and complex,actively mobile labial cartilages rule many characters of the chimaeroid neurocranium and arrangementof cranial nerves. Evaluation of characters and phylogenetic reconstruction is mainly based onthe results of cranial morphology. Postcranial characters are supplemented, which are mostly takenfrom available literature.The conclusion is that the extant Chimaeriformes share a unique commonancestor with the Ptyctodontiformes (Placodermi). Elasmobranchii are sister group to both or to amonophyletic group Holocephali in wider sense.P MO.19 - DEInspiRat – Entwicklung eines Kletterroboters auf Grundlage techno-biologischerAnalysenJörg Mämpel 1 , Emanuel Andrada 1 , Hartmut Witte 1 , Andreas Karguth 21Fakultät Maschinenbau, FG Biomechatronik, Technische Universität Ilmenau; 2 Tetra Gmbh,IlmenauDie Automatisierung von Inspektionen technischer Anlagen wird immer wichtiger. Roboter können solcheperiodischen Inspektionen durchführen. Leider sind die motorischen Fähigkeiten mobiler Robotersystemesehr eingeschränkt, nur wenige können klettern. Tierische Kletterer besitzen hohe Fähigkeiten,sie bewegen sich auf verschiedenen Substraten mit hoher Sicherheit. Das Projekt „InspiRat“ hat dasZiel, 1. das Klettern kleiner Vertebraten zu untersuchen, 2.auf Grundlage dieser Kenntnisse Prinzipienabzuleiten, denen der Vorgang des Kletterns unterliegt und 3. mit Hilfe der gewonnen Erkenntnisse einRobotersystem zu entwickeln, welches sich an linearen runden Substraten kletternd fortbewegen kann..Mit Hilfe bionischer Analysen lassen sich einfache Modelle für technische Lösungen finden, welchedem biologischen System in dieser einen Funktion gleichen. Die Gestalt kann dabei völlig verschiedensein. Der komplexe Vorgang des Kletterns wird in 3 Phasen unterteilt. Auf Grundlage dieserVereinfachung lässt sich eine mechanische Struktur finden Die Trennung der Funktionen in zweiverschiedene Funktionselemente ermöglicht den Aufbau einer seriellen Roboterstruktur bestehendaus einem zentralen Rumpfelement zur Bewegungserzeugung sowie einer geringen Anzahl von Substratsicherungssystemen.Der Aufbau auf die Erkenntnisse der Biologie sowie die Integration intelligenterMechaniken führen zu einem Robotersystem mit neuen quantitativen sowie qualitativenEigenschaften.

160 Morphology PostersP MO.20 - ENPreliminary results on epithelial defense in the esophagus of domesticated mammalsWilfried Meyer 1 , Isabelle Hornickel 1 , Johannes Kacza 2 , Anke Schnapper 3 , Britta Schönnagel 1 , JohannesSeeger 21Anatomisches Institut, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, 2 Vet.-Anat, Institut, Universität Leipzig;3 Vet.-Anat. Institut, Universität Zürich, SwitzerlandThe vertebrate esophagus tolerates strain exerted by normal nutrition. In this connection, our studypresents first information on an unknown functional feature of the esophageal epithelium. Bouin /formol fixed, paraffin embedded esophagus material of plantiv. (rabbit, cattle, sheep, goat, horse),omniv. (mouse, rat, pig, dog) and carniv. (cat) species was processed to demonstrate cationic antimicrobialpeptides (CAPs: ß-defensins-2/-3, cathelicidin) and lysozyme using immunohistochemistry.Esophagus occupation by microorganisms was controlled with cryo-SEM. SEM revealed esophagussurface colonization by bacteria and fungi. The epithelium of all species reacted positively for allsubstances, especially in the str. basale (SB). Reaction intensity decreased in the upper layers, thestr. granulosum (SG) and str. corneum (SC) showing strong reactions, with CAPs and lysozymeconcentrations. Intraspecific differences were found for the pig with weak staining in all suprabasallayers, strong SC reactions were visible in the cat (ß-defensins, lysozyme) and rabbit (ß-defensins);the small ruminants showed distinct SG staining for ß-defensins and lysozyme. The inner SC displayedweak or negative reactions, except in cat and dog (ß-defensin-2). The results emphasizedantimicrobial activities of the mammalian esophagus, independent of the nutrition group. Thus, epithelialdefense was demonstrated as function that until now has never been recognized in this partof the digestive tract.P MO.21 - ENSpatiotemporal activation pattern in the epaxial musculature of lizards duringlocomotionSabine MoritzInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaLateral bending during locomotion is a typical feature of vertebrate locomotion. In lizards and insalamanders, lateral trunk movements contribute to locomotion by increasing step length and transmittingforce to the substrate, whereas in mammals their contribution is minor compared to legmovements. Despite the different role of the trunk during locomotion, the general configuration ofthe trunk musculature is quite similar in lizards and mammals. Whereas a lot of studies have beencarried out to analyse the function of trunk muscles in mammals only few studies exist for lizards.Therefore, the spatiotemporal pattern of muscle activation in three epaxial muscles of a lizard(Dipsosaurus dorsalis) was analysed. Chronically implanted silicon-matrix-electrodes were usedto measure muscle activation in the transversospinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis muscle alongthe trunk. Simultaneous high-speed-cineradiography was used to link muscle activation to spinalmovements in order to determine the function of the muscles. Preliminary data showed a biphasicactivation pattern for most of the epaxials, suggesting a stabilising function. This is in agreementwith previous studies in lizards as well as in mammals, supporting a stabilising function of the epaxialmusculature in amniotes.

Morphology Posters 161P MO.22 - DEMorphologische Beschreibung der Mundplatte und assoziierter Sinnesorganeunterschiedlicher Larvalstadien forensisch relevanter FliegenartenSenta Niederegger 1 , Benjamin Usai 2 , Roland Spieß 21Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena; 2 Abteilung Neurobiologie, UniversitätBonnMittels rasterelektronischen Aufnahmen werden die Sinnesorgane auf den Mundplatten von Schmeißfliegenlarvenim zweiten und dritten Larvalstadium vorgestellt. Diese Arbeit ist einerseits in einProjekt eingebunden, das sich mit den anatomischen und physiologischen Grundlagen des Fressverhaltensvon Dipterenlarven befasst. Eine genaue Kenntnis der Morphologie und Position vonSinnesorganen auf der Mundplatte ist Voraussetzung für Experimente in denen der Einfluss sensorischerEingänge wie Olfaktion oder Gustation auf die zentralen Mustergeneratoren von Fressen undFortbewegung untersucht werden soll. Zum anderen dient die Arbeit der Bestimmung forensischrelevanter Schmeißfliegen bereits im Larvenstadium, um Verzögerungen in der Beurteilung rechtsmedizinischerFälle zu verhindern. Durch den Vergleich der Mundplatten der Schmeißfliegenlarvender Arten Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora vicina und Lucilia sericata werden Artbestimmungsmerkmalefestgelegt. Der Vergleich der Mundplatten der drei genannten Arten aus dem zweiten unddritten Larvalstadium ermöglicht zudem die Altersbestimmung von Larven für den Fall, daß dieAtemöffnungen des 12. Larvensegments nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen.P MO.23 - ENUsing 3D animation to visualize complex skeletal movements during sloth locomotionJohn A. Nyakatura 1 , Jonas Lauströer 21Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 3D Illustration und Animation, HamburgMovements of mammalian skeletal elements are obscured by fur and tissue and cannot directly beinvestigated. The important role of proximal segments regarding the contribution to propulsion wasdemonstrated with cineradiography. Complex three dimensional movements, for example of thescapula, are difficult to comprehend even with the help of simultaneous multi perspective cineradiographicrecordings - especially for people that are not used to cineradiography. To improve visualizationof such movements we present a method using 3D animation software based on simultaneousdigital high-speed cineradiographic recordings from the lateral and dorso-ventral perspective andCT-based reconstruction of all bony elements. Visualization of sloth locomotion was undertakenin the following steps: 1) A de-articulated skeleton was CT-scanned. 2) Surfaces wer rendered forbones and exported. 3) Skeletal elements were imported into 3D software and the skeleton wasvirtually re-assembled. 4) Virtual joints were created and attached to the reconstructed skeleton. 5)The virtual jointed skeleton was then animated frame by frame according to the cineradiographicrecordings which were uploaded as image-sequence planes. The animation was finally rendered andexported as video file. The rather conservative kinematic patterns of sloth locomotion can thus bevisualized. This method is not restricted to mammalian locomotion, but can be used to demonstratemany aspects of vertebrate skeletal movements.

162 Morphology PostersP MO.24 - ENThoracic morphology of the primary larva of Mengenilla chobauti (Strepsiptera:Mengenillidae) and effects of miniaturizationJudith Oßwald, Hans Pohl, Rolf BeutelInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, EntomologyGroup, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaThe thoracic skeletomuscular system of the extremely small first instar larva of the strepsipteranspecies Mengenilla chobauti (ca. 200µm) was examined, described and reconstructed 3- dimensionally.The results were compared with conditions found in other insect larvae of very small (Ptiliidae)or large (Dytiscus) size (both Coleoptera). Morphological modifications related to miniaturizationwere found in both the skeleton and the musculature. Many sclerites of the exo- and endoskeleton arereduced. The tergites are not subdivided by sutures and strongly sclerotized, whereas the ventral sideis almost completely membranous. Pleural ridges, furcae and spinae are absent. 88 muscles wereidentified. They are almost exclusively limited to the few sclerotized regions. Thus, the thoracicmusculature appears highly compact. As in other small insects all the main groups of muscles (longitudinal,dorsoventral, pleural, leg muscles etc.) are present. However, compared to larger larvae thenumber of individual muscles is distinctly reduced. Important features are the fusion of longitudinalmuscles and the loss of tergotrochanteral muscles in all segments and the dorsoventral muscles in themeso- and metathorax. The loss of the latter muscles is correlated with the shift of the brain to thethorax. The absent dorsoventral muscles are functionally substituted by pleural muscles.P MO.25 - ENVolume of organs and limits to insect miniaturizationAlexey Polilov 1,21Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, 2 Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologiemit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaInternal structure of adult and larvae of the smallest free-living insects, members of the familyPtiliidae (Coleoptera), and larger beetles related to them (Staphylinidae) was studied with light andelectron microscopes. Three-dimensional computer reconstructions were made and relative volumesof organs were analysed for 8 species from 0,35 to 20 mm length. Changes of body size are accompaniedby changes in relative volume of inner organs. Excretory and digestive systems changeisometrically, and the other systems change allometrically. Relative volume of muscles is stronglyreduced when body size decreases. Circulatory system is reduced. The most interesting changesoccur in the exoskeleton, the reproductive and the nervous systems; their relative volume increaseswhen body size decreases. Significant increase of the relative volume of the reproductive system canbe explained by the necessity to provide the development of a very large egg. Relative volume ofthe nervous system increases, though the number of nerve cells in ptiliids is far smaller than in otherinsects and the size of these cells is also much smaller. The quantitative and qualitative data obtainedgive evidence that the fundamental factors limiting the diminution of body size in insects are thesize of the nervous system (restricted by the size and number of neurons), the size of the egg (and,correspondingly, the reproductive system), and possibly also the mass of the skeleton.

Morphology Posters 163P MO.26 - DEDynamik und Kinematik der Ameisen-LokomotionLars Reinhardt, Tom Weihmann, Reinhard BlickhanBewegungswissenschaft, Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaBislang wurden Messungen dreidimensionaler Bodenreaktionskräfte bei Insekten selten durchgeführt.Aus messtechnischen Gründen konzentrierten sich die bisherigen Untersuchungen auf größereTiere (Körpergewicht ≥ 1 g). Im Rahmen des vorgestellten Projektes wurde eine Minaturkraftmessplatteentwickelt, mit der erstmals zuverlässig Messungen bei sehr kleinen Insekten durchgeführtwerden können. Gegenstand der Untersuchung waren geradlinige Läufe von Arbeiterinnender einheimischen Spezies Formica polyctena (Körpergewicht ≈ 10 mg) auf ebenem Substrat. Diemittlere Geschwindigkeit betrug ca. 9 cms -1 . Gleichzeitig wurde die globale Kinematik mit einerHochgeschwindigkeits-Videokamera (fps: 922) erfasst. Sowohl die registrierten Kraftverläufe alsauch die Thoraxkinematik, stehen teilweise im Gegensatz zu früheren Studien anderer Autoren. DasMaximum der Summe der vertikalen Kraftkomponenten liegt im vorderen Drittel der Stemmphase.Ebenfalls im ersten Drittel des Bodenkontaktes wird der Körperschwerpunkt vor allem durch daserste Beinpaar abgebremst. Anschließend generieren die vorderen beiden Beinpaare zum Körperschwerpunktgerichtete Kräfte und klammern sich an das Substrat. Dieses Verhalten spiegelt dieAnpassung an das typische unebene Habitat wider und zeigt, dass die Tiere selbst in der Ebene demKlettern ähnliche Bewegungsmuster nutzen. Vortriebswirksame Kräfte werden hauptsächlich vonden ersten und dritten Beinen erzeugt.P MO.27 - ENClimbing robots – inspired by natureAndré Schmidt, Cornelia Krause, Manuela Schmidt, Martin S. FischerInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaThe common objectives of InspiRat are the development and construction of an autonomous climbingrobot inspired by nature. For this purpose the underlying biomechanical principles of climbingwill be analyzed and transferred into mechanical implementations. Climbing comprises differentsubstrate diameters, orientations, and surface structures among other things. In order to understandthe principles on climbing claw-bearing rodents as well as grasping reptilians were filmed whileclimbing on a motor-driven ropemill using biplanar high-speed cineradiography. Three-dimensionalkinematics and dynamic data were captured as animals moved across different inclinations. Despitedifferent phylogenetic positions and specific adaptations, rodents and chamaeleons show similarprinciples during climbing. Hence, hind limbs functions as the main propulsive extremities in combinationwith the highly mobile vertebral column. In contrast, forelimbs save against gravitationalforces by the use of grasping hands and claw penetration, respectively. As a consequence the centerof mass will keep as close as possible to the substrate with increasing inclination. Additionally thetail achieves the dynamic and static stability.

164 Morphology PostersP MO.28 - ENKinematic analysis of target reaching in the rat: How cortical ischemia in the forelimbmotor cortex affects the accuracy of limb positioning?Manuela Schmidt 1 , Marcel Knieling 2 , Bernd Faenger 3 , Dirk Arnold 3 , Diana Niehardt 1 , FranziskaBuch 1 , Hans-Christoph Scholle 3 , Martin S. Fischer 1 , Otto W. Witte 21Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena,2Klinik für Neurologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 3 Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie,Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaThe study focuses on the forelimb kinematics during target reaching in adult Wistar rats. Nine femaleanimals were habituated to reach for food pellets placed on a shelf. Twenty trials for eachindividual were recorded using biplanar high-speed digital radiography in lateral and dorsoventralview. A normal-light camera filmed the animals in frontal view. Frame frequency of all cameras was500 frames per second. After these experiments, a focal photothrombotic lesion was induced in theforelimb sensorimotor cortex of the animals. Starting on day 3 postoperative, reaching kinematicswas recorded continuously up to 3 weeks after lesion. Kinematic data on the angular movement offorelimb segments and joints were captured from the films using SIMI Motion. Before we were goingto compare intact and lesion rats, we estimated the variability of reaching performance of theintact rats. It turns out that the final (target) position of the limb is highly uniform and independentfrom the starting configuration. Except of the hand, all limb elements show the same low degree ofvariance indicating that no singular element but the entire limb configuration determines reachingsuccess. Cortical lesion affected forelimb movement to a lower degree than expected from previousobservations. Only small deviations from the pre-lesion pattern sometimes produced inaccuracy inhand positioning. Most affected were grasping, withdrawn and supination of the hand.P MO.29 - ENShine a light: comparative morphology of genital structures in Lantern Bugs (Insecta:Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)Sophia Seidel 1 , Andreas Wessel 1 , Markus Kühbacher², Hannelore Hoch 11Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin; ² Abteilung Spurenelemente, Helmholtz-ZentrumBerlin für Materialien und Energie, BerlinThe Fulgoridae are conspicuous, fairly large (up to 10 cm), brightly coloured insects, which usuallysit and feed on trees. At present ca. 600 species are described worldwide.Despite their conspicousness– many species display spectacular head prolongations -, the taxonomic and systematic treatmentof the group must be regarded unsatisfactory. The majority of existing species descriptions isbased on external morphology and coloration only, and generic concepts are outdated. There is asingle publication dealing with the morphology of internal female genital structures of Fulgoroidae.Male genital structures have never been studied in detail, and are only occasionally mentionedin species descriptions, although they are known to display specific configurations in many otherFulgoromorpha taxa. Preliminary observations on fulgorid specimens from various collections assignedto Penthicodes farinosa which is supposedly widespread throughout SE Asia revealed an extraordinarilyhigh geographic variation. We aim to answer the following questions: 1. Is P. farinosaindeed a single, widespread species, or is the degree of speciation higher than previously assumed?2.Do male and female genital structures display species-specific characters? 3. What is the rangeof intra- and interspecific variation? This study is the first comparative morphological analysis ofexternal and internal male and female genital structures in Fulgoridae.

Morphology Posters 165P MO.30 - ENElectron microscopic investigation of the post-anal tail in the enteropneustSaccoglossus kowalevskiiThomas StachZoologie, Freie Universität BerlinDeuterostomia sensu stricto contains only four higher monophyletic taxa: Echinodermata, Enteropneusta,Pterobranchia, and Chordata. Despite this low taxon number, the phylogenetic interrelationshipsof these taxa remains highly controversial with molecular and morphological data suggestingwell supported, yet conflicting hypotheses. In such cases of strong conflict in different data sets areevaluation of the original data is warranted. Here, we report the first investigation of the ontogeny ofthe enteropneust Saccoglossus kowalevskii based on electron microscopical techniques. The embryologyof S. kowalevskii from the blastula stage to the free crawling juvenile is described in detail. It isshown, that early embryonic stages, although developing inside a double-layered fertilization membrane,show similarities to the planktotrophic tornaria larvae of other enteropneust species. The microscopicanatomy of one of the few characters used to unite Enteropneusta with Chordata, the post-analtail, is presented based on serial transmission electron micrographs. These results in combination withobservations of the locomotory behavior of juvenile animals, allow to discuss hypotheses of primaryhomologies. These hypotheses are evaluated in the light of currently proposed evolutionary scenarios,notably the idea of an inversion of the dorso-ventral axis in the stem lineage of Chordata.P MO.31 - ENEvolutionary morphology of the brain in Peracarida (Crustacea)Martin E. J. Stegner, Stefan Richter, Christian S. WirknerZoologisches Institut, Universität RostockWithin Malacostraca, morphological studies of the brain have mainly focussed on decapods. Analysesof other malacostracans are sparse. In this first comparative study of the taxa Mictacea, Spelaeogriphacea,Tanaidacea, Cumacea, Isopoda and Amphipoda - including mancoid Peracarida - thebrain of representative species was investigated. Based on semi-thin sections, computerized 3D-reconstructionsof the brains and their components were carried out. The brain of each species displaysnumerous structures which are also present in decapods such as a central body neuropil, olfactorylobes with glomeruli and a lateral and a median protocerebrum. However, the size and position ofsingle neuropils or the origin of nerves leaving the brain may differ considerably within the studiedspecies. Other brain structures such as the optic neuropils are only present in some species. The presenteddata are discussed from both phylogenetic and evolutionary points of view.P MO.32 - DEFibre type distribution in the perivertebral musculature of the BeagleMarina SteuernagelInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaDogs are cursorial mammals. In adaptation to sustained locomotor performance, a higher oxidativecapacity has been shown for several limb muscles. Biopsies point to a higher oxidative potential forthe back muscles as well (e.g., M. longissimus et iliocostalis partes thoracis et lumborum). Dogs

166 Morphology Postershave, unlike other mammals in which usually three fibre types are distinguished (type I: oxidative,slow, fatigue resistant; IIa: oxidative-glycolytic, intermediate; IIb: glycolytic, fast, fatiguing), noclassical type IIb fibres. But several studies reported II a/x fibres which are intermediate in theircharacteristics between type I and IIa. In this study, the fibre type distribution in the perivertebralmuscles of the Beagle was investigated to 1) determine the fibre type composition along the trunk,2) verify previous results from biopsies, and 3) test whether the dog’s muscles show morphologicalspecialisations to function as local stabilisers and global stabilisers and mobilizers as described forsmall non-cursorial mammals. From two adult males, serial cross-sections were prepared from T11to L7 and muscle fibre types were identified at the middle of each vertebra and the intervertebraldiscs using enzyme- and immune-histochemical methods. By using a specific antibody against typeIIb myosin, the lack of IIb fibres was confirmed. The results point to a higher oxidative capacity in allback muscles compared to smaller mammals, which is in accordance to the biopsy results of dogs.P MO.33 - ENAvian striding locomotion: kinematics and spatio-temporal gait characteristicsAlexander StößelInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaAlthough birds represent the majority of extant bipedal vertebrate species, few studies investigatedavian terrestrial locomotion under morphofunctional aspects. Amongst others, this owes to the factthat the avian femur is affiliated with the trunk and large parts of the avian pelvic limb are obscuredby the wings and feathers. Therefore, movements of the hindlimb can not be accurately analysedwithout cineradiography. Also, very little is known about non-parasagittal movements of the hindlimbas well as motions of the pelvis of birds. In this study, characteristics of avian striding locomotionare analysed by quantifying hindlimb segmental kinematics and spatio-temporal gait parametersof three distantantly related bird species (Eudromia elegans, Coturnix coturnix, Corvus monedula).Birds were synchronously filmed out of two planes by high-speed cineradiographic cameras, whilemoving on a treadmill across a wide range of speeds in order to quantify three dimensional movementsof the entire avian hindlimb and pelvis accurately for the first time. Non-sagittal changes inlimb position are specified. Preliminary results suggest that hindlimb kinematic patterns of the threespecies show a similar and conservative character.P MO.34 - ENThe coxal glands of Pseudocellus pearsei (Ricinulei, Arachnida) – 3D visualization andultrastructureGiovanni Talarico, Elisabeth Lipke, Gerd AlbertiZoologisches Institut & Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität GreifswaldArthropod coxal glands function as osmoregulatory/excretory organs. They are thought to be derivedfrom nephridia. In arachnids these organs predominantly regulate the water balance, the ionconcentration and the osmotic value of body liquids and therefore, the volume of the hemolymph.Generally speaking, coxal glands are divided into two morphological and functional different parts– (1) the saccule (= sacculus; with podocyte epithelium) and (2) the tubule (= nephridial canal; withtransport epithelium). Within the arachnids, the coxal glands have undergone various modifications

Morphology Posters 167such as the reduction of the saccule. Ricinulei (hooded tick-spiders) possess two large coxal glands.They are located in the prosoma right above the coxae of the walking legs I, II and III. The coxalglands release their products through an excretion porus into a narrow gap between the coxae of legsI and II. On the basis of X-ray tomography (µCT) of the Mexican species Pseudocellus pearsei, thethree dimensional structure of the ricinuleid coxal gland is visualized for the first time. By means oflight microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM), the epithelia of the coxal glands are characterized and functionally interpreted.P MO.35 - ENOrigin of turtles within amniotes based on heterochronies in the early developmentIngmar Werneburg, Christian Mitgutsch, Marcelo R. Sánchez-VillagraPaläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, SwitzerlandWe used a comparative approach to detect shifts in developmental timing during embryogenesis in15 turtle species and eight tetrapod outgroups. With this data we test four highly disputed hypothesesfor the position of turtles within amniotes. We present own developmental observations on pleurodireand cryptodire taxa and a critical summary of published data from several literature sources.We defined 104 developmental events that can be easily identified in all amniote species includingevents occurring during limb, eye, eyelid, carapace, maxillary and mandibular process, pharyngealarch, and somite development. We used the event-pairing and the Parsimov methods for detectingtemporal shifts in a phylogenetic and parsimonious approach. Many shifts in the timing of the onsetof scute development are identical for terminal taxa and may serve as reference characters for groupsof a lower taxonomic level, including Cheloniidae, Testudinoidea and Trionychidae. For taxa of ahigher taxonomic level several diagnostic heterochronic shifts are detectable. E.g., assuming anarchosaurian relationship of turtles we found: 1. A late tail bud development in comparison to theoccurrence of the mandibular process diagnoses (Testudines + Archosauria). 2. A late occurrenceof a cervical flexure of 90° when compared to events from limb development and a relatively lateoccurrence of the eyelid in comparison to the development of the mandibular process in Testudines.SNF-support: 3100A0-116013.P MO.36 - ENOn the morphology of Bryceella stylata (Milne, 1886) (Proalidae, Monogononta,Rotifera) with reconstruction of the somatic musculature as revealed by confocal laserscanning microscopy (CLSM)Eike F. Wilts 1 , Wilko H. Ahlrichs 2 , Pedro Martínez Arbizu 21Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 2 Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg DZMB,Frankfurt a. M.Against the background of reconstructing phylogenetic relationships within Rotifera, the familiyProalidae Bartos, 1959 is known as a taxonomically unsatisfactory assemblage of numerous, diverse,mostly insufficiently described taxa in need of revision by modern technologies. The smallgenus Bryceella Remane, 1929 (Proalidae) currently contains merely two species whose morphology,especially inner organization, trophi and corona are still only fragmentarily known, althoughthese small-sized rotifers are common in different aquatic and semiaquatic habitats (moors, ponds,

168 Morphology Postersmosses etc). In order to contribute new morphological data and to correct erroneous observationsof the past we, for prospective phylogenetic analyses, study and document the inner and outermophology of Bryceella stylata Milne, 1886 applying to light and electron microscopy. Furthermore,we reconstruct its somatic musculature visualized by fluorescent-labelled phalloidin-TRITCusing confocal laser scanning microscopy in order to improve our knowledge of variation in rotiferanmuscle patterns.

Neurobiology Posters 169Neurobiology Posters

170 Neurobiology Posters

Neurobiology Posters 171P NB.1 - ENNeuropeptides in the honeybee brain: a mass spectrometric approach to determineneuropeptides from defined brain regionsAnna Boehm 1 , Susanne Neupert 2 , Joerg Kahnt 3 , Reiner Hedderich 3 , Reinhard Predel 2 , JoachimSchachtner 11FB Biologie - Tierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg; 2 Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie,Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 3 Max-Plank-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, MarburgThe honey bee Apis mellifera serves as well acknowledged model to study mechanisms of learning andmemory. Among the signaling molecules involved in neuronal communication, neuropeptides presentthe largest and most diverse group. Functionally, neuropeptides are thought to be involved in processesrelated to neuronal plasticity, the substrate for learning and memory. The release of the bee genomemade it possible to identify putative neuropeptide genes and (subsequently) to study their expression inthe brain. Using the method of direct peptide profiling with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry we wereable to routinely obtain mass spectra from defined brain regions of the bee, including antennal and opticlobes, calyces of the mushroom bodies, and central brain. By mass match, we identified a number ofpeptides which were predicted from the genome data (e.g. tachykinin related peptides, allatostatins). Inaddition, we found a number of ion signals which could not be assigned to predicted bee neuropeptides.Comparing mass spectra of the various brain regions of worker bees revealed spectra typical of each ofthe brain areas. Currently, we compare these neuropeptide “fingerprints” of the workers, with fingerprintsof the same brain areas of nurses, drones, and queens. This approach will eventually provide uswith the information whether there are differences in the expression of certain neuropeptides in definedbrain areas of these bees, representing different tasks of a bee colony.P NB.2 - EN3D standard brain of the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum: sex dimorphism, adultplasticity and RNAiDavid Dreyer, Stefan Dippel, Holger Vitt, Wolf Huetteroth, Joachim SchachtnerTierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität MarburgTribolium castaneum is emerging as a further standard insect model beside Drosophila. Its genomeis fully sequenced and it is susceptible for genetic manipulations like RNA interference (RNAi).Tribolium provides an ideally suited organism to study adult brain development. As a beetle, Triboliumoccupies a basal phylogenetical position among the holometabola and thus contrasts thehighly advanced Diptera. Here we created a volumetric standard brain of freshly eclosed adult males(A0) for defined brain areas, thus enabling us to compare brain morphology between sexes, differentages, and physiological states combined with RNAi. To obtain the desired datasets we labeledwhole brains with an antiserum against the synaptic vesicle protein synapsin to visualize neuropilareas, analyzed the staining using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica TCS SP2), and 3Dreconstructed the major brain neuropils (including antennal lobes with selected olfactory glomeruli,mushroom bodies etc.) using AMIRA (Mercury Systems). In detail, we compared neuropilar volumesbetween freshly eclosed males and females, found immense post-eclosional neuropilar growthwithin the first week of adulthood, and present evidence for a successful RNAi knockdown of thetachykinin precursor. Currently we are studying the cause of adult specific neuropilar plasticity byexamining the involvement of proliferating neuroblasts and programmed cell death using BrdU andTUNEL labeling.

172 Neurobiology PostersP NB.3 - ENQuick and easy: active and passive unfolding of adhesive pads in antsThomas Endlein, Walter FederleDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UKAdhesive pads of ants can be unfolded both actively by the contraction of the claw flexor and passivelyby a pull of the leg towards the body. In severed legs of weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina),we investigated both mechanisms by pulling on the claw flexor tendon or by pulling on the leg. Inboth experiments, we simultaneously measured the force required to fully unfold the pad, usingforce transducers. Both the active and the passive unfolding can be explained by an elastic springmechanism deploying the pad gradually depending on the applied force. Force and pulling amplituderequired for unfolding were similar for active and passive mechanisms. During the passiveunfolding, faster pulls toward the body were required when the initial pad contact area was smaller.The passive unfolding may be essential during rapid perturbations. We tested this hypothesis byperforming rapid displacements of the surface. Pad contact area in weaver ants doubled in less than1 ms, demonstrating that this attachment reaction is a passive “preflex”. This was followed by a responseof the claw flexor with a delay of ca. 10 ms. We compared the forces required for unfoldingbetween arboreal weaver ants and ground-living carpenter ants (Camponotus rufipes). Even thoughweaver ants possess much larger pads, they required less force to unfold than those of carpenter ants.The easier unfolding of weaver ant pads may represent an adaptation to their arboreal habitat.P NB.4 - ENGanglion cell distribution, morphology and central projections in a weakly electric fishJacob Engelmann 1 , Roland Pusch 1 , Gerhard von der Emde 1 , Björn Karpestam 2 , Hans-JoachimWagner 21Institut für Zoologie, Abteilung Neuroethologie, Universität Bonn; 2 Anatomisches Institut,Graduate School of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, International Max Planck Research School,Universität TübingenAfrican weakly electric fish detect and distinguish objects through active electrolocation in completedarkness. In accordance to their nocturnal lifestyle the retina of G. petersii is highly specialized withhundreds of rods and tens of cones grouped in bundles. These “macro receptors” extend over roughly50 mikrons and are arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern and each bundle is optically isolatedfrom the others. Our earlier data show that the information from each bundle is transferred with astrong convergence to a few neurons of the inner retina, i.e. bipolar cells and horizontal cells, and toonly three or four ganglion cells. With their wide spacing, the macro-receptors suggest a very lowspatial resolution of the system. Here we report on the characterization of the ganglion cells based onanterograde labeling. Perikarya are located in the ganglion cell layer, and some are displaced to theinner nuclear layer. The density of photoreceptor bundles and ganglion cells is highest in the dorsalpart of the retina. Thus, the region of the visual field with the highest spatial resolution in G. petersiiis directed towards the bottom. Regarding the dendritic tree morphologies several different subtypesof ganglion cells are discernible, indicating that narrow-field and wide-field ganglion cells may bedistinguished. We will discuss the role of the retinal circuits and the bundle structure in contrastand/or movement detection.

Neurobiology Posters 173P NB.5 - ENSensory processing of phase shifted EODs and anatomy in the electrosensory lateralline lobe (ELL) of Gnathonemus petersii.Sylvia Fechner, Gerhard von der Emde, Jacob EngelmannAbteilung Neuroethologie und Sensorische Ökologie, Universität BonnMormyrid fish use reafferent input (EOD) for active electrolocation. The sensory organs involved(Mormyromast) contain differently tuned A- and B-receptorcells. These convey information to themedial (MZ) and the dorsolateral zone (DLZ) of the ELL, respectively. Both afferents respond toamplitude modulations of the EOD, typically caused by resistive objects in the environment. Informationon the phase of the EOD, i.e., alterations of the waveform in presence of prey-like items, ismainly conveyed by the afferents of B-cells. The ability of mormyrids to discriminate impedancesrequires the integration of A- and B-cell information. We investigate if integration takes place inthe ELL.While recording cells in either the MZ or the DLZ, regular and phase-shifted EODs (+10°,-10°) were presented in alternation. In the MZ, I-cells consistently decreased their rate in presenceof positive phase-shifts (6 of 20 cells), and increased their rate in response to negative shifts (11/20).E-cells (3/9) responded oppositely to I-cells. Cells of the DLZ responded conversely to those of theMZ. E-cells generally responded to negative shifts by increasing their rate and vice versa (4/5), whilethe opposite was seen for I-cells (2/4).Phase-information is processed in both the DLZ and the MZ.Since A-receptorcells are not responsive to phase shifts, interzonal projections, which we show to becoming from two cell-types, are responsible for the influence of phase on the firing of MZ-cells.P NB.6 - ENVision in mice with a photoreceptor synaptopathyBianka Götze 1 , Konrad Lehmann 1 , Katja Krempler 1 , Karl-Friedrich Schmidt 1 , Wilko DetlevAltrock 2 , Eckart Dieter Gundelfinger 2 , Siegrid Löwel 11Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Tierphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena;2Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie MagdeburgHow little neurotransmission in the visual system is sufficient to promote decent visual capabilities?This question is of key importance for therapeutic approaches to restore vision in patients who sufferfrom degenerative retinal diseases. In the retinae of mice, mutant for the presynaptic scaffoldingprotein Bassoon (Bsn), signal transfer at photoreceptor ribbon synapses is severely disturbed due toimpaired ribbon attachment to the active zone. We have used both behavioural measures and opticalimaging of intrinsic signals to probe vision in these mice. Using a virtual optomotor system bothvisual acuity and contrast sensitivity were significantly reduced in mutants compared to littermatecontrols (p

174 Neurobiology PostersP NB.7 - ENDiminished plasticity of visual function and sensory maps after cortical stroke in miceFranziska Greifzu 1 , Silvio Schmidt 2 , Karl-Friedrich Schmidt 1 , Otto W. Witte 2 , Siegrid Löwel 11Institute of General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; 2 Departmentof Neurology, Medical School, University of JenaStroke is a major cause of death and disability in the industrialized countries. It is an encouragingobservation that clinically most patients who do suffer from stroke recover to some degree from thedeficits which they incur. The most straightforward assumption is usually that this is due to plasticity.Many in vitro studies indicated that there is an increased plasticity in the perilesional zone of corticalinfarcts. In the present study we investigated in vivo the impact of a photothrombotically inducedcortical stroke on the plasticity of the neighbouring visual cortex after short periods of monoculardeprivation (MD). Visual function was analyzed behaviourally with a virtual optomotor system. Inaddition, visual cortical maps were recorded using intrinsic signal optical imaging. After 7 days ofMD, control animals showed a significant enhancement of visual acuity in the non-deprived eyeand a significant ocular dominance shift towards the open eye in the optical imaging experiments.In contrast, in animals with a cortical stroke, both the enhancement of visual acuity and the oculardominance shift were significantly lower. Thus in contrast to previous in vitro studies, our data ratherindicate that plasticity is diminished in the surround of a cortical infarct.P NB.8 - ENTranscriptionfactor CREB in pteromalide waspsSteffen Hagenbucher, Martin Blum, Daria Schurmann, Axel Schweickert, Johannes L.M. SteidleInstitut für Zoologie, Universität HohenheimThe process of learning can be separated in several distinct phases: the short-term memory, the intermediatememory (MTM) and the long-term memory (LTM). The LTM is the only memory phase thatdepends on transcriptional activity These processes are regulated by the transcriptionfactor CREB(cAMP response element-binding protein). CREB plays an important role in the function and survivalof the nervous system. There are several known isoforms of this protein and in Drosophilaand Aplysia it could be shown that one of these isoforms acts as a repressor of the LTM formation.The two pteromalid wasps Lariophagus distinguendus and Nasonia vitripennis show significantdifferences in the memory formation process. L. distinguendus needs only one learning experienceto form LTM, in N. vitripennis only a MTM is formed after one experience. To study the idea thatdifferences in CREB-isoforms are responsible for these findings we screened mRNA of the two speciesfor CREB isoforms, using different PCR techniques like RT-PCR and RACE-PCR. We foundthree CREB isoforms in N. vitripenns (NvCREB 1, NvCREB 2, NvCREB 3), but only two in L. distinguendus(LdCREB 1, LdCREB 2). Whereas NvCREB 1 and LdCREB 1 as well as LdCREB 2 andNvCREB 2 are homologues; NvCREB 3 seems to be exclusive for N. vitripennis. It is possible thatthis additional NvCREB isoform is involved in the slower LTM formation in N. vitripennis. Furtherstudies on the function of the CREB isoforms are necessary to prove this hypothesis.

Neurobiology Posters 175P NB.9 - ENObject recognition and object tracking with artificial lateral line systemsAdrian Klein, André Steiner, Horst BleckmannInstitut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnFishes use the mechanosensory lateral line to detect weak water motions. The lateral line system offishes consists of up to several hundred superficial neuromasts and of neuromasts embedded in cephalicand trunk lateral line canals. We examined the water motions inside a curved artificial lateralline canal (ALLC) exposed to running water. A cylinder placed in running water generates a vortexstreet. We found that the water oscillated in the ALLC and that the spatial patterns of these oscillationsdepended on the position of the cylinder. In addition we found that the oscillation frequency ofthe water motions inside the ALLC corresponded to the vortex shedding frequency of the cylinder.Since the vortex shedding frequency is a function of cylinder diameter and bulk flow velocity, thespatial and temporal pattern of the water motions inside an ALLC not only can be used to detect andlocalize an object (cylinder) but also to calculate its size, provided bulk flow velocity is known.P NB.10 - DEFunktionsmorphologie antennaler und palpaler Sensillen pyrophiler Fliegen und ihremögliche Rolle bei der Detektion von WaldbrändenDavid Klocke, Anke Schmitz, Helmut SchmitzInstitut für Zoologie, Vergleichende Neurobiologie, Universität BonnDie pyrophilen (feuerliebenden) Fliegen Hormopeza spec. (Empididae), Microsania australis (Platypezidae)und Hypocerides nearcticus (Phoridae) wurden in Westaustralien unmittelbar nach Waldbrändenauf frischen Brandflächen gefangen. Es ist daher sehr wahrscheinlich, daß diese Fliegenartenvon feuerspezifischen Stimuli wie Brandgeruch, Hitze und / oder Infrarotstrahlung angelocktwerden. Da über spezialisierte Sensillen, die zur Wahrnehmung solcher Stimuli dienen könnten,nichts bekannt ist, wurden bei den genannten Arten insbesondere palpale und antennale Sensillenmit licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden vergleichend untersucht. Aufgrund ihrer Anordnungund Morphologie lassen sich bereits mutmaßliche Thermorezeptoren sowie in prominentenGrubenstrukturen angeordnete olfaktorische Sensillen identifizieren, die bei der Feuerdetektion eineRolle spielen könnten. Gefördert durch das BMBF.P NB.11 - ENIn vitro-analysis of the central nervous pathway of the infrared system in pit vipersTobias Kohl 1 , Hans Straka 2 , Guido Westhoff 11Institute of Zoology, University of Bonn; 2 Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Réseaux Sensorimoteurs,Université Paris, FrancePit vipers are special in that they sense infrared (IR) radiation with their loreal pit organs. Informationfrom the pits is conveyed centrally via three branches of the trigeminal nerve, forming the lateraldescending trigeminal tract (lttd), which projects to the ipsilateral homonymous nucleus (LTTD).IR-information is further relayed via the Nucleus reticualis caloris to the contralateral optic tectum,where infrared and visual information is integrated. We present first data from electrophysiologicalrecordings from the LTTD and the optic tectum in an in vitro-whole brain-preparation of a pit viper(Crotalus atrox). Field potentials were recorded in the LTTD following orthodromic electrical stimu-

176 Neurobiology Posterslation of individual trigeminal nerve branches. Single current pulses (0.2ms, 1µA – 30mA) appliedvia suction electrodes were used for nerve stimulation. Field potentials in the LTTD consisted of apresynaptic P 0and a subsequent postsynaptic P 1component, with average latencies of 1.3 ± 0.2ms(P 0) and of 2.9 ± 0.4ms (P 1) at 14°C saline temperature. Similarly, in the optic tectum, field potentialsresulted from stimulation of the optic nerve. These results demonstrate that our in vitro-wholebrain-preparation remains functional for 2-3 days, thus, allowing stable long term-recordings fromIR-processing nuclei of the brain. This preparation will be further utilised for detailled studies on thecentral processing of IR-information.P NB.12 - ENPeptidomics of identified mammailian neurons by GAL 4 driven fluorescenceSusanne Neupert 1 , Andreas Husch 2 , Moritz Paehler 2 , Peter Kloppenburg 2 , Jens C. Brüning 3 , ReinhardPredel 11Institute of General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena;2Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology-Physiology, University of Cologne; 3 Institute of Genetics,University of CologneNeuropeptides are signalling molecules which shows remarkable chemical and functional diversityin invertebrates as well as in vertebrates, and are involved in neuromodulation, neurotransmission,and hormonal signalling. The identification of neuropeptides from specific tissues or even singlecells is an important step to understand physiological processes in an organism and to design novelexperiments. Here, we describe a protocol for the isolation of identified peptidergic cells from aspecific region of the mouse brain (pituitary gland) which contain POMC (proopiomelanocortin)expressing neurons. By using a Gal4 promoter line to drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) underUAS control, we first identified individual pituitary cells in tissue slices. These neurons were isolatedwith the help of a fluorescence stereo microscope direct from the fresh tissue and subjectedto MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The profilings of these fluorescence labelled cells resulted inreliable mass spectra, containing at least 12 products of the POMC prohormone. This method notonly allows the fast identification of neuropeptides on the single cell level but also the analysis ofcell-specific precursor processing.P NB.13 - ENEffects of cholinergic ligands on isolated identified leg motoneurons of stick insectsEugenio Eduardo Oliveira 1 , Joachim Schmidt 1 , Ansgar Büschges 1 , Vincent L. Salgado 2 , PeterKloppenburg 11Animal Physiology, University of Cologne; 2 BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, USAIn stick insect leg motoneurons (MNs) application of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine elicits atonic depolarization (Büschges 1998) and a tonic depolarization in MNs during walking is blockedby the muscarinic antagonist atropine (Westmark 2007). From these studies it is not clear, if ACh hasa direct or an indirect effect on MNs, because these experiments were performed in the intact CNS.We started to characterize the effects of ACh and muscarinic agonists on dissociated MNs (in vitro).For identification MNs were backfilled with tetramethylrhodamine-dextran via the main leg nerve.Recordings from MN somata were performed in patch-clamp experiments in the whole-cell configuration.In almost all cells, application of ACh elicited inward currents, the amplitudes of whichvaried among cell. Currents consisted of a transient and a sustained component. Both componentswere ACh dose dependent, had very similar Hill’s parameters, were blocked dose dependently when

Neurobiology Posters 177atropine (10 -9 - 10 -4 M) was bath applied and were mainly carried by sodium ions. The muscarinicagonists pilocarpine, oxotremorine and muscarine (≤1mM) did not elicit any current. Although atropineblocks the ACh induced current in the stick insect leg MNs our current data indicate thatthese MNs do not express classical muscarinic ACh receptors. Acknowledgements: This project issupported by grants ofthe DAAD and the Brazilian Ministry of Education (CAPES) to E. E. O. andDFG grant Schm 1084 to J.S. and A.B.P NB.14 - ENThe Tectum opticum in Gnathonemus petersii – properties and integration of visualand electrical inputRoland Pusch, Gerhard von der Emde, Jacob EngelmannAbteilung Neuroethologie/sensorische Ökologie, Universität BonnThe mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii possesses an active electric sense – i.e. the ability to generateand perceive its electric organ discharge (EOD) - which is used for orientation, the search of preyand communication. The electric sense in G. petersii is an adaptation to live under conditions lessfavourable for visual orientation; i.e. nocturnal lifestyle and/or muddy water conditions. Howeverthe visual system in G. petersii, while not prominent in terms of projections to the brain, has a retinawhere bundled photoreceptors and a light gathering tapetum optimize the eyes to function in dimlightconditions. The aim of our study is to understand the neural processing of visual informationand possible interactions with other senses. Initially we investigated the retinotopy and anatomicalproperties of the ganglion cells for which wide- and narrow-field dendritic arborisation were found.Then, we characterised the physiological properties of visual neurons in the first visual station of thebrain – the optic tectum. Here, visually evoked potentials are used to determine the flicker fusionfrequency. Single-cell recordings are used to resolve the spatial and temporal response properties ofneurons to both visual and electrical stimuli. The receptive fields of neurons sensitive to visual inputwere measured and we looked for interactions of visual and electrical input. First results suggest thatthe spatial and temporal resolution of visual neurons is comparatively low.P NB.15 - ENNitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) signalling in circadian clockneurons of the cockroach Leucophaea maderaeThomas Reischig, Anika SaulInst. f. Zoologie, Abt. Neurobiologie, Georg August Universität GöttingenFor most animals, the daily light cycle is the principal zeitgeber for synchronisation of the endogenousclock to the physical day. In mammals, NO/cGMP signalling appears to be involved intransmitting light information between single cells and subdivisions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus,thus contributing to circadian clock synchronisation. In insects, mechanisms of circadian rhythmgenerating and light entrainment show astonishing similarities to that of mammals. Here, we reportevidences for a role of NO/cGMP signalling in the circadian system of the cockroach L. maderae.With anti-citrulline immunostaining and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry as marker for the NOproducing enzyme nitric oxide synthase we labelled the accessory medulla (AMe), a neuropil of theoptic lobes, which is supposed to be an integration centre for timing information in insects. This

178 Neurobiology Posterslabelling appears to arise partly from neurons that are suggested to mediate light entrainment in theAMe. Further, with anti-cGMP-immunohistochemistry we labelled about 30–40 mostly peptidergicneurons of the AMe. Among them were neurons expressing the neuropeptide pigment-dispersingfactor (PDF); these are discussed as important circadian rhythm generating and output neurons ininsects. Since these neurons appear to be recipients of NO/cGMP signalling in the AMe, the resultssuggest that the NO/cGMP pathway is involved in the cockroach’s circadian system, and is suitableto convey synchronisation signals to clock neurons.P NB.16 - ENAre there electric colours? Exploring the perceptual space of Gnathonemus petersiiTimo Röver, Gerhard von der Emde, Jacob EngelmannInstitut für Zoologie, Abt. Neuroethologie/Sens. Ökologie, Universität BonnThe weakly electric fish G. petersii orients itself using a self-generated electric field (EOD). Twotypes of receptor cells detect changes in the EOD caused by objects: A-cells are sensitive only tochanges in EOD-amplitude; B-cells respond to amplitude and waveform-distortions while causedby capacitive objects. The initial step of neural processing occurs in the Medulla, where informationof both receptor cells is handled separately. ELL efferent neurons project to the Nucleus lateralis,the first station where information of both cells converges. Although it is unknown which sensoryparameters are extracted here. We speculate that neurons in NL merge information of A- and B-cellsto determine the complex impedance of objects. To gain further insights into sensory processing weinvestigate responses to “virtual” resistive or capacitive objects. Additionally we conducted behaviouraltests. Fish had to decide between virtual objects of the same and different electric colours. Ourresults show that fish don‘t respond differently to objects of certain electric colours, suggesting thatthis parameter may not be used for object classification. A natural behaviour – the Novelty Response- was used to support the data. When a virtual object changed abruptly in electric properties fishresponded to a in electric colour in the same way as to disparity that did not involve colour.P NB.17 - ENDevelopmental influence of procaine and lanthan chloride on the antennal lobe of thesphinx moth Manduca sextaStefanie Rulla, Wolf Huetteroth, Basil ElJundi, Joachim SchachtnerFB Biologie – Tierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität MarburgThe antennal lobes (ALs) of M. sexta serve as a well-established model for studying the developmentof the primary integration centers for odor information in the brain. In Manduca the ALs arise duringmetamorphosis, a hormonally-controlled postembryonic period lasting about three weeks. AL developmentcan be divided into three phases. The preparation phase (I) includes birth of all AL neurons,arrival of the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the ALs, and formation of the protoglomeruli,the sites where the glomeruli form during phase II. The glomeruli formation phase (II) ischaracterized by massive synaptogenesis between the involved neurons. During maturation phase (III),the glomeruli show a massive volume increase. From the onset of phase II, ORNs display spontaneouselectrical activity and there is an ongoing debate on the function of this activity for glomeruli development.In this study we blocked ORN activity by injecting the Na+ channel blocker procaine or theCa2+ blocker lanthan chloride at the beginning of phase II or III into one antennal pouch and analyzedALs at the end of phase II or III respectively. The contralateral antennal pouch was vehicle injected,

Neurobiology Posters 179serving as an internal control. Effects were studied by comparing volumes of defined 3D-reconstructedglomeruli between injected and control ALs. Results so far show a tendency towards smaller glomerulivolumes in treated ALs, while no effects were visible in higher brain centers.P NB.18 - ENA mass spectrometric approach for the identification of protein hormones ofarthropodsSebastian Schattschneider, Reinhard PredelInstitute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, JenaProtein hormones in the mass range between 5 and 15 kDa are signalling molecules that are essentialfor the regulation of many processes in arthropods, such as eclosion behaviour (only in holometabolicinsects), moulting, or ion- and water transport. The biochemical identification of these proteinhormones, is often hampered, simply because protein hormones are usually to large to be detectedwith well established and highly sensitive methods that were developed for neuropeptide analysis.Here we show different approaches for the characterisation of protein hormones from single specimens,using CHH (Crustacean Hyperglycaemic Hormone) in the marbled crayfish (“Marmorkrebs”)Procambarus sp.. For the identification we used MALDI-TOF-MS (Matrix Assisted Laser DesorptionIonisation-Time Of Flight-Mass Spectrometry) with different matrix molecules for direct identificationof CHH from the sinus gland of the eyestalk. ESI-Q-TOF-MS (Electrospray Ionisation-Quadrupole-Time Of Flight-Mass Spectrometry) was successfully used to confirm the sequence.It was also possible to show the presence of posttranslational modifications such as three disulfidebonds and an N-terminal cyclization with pyroglutamic acid.P NB.19 - DEDie IR-Rezeptoren der pyrophilen WanzenHeike Schätzel, Helmut SchmitzInstitut für Zoologie, Universität BonnVon drei Gattungen pyrophiler Käfer ist bekannt, dass sie Waldbrände mit Hilfe von Infrarotrezeptorenlokalisieren können. Erst kürzlich hat man entdeckt, dass auch die pyrophile australischeWanze Aradus albicornis Infrarotsensillen besitzt. Diese zeigen einen ähnlichen Aufbau wie dieschon seit längerem bekannten IR-Sensillen des schwarzen Kiefernprachtkäfers Melanophila acuminata.Im Unterschied zu den Melanophila-Sensillen sind diejenigen bei Aradus albicornis jedochnicht in einem grubenartigen vertieften IR-Organ zusammengefaßt, sondern auf der propleuralenDuplikatur des Prothorax unregelmäßig zwischen Haar-Mechanorezeptoren angeordnet. Auf demPoster wird die Anzahl und Anordnung der IR-Sensillen bei adulten Wanzen und Nymphen vonAradus albicornis dargestellt. Ferner wird durch vergleichende Untersuchungen an nicht-pyrophilenArten der Gattung Aradus gezeigt, daß IR-Sensillen offensichtlich nur bei den pyrophilen Vertreterndieser Gattung ausgebildet sind.

180 Neurobiology PostersP NB.20 - ENSimvastatin improves spatial vision in mice following acute retinal ischemia/reperfusionChristian Schmeer 1 , Katja Krempler 2 , Stefan Isenmann 3 , Otto W. Witte 1 , Siegrid Löwel 21Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Jena; 2 Institute of General Zoology andAnimal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; 3 Department of Neurology, Helios KlinikumWuppertal and University of Witten/HerdeckeStatins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors broadly usedto treat hypercholesterolemia. Recent data suggest that statin therapy has pleiotropic effects, includingprotection against acute and chronic neurodegeneration following ischemic stroke, Alzheimer’sdisease and inflammatory CNS pathologies. In the retina, statins increase levels of stress protein afteran optic nerve lesion and enhance survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The aim of this studywas to evaluate the effect of statin delivery on visual capabilities in mice following acute retinalischemia/reperfusion. We used a model of global retinal ischemia by transient elevation of intraocularpressure above systolic blood pressure for 30-60 min. The statin simvastatin (10-20 mg/kg) wasdelivered 1, 24, 48 and 72 h after retinal ischemia. The number of surviving RGCs was determined7 d after injury. Mouse spatial vision was quantified by means of a virtual optomotor system ondays 1, 3, 6 and 9 after ischemia. Results show that following 60 min ischemia there is a completeloss of visual function, and a significant reduction in the thickness of the retinal layers. Following30 min ischemia, a significant loss of RGCs was observed and simvastatin treatment significantlyimproved both RGC survival and spatial vision. Administration of statins may therefore constitute asuitable approach to treat neurodegenerative and ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy andglaucoma.P NB.21 - ENArray morphology of lateral line in Cyprinid fishAnke Schmitz, Horst Bleckmann, Joachim MogdansRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University BonnThe sensory organs of the fish lateral line are superficial neuromasts (SN), which are freestanding onthe skin, and canal neuromasts, which are situated in lateral line canals. To support the hypothesisthat different lateral line designs represent adaptations to hydrodynamic conditions in the environment,we characterized lateral line morphology in four cyprinid species with different life stylesand/or habitat preferences: ide (Leuciscus idus), bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus), European minnow(Phoxinus phoxinus) and gudgeon (Gobio gobio). All species possess SN and a well-developed headcanal system. Ide and gudgeon have complete lateral line canals on the trunk while bitterling andminnow have shortened canals. All species have most SN associated with the trunk canal and possessSN on the dorsal part of the trunk and on the tail fin. The number of SN per cm body length ishighest in the minnow, while the number of sensory hair cells per SN is lowest in the bitterling. In allspecies the polarization of hair cells in SN is mainly rostro-caudal on the trunk lateral line and on thetail fin, while dorso-ventral polarization is dominant on the remaining trunk areas. The morphologiesof the lateral lines in the investigated species show similarities and differences that cannot be correlatedwith course habitat preferences. Additional factors, e.g. microhabitat or behavioural contextmay have to be considered to understand species differences in lateral line design.

Neurobiology Posters 181P NB.22 - DEFiktives Fressen bei DipterenlarvenAndreas Schoofs 1 , Ulrike Siebenaller 1 , Senta Niederegger 2 , André van Ooyen 3 , Roland Spieß 11Institut für Zoologie, Universität Bonn; 2 Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena;3Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik, RWTH AachenFressende Dipterenlarven zeigen ein rhythmisches Ausstrecken und Zurückziehen des Schlundgerüstesmit schaufelnden Bewegungen der Mundhaken, einem Öffnen des Labiums und dem Einsaugenvon Nahrung in den Pharynx. Bei Calliphora und Drosophila werden diese Bewegungen vonPro- und Retraktoren, dem Mundhakenelevator und –depressor, dem Lippenmuskel und der cibarialenDilatormuskulatur verursacht. Diese Muskeln werden von je einen Nerven, dem Protraktor-,Antennal- oder Maxillarnerven innerviert, die vom Zentralnervensystem entspringen. ExtrazelluläreAbleitungen der Nerven mit simultaner intrazellulärer Ableitung der Muskelfasern zeigen eine 1:1Korrelation von Aktionspotentialen und postsynaptischen Potentialen, und erlauben es die Aktionspotentialeeines Nervs anhand ihrer Form unterschiedlichen Muskeln zuzuweisen. Um die Ableitqualitätder dünnen Drosophila-Nerven zu optimieren, wurden Iridiumoxid-Elektroden entwickelt.Die an den Nerven abgeleiteten motorischen Muster spiegeln den zeitlichen Bezug der Muskelkontraktionenvon Fressbewegungen wider. Die zentralen Mustergeneratoren eines isolierten Gehirnsproduzieren motorische Ausgänge, die in ihrer zeitlichen Abfolge mit den Bewegungen intakter Larvenübereinstimmen. Diese werden deshalb als fiktives Fressen bezeichnet. Die motorischen Mustervon Calliphora und Drosophila werden verglichen und in Bezug auf Muster untersucht, die sich imzeitlichen Bezug einzelner –fiktiver- Bewegungskomponenten gegeneinander abgrenzen lassen.P NB.23 - DEDie Anatomie der Pharynx- und Thorax-Muskulatur und deren Innervation beiDipterenlarvenUlrike Siebenaller, Andreas Schoofs, Roland SpießInstitut für Zoologie, Universität BonnDas Fressverhalten und die daran beteiligten Bewegungen von Dipterenlarven (Drosophila und Calliphora)sind Gegenstand zahlreicher Untersuchungen. Trotzdem gab es bisher keine detailliertenBeschreibungen der beteiligten Muskeln und Nerven. Unser Ziel war es, als Basis für kommendeVersuche, die anatomischen Verhältnisse der am Fressen beteiligten pharyngealen und thorakalenMuskulatur, der Nerven, die sie innervieren und der Position der Motorneurone bei Dipterenlarvenim dritten Stadium, aufzuklären. Die pharyngealen Muskelgruppen weisen zumindest eine Ansatzstelleam Schlundgerüst auf. Ein Teil der Muskeln dient dazu, Nahrung in den Pharynx aufzunehmen(cibariale Dilatormuskulatur), während andere Muskeln (z.B. Protraktoren und Retraktoren) indirektan der Nahrungsaufnahme beteiligt sind, da sie das Schlundgerüst und die Mundhaken bewegen. IhreInnervation erfolgt durch die Antennal-, Maxillar-, Protraktor-, Prothorakal- und Mesothorakalnerven.Die thorakale Muskulatur besteht aus segmentalen und segmentübergreifenden Muskelbündelndie an der Körperwand ansetzen und primär die peristaltischen Kriechbewegungen vermitteln, undam Fressen nur insoweit beteiligt sind, als dass die Fressbewegungen in die Fortbewegung der Larveneingebettet sind. Sie werden vom Prothorakal- und Mesothorakalnerven innerviert, die zum Teilkomplexe Verzweigungsmuster aufweisen. Die Motorneurone der Muskeln liegen in den Körpersegmentenentsprechenden Neuromeren des Zentralnervensystems.

182 Neurobiology PostersP NB.24 - ENMixed cholinergic/glutamatergic neuromuscular innervation of Onychophora:a combined histochemical/electrophysiological studyMichael Stern, Gerd BickerPhysiologisches Institut, Zellbiologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule HannoverModern molecular phylogenetic data show that the Onychophora (velvet worms) are more closelyrelated to the Arthropoda than to the Annelida. In contradiction to this, onychophoran neuromuscularjunctions have been reported to employ acetylcholine, like in annelids, rather than glutamate,as in arthropods. Here, we show that the large longitudinal muscles of Peripatoides respond indeedonly to acetylcholine whereas the oblique and ring muscles of the body wall are sensitive both toacetylcholine and L-glutamate. Moreover, cytochemical staining reveals both acetylcholinesteraseand glutamate-positive synaptic boutons on oblique and ring muscles. These novel findings fit to aphylogenetic position of onychophorans basal to the arthropods. While the glutamatergic phenotypeof excitatory neuromuscular transmission may be a characteristic feature of arthropods and alreadypresent in a subset of onychophoran motor neurons, the motor neurons of longitudinal muscles stillretain the cholinergic phenotype typical for annelids and other taxa.P NB.25 - ENSynaptic plasticity in visual integration centers in the brain of the desert antCataglyphis fortisSara Mae Stieb 1 , Thomas Sebastian Münz 1 , Rüdiger Wehner 2 , Wolfgang Rössler 11Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg; 2 Department of Zoology, Universityof Zürich, SwitzerlandThe desert ant Cataglyphis fortis exhibits an age-dependent polyethism. They spend the first ~28days in the dark nest as interior workers and become outdoor foragers for a period of ~6-7 days. Theants immediately start foraging tours using a path integration system comprising a polarization compassand proprioceptive odometer (Wehner, J Comp Physiol 2003). In addition, visual landmarksand olfactory cues are used. Short light-exposure presumes that the visual pathway exhibits a highdegree of plasticity. We explore synaptic plasticity in visual brain neuropils. We propose that landmarkinformation is transferred from the optic lobes to the mushroom bodies (MB), sensory integrationcenters associated with learning and memory. To investigate synaptic changes in the MB wecombined immunolabeling, confocal microscopy and image analyzes tools. The results show that theMB volume increases during the transition from interior workers to outdoor foragers. This volumeincrease is correlated with a decrease in the density of synaptic complexes (microglomeruli) in theMB calyx. The results indicate that presynaptic pruning of visual interneurons and dendritic expansionin MB intrinsic neurons (Kenyon cells) is involved. Using dark-reared ants we aim to answerthe question to what extent this is driven by an internal program and/or triggered by light exposure.Support: DFG SFB 554 A8 to WR and Humboldt Foundation to RW.

Neurobiology Posters 183P NB.26 - ENPolarization-sensitive descending neurons in the nervous system of the locustSchistocerca gregariaUlrike Träger, Uwe HombergFachbereich Biologie – Neurobiologie/Ethologie, Universität MarburgMany insects rely on a sun compass for spatial orientation. In addition to direct sunlight, they canalso use the polarization pattern of the blue sky as a reference to determine navigational directions.The polarization pattern is perceived by a specialized dorsal rim area of the compound eye. Studiesin locusts have demonstrated a compass-like map of E-vector orientations in the central complex(Heinze and Homberg, 2007, Science 315:995) and suggest that this brain areas act as an internalsky compass. In order to understand how polarized light information affects flight motor circuits,we have analyzed polarization sensitivity in neurons descending from the locust brain to thoracicganglia. Responses of descending neurons to visual stimuli including polarized light were recordedintracellularly from the neck connectives. Most descending neurons investigated so far exhibitedbackground spiking activities in the dark ranging from a few spikes up to 20 spikes per second.Many neurons showed phasic excitations to lights-on and/or lights-off. In response to polarizedlight, neurons showed excitations and inhibitions at orthogonal E-vector orientations, characteristicfor polarization-opponent interneurons (POL neurons). Current experiments are aimed at tracingthe arborizations of descending POL neurons in the brain and thoracic ganglia. Supported by DFGGrant HO 950/18-1.P NB.27 - ENOrientation to jetflow and particulars of the flow field in Northern KrillMeganyctiphanes norvegica (M.Sars 1857)Konrad Wiese 1 , Mufti P. Patria 21Tierphysiologie, Universität Hamburg; 2 Department of Biology, University of IndonesiaSwimming in formation rests on a mechanosensory analysis of the flow field generated by locomotingkrill. The flow field is generated by metachronally beating swimmerets arranged at the ventralside of the pleon. The flow field is characterized by the jetflow of circular crossection, by the 6 Hzmodulationof the jetflow in the rhythm of the pleopod-beat, and by a ringvortex which developsaround the jetflow at approximately 10-12 cm behind the pleopods of tetheredly swimming shrimps.Our hypothesis is, that the energetically favourable position ontop of the ring vortex is the firstlandmark for the follower-shrimp, a second landmark could be the limit of extension of the 6 Hzmodulationof the flow. As a third component a rheotaxis orientation towards an incoming jetflowis likely to help maintain the energetically favorable spot in the flow field. In the line of our experimentswe measured modulation in the flowjet by CTA-anemometry, constructed a piston type pumpwith walves as a technical analog of the swimmeret pump and observed and recorded components ofbehavior in response to periodically diverted flow direction. Additionally we tested the large antennasas potential tools to hold on to a ringvortex. Equipment provided by DFG Wi-363 Travel grantby DAAD to M.P.P

184 Neurobiology PostersP NB.28 - ENCaste- and sex-specific adaptations of the dual olfactory pathway in the brain of theant Camponotus floridanusChristina Zube, Wolfgang RösslerBehavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of WürzburgOlfaction plays a key role in mediating ant behavior, and ant societies are characterized by caste- andsex-specific division of labor. We propose that caste- and sex-specific adaptations in the olfactorypathway promote differences in behavior. This study compares olfactory centers in the brain of large(major) workers, small (minor) workers, virgin queens, and males of the carpenter ant Camponotusfloridanus. The number of glomeruli in the antennal lobe was similar in the female castes, althoughthe glomerular volumes differed. Males had ~45% fewer glomeruli compared to females (~258 and~434) and one antennal sensory tract was absent, whereas a dual output pathway to the mushroombodies was present. In contrast to females, however, the number of glomeruli connected to the medialantennocerebral tract was substantially smaller than those associated with the lateral tract. Allglomeruli in the male antennal lobe contained serotonergic processes, whereas in the female castesglomeruli in the large tract six cluster lacked serotonergic innervations, but projection neurons ofthis cluster were responsive to stimulation with NO. We conclude that differences in general glomerularorganization are subtle among the female castes, but sex-specific differences in the number,connectivity and neuromodulatory innervation of glomeruli are substantial and likely to underliedifferences in olfactory processing and learning. Supported by DFG, SFB 554, TP A8

Physiology Posters 185Physiology Posters

186 Physiology Posters

Physiology Posters 187P PH.1 - ENCorrelation of Listeria pathogenicity in mammals and Galleria mellonella representinga convenient and reliable model hostKrishnendu MukherjeeApplied Entomology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, GießenInnate immunity is a conserved defense mechanism in all Eukaryota and particularly insects haswidely been used as powerful model organisms to study host-pathogen interactions. Here, we representGalleria mellonella as a reliable, robust insect model host for studying infection mechanisms ofthe important bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. We tested different species, serotypes, andmutants of Listeria and found that L. monocytogenes causing significant high mortality of Galleriacaterpillars. Similar to mammals, the virulence gene cluster of L. monocytogenes was found to bethe main regulator of pathogenesis including polymerization of host actin. However, pre-immune activationof caterpillars resulted in the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides which provided resistanceagainst Listeria. Among the different antimicrobial peptides we found galiomycin, gallerimycin,IMPI and lysozyme to be strongly induced after infection. We performed RNAi knock-down of IMPIand found 30% and 50% reduction of IMPI mRNA level in insect fat body and hemocytes, respectively,with no significant effect on survival of infected larvae. Administration of different autophagyinducing therapeutics, such as rapamycin and AG 1478, resulted in higher survival rate, indicatingan important immune defense mechanism in Galleria which is similar to mechanisms known frommammals. In conclusion, we have developed the use of Galleria which can be reared at 37°C, asconvenient, low-cost, and ethically acceptable model host for examining infections of intracellularpathogens such as L. monocytogenes.P PH.2 - ENSporulation and excystation of the coccidian parasite Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben 1924(Apicomplexa, Coccidia) in rats (Rattus norvegicus L.)Michael Kurth 1 , Stefanie Wiedmer 2 , Rolf Entzeroth 21Molecular Biotechnolgy, Department of Biology, TU Dresden; 2 Institute of Zoology, TU DresdenEimeria species belong to the phylum Apicomplexa which includes several pathogenic unicellulareukaryotic parasites in humans and animals like malaria, toxoplasmosis or coccidosis. Eimeria specieshave a monoxenous life cycle with a stringent progression of stages. Sporulation of oocysts andexcystation processes in coccidian parasites Eimeria are not well understood and may be differentwithin the genus. The excystation of sporozoites of chicken Eimeria species occurs after breakingof the oocysts wall, caused by the gizzard, followed by a trypsin/bile induced opening of the sporocysts.The excystation of Eimeria nieschulzi in rats however includes two protease depending steps.The degradation of the oocysts wall takes place within three hours with pepsin. The excystationand activation of the sporozoites within 10 min this is followed by a trypsin/bile treatment. Furtherstudies into the mode of action of pepsin showed that unsporulated oocysts are resistant againstproteases in contrast to sporulated oocysts. Observations by SEM and TEM show that degradationof the oocyst wall begins by digestion of the inner wall and not by the outer wall. The entry side ofpepsin may the micropyle which is probably not completely differentiated in unsporulated oocyststo prevent protease digestion in the environment. In the bird Eimeria species we cannot find anyprotease sensitivity of oocysts. This reflects the differences within the genus Eimeria depending ontheir host adaption.

188 Physiology PostersP PH.3 - ENExpression of YFP under control of a heterologous microneme promoter in Eimeriapapillata Ernst, Chobotar and Hammond, 1971 (Apicomplexa, Coccidia) sporozoites.Stefanie Wiedmer 1 , Michael Kurth 2 , Rolf Entzeroth 11Institute of Zoology, TU Dresden; 2 Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, TU DresdenSpecies of the genus Eimeria give rise to coccidiosis, an important enteric disease in domesticatedanimals like poultry and cattle. Eimeria papillata is a monoxenous apicomplexan parasite whichparasitizes the small-intestinal epithelium of the domestic mouse (Mus musculus). The aim of ourstudy was to apply a transfection system, established with E. tenella, a parasite pathogen of chicken,and E. nieschulzi, a rat specific parasite, to E. papillata. The yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) undercontrol of a heterologous MIC1-promoter from Eimeria tenella pmic1YFPmutYFPact3´ was expressedin transfected E. papillata sporozoites. The transfected parasites invade VERO cells, growup and differentiate into YFP expressing trophozoites, meronts and merozoites of the first and secondgeneration. This new transient transfection system allows further functional studies of specificgenes in the life cycle and parasite-host-cell relationship.P PH.4 - ENCryo TEM-based 3D reconstruction of the recombinant expressed human zincpeptidase MeprinPhilipp Arnold, Arne Moeller, Frank Depoix, Christoph Becker-Pauly, Walter Stöcker, UlrichMeissner1Molekulare Tierphysiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzMeprins are astacin-type zinc endopeptidases, which have been observed so far exclusively in vertebrates.Typically, meprins are expressed in brush border membranes of intestine and kidney tubules,intestinal leukocytes, and certain cancer cells. This suggests a role in epithelial differentiation andcell migration. For human meprin two subforms are described: Meprin α and Meprin β. They showmarked differences in activation, substrate specificity; most drastical deviations are seen in theirquaternary structures. From negatively stained electron micrographs it is known that meprin α formsring- and chain shaped oligomers. Since meprin β forms homodimers, it was used in the experiments.Homogeneous preparations of soluble meprin β were purified from the supernatant of HiFiveinsect cells that had been infected with Baculoviruses carrying a mutated meprin β cDNA resultingin a secreted protein lacking a membrane anchor. Preliminary data of meprin β quaternary structurenow are available: Therefore specimens were plunge-frozen in liquid ethane and micrographs ofpure recombinantly expressed meprin β were obtained using a Tecnai-F20 electron microscope ata magnification of 62000x and an acceleration voltage of 200kV. From the acquired data of about7500 single asymmetric particles a preliminary 3D reconstruction was performed with a resolutionof 10Ǻ (½-bit). A first rigid body fitting of the different known domains from X-ray data showedgood correlation of size and orientation.

Physiology Posters 189P PH.5 - ENDifferential gene expression in the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum duringanhydrobiosisMarkus Grohme 1 , Brahim Mali 1 , Martina Schnölzer 2 , Thomas Dandekar 3 , Dirk Reuter 4 , RalphSchill 5 , Marcus Frohme 11University of Applied Sciences Wildau; 2 German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 3 Universityof Würzburg; 4 Oncoscience AG; 5 University of StuttgartIn a functional genomics approach utilizing subtractive techniques and microarrays we are exploringdifferential gene expression in the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum during anhydrobiosis. Expressedsequence tags (ESTs) are being bioinformatically analysed to identify stress response genesbut also to elucidate potential anhydrobiotic regulatory pathways. Regulated transcripts betweendifferent stages that might play a role in cryptobiotic survival are being identified using cDNArepresentational difference analysis (cDNA-RDA). RDA, like other PCR based subtractive methodsdoes not rely on prior sequence knowledge and can therefore be applied in parallel while sequencedatabases are being established. Furthermore we will perform microarray experiments and complementthem with RDA-derived probe-sequences to identify additional candidate genes. Followingtheir discovery some years ago it has been shown that microRNAs (miRNA) play an importantregulatory role in many physiological and developmental processes. Therefore we attempt to clonetardigrade specific miRNAs to test whether gene expression is regulated by this type of noncodingRNAs during anhydrobiosis. Resulting data from RDA, microarrays and miRNAs together will helpto gain deeper insight into differential gene expression during anhydrobiosis. Establishing this tardigradespecies as a cryptobiotic model organism will help to develop new ways of preserving variousbiological samples from degradation.P PH.6 - ENEvidence of the epithelial sodium channel delta subunit in human nasal epitheliumNadine Bangel-Ruland, Kristina Kusche-Vihrog, Hanna Langhorst, Dominik Kentrup, Wolf-Michael WeberInstitute of Animal Physiology, University of MünsterThe epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) mediates the first step in Na + reabsorption in epithelial cellssuch as kidney, lung, and colon and may consist of four homologous subunits (α, β, γ, δ). Predominantly,the α-subunit is expressed in these epithelia and it usually forms functional channels with theβ- and γ-subunit. The δ-subunit was first found in human brain and kidney but the expression wasalso detected in human cell lines of lung, pancreatic and colonic origin. When co-expressed with βand γ accessory subunits in heterologous systems the two known isoforms of the δ-ENaC subunit(δ1 and δ2) can build amiloride-sensitive Na + channels. In the present study we investigated the expressionof the δ-subunit in human nasal epithelium. We cloned and sequenced the full-length cDNAof the ENaC δ-subunit and showed that in nasal tissue at least isoform 1 is expressed. Furthermore,we carried out Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses to study the expression of the δ-ENaC in human nasal epithelium. Additionally, we showed a functional expression of the δ-ENaCsubunit with measurements in modified Ussing chambers. Thereby, we demonstrated that Evansblue, a δ-subunit-specific antagonist, inhibits the activity of δ-ENaC in human nasal epithelium.These findings raise the question if the δ-subunit possesses important regulatory function and if itinteracts with other ENaC subunits or members of the DEG/ ENaC family in the human respiratoryepithelium.

190 Physiology PostersP PH.7 - ENNew aquaporins of the duck nasal glandChristian Müller, Ulrike Joachim, Jan-Peter HildebrandtZoologisches Institut, Universität GreifswaldIn previous investigations, we were able to identify aquaporins of the subtypes 1 and 5 in the ducknasal gland and to correlate changes in expression of these proteins to alterations in the osmoticload of the animals (Müller et al., 2006). More recent data indicate, however, that aquaporins ofadditional subtypes are expressed too. In detail, using specific primers in RT-PCR experiments, weamplified products derived from duck nasal gland RNA which were identified as homologues ofmammalian and bird aquaporin 2-, 3-, and 4-cDNAs. Immunohistochemical analysis of Aqp-distributionin cryosections of nasal gland indicated that at least aquaporin subtypes 3 and 4 are expressedboth in epithelial cells of collecting ducts and in secretory tubuli. However, clear differences wereobserved in the subcellular localization. Of special interest are the nuclear localization of Aqp3-signals and observations that indicate an internalization of Aqp3 from the apical membrane to thecytosolic endomembrane system of secretory cells during osmotic stress in the animals.P PH.8 - ENFunctional tests for CFTR correction – establishing mRNA transfection proceduresJ Weller, N Bangel-Ruland, C Pollmann, W-M WeberInstitute of Animal Physiology, University of MünsterCystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent genetic disease in the Caucasian population. CF is causedby a defective gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). TheCFTR influences the fluid composition of the mucus in the respiratory tract and the most commonmutation inducing CF is ∆F508. This mutation impairs the CFTR processing in the cell and also preventsfunctional CFTR expression in the apical membrane. The human bronchial epithelial cell lineCFBE41o- expressing ∆F508CFTR is well suited for CF research, because it forms polarized cellmonolayers with a sufficient transepithelial resistance when grown on permeable filters. The cellscan be mounted in modified Ussing chambers for electrophysiological measurements to determinetransepithelial short-circuit current (I SC), conductance (G t) and capacitance (C t). Ussing chambermeasurements were taken before and after wild type CFTR-mRNA transfection of the CFBE41ocells.In contrast to the non-transfected cells, the transfected cells showed an increased I SC, G tand C tafter CFTR activation with a cocktail of cAMP (100 µM) and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX(1 mM). The increase in capacitance shows that a major part of this activation is caused by exocytoticinsertion of preformed functional CFTR molecules into the apical membrane. CFTR activationis sensitive to the Cl - channel blocker NPPB, which decreased all parameters significantly.P PH.9 - ENStructure and evolution of hemocyanin from Odontodactylus scyllarus (Crustacea,Hoplocarida)Samantha Didier, Beyhan Ertas, Thorsten BurmesterBiocenter Grindel and Zoological Museum, University of HamburgHemocyanins are the respiratory proteins of many arthropod and molluscan species. They belong tothe “type III” copper-proteins. Within the Crustacea, hemocyanins are restricted to the Malacostraca

Physiology Posters 191and Remipedia. Three distinct hemocyanin subunit types (alpha, beta and gamma) had been identifiedin the Eucarida. However, little has been known on hemocyanin structure and subunit compositionin Hoplocarida and Pericarida. Here we investigate the hemocyanin from the stomatopod Odontodactylusscyllarus (Hoplocarida). Two distinct hemocyanin subunit types have been identified inthe hemolymph by Western blotting. By reverse transcription PCR, hemocyanin cDNA fragmentswere obtained from RNA extracted from the whole body.P PH.10 - ENLocalization and expression analyses of Globin X in zebrafishJessica Wollberg, Frank Gerlach, Thorsten BurmesterBiocenter Grindel and Zoological Museum, University of HamburgGlobins are small respiratory proteins consisting of approximately 150 amino acids and a porphyrinringwith a Fe 2+ ion. In vertebrates, five distinct globin types with different tissue distributions andfunctions have been identified. Hemoglobin and myoglobin are among the best-studied proteins,whereas the physiological roles of neuroglobin and cytoglobin are still uncertain. While these fourglobin types are probably present in all vertebrate taxa, globin X (GbX) appears to be restricted tothe “lower vertebrates” (fish and amphibia). For better understanding of its function, we investigatethe cellular and subcellular localisation of GbX. By Western blotting, we found that the protein ispreferentially present in brain and oocytes. Analyses of GbX sequences revealed two conserved N-terminal lipid modification sites: N-myristoylation followed by S-palmitoylation. The general functionof myristoylation and palmitoylation is to increase the affinity of a soluble protein to cellularmembranes and to stabilize membrane association. Currently, we investigate the possible interactionof GbX with the cell membrane.P PH.11 - ENInsect hemocyanin: expression analysis in cockroachesChristian Pick, Marco Schneuer, Thorsten BurmesterBiocenter Grindel und Zoological Museum, University of HamburgHemocyanins (Hc) are the respiratory proteins that float freely dissolved in the hemolymph of manyarthropod species. Even though well-known in Chelicerata and malacostracan Crustacea their widespreadoccurrence in other arthropods (e.g., insects) has been discovered only recently. Becauseinsects possess a tracheal system, a network of tubules through which O 2is delivered in the gaseousphase, respiratory proteins had been considered unnecessary. A functional Hc, however, is present inthe stonefly Perla marginata and Hc sequences were identified in most other hemimetabolous andametabolous insects. Here we present the full length cDNAs of two distinct subunits from the cockroachesPeriplaneta americana (Blattidae) and Blaptica dubia (Blaberidae). Phylogenetic analysesshow that the subunits are orthologous to subunits 1 and 2 of the stonefly P. marginata. We alsofound the cockroach Hcs to be paraphyletic with respect to the Hcs of the termite Cryptotermes secundus.Expression analyses show that Hc mRNA is present in all developmental stages of B. dubia,whereas the protein was only found in the hemolymph of first instar nymphs. Hence, mRNA mightonly be translated under hypoxia, which is true for first instar nymphs due to their incomplete trachealsystem. This hypothesis of a post-transcriptional hypoxia-induced regulation is also reinforcedby the fact that hypoxia treatment did not alter the expression of Hc mRNA in adult B. dubia.

192 Physiology PostersP PH.12 - ENA hemocyanin from Speleonectes tulumensis (Crustacea, Remipedia)Beyhan Ertas 1 , Björn von Reumont 2 , Christian Pick 1 , Bernhard Misof 1 , J. Wolfgang Wägele 2 ,Thorsten Burmester 11Biocenter Grindel und Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg; 2 Zoological Research MuseumAlexander Koenig, BonnHemocyanins are metallo-proteins that transport oxygen in the haemolymph of many arthropodand mollusc species. The oxygen molecule is reversibly bound by means of two Cu + -ions, each ofthem coordinated by three histidines in two binding sites. Arthropod hemocyanins are composed ofidentical or similar subunits of ~75 kDa which may assemble to large oligomers (1 - 8x6). Within theCrustacea, hemocyanins were thought to be restricted to Malacostraca, while “entomostracan” crustaceansusually possess hemoglobin as respiratory pigment. Here we report the presence of hemocyaninin Remipedia, which is a unique and rare crustacean class that inhabits anchialine cave systems.Three hemocyanin subunits were obtained by RT-PCR and RACE from RNA of Speleonectestulumensis. Using antibodies raised against various insect and crustacean hemocyanins identifiedat least two distinct subunits in Western Blotting experiments. Phylogenetic analyses of arthropodhemocyanin sequences suggest an unexpectedly close relationship of Remipedia and Hexapoda, andparaphyletic Crustacea.P PH.13 - ENGenomic response of the rat brain to global ischemia and reperfusionThorsten Burmester 1 , Fabian Büttner 2 , Christian Cordes 3 , Frank Gerlach 1 , Axel Heimann 3 , BeatAlessandri 3 , Ulrich Luxemburger 4 , Özlem Türeci 4 , Thomas Hankeln 5 , Oliver Kempski 31Dept. Biologie, Abt. Tierphysiologie, Universität Hamburg; 2 Institut für Zoologie, UniversitätMainz; 3 Institut für Neurochirurgische Pathophysiologie, Universität Mainz ; 4 III. MedizinischeKlinik und Poliklinik, Universität Mainz ; 5 Institut für Molekulargenetik, Universität MainzTo identify genes that are involved in ischemia response, we have evaluated changes of gene expressionin rat cerebrum after 15 min complete global ischemia, followed by reperfusion for 1 h, 6 h,or 24 h. The expression profiles of ~30,000 transcripts from three subjects in each group (includingsham-operated controls) were monitored employing oligonucleotide microarrays. About 20,000transcripts were detectable in rat brains. The levels of 576 transcripts (~2.9%) were significantlyaltered in response to experimental ischemia. 419 transcripts were up- and 157 downregulated; 39transcripts changed after 1 h reperfusion, 174 after 6 h and 462 after 24 h. Results from quantitativereal-time reverse transcription PCR of 18 selected genes showed excellent agreement withthe microarray data. There is surprisingly little overlap between gene regulation patterns at differentreperfusion times (only seven genes displayed significant changes in transcript levels at allreperfusion times. Several genes that were previously unknown to be involved in ischemia-responsehave been identified. Analyses of gene ontology patterns and the most strongly regulated transcriptsshowed that the immediate response to an ischemia/reperfusion is mediated by the induction ofspecific transcription factors and stress genes. Delayed gene expression response is characterisedby inflammation and immune-related genes. These results support the hypothesis that the brain’sresponse to ischemia is an active, specific and coordinated process.

Physiology Posters 193P PH.14 - ENSub-10 Å cryo-EM structure and molecular model of Sepia officinalis hemocyaninChristian Rickert, Arne Moeller, Tamara Tesanovic, Maria Müller, Frank Depoix, Jürgen MarklInstitute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University MainzHemocyanins are extracellular, copper-containing, highly allosteric proteins that transport oxygenin the hemolymph of many invertebrate animals. The hemocyanin of the common cuttlefish Sepiaofficinalis (SoH) is composed of ten identical 400 kDa polypeptide chains (i.e. subunits), each comprisingeight distinct 50 kDa functional units (FUs). Each FU carries a binuclear copper active sitefor reversible binding of one dioxygen molecule. Within the quaternary structure, the ten subunitsare arranged as a semi-hollow cylinder with an external wall and an internal collar. Recently, wepublished a 9 Å cryo-EM structure and molecular model of Nautilus pompilius hemocyanin (NpH).This revealed many details of the cylinder wall (composed of ten copies of fragment NpH-abcdef),and of the asymmetric collar (composed of ten copies of NpH-g) [Gatsogiannis et al. (2007). J MolBiol 375: 465–86]. In Sepia officinalis hemocyanin, ten copies of an additional FU-type (SoH-s) enlargethe collar in an as yet unknown manner. We present a sub-10 Å cryo-EM structure (calculatedfrom ca. 7500 single particles) and molecular model of the SoH decamer, revealing its exact collarand wall architecture. In an approach to visualize different conformational states of SoH, we showpreliminary 3D reconstructions obtained at distinct pH values and oxygenation states. Supported byDFG. Sepia hemolymph provided by Dr. Felix C. Mark (Alfred Wegener Institute).P PH.15 - ENDevelopmental-specific globin expression in zebrafishJessica Tiedke, Frank Gerlach, Thorsten BurmesterBiocenter Grindel and Zoological Museum, University of HamburgRespiratory proteins are responsible for the transport of oxygen to the tissues and its storage. Hemoglobin(Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) are the best studied globins concerning their function and developmental-specificexpression in vertebrates, whereas the function of the recent discovered globins,neuroglobin (Ngb), cytoglobin (Cygb) and globin X (GbX) is still elusive. To get further informationabout the role of the new globins, their expression during the development of zebrafish was analysed.Evaluation of real-time RT-PCR results showed that the expression pattern of every single globincan be associated with morphological development. In contrary to the widespread opinion that Ngbhas a low average concentration, the comparison of the absolute mRNA-level showed that Ngb andMb expression levels are similar. Furthermore, the Ngb mRNA expression was detected in the spinalchord of zebrafish larvae by whole mount in-situ hybridisation. This result equates to the existingconception, that Ngb is a neuronal expressed globin.

194 Physiology PostersP PH.16 - ENActivation of Erk-type MAP kinases and induction of c-fos by secretory productsof Staphylococcus aureus in immortalised human airway epithelial cells (S9 and16HBE14o- cells)Sabine Below, Anne Konkel, Jan-Peter HildebrandtLehrstuhl für Physiologie und Biochemie der Tiere, Universität GreifswaldSince bronchial epithelia are major targets for infection by Staphylococcus aureus, we studied effectsof bacterial secretory products on intracellular signalling and early gene regulation in two types ofhuman airway epithelial cells. It is unknown whether Staphylococci affect all types of cells equallyor use specific cell types for adhesion, induction of changes in cell physiology and, finally, for occasionalinvasion of the body. Culture supernatants of S. aureus (COL) from exponential (OD 540nm=1) or stationary growth phases (OD 540nm= 10) or recombinant hemolysins A (rHla) and B (rHlb) wereadded to the culture medium of S9 or HBE cells for 2 h at 37°C. Quantitative Western blot analysisof soluble proteins extracted from these cells showed activation of Erk-type MAP kinases when cellshad been treated with rHlb, a toxin with sphingomyelinase activity, or 10% (v/v) of OD1- or OD10-supernatants. After treatment with rHla, a pore-forming toxin of S. aureus, an activation of Erk1/2occurred in S9, but not in HBE cells. Both S9 and HBE cells developed an induction of c-fos whentreated with rHla which was dependent upon Erk-activation in S9, but not in HBE cells. Activationof Erk1/2 was observed in both cell types upon incubation with rHlb. The results indicate that secretoryproducts of S. aureus affect endogenous cell signalling in airway epithelial cells related to cellgrowth and differentiation in a cell type-specific manner.P PH.17 - ENStaphylococcus aureus-toxins modulate calcium signaling in immortalized humanairway epithelial cellsKaroline Gäbler, Stefanie Eichstaedt, Jan-Peter HildebrandtZoologie, Physiologie und Biochemie der Tiere, Ernst Moritz Arndt-Universität, GreifswaldBronchial epithelia are major targets for Staphylococcus aureus. We studied effects of bacterialsecretory products on calcium signaling in immortalized human airway cells (16HBE14o- and S9).Calcium signals were elicited by activation of phospholipase C-coupled receptors (muscarinic acetylcholinereceptors in S9 cells or purinergic receptors (P2Y 2) in 16HBE14o- cells, respectively).Intracellular calcium concentration was measured using the fluorescent dye Indo-1. Addition of recombinanthemolysin A (rHla), a pore-forming S. aureus-toxin, mediated calcium influx through theplasma membrane. At a concentration of 200 ng/ml rHla, cells seemed to activate Ca 2+ -extrusionwhich resulted in lower plateau values of [Ca 2+ ] iupon receptor activation. At 2000 ng/ml rHla,calcium influx could not be compensated for by calcium extrusion resulting in a steady increase in[Ca 2+ ] i. However, rHla-mediated pores in the plasma membrane seemed to be selective for calciumions and were not permeable to small organic molecules as indicated by experiments using a live/dead cell-stain. In preliminary experiments applying recombinant hemolysin B (rHlb) to the cells,a moderate attenuation of plateau calcium signals was observed in 16HBE14o- cells, while a slightelevation in plateau-[Ca 2+ ] iwas observed in S9 cells. These results indicate that secretory productsof S. aureus affect endogenous calcium signaling in airway epithelial cells and may compromise thebarrier function of the epithelium.

Physiology Posters 195P PH.18 - ENInnate Immunity: Manduca sexta eggs are able to cope with parasitism byTrichogramma evanescensMohatmed Abdel-latief, Monika HilkerAngewandte Zoologie/Ökologie derTiere, Freie Universität BerlinInsect eggs are not “lost” when having been parasitized. We could show that about a third ofManduca sexta eggs can survive after having been attacked by the parasitic wasp Trichogrammaevanescens. An analysis of transcription rates of immune-relevant genes of M. sexta indicates thatsurvival of the host eggs is due to successful immune responses. Several cDNAs of immune-relatedgenes were generated from M. sexta eggs by DDRT-PCR, i.e., humoral immune response genes(prophenoloxidase ProPO and prophenoloxidase activating protease I PAP I), a cellular immune responsegene (proparalytic peptide ProPP), and the antimicrobial peptides leureptin (Leu), attacin II(Att-II), cecropin 6 (Cec 6), and gloverin (Glov). Furthermore, two novel genes were identified, i.e.,immulectin –V (IML-V) and like-moricin (L-Mor). Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis showedthat the IML-V, ProPO, ProPP, and PAP I transcript levels were higher in parasitized eggs comparedto unparasitized ones. Transcription rates of the antimicrobial peptides L-Mor, Leu, and Att II did notchange in response to parasitism, whereas transcription levels of Cec 6 and Glov were down-regulated2 to 3 d after parasitism of freshly laid eggs. Our data demonstrate that M. sexta eggs show differentialimmune responses to egg parasitoids [1]. [1] Abdel-latief, M. and Hilker, M. (2008). Innateimmunity: Eggs of Manduca sexta are able to respond to parasitism by Trichogramma evanescens.Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 38: 136-145.P PH.19 - ENImpact of running wheel activity on seasonal adaptations in the Djungarian hamster(Phodopus sungorus)Ines Petri, Frank Scherbarth, Stephan SteinlechnerInstitut für Zoologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule HannoverLike other mammals of the temperate zones, the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) exhibitspronounced annual changes in several physiological traits, which are directly induced by photoperiod.In autumn or in response to winter-like short day lengths Phodopus sungorus spontaneouslyreduces food intake and body mass as well as size and activity of the gonads. In addition, a changeinto a whitish winter pelage takes place. Another adaptation to winter is the occurrence of torpor, i.e.a state of hypometabolism accompanied by a drop of the body temperature for several hours duringthe resting phase. In a recent study we showed that hamsters with access to a running wheel increasetheir body weight and do not anymore show a seasonal body weight cycle (Scherbarth et al. 2007).Consequently, running wheel activity was assumed to mask or block some of the photoperiodic responsesto short day. The aim of this study was to investigate whether running wheel activity has aninfluence on other seasonal traits such as testes development, fur colouration and torpor in Phodopussungorus. Hamsters were exposed to artificial short days either with a running wheel or without.Besides the expected increase of body mass in hamsters with access to running wheels we could alsoshow a decelerated testes regression and the absence of torpor. However, running wheel activity didnot influence the fur colour index indicating that the hamsters are still able to perceive, and react to,the short photoperiod.

196 Physiology PostersP PH.20 - ENOn the role of mitochondrial metabolism during torpor in the golden spiny mouse(Acomys russatus) at high ambient temperatureKirsten Grimpo, Maria Kutschke, Anja Kastl, Gerhard Heldmaier, Martin Jastroch, Cornelia ExnerDepartment of Animal Physiology, Philipps-Universität MarburgIn periods of food shortage small mammals have to cope with difficulties maintaining their highmetabolic rate (MR). In such harsh times daily torpor and hibernation are common strategies to saveenergy. Recently, a depression of mitochondrial respiration during torpor had been demonstratedin the Djungarian hamster and a relation to the torpor entrance phase had been suggested. In thisstudy, we investigated torpor behaviour and mitochondrial adjustments of the golden spiny mouse(Acomys russatus). To induce torpor the ad libitum food intake was reduced to 50% over a period of3 weeks. MR and body temperature (T b) of the animals were monitored at an ambient temperature(T a) of 32°C. We demonstrated that even at this T aanimals were able to enter torpor. They decreasedMR to 30% of euthermic values during a torpor bout, although T bwas kept at 34°C. We comparedthe bioenergetics of isolated mitochondria from torpid, alarm aroused, and ad libitum fed groups. Wefound no effect on mitochondrial superoxide production of several tissues and in contrast to previousstudies, no difference in mitochondrial respiration states. Furthermore, torpor did not alter the basalproton leak measured in the liver. These data suggest that active depression of MR at high T adoesnot depend on suppression of mitochondrial respiration, but rather seems to be a consequence ofsystemic regulation. Therefore, regarding previous suggestions on the importance of mitochondrialdepression during torpor entrance may be questionable.P PH.21 - ENThe onset of spontaneous daily torpor in Phodopus sungorus depends upon thesympathetic nervous systemLuzie Braulke, Gerhard HeldmaierBiologie/ Tierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität MarburgEntrance into torpor is characterized by a rapid reduction of metabolic rate, heart rate and ventilation.It is still an open question how the autonomic nervous system is involved in the initiation of atorpor bout. The large depression of cardiac and respiratory activity suggests a dominance of parasympatheticactivity. If this is true a vagal blockade by Atropine should inhibit or decrease spontaneoustorpor occurrence. If primarily the SNS is involved, sympathectomy by 6-Hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA) should have the same effect. Hence we compared the influence of Atropine and 6-OHDAon torpor behaviour. Body temperature of Phodopus sungorus was recorded continuously. As soonas hamsters displayed torpor regularly either PNS or SNS was blocked by either of the two antagonists.Vagal blockade by s.c. implants delivering Atropine for 21 days did not affect the occurrence ofdaily torpor at all. The sympathetic inhibition by 6-OHDA injection however resulted in a completedisappearance of ultradian rhythmicity and torpor for at least four days. These results conclude thatthe onset of daily torpor requires an intact signalling of the sympathetic nervous system.

Physiology Posters 197P PH.22 - DEHerzfrequenz, Körpertemperatur und Stoffwechsel des Mäusebussards (Buteo buteo)Matthias Helb, Roland PrinzingerAbt. Stoffwechselphysiologie, Inst. f. Ökologie, Evolution & Diversität, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt a.M.Die korrelativ voneinander abhängigen Parameter Herzfrequenz, Körpertemperatur und Stoffwechselbieten tierischen Organismen grundlegende physiologische Mechanismen ökologischer Anpassungsstrategien.Im Rahmen von vergleichenden Untersuchungen zu dieser Thematik wurden derTagesgang der Stoffwechselrate sowie über miniaturisierte, intraperitoneal implantierte Sender synchrondas EKG und die Körpertemperatur bei Mäusebussarden (Buteo buteo) (n = 5) registriert.Am Mäusebussard, einer in Mitteleuropa sehr häufigen Greifvogelart, wurden bisher nur in äußerstgeringem Umfang physiologische Daten erhoben. Messungen des Energie-Stoffwechsels existierenlediglich von einem Jungvogel und zwei adulten Tieren. Es wird vorgestellt, wie sich die eingangsbeschriebenen Parameter intraspezifisch in Abhängigkeit zur Umgebungstemperatur und zur Tageszeitverändern (Tagesperiodik, Thermoneutralzone) und inwieweit die telemetrisch registrierbareHerzfrequenz allein zur Feststellung der Stoffwechselrate geeignet ist (z. B. bei Freilanduntersuchungen).Die Versuchstiere wurden dankenswerterweise vom NABU Artenschutzzentrum Leiferdezur Verfügung gestellt. M. Helb wird für diese Untersuchung durch die Erwin-Stresemann-Förderungder Deutschen Ornithologen-Gesellschaft (DO-G) unterstützt.P PH.23 - DEEnergiehaushalt und Thermoregulation beim Rußköpfchen (Agapornis nigrigenis)Jenny Richber, Elke SchleucherInstitut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, AK Stoffwechselphysiologie, Johann WolfgangGoethe-Universität, Frankfurt a.M.Die Papageien (Psittaciformes) sind eine stark differenzierte Vogelordnung mit einem weitreichendenGrößenspektrum. Hinsichtlich ihrer Biologie bestehen innerhalb der Ordnung große Unterschiede,bezüglich Ernährung (Spezialisten und Generalisten), Flugfähigkeit (gute Flieger vs.Flugunfähige) und klimatischer Ansprüche. So besiedeln Papageien unterschiedliche Lebensräume- vom tropischen Regenwald bis hin zur antarktischen Klimazone, von Küstenregionen bis zuhöchsten Gebirgen, Wüsten oder Inseln.Es stellt sich die Frage, ob sich diese unterschiedlichen undspeziellen Lebensweisen in der Physiologie, insbesondere im Energiestoffwechsel und der Thermoregulation,widerspiegeln.Basierend auf vergleichenden Studien zu physiologischen Parametern beiVögeln wurde der Einfluss der Umgebungstemperatur auf den Stoffwechsel bei der Art Agapornisnigrigenis untersucht. Agaporniden kommen in Afrika z.T. nur in sehr eng begrenzten Verbreitungsgebietenin der Afrotropis vor.Schwerpunkt dieser Studie ist die Frage: Welche Auswirkungen habenÄnderungen der Umgebungstemperatur während des Tages und der Nacht auf physiologischeParameter wie Körpertemperatur und Stoffwechsel? Hierzu werden die Thermoneutralzone und derBasalstoffwechsel sowie die Körpertemperatur bestimmt. Die gewonnenen Daten werden mit empirischbestimmten allometrischen Funktionen und der Biologie von Agapornis nigrigenis diskutiert.Gefördert von der Vereinigung von Freunden und Fördereren der Universität Frankfurt.

198 Physiology PostersP PH.24 - ENNorepinephrine-induced non shivering thermogenesis (NST) in obesity resistant (SWR/J) and obesity prone (AKR/J) miceNadine Rink, Gerhard Heldmaier, Carola W. MeyerDepartment of Animal Physiology, Philipps Universität MarburgDifferent strains of inbred mice are known to differ in their response to high fat feeding. An exampleis the susceptibility of AKR/J mice to DIO (diet induced obesity) whereas mice SWR/J are resistant.In mammals, UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) mediated NST not only plays a role for generating heat inthe cold, but is also recruited for wasting excess energy, a phenomenon known as diet-induced thermogenesis(DIT). We hypothesized that resistance to DIO in SWR/J mice is associated with higherNST capacity in vivo. In our study we fed SWR/J and AKR/J mice (35 days old) with either chow(C, 3.3% crude fat) or high fat diet (HF, 20.1% crude fat) for one week. We compared body mass,and determined changes in basal metabolic rate (BMR), and NST maximum following injection ofNorepinephrine (NE; 1.5 mg/kg s.c.). When chow fed, neither BMR nor NST maximum was differentbetween strains, despite a lower body mass in SWR/J mice. As expected, HF feeding causedan increase in body mass of AKR/J mice, but not in SWR/J mice. Following HF feeding, BMR andNST maximum increased in AKRJ mice, corresponding to the increase in body mass. In contrast,BMR and NST maximum were not different between SWR/J mice receiving either C or HF diet.These results suggest that obesity resistance in SWR/J mice is not due to a specific increase in NSTcapacity with HF feeding, but results from a greater overall metabolic turnover.P PH.25 - ENAdipokinetic hormone gene sequence from Gryllus bimaculatus (Ensifera: Gryllidae)Gustavo R. Makert 1 , Matthias W. Lorenz 1,21Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, 2 Department of Animal Physiology,University of BayreuthThe adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) belong to one of the best characterized families of insect neuropeptides.The AKHs play a decisive role in the mobilization of energy from fat body during flight,egg production, moulting or stress situations (fight, extreme temperatures, hunger). In addition tothe identification of AKH peptides, knowledge of the AKH genes is of central importance. For thisreason we screened a cDNA library from G. bimaculatus to isolate and identify its AKH sequence.After cloning and sequencing the cDNA it was possible to propose the complete organization of G.bimaculatus AKH. The sequence of the G. bimaculatus AKH cDNA begins with an 89-nucleotide5´-untranslated region, a 20 amino acid signal peptide, the 8 amino acid AKH peptide, followed bythe amidation signal, a dibasic cleavage site and a 36 amino acid AKH-precursor related peptide.The cDNA ends with a 116-nucleotide 3´-untranslated sequence followed by a polyadenylation tailof undetermined length. The cricket AKH precursor displays a high sequence similarity with thoseof the cockroaches Periplaneta americana and Blaberus discoidalis. Age-dependent expression ofthe AKH gene in the corpora cardiaca (CC) of adult female crickets, together with data on theage-dependent AKH peptide content within the CC is presented. Their physiological significance isdiscussed in relation to flight performance and reproduction during early adult life. Supported by theDFG (Lo 697/4-3 and 4-4).

Physiology Posters 199P PH.26 - ENDepth-related metabolism and heart beat rate in Maja brachydactyla (Decapoda:Majidae)Olaf Heilmayer 1 , Christian Osseforth 2 , Nelia Mestre 2 , Sven Thatje 21School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, UK; 2 UniverstitätFreiburgThe pressure tolerances of many shallow water species are little known. Only recent developmentsin hyperbaric technology have enabled the continuous study of organisms under pressure in a freeflowingsystem. Pressure can largely affect the physiological responses of shallow water specieswith implications on geographical range limits of the species. Understanding the physiological responseMaja brachydactyla, a commercially important shallow water species might help to understandingbasic mechanisms of pressure adaptation. The species is known to migrate to depth in orderto reproduce. The noted regularity of such migratory events suggests this shallow species is able toacclimate to the increased pressure associated with increased depth rapidly and without difficulty.The extent at which M. brachydactyla can acclimate to pressure change may ultimately affect thegeographical distribution of the species. It furthermore may also be an important factor in determiningtheir ability to colonise deeper waters or traverse depth in order to reach new shallow water sites.Here, we will present first results on oxygen consumption and cardiac activity of M. brachydactylachallenged with pressure levels equivalent of 2000m water depth.P PH.27 - ENThe vitellogenin receptor of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria: molecularcloning and expression pattern during oogenesis.Johannes Leuchtweis, Hans-Hinrich Kaatz, Hans-Jörg FerenzInstitut für Biologie, Bereich Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergIn oviparous species, the vitellogenin receptor (VgR) - member of the low density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR) superfamily - mediates the uptake of yolk-precursors into the developing oocytes viaendocytosis. While the general process of insect vitellogenesis is well understood, the regulation ofyolk uptake into oocytes of different developmental stages, i.e. sequential oocyte maturation remainsunclear. The study of the expression pattern of the vitellogenin receptor during ovarian developmentshould provide a better insight into this problem. Currently in Locusta migratoria we are cloning andcompleting the sequence of the locust VgR (LmigVgR) and investigate its spatiotemporal occurrenceusing molecular methods. Northern hybridization revealed VgR expression specifically in ovariantissues. Real-time PCR (RTD-PCR) analysis indicates transcripts of the receptor through all stages ofovarian development; the first transcripts occur already in the earliest ovarian growth stages. Highesttranscript levels can be found in previtellogenic periods ensued by decreasing levels in vitellogenicperiods. In addition the LmigVgR gene expression can be visualized by in-situ hybridization (ISH)on L. migratoria ovarioles. Immunocytochemical analysis shows, that VgR-protein titres change incorrelation to previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocyte stages. Also the cellular spatial distributionof VgR differs during vitellogenesis. These results are important steps for the understanding of thetemporal regulation of oocyte growth in locusts.

200 Physiology PostersP PH.28 - DENur Katzenjammer oder echter Schmerz: Tut es weh, rothaarig zu sein?Annette Schlögel-Sturm 1 , Elke Schleucher 1 , Christiane Kiefert 21Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, AK Stoffwechselphysiologie, Johann WolfgangGoethe-Universität, Frankfurt a.M.; 2 Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt a.M.Hintergrund unserer Studie ist die Beobachtung, dass bei verschiedenen Säugerarten ein Zusammenhangzwischen Haar- bzw. Fellfarbe und der Wirksamkeit von Anästhetika sowie einem verändertenSchmerzempfinden besteht. Im humanmedizinischen Bereich wurde dieser Zusammenhang bereitsquantifiziert (19% verminderte Reaktion auf Anästhetika bei rothaarigen Menschen). Untersuchungenzur weiteren Aufklärung dieser Ergebnisse liegen bisher jedoch noch nicht vor. Bei rotfelligenHauskatzen (Felis silvestris f. catus) wurde dieses Phänomen erstaunlicherweise ebenfallsbeobachtet, jedoch bisher nur anekdotisch beschrieben. Um die Symptomatik näher zu betrachten,untersuchen wir stoffwechselphysiologische Parameter, insbesondere metabolische Vorgänge, hinsichtlichihrer potenziellen Einflüsse auf die Wirksamkeit von Anästhetika bei verschiedenfarbigenKatzen. Weiteres Ziel unserer Studie ist die Erarbeitung einer intraspezifischen Allometrie des Energieumsatzesder Hauskatze unter Berücksichtigung von Fellfarbe, Alter und Geschlecht. Gefördertdurch die Hermann-Willkomm StiftungP PH.29 - ENComparison of experimental work loop data with predictions using two common hilltypemuscle modelsChristian Rode, Tobias Siebert, Olaf Till, Reinhard BlickhanMotion Science, Friedrich Schiller University, JenaPhenomenological Hill-type models of skeletal muscle play an important role in the simulationof movement. The two most common models contain three differently arranged components (twosprings and a contractile element) and are mechanically different [1]. We tested if these simplehill-type muscle models are sufficient for simulation of cat soleus contractions and how they differin the approximation of measured forces and work. Model parameters were determined for soleusmuscle [1]. Varying cyclical sinusoidal length changes were imposed upon the muscle in lengthranges with substantial passive forces while it was phasically stimulated mainly in the concentricpart. Comparison of experimental and simulated force traces resulted in acceptable (less than 8 %maximum isometric force) description of cyclical contractions for both models and small differencesin work prediction per cycle (96% ± 13% and 97% ± 14% for the respective model). In conclusion,though one model represents real muscle better [1,2], both models give acceptable predictionsof stretch shortening cycles. Acknowledgement: We thank the German Science Foundation (DFG)grant Bl236/13-1. [1] T. Siebert, C. Rode, W. Herzog, O. Till and R. Blickhan, “Nonlinearities makea difference: comparison of two common Hill-type models with real muscle”, Biol. Cybern., 2008.[2] C. Rode, T. Siebert, W. Herzog and R. Blickhan, “The effects of parallel and series elastic componentson estimated active cat soleus muscle force”, (subm.).

Physiology Posters 201P PH.30 - ENA c-Src-limited, CaMKII-dependent apoptosis induces renal cystogenesis independentfrom Raf-1Daniel Weiß, Sarah Honisch, Winfried Beil, Michael FährmannInstitut für Pharmakologie OE5320, Medizinische Hochschule HannoverCysts are initial structures to develop renal tubules. A limited apoptosis is discussed to be a prerequisitefor cystogenesis. However, the precise molecular mechanism, and significance is unclear. Atrenal MDCKII cells, formation of cysts was analyzed for the dependence on post-receptor multifunctionalprotein kinases c-Src, Raf-1, and CaMKII. Activities of either c-Src or CaMKII in cystshave also been demonstrated by each specific CFP/YFP-FRET reporter in confocal, live cell imaging.We show that c-Src kinase has been necessary for cystogenesis since it was inhibited bydominant-negative c-Src. c-Src was predominantly active at basis and top of cysts. Overexpressionof dominant-negative Raf-1 301 or Raf-1 WT reduced formation of normal cysts but each stronglyincreased apoptosis. Overexpression of constitutively active CaMKII T286D increased apoptosis3-fold, and restricted cystogenesis. Co-overexpression of c-Src WT limited CaMKII-induced apoptosis,and partially abolished the CaMKII T286D-blocked cystogenesis. Restrained cystogenesis byoverexpression of dominant-negative Raf-1 301 was compensated by co-overexpression of CaM-KII T286D with either c-Src WT or constitutively active c-Src. In these cases, apoptosis was onlyincreased between 1.8- and 2-fold. Conclusively, in the case of lost Raf-1, our data describe that ac-Src-limited CaMKII-induced apoptosis is implicated with cystogenesis.P PH.31 - ENExpression and assembly properties of the recently identified “thread” keratins TKαand TKγ in the zebrafish Danio rerioSebastian Neumann, Michael SchaffeldInstitut für Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzKeratins form the two most complex groups of intermediate filament (IF) proteins, assembling intofilaments of type I/type II heterodimers. The thread keratins α and γ were first discovered in thehagfish slime, but since then have been considered a highly specialized group of IF-proteins, possiblyonly present in this ancient vertebrate group. Recently we discovered that both thread keratinsare also present in other vertebrates, including teleosts and amphibians and that TKα is indeed bestcharacterized as a type II keratin, whereas TKγ represents a rather ancient type I keratin. However,to-date little is known about thread keratin properties, expression and function in these animals.We therefore produced the respective recombinant proteins from zebrafish, (a) to investigate theirassembly properties, (b) to establish an overlay assay enabling us to identify the thread keratins incytoskeletal preparations and (c) to raise antibodies specific for both thread keratins in zebrafish totrace their expression patterns. Here we present our first results, which already indicate that TKαand TKγ do not show the typical behaviour known for other keratins, in that at least TKα is capableof forming homopolymeric, filamentous structures. Moreover, for the first time we have been able toidentify TKα at the protein level, indicating that it is present in different larval stages as well as inadult zebrafish. [We thank Prof. Jürgen Markl for his interest and support].

202 Physiology PostersP PH.32 - ENThe role of juvenile hormone and allatoregulating neuropeptides in castedifferentiation of the termite Mastotermes darwiniensisFranziska Wende 1 , Martina Meyering-Vos 1 , Klaus H. Hoffmann 1 , Manfred Kaib 21Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth; 2 Department of Animal Physiology,University of BayreuthCaste differentiation in social insects is not well understood, but juvenile hormones (JH) are assumedto play a major role. Although some results are available on JH titres in different castes of termites,no such studies have been done on the most primitive termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. This speciesis of special interest as in contrast to other lower termites it has been suggested to follow a bifurcatedontogenetic pathway similar to the higher termites. In such pathways, the split between sterile andreproductive line occurs in an early larval stage. Allatostatins of the FGL-amide family (AS-A) inhibitJH biosynthesis in the corpora allata. Therefore, they may indirectly control caste differentiation. Theprecursor of M. darwiniensis AS-A has been partially identified encoding at least 14 putative peptides.In order to understand the role of JH and ASs in caste differentiation, we measured JH titres in thehaemolymph by HPLC-MS and, in parallel, we quantified the AS-A gene expression in various castesand developmental stages. Preliminary results reveal high JH titres combined with low gene expressionof the AS-A gene in intermediate larval stages compared to other larval stages and sterile workers.The high JH titre suggests that in Mastotermes the point of bifurcation may not occur in early but inintermediate stages. The expression pattern of the AS-A gene correlates with the JH titre indicating anallatostatic role of these neuropeptides. Supported by DFG (GRK 678/2).

Zoological Systematics Posters 203Zoological Systematics Poster

204 Zoological Systematics Posters

Zoological Systematics Posters 205P ZS.1 - ENThe head morphology of Glaresis sp. (Scarabaeoidea: Glaresidae) and Dascillus cervinus(Dascilloidea: Dascillidae) – a contribution to clarify scarabaeoid and dascilloidrelationships among PolyphagaEric AntonInstitut f. Spezielle Zoologie u. Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaTo add new insights concerning possible relationships of Scarabaeoidea and Dascilloidea withinPolyphaga, an issue discussed since a century, head structures of adults of Glaresis sp. and Dascilluscervinus have been described in detail. The obtained data were evaluateded cladistically with ataxon sampling comprising representatives of different presumably basal polyphagan lineages. Conclusionsare: 1. A monophylum Scarabaeoidea + Dascilloidea is not supported by synapomorphicfeatures of the adult head. 2. A placement of Dascilloidea as sistergroup or as a subordinate groupof Elateroidea s.l. is supported by strong arguments such as the presence of an inframandibular antepipharynx,furcate setae on galea, an elongated tub-shaped prepharyngeal suspensorium, specificcraniohypopharyngeal musculature, exposed semimembranous parts with microsculpturation anda bipartite foramen occipitale. 3. A placement of Scarabaeoidea within Stapyliniformia is likelyand supported by: hypopharynx hourglass shaped in cross-sections, a specific craniobasimaxillarymuscle, distal antennomere with deep sensory pouch, scape longer than one fifth of total antennallength, external side of scape and pedicel with long bristles, eyes incised anteriorly, cerebrum shiftedposteriorly. 4. Some additional scarabaeoid autapomorphies can be provided: anterior clypeus concaveand projecting, gula bulging, anterior and posterior tentorial arms disconnected, mentum withanteriorly directed bristles.P ZS.2 - ENNephridial development and embryonic coelom fate in Artemia salina (Crustacea:Branchiopoda)Thomas Bartolomaeus, Jörn von Döhren, Björn Quast, Markus KochInstitut für Biologie, Freie Universität BerlinThe Ecdysozoa-hypothesis on the origin of arthropods questions the homology of segmentationin arthropods and annelids. Ultrastructural studies of the mesoderm development in Onychophorarevealed that the main correspondence with the state in annelids concern the involvement of theepithelial lining cells of the embryonic coelomic cavities in the formation of the visceral and somaticmusculature. The significance of this correspondence, however, remained unclear as comparabledata on the state in euarthropods were still missing. Developmental studies on selected euarthropodsaim to fill this gap. Data are raised by a combination of transmission electron microscopy and immuno-histochemicaltechniques and are presented here for the crustacean Artemia salina (Linnaeus,1758). In this species, putative transitory coelomic cavities proved to be absent in all trunk segments.Merely in the second and fourth limb-bearing head segments small, compact nephridial anlagendevelop into a sacculus and excretory duct. In contrast to onychophorans, the sacculi of A. salina donot represent remnants of primarily large coelomic cavities. The muscular system is formed priorto and independent of any transitory embryonic coelom. The mode of coelomogenesis in Artemiasalina seems to be representative at least for the Crustacea. These accordingly provide no support forthe homology of coelomic cavities in annelids and euarthropods.

206 Zoological Systematics PostersP ZS.3 - ENA combined approach to taxonomy: description of a new water flea species (Crustacea:Cladocera: Anomopoda) using morphological and molecular charactersMaria Belyaeva 1 , Derek J. Taylor 2 , Anders Hobaek 31Department of Freshwater Conservation, Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus;2Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, USA; 3 NorwegianInstitute for Water Research, Oslo, NorwayIn spite of the frequent calls for a combined approach to taxonomy, it has been only rarely realizedin practice. Our description of a new littoral water flea species from a taxonomically difficult speciescomplex illustrates the potential of using both detailed morphological and DNA sequence data fordelimitation of species boundaries. Representatives of the Chydorus sphaericus species complex areamong the commonest microcrustaceans in Holarctic freshwaters. Despite this fact, many species inthe complex remain undescribed until now, and this taxonomic uncertainty may confound the resultsof ecological, paleolimnological and toxicological studies. We describe a new species from the C.sphaericus species complex using morphological analysis of both parthenogenetic and gamogeneticindividuals of different instars, thus complying with the modern standards of morphological descriptionsfor Cladocera. Our previous study on the DNA sequence variation provided a framework forthe taxonomy of the C. sphaericus complex that enables us to analyse sequence variation within thenew species and to draw a comparison to the sister species C. sphaericus s. str. We found substantialdifferences in male morphology among the two species, which may be the mechanism that ensuresreproductive isolation. Genetic analysis indicated that separation of these species is relatively recent,but they remain genetically distinct, while often co-occurring.P ZS.4 - ENLarge scale 18S phylogeny of arthropodsNicola Dolgener, Kathrin Fahrein, Fabian Kilpert, Lars PodsiadlowskiFreie Universität BerlinDue to the challenge of dealing with an increasing amount of data the performance of phylogeneticanalysis methods gets better year by year. By now it is possible to do maximum likelihood bootstrapanalyses of large alignments comprising thousands of taxa. Making use of automated database extraction,fast software/web servers for alignment (MAFFT) and phylogenetic analysis (RAxML onthe CIPRES web server), we performed maximum likelihood bootstrap analyses of 18S sequencesfrom about 2000 arthropod species (all entries >1500 bp from myriapods, crustaceans and cheliceratesand a selection of hexapod sequences). While a lot of subtaxa got good support, no goodresolution was achieved for the basal splits. But analyses of that scale allow to identify taxa withlarge variability in substitution rate (e.g. Acari, Isopoda, Amphipoda) or very high substitution rates(Symphyla, Diplura), which may cause problems in phylogenetic analyses. By the way we couldidentify a couple of sequences which are obviously adressed to the wrong taxa.

Zoological Systematics Posters 207P ZS.5 - ENThe evolution of adult head structures and the phylogeny of Adephaga (Coleoptera,Insecta)Carina Dressler, Rolf G. BeutelInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, EntomologyGroup, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaThe head morphology of adult representatives of aquatic, semiaquatic (hygropetric) and terrestrialgroups of Adephaga was examined, with emphasis on the recently described Aspidytidae andMeruidae, and the relict family Trachypachidae. 58 characters of the head were coded and analysedcladistically together with a comprehensive data set of 141 morphological features of adults andimmature stages. The results suggest the monophyletic origin of the terrestrial groups (Geadephaga:Trachypachidae + Carabidae) and the non-monophyly of the aquatic and semiaquatic lineages (“Hydradephaga”).The highly specialised Gyrinidae are the sistergroup of all the remaining families.The monophyly of Dytiscoidea including Aspidytidae is confirmed. Aspidytidae are probably thesister group of the Amphizoidae. The placement of Meruidae is ambiguous. A sistergroup relationshipwith Dytiscoidea is one possible option. The condition found in Trachypachidae is probablyclosest to the groundplan of Adephaga. We assume that the last common ancestor of Adephaga wasliving in riparian habitats like extant species of Trachypachus, and the aquatic habits were acquiredtwo or three times independently. Carabidae are characterised by a tendency to elongate the headcapsule and mandibles and by densely pubescent antennae. A short and rounded, streamlined headand antennae devoid of longer setae or pubescence have evolved several times independently in theaquatic and semiaquatic groups.P ZS.6 - ENThe first complete mitochondrial genomes of Amblypygi reveal a conserved geneorderKathrin Fahrein 1 , Susan E. Masta 2 , Lars Podsiadlowski 11Freie Universität Berlin; 2 University of Portland, Oregon, USAAmblypygi (whip spiders) are terrestrial chelicerates inhabiting the subtropics and tropics, wellcharacterized by strong raptorial pedipalps and multi-segmented first walking legs. In morphologicalstudies as well as in molecular or combined ones, Amblypygi cluster together with Uropygi andAraneae, but there is still a controversy regarding the interrelationships of the three taxa. Mitochondrial(mt) genomes provide a large dataset of phylogenetic information and serve as models forcomparative genomics, but in arachnids, mt genome data is lacking for several major subtaxa. In thecourse of an ongoing project concerning arachnid mt genomics we present the first two completemt genomes from Amblypygi. This complements our previous work with Ricinulei (Fahrein et al.,2007; BMC Genomics 8: 386) and Solifugae (Masta et al., 2008; Gene, in press). For sequencing themt genomes of the two amblypygids, we used a PCR-based approach. We found both genomes to betypical circular duplex DNA molecules with all 37 genes usually present in bilaterian mt genomes.In Damon diadema the mt genome has a length of 14786 bp resp. 14764 bp in Phrynus sp. In bothspecies, a gene order as exhibited in the mt genome of Limulus polyphemus (Xiphosura) is retained,which is assumed to reflect the putative arthropod ground pattern. This study was supported by DFGgrant Ba 1520/10-1,2, SPP 1174 “Deep Metazoan Phylogeny” (LP), NSF award no. DEB-0416628(SEM) and NAFöG-Berlin (KF).

208 Zoological Systematics PostersP ZS.7 - ENMethods for high throughput molecular identification in species-rich amphibiancommunitiesOliver Frank 1 , Daniel Puppe 1 , Susanne Hauswaldt 1 , Axel Strauß 1 , Miguel Vences 1 , Anja-BettinaDohrmann 2 , Christoph C. Tebbe 21TU Braunschweig; 2 Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, BraunschweigZoologists working in areas of high biodiversity often face a multitude of species that are difficultto identify. Morphology often is error-prone in tagging individuals, especially when they belong todifferent life-history stages. Molecular methods offer alternative possibilities of determining species,DNA barcoding being one of the most reliable methods. This process involves sequencingand therefore sample size is often restricted by financial limitations. We here report on establishingcost-effective methods for molecular identification of tadpoles from diverse tropical communities.First, we tested identification using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), a routinemethod for bulk screening of microbial communities but rarely used in zoology. SSCP uses theelectrophoretic separation of single-stranded DNA fragments and measures their mobility through agel resulting from different secondary structures based on differences in sequences. Using fragmentsof the PCR-amplified mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, we were able to distinguish between most ofthe approximately 50 species of frogs occurring in our study site. Secondly, we amplified three differentfragments of the 12S and 16S rRNA genes. Due to insertions and deletions, these fragmentsshow different lengths which were detected in an automated sequencer using labelled primers. In thismethod, combining lengths of the three fragments gave a unique pattern for each species tested.P ZS.8 - ENThe thoracic morphology of Tetraphalerus (Archostemata) and the early evolution ofColeopteraFrank Friedrich, Rolf BeutelInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaTetraphalerus bruchi is a rare beetle assigned to the “archaic” beetle suborder Archostemata. An efficientreconstruction of external and internal features of its thorax was made possible by using moderntechniques, especially µ-CT. Features found in Tetraphalerus were compared to those in other archostematanand non-archostematan beetles, including Paleozoic and Mesozoic fossils. The resultswere included in a broad data set and evaluated. The analysis of the data assessed for the extant taxastrongly supports a branching pattern with Archostemata as the sistergroup of all other beetles andthe monophyly of Myxophaga + Polyphaga. Tetraphalerus is characterised by a mixture of highlyspecialised features of the head and many plesiomorphic characters of the thoracic skeleto-muscularsystem. The thorax of archostematan beetles includes six muscles also present in Neuropterida, butabsent in all representatives of Adephaga, Myxophaga and Polyphaga. The pterothoracic skeleton ofArchostemata shows also a series of plesiomorphic character conditions mainly linked to the coxalarticulations and movements. The analysis with the entire data set including extinct taxa shows thatthe inclusion of the fossils does not only influence the reconstruction of the character evolution butalso the branching pattern within the recent taxa. Thus, it is better to analyse a full data set despitemissing entries than to place the fossils in a second step based on an informal character evaluation.

Zoological Systematics Posters 209P ZS.9 - ENThe phylogeny of blattopteran insects: neuropeptides as a new character setBastian Fromm 1 , Steffen Roth 2 , Susanne Neupert 1 , Reinhard Predel 11Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Tierphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 2 Institutefor Biology, University of Bergen, NorwayTo establish neuropeptides as a novel character set, we examined a number of neuropeptides, namelyCapa-peptides, adipokinetic hormones, sulfakinins and pyrokinins (altogether 13 peptides) frommore than 100 insect species. The sequences of these peptides are highly conserved due to the constraintof fitting into their receptors. For that reason they are very good suited for phylogenetic analyses.After dissecting single neurohaemal organs (abdominal perisympathetic organs, corpora allata,and corpora cardiaca), all sequences were identified by using MALDI-Tof mass spectrometry. Thephylogeny of cockroaches is highly disputed and several authors also dealed with the arrangement ofcockroaches, termites and praying mantids within Dictyoptera. Therefore our taxon sampling representsthe major lineages of cockroaches (Polyphagidae, Cryptocercidae, Blattidae, Blaberidae, Blattellidae),a Praying Mantid Popa spurca and the termite Mastotermis darwiniensis (Mastotermitidae).The alignment resulted into more than 150 characters (ClustalX) and the following topologiesof the phylogenetic analysis (MP) are in general agreement with the formerly published relationships,based on molecular analyses of different gene loci, but show also differences which are wellsupported with bootstrap-values (1000 repeats). In addition, we identified apomorphic characters inmass fingerprints for most of the higher and a number lower taxa that are easily detectable.P ZS.10 - ENA new species of the genus Tethya (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the west coast ofCanada*Isabel Heim, Michael NickelInstitut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaSponges of the genus Tethya (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) are represented in all seas,with a strong species record from tropical waters. For the Pacific coast of North America only onespecies is presently described: Tethya californiana de Laubenfels 1932, which is common in theshallow waters of Southern Californian. Originally described as Tethya aurantia var. californiana,it was redescribed in 1993 by Sarà and Correiro as a valid species. Here we report the finding of asecond, new species from the North-American Pacific area. Specimens of Tethya sp. were collectedin Barkley Sound near Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada (48,85° N, 125,2° W) in a depth of 10-25m. In order to characterize the specimens we analysed a fragment of the Cytochrome Oxidase SubunitI mtDNA gene (COI). Sequence analysis and comparison to T. californiana COI (AY561978),revealed that they are closely related but not the same species. Translated aa sequences differ by 4bp,respectively 2 aa (0,93%). Morphological characters confirm molecular results. The oxyspherastersof Tethya sp. appear to be more compact with shorter rays compared to T. californiana. In contrast,bent or forked rays don’t occur in Tethya sp., but in T. californiana. For the genus Tethya the CytochromeOxidase Subunit I again proved to be a reliable marker to differentiate species. *Thisabstract/poster is not issued for purpose of zoological nomenclature. A detailed species descriptionwill be published separately.

210 Zoological Systematics PostersP ZS.11 - ENA molecular phylogeny and biogeographical scenario of the hawkmoth genus Hyles(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Macroglossinae)Anna K. Hundsdoerfer 1 , Ian J. Kitching 21DNA-Laboratory, Museum of Zoology, State Natural History Collections Dresden; 2 Departmentof Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UKThe hawkmoth genus Hyles is one of 15 genera in the subtribe Choerocampina of the subfamilyMacroglossinae. The twenty-nine species are found mostly in the southern Palaearctic region, butthere are representatives on most continents and major island groups. Due to a remarkable uniformity,morphological characters usually used to identify and classify Lepidoptera at the species levelcannot be used in this genus. Instead, we used DNA sequences comprising about 2300 bp derivedfrom the three mitochondrial genes COX I, COX II, and tRNA-leucine and about 700 bp from thenuclear gene EF1alpha to study the phylogeny of Hyles. The results corroborate the monophyly ofHyles but conflict with previous internal classifications of the genus based on morphology. Hylesseems to have diverged from its sister group in the Neotropics during the Oligocene/Eocene epochs.The colonisation of Madagascar and Australia seem to have occurred very early in Hyles radiation,although the route is uncertain. Depending on the assessment of the rate of molecular evolution,there are also alternative routes for the invasion of the Palaearctic. A common characteristic of theHyles euphorbiae complex is that they rely on Euphorbia foodplants, which contain toxic phorbolesters. Comparison of the phylogeny with food plant affiliations leads us to hypothesize that Euphorbiamonophagy evolved at least two times independently within Hyles.P ZS.12 - ENPretarsal structures of camel-spiders: new characters for the systematics of Solifugae(Arachnida)?Anja Elisabeth Klann, Gerd AlbertiZoologisches Institut & Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität GreifswaldSolifuges, also called camel-spiders, live mainly in tropical and subtropical regions preferably inarid ecosystems. The current classification recognizes 12 families, 140 genera and 1075 species.The most comprehensive taxonomic treatment of the order Solifugae was done by Roewer but thishas been constructively criticized by various authors due to his reliance on considerably variablecharacters such as spine-like leg setae on which Roewer based much of his taxon delineation. Pretarsalstructures of the walking legs have neither been studied in detail from the point of functionalmorphology nor been taken into account in current classifications of Solifugae. In the present study,representatives of the families Ammotrechidae, Daesiidae, Eremobatidae, Galeodidae, Gylippidae,Karschiidae and Solpugidae were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. There is arelatively high variation of the morphology of the arolia between the different families. They can beeither relatively simple cushion-like or bipartite or even consist of different lobe-like structures. E.g.,in the genera Galeodes and Paragaleodes (Galeodidae) the structure of the arolia is cushion-likeand quite uniform with only slight differences, whereas within the family e.g., Daesiidae the aroliaexhibit very distinct shapes. Although tarsal structures may also be highly adapted to ecologicalconditions, the putative systematic and phylogenetic value is discussed.

Zoological Systematics Posters 211P ZS.13 - ENMass fingerprints for discrimination of critical species complexes: Miomantis(Mantodea) as a model caseRené Köhler, Reinhard PredelInstitute of General Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of JenaSpecies complexes are often difficult to describe because of high intraspecific morphological variabilityon the one hand and a lack of distinct morphological characters on the other hand. Here weused neuropeptides which co-evolve with their respective receptors as marker to distinguish insecttaxa, focusing on Praying Mantids. MALDI-TOF mass spectra of thoracic and abdominal perisympatheticOrgans in which extended FMRF amides and CAPA-periviscerokinins are accumulated resultedin group specific mass fingerprints. These fingerprints and the complete sequences of CAPAperiviscerokininswere sampled from 80 Mantodea species; 20 of those belong to the frequentlymodified genus Miomantis SAUSSURE, 1870. The data confirmed the monophyly of Mantodea. Incontrast to Blattoptera, Mantodea have very similar CAPA-periviscerokinin sequences and do notexpress CAPA-Pyrokinin. The specificity of the mass fingerprints was subsequently used to calibratemorphological characters, and both characters were included in a determination key. Herewith aninstrument is given to distinguish living or frozen individuals to populations and species, independentfrom their larval status or sex.P ZS.14 - ENMolecular identification of carabid beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) using short nuclearDNA sequencesMichael Raupach 1 , Karsten Hannig, Thomas Wagner 2 , Bernhard Misof 3 , Johann-Wolfgang Wägele 11Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; 2 Universität Koblenz-Landau; 3 Institut fürEntomologie, Universität HamburgThe Carabidae form one of the largest families of insects, with no less than an estimated 40,000described species, occurring in nearly any terrestrial habitat on all continents (except Antarctica).This extreme diversity and distribution, along with the high abundance of these beetles in a largevariety of habitats, has resulted in a considerable interest in many aspects of their study, includingsystematics, biogeography, ecology and evolution. Because Carabidae show different levels of habitatselectivity, carabid assemblages can be used as valuable bioindicators to characterize disturbancein various habitats. However, the identification of many species is difficult due to high morphologicalvariability. Therefore, a DNA-based taxonomy analysing a vast number of specimens will beuseful to ensure accurate species identifications and biodiversity research. In our project we studythe quality of mitochondrial and especially nuclear gene fragments of Middle European Carabidaefor species identification, with a strong focus on species-variable and informative short nuclear genefragments. Beside samples stored in alcohol, we analyse old, pinned specimens of the ZFMK carabidcollection with more than 120,000 specimens. Tissue samples and DNA extracts are deposited in thenewly founded DNA bank of the ZFMK, as part of the DNA-Bank network (www.dnabank-network.org).

212 Zoological Systematics PostersP ZS.15 - ENTowards a global assessment of taxonomic needs and capacities: What taxonomists dowe need where?Swen Renner, Christoph HäuserStaatliches Museum für Naturkunde, StuttgartThe Global Taxonomic Initiative (GTI) is a cross-cutting theme of the UN Convention on BiologicalDiversity (CBD), and has asked in 2002 for national, regional and global assessments of taxonomicneeds and capacities (UNEP/CBD/COP6/Decision VI/8). Whereas several national and regional assessmentsof taxonomic needs and capacities have already been compiled, a global assessment isstill pending. As an important contribution for a global assessment, information about the currentstate of knowledge of national biodiversity and available taxonomic capacities is being compiled.The German GTI National Focal Point contributes to the global assessment by analyzing numbersof existing vs. needed taxonomists, and by assessing the species numbers per taxonomic group andcountry. The preliminary results indicate, not surprisingly, that existing taxonomic knowledge andresources are distributed unequally among countries and taxonomic groups. Whereas numbers oftaxonomists and the relative states of knowledge about their countries’ biodiversity are positivelycorrelated, numbers of taxonomists negatively correlate with the known or estimated species richnessper country. Especially tropical regions of Africa need more taxonomic expertise, as well asmany parts of SE Asia. Moreover, the state of knowledge of certain “unpopular” and not especiallyprominent groups such as micro-organisms, algae, fungi, and several invertebrate groups is regionallyas well as globally poor.P ZS.16 - EN454 pyrosequencing: large-scale phylogenomic approach of the scorpion PandinusimperatorFalko Roeding 1 , Michael Kube 2 , Richard Reinhardt 2 , Thorsten Burmester 11University of Hamburg; 2 Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, BerlinThe utility of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) for phylogenetic analyses has been shown, but commonlyused capillary electrophoresis sequencing techniques limit the throughput. An alternative,recently developed low-cost technique of emulsion DNA amplification and parallel pyrosequencing,increases the amount of raw data considerably. We present the results of an EST sequencing projectincluding the phylogenetic position of the Common Emporer Scorpion (Scorpionidae), a speciesfor which virtually no sequence data is available so far. The project yields in 439.432 sequencesassembled into 6.486 contigs and 160.207 singletons. A large number of sequences with orthologsin model organisms (identified via an extended BLAST search) shows the efficiency of this newtechnique and its potential use for large-scale phylogentic analyses.

Zoological Systematics Posters 213P ZS.17 - ENNew SINEs for pinniped phylogenyChristiane Schröder 1 , Stefanie Hartmann 2 , Christoph Bleidorn 1 , Ralph Tiedemann 11Evolutionary Biology/Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 2Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of PotsdamWhile the monophyly of the pinnipeds and the differentiation between phocids and otariids is wellestablished, the placement of the walrus within the pinnipeds is continuously under debate. Amongthe discussed hypotheses, the walrusses have been considered to (1) represent the sister group to theotariids, (2) group within the family Otariidae, (3) constitute the sister group to the phocids, or (4)represent a taxon within the phocids. So far, sequence based phylogenies could not unambiguouslyresolve this issue. Short interspersed elements (SINEs) have been proposed as an essentially homoplasy-freephylogenetic character. Their subsequent use has been however limited due to the difficultyto establish SINE loci in non-model organisms. Making use of available genomic resources,we screened complete genomes of two carnivores (cat and dog) for SINE containing introns, usingbioinformatic methods. By PCR and sequencing, we assessed absence/presence of these SINEs ina representative carnivoran taxon set. We discuss implications of our new data for pinniped phylogeny.P ZS.18 - ENThe DNA Bank Network GermanyThomas Knebelsberger 1 , Birgit Gemeinholzer 2 , Gerhard Haszprunar 1 , Hans-Peter Klenk 3 , IsabellaStöger 1 , Johann-Wolfgang Wägele 41Zoologische Staatssammlung München; 2 Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem; 3 Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig; 4Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, BonnThe German Science Foundation (DFG) supports a national DNA Bank Network (www.dnabanknetwork.org)as service facility for research in the life sciences. Four partner institutions with complementaryexpertise are included: the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology Munich (ZSM), theBotanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (BGBM), the Forschungsmuseum AlexanderKoenig Bonn (ZFMK), and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Braunschweig(DSMZ). The main focus of the network is to enhance taxonomic, systematic, genetic, andevolutionary studies by providing: (1) at-cost availability of DNA material to extend and complementprevious studies. (2) high quality (-80°C) long-term storage of DNA material to allow for theverification and addition of data. (3) full documentation of each sample. The deposition of DNAsamples at the DNA Banks of the four partner institutions is free of charge under the warranty of afull documentation of each sample. This includes the provenance of the original material, the placeof voucher deposit and DNA quality and extraction information. The donors of DNA samples areguaranteed free access to their samples and the possibility to block the release of the DNA to otherscientists for a limited period of time. Depositing DNA material should become common practicefor any scientist conducting biological research following the “Proposals for safeguarding goodscientific practice” by the DFG.

215Index

216 Index

Index 217Abdel-latief, Mohatmed......................... 53, 195Adrian, Oliver............................................... 106Agoston, Zsuzsa............................................. 14Ahlrichs, Wilko H......................................... 167Alberti, Gerd......................................... 166, 210Albrecht, Christian......................... 125,126,135Alessandri, Beat............................................ 192Algar, Dave..................................................... 81Altincicek, Boran............................................ 18Altrock, Wilko Detlev.................................. 173Amey, Monique............................................ 151Anagnostou, Christiana................................ 145Andrada, Emanuel........................................ 159Anton, Eric................................................... 205Anton-Erxleben, Friederike............................ 14Antoniazzi, Marta Maria................................ 40Arendt, Detlev................................................ 97Arnold, Dirk.............................. 65,152,156,164Arnold, Philipp........................................ 85,188Atema, Jelle.................................................. 127Avenant-Oldewage, AnneMarie................... 131Averdung, Monika........................................ 143Bachmann, Thomas...................................... 151Badde, Anja.................................................... 14Baier, Bernd...................................................113Baines, John F.......................................... 50,125Bairlein, Franz.............................................. 158Bakker, Theo C. M...................................35,116Bangel-Ruland, Nadine........................ 189, 190Barber, Anjuli............................................... 107Barends, Thomas............................................ 19Bartolomaeus, Thomas................................. 205Bartsch, Peter................................................ 159Bastrop, Ralf................................................... 94Bauer, Ulrike.................................................. 60Becker-Pauly, Christoph.......................... 85,188Beckmann, Felix........................................... 153Beermann, Anke............................................. 31Beil, Winfried............................................... 201Below, Sabine............................................... 194Belyaeva, Maria............................................ 206Benke, Mandy............................................... 126Benkhoff, Sebastian........................................ 87Berendonk, Thomas U.............................. 15, 96Bernhard, Detlef............................................. 96Bernhardt, Benjamin..................................... 126Berthé, Ruben................................................115Beutel, Rolf Georg.......... 95, 132, 162, 207, 208Beyaert, Ivo.................................................... 55Bicker, Gerd.................................................. 182Bieber, Claudia............................................. 148Billerbeck, Sara............................................ 143Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R.P........................... 129Bisch-Knaden, Sonja...................................... 18Bleckmann, Horst..........113, 114, 115, 175, 180Bleidorn, Christoph................................ 20, 213Blickhan, Reinhard................... 67, 71, 163, 200Blix, Arnoldus S............................................. 86Blohm, Stefanie.............................................114Blum, Martin................................................ 174Bodner, Florian............................................... 48Boehm, Anna................................................ 171Boell, Louis.................................................... 46Boenigk, Jens.................................................. 59Böhme, Wolfgang......................................... 147Bosch, Thomas C.G........................................ 14Bourke, Johara.............................................. 147Bourou, Robert............................................... 61Bradler, Sven.................................................. 44Brandl, Rachel................................................ 85Brändle, Martin............................................. 126Brandt, Angelika............................................... 9Braulke, Luzie.............................................. 196Brehm, Gunnar............................................... 48Breidbach, Olaf................................................. 3Breuer, Michael............................................ 146Brücker, Christoph.........................................113Brümmer, Franz............................ 140, 141, 142Brüning, Jens C........................................ 7, 176Buch, Franziska............................................ 164Bucher, Gregor..............................................119Bückler, Kay................................................... 19Buckley, Thomas............................................ 44Büllesbach, Jan....................................... 47, 146Büntge, Anna................................................ 126Burmester, Thorsten............... 86, 190–193, 212Büschges, Ansgar......................................... 176Busse, Klaus................................................. 147Büttner, Fabian............................................. 192Carrier, David R............................................. 65Collin, Shaun.................................................. 77Coquillard, Patrick.......................................... 41Cordes, Christian.......................................... 192Cremer, Sylvia........................................ 39, 134Czech, Nicole U............................................ 152Damen, Wim G.M.................................... 32, 35

218 IndexDandekar, Thomas........................................ 189Daum, Magdalena................................... 26, 146Dausmann, Kathrin....................... 23, 57, 60, 81Decker, Heinz................................................. 19Dehnhardt, Guido......................................... 152Dekomien, Gabriele...................................... 106Depoix, Frank........................... 85, 86, 188, 193Deppermann, Jana................................ 100, 127Deventer, Sarah............................................ 143Didier, Samantha.......................................... 190Dinapoli, Angela............................................. 93Dippel, Stefan............................................... 171Dircksen, Heinrich.......................................... 75Dobler, Susanne...................................... 88, 130Doering, Carmen............................................ 97Dohrmann, Anja-Bettina............................... 208Dolgener, Nicola........................................... 206Dressler, Carina............................................ 207Dreyer, David............................................... 171Durbin, Joanna................................................ 61Ebert, Jill.......................................................114Eccard, Jana A...................13, 23, 107, 108, 114Eichstaedt, Stefanie...................................... 194Ekesi, Sunday................................................. 57El Jundi, Basil......................................... 76, 178Ellmer, Monique............................. 23, 107, 108Elsner, Norbert.............................................. 128Eltz, Thomas..................................... 40, 55, 136Endlein, Thomas........................................... 172Engelmann, Jacob................. 172, 173, 177, 178Engl, Tobias.................................................... 39Engqvist, Leif......................................... 35, 127Entzeroth, Rolf............................................. 188Epplen, Jörg T............................................... 106Ertas, Beyhan........................................ 190, 192Evert, Ulf...................................................... 139Exner, Cornelia............................................. 196Fährmann, Michael....................................... 201Faenger, Bernd.............................. 152, 156, 164Fahrein, Kathrin.................................... 206, 207Fechner, Sylvia............................................. 173Federle, Walter.................................. 60, 72, 172Feigele, Sonja............................................... 130Feitosa, Natalia M.......................................... 32Felber, Björn................................................... 82Felder, Darryl L.............................................. 49Ferenz, Hans-Jörg......................................... 199Fiedler, Konrad............................................... 48Fink, Christine................................................ 88Fischer, Klaus................................................. 42Fischer, Martin S.............. 3, 152, 156, 163, 164Fladerer, Claudia............................................ 87Folkow, Lars P................................................ 86Frahnert, Sylke............................................. 158Frank, Oliver................................................. 208Fraser, William R.............................................. 9Fröber, Rosemarie........................................ 154Fregin, Torsten.............................................. 153Friedrich, Frank............................................ 208Fritz, Uwe............................................... 98, 135Frohme, Marcus............................................ 189Fromm, Bastian...................................... 98, 209Frommen, Joachim G..................................... 35Fuchs, Stefan.................................................111Fusani, Leonida.............................................. 43Gäbler, Karoline........................................... 194Gajewski, Martin.......................................... 128Ganzhorn, Jörg U.......................................... 143Garbe, Leif-Alexander.................................... 53Gatsogiannis, Christos.................................... 86Gemeinholzer, Birgit ................................... 213Gerberding, Matthias.............................. 33, 120Gerlach, Frank.............................. 191, 192, 193Gerlach, Gabriele.......................................... 127Ginsburg, David............................................ 125Glenner, Henrik............................................ 131Glos, Julian..................................................... 61Göbbeler, Katrin............................................. 93Gonzales-Torres, Pablo................................... 56Gorbashov, Anton........................................... 75Göritz, Frank................................................. 144Gosda, Jasmin................................................. 97Götze, Bianka............................................... 173Goymann, Wolfgang....................................... 43Grath, Sonja.................................................... 50Greifzu, Franziska........................................ 174Greim, Christopher....................................... 146Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis............................. 7Grimpo, Kirsten............................................ 196Groeneveld, Linn Fenna................................. 49Groh, Claudia................................................. 76Grohme, Markus........................................... 189Groß, Martin................................................. 153Gundelfinger, Eckart Dieter.......................... 173Haberer, Wolf................................................. 26Hadrys, Heike......................................... 34, 101

Index 219Hagenbucher, Steffen................................... 174Hahn, Steffen........................................... 58,147Hammel, Jörg U............................................ 153Hankeln, Thomas.................................... 86, 192Hannig, Karsten.............................................211Hansson, Bill S................................... 18, 27, 70Häntzsch, Madlen........................................... 96Hartmann, Nils..............................................119Hartmann, Stefanie....................................... 213Harzsch, Steffen........................................ 19, 70Hasse, Christian.................................... 120, 122Hassel, Monika..................................... 120, 122Haszprunar, Gerhard .................................... 213Häuser, Christoph......................................... 212Hauswaldt, J. Susanne.......................... 128, 208Havemann, Johanna................................ 33, 120Heckel, Gerald................................................ 48Hedderich, Reiner......................................... 171Heiler, Katharina C. M................................. 135Heilmayer, Olaf............................................ 199Heim, Isabel.................................................. 209Heimann, Axel.............................................. 192Heiming, Rebecca......................................... 109Heinen, Tobias................................................ 44Heinick, Alexander......................................... 87Helb, Matthias.............................................. 197Held, Christoph............................................... 45Heldmaier, Gerhard................ 84, 195, 196, 198Hemmrich, Georg........................................... 14Hengherr, Steffen.................................. 141, 142Herde, Antje.................................................. 107Herder, Fabian................................................ 35Herrmann, Matthias........................................ 42Hertler, Christine.......................................... 154Herzen, Julia................................................. 153Herzner, Gudrun............................................. 39Heß, Martin..................................................... 68Hesse, Bettina............................................... 154Heydarnejad, M. Saeed..................................115Hilbrant, Maarten........................................... 35Hildebrandt, Jan-Peter.................. 190, 194, 195Hilker, Monika........................................ 55, 195Hilmer, Stefanie.............................................. 81Hobaek, Anders............................................ 206Hoch, Hannelore........................................... 164Hochkirch, Axel............................................ 100Hoeger, Ulrich.......................................... 82, 83Hofer, Heribert.............................................. 144Hoffmann, Klaus H....................................... 202Hoffmeister, Thomas S................. 41, 43, 56, 57Homberg, Uwe.............................................. 183Honisch, Sarah.............................................. 201Hornickel, Isabelle........................................ 160Hoßfeld, Uwe................................................... 3Hübinger, Christine...................................... 122Hundsdoerfer, Anna K.................................. 210Hünefeld, Frank............................................ 155Husch, Andreas............................................. 176Husemann, Martin........................................ 100Hüsken, Katrin.............................................. 122Hütteroth, Wolf................. 34, 76, 157, 171, 178Huybrechts, Jurgen......................................... 75Ihle, Sonja ........................................................ 3Isenmann, Stefan.......................................... 180Isermann, Kerstin..................................... 84, 89Jaenicke, Elmar.............................................. 19Jäger, Lieselotte.............................................. 28Jansen, Friederike......................................... 109Janussen, Dorte............................................... 58Jared, Carlos................................................... 40Jastroch, Martin...................................... 84, 196Joachim, Ulrike............................................. 190Johnsen, Jill.................................................. 125Kaatz, Hans-Hinrich..................................... 199Kacza, Johannes........................................... 160Kage, Ninja-N............................................... 142Kagerer, Barbara..................................... 26, 145Kahnt, Jörg.................................................... 171Kaib, Manfred............................................... 202Kalko, Elisabeth K. V................................... 142Karguth, Andreas.......................................... 159Karl, Isabell.................................................... 42Karpestam, Björn.......................................... 172Kasperek, Gerwin............................................. 4Kastl, Anja.................................................... 196Kato, Chiharu............................................... 139Keiler, Jonas................................................. 155Kelber, Almut................................................. 28Keller, Christina.............................................. 49Kempski, Oliver........................................... 192Kentrup, Dominik......................................... 189Kerth, Gerald.................................................. 57Khadjeh, Sara................................................. 34Khalturin, Konstantin..................................... 14Kiefert, Christiane........................................ 200Kilpert, Fabian.............................................. 206

220 IndexKipper, Silke................................................... 25Kitching, Ian J.............................................. 210Kittelmann, Sebastian..................................... 32Klann, Anja Elisabeth................................... 210Klass, Klaus-Dieter......................................... 71Klauer, Gertrud............................................. 152Klein, Adrian................................................ 175Kleinschmidt, Birgit..................................... 143Kleinteich, Thomas......................................... 68Klenk, Hans-Peter ........................................ 213Klocke, David............................................... 175Klöpfel, Anja................................................ 128Kloppenburg, Peter....................................... 176Klussmann-Kolb, Annette.............................. 93Knaden, Markus............................................. 27Knebelsberger, Thomas................................ 213Knieling, Marcel........................... 152, 156, 164Knorr, Eileen................................................ 121Koch, Markus......................................... 53, 205Koeth, Monica.............................................. 156Kohl, Tobias.................................................. 175Köhler, René..................................................211Kollmann, Martin......................................... 157Kölsch, Gregor............................................. 130König, Enrico............................................... 129Konkel, Anne................................................ 194Kopp, Matthias............................................. 147Kral, Karl.......................................................112Krause, Cornelia................................... 157, 163Kremers, Dorothee....................................... 143Krempler, Katja.................................... 173, 180Kristensen, Niels Peder................................ 155Kroll, Oliver................................................. 125Kuba, Michael...............................................112Kube, Michael.............................................. 212Kuch, Ulrich................................................... 95Kühlbacher, Markus..................................... 164Kühnel, Susanne........................................... 158Kulemeyer, Christoph................................... 158Kullmann, Harald..........................................116Kunz, Katrin................................................. 129Kunze, Sebastian...........................................113Kupfer, Alexander.................................. 40, 158Kuratani, Shigeru.............................................. 8Kurth, Michael.............................................. 188Kusche-Vihrog, Kristina............................... 189Kutschke, Maria........................................... 196Lahann, Petra.................................................. 23Lamkemeyer, Tobias....................................... 87Lampert, Kathrin.......................................... 126Landsberger, Meik.......................................... 28Landstorfer, Richard B................................... 49Langhorst, Hanna......................................... 189Lauströer, Jonas............................................ 161Laux, Jakob................................................... 130Leese, Florian......................................... 45, 126Lehmacher, Christine.................................... 121Lehmann, Arne............................................... 47Lehmann, Gerlind..................................... 47, 59Lehmann, Konrad......................................... 173Lein, Julia......................................................111Leitner, Stefan.............................................. 105Lemloh, Marie-Louise.................................. 140Leuchtweis, Johannes................................... 199Lewejohann, Lars......................................... 109Licht, Martin................................................. 159Lieb, Bernhard................................................ 85Liebau, Eva..................................................... 87Liebers-Helbig, Dorit..................................... 46Liesenjohann, Thilo...................................... 108Lipke, Elisabeth............................................ 166Loesel, Rudi.................................................... 17Lorenz, Matthias W................................ 82, 198Loscher, David M........................................... 66Löwel, Siegrid.............................. 173, 174, 180Lubjuhn, Thomas............................................ 41Lüersen, Kai................................................... 87Lutz, Rebekka................................................. 31Luxemburger, Ulrich.................................... 192Madlung, Johannes......................................... 87Makert, Gustavo R........................................ 198Mali, Brahim................................................. 189Mall, Gita...................................................... 132Mämpel, Jörg................................................ 159Markl, Jürgen.................................... 19, 86, 193Martens, Jochen.............................................. 99Martinez Arbizu, Pedro................................ 167Masta, Susan E............................................. 207Mayer, Christoph.......................................... 126Mayer, Georg.................................................. 94Mayer, Werner E............................................. 42McGregor, Alistair P....................................... 32Mehlis, Marion............................................... 35Meinertzhagen, Ian. A..................................... 76Meissner, Ulrich............................... 85, 86, 188Mende, Michael............................................ 130

Index 221Merkel, Katharina........................................... 57Mess, Andrea.................................................. 17Mestre, Nelia................................................ 199Meyer, Barbara............................................. 101Meyer, Carola W..................................... 84, 198Meyer, Susann...............................................112Meyer, Wilfried............................................. 160Meyering-Vos, Martina................................. 202Michalik, Peter............................................. 134Millar, Craig................................................... 46Miller, Gary D................................................ 46Misof, Bernhard.....................................192, 211Mitgutsch, Christian..................................... 167Mitz, Stephanie A........................................... 86Moeller, Arne............................ 85, 86, 188, 193Mogdans, Joachim.................................113, 180Möller, Ole Sten........................................... 131Molnár, Zoltán.................................................. 8Montero, Inka............................................... 131Moritz, Sabine.............................................. 160Mukherjee, Krishnendu................................ 187Müller, Caroline.............................................. 54Müller, Carsten H. G...................................... 70Müller, Christian........................................... 190Müller, Josef K....................................... 26, 146Müller, Maria................................................ 193Münz, Thomas Sebastian.............................. 182Nadrowski, Karin......................................... 148Nestorov, Peter............................................... 33Neumann, Sebastian..................................... 201Neumann, Simon.......................................... 141Neupert, Susanne.................... 98, 171, 176, 209Nickel, Michael.............................. 16, 153, 209Niederegger, Senta........................ 132, 161, 181Niehardt, Diana............................................. 164Niemitz, Carsten............................................. 66Nordt, Anja................................................... 105Nuschke, Andrea............................................. 76Nyakatura, John A........................................ 161Obermaier, Elisabeth...................................... 16Olesen, Jörgen.............................................. 131Oliveira, Eugenio Eduardo........................... 176Ölkrug, Rebecca............................................. 84Olsson, Lennart..................................... 122, 158Önel, Susanne............................................... 122Opitz, Sebastian.............................................. 54Ortmann, Sylvia............................................ 144Osseforth, Christian...................................... 199Oßwald, Judith.............................................. 162Ostwald, Anne-Lone..................................... 143Otte, Anna..................................................... 143Özhan, Günes................................................. 33Päckert, Martin............................................... 99Paehler, Moritz............................................. 176Parsch, John.................................................... 50Pass, Günther................................................ 121Pastuschek, Jana........................................... 132Patria, Mufti P............................................... 183Paululat, Achim............................................ 121Paulus, Hannes F........................................... 133Pauwels, Kevin............................................... 75Pechmann, Matthias....................................... 32Perez, Yvan..................................................... 70Peter, Hans-Ulrich.................... 46, 58, 105, 147Petri, Ines...................................................... 195Petschenka, Georg.......................................... 88Pfeiffer, Carolin.............................................. 40Phillips, Richard A.................................... 46, 58Pick, Christian.............................................. 192Piekarski, Nadine.......................................... 122Pillay, Neville............................................... 106Pirow, Ralph................................................... 87Plickert, Günter............................................... 33Plotkin, Alexander S....................................... 58Podsiadlowski, Lars........................ 97, 206, 207Pohl, Hans............................................. 156, 162Pokorny, Tamara............................................. 53Polilov, Alexey............................................. 162Pollmann, C.................................................. 190Posnien, Nico.................................................119Prager, Geraldine...........................................110Predel, Reinhard......98, 171, 176, 179, 209, 211Prendini, Lorenzo........................................... 69Pretzlaff, Iris................................................... 57Prinzinger, Roland........................................ 197Przybilla, Anja...............................................113Puppe, Daniel............................................... 208Purschke, Günter............................................ 97Pusch, Roland....................................... 172, 177Quast, Björn................................................. 205Ramirez, Jan-Marino...................................... 86Ramisch, Nico.............................................. 100Randrianiaina, Roger-Daniel.......................... 61Ratsimbazafy, Jonah....................................... 61Raupach, Michael..........................................211Rausch, Philipp............................................. 132

222 IndexRebscher, Nicole..................................... 33, 120Reeve, Erik..................................................... 61Reiher, Wencke............................................. 120Reiners, Tobias E.......................................... 148Reinhardt, Klaus............................................. 15Reinhardt, Lars............................................. 163Reinhardt, Richard........................................ 212Reischig, Thomas......................................... 177Renkawitz-Pohl, Renate............................... 122Renner, Swen................................................ 212Reuner, Andy........................................ 141, 142Reuss, Stefan.................................................. 86Reuter, Dirk.................................................. 189Richber, Jenny.............................................. 197Richter, Stefan................................ 94, 155, 165Rickert, Christian.......................................... 193Riedel, Frank................................................ 135Rieger, Verena................................................. 70Rink, Nadine................................................. 198Ritz, Markus..................................... 46, 58, 147Rivera, Nicole T.............................................. 45Rode, Christian............................................. 200Rödel, Heiko G................................13, 110–112Roeder, Thomas.............................................. 89Roeding, Falko............................................. 212Rohlfs, Marko................................. 54, 144, 145Roos, Christian............................................... 49Roth, Stefan.................................................... 87Roth, Steffen........................................... 98, 209Rothe, Birgen Holger...................................... 70Röver, Timo.................................................. 178Rössler, Wolfgang........................... 76, 182, 184Rüdiger, Cornelia............................ 26, 145, 146Rudolf, Anja................................................. 122Ruf, Thomas..........................................110, 148Rulla, Stefanie.............................................. 178Rummel, Jürgen............................................ 153Ruther, Joachim.............................................. 53Ryan, Peter...................................................... 46Sachse, Silke................................................... 18Sachser, Norbert................................... 106, 109Salgado, Vincent L....................................... 176Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R.................. 67, 167Saul, Anika................................................... 177Schachtner, Joachim......... 34, 76, 157, 171, 178Schaffeld, Michael........................................ 201Scharf, Inon.................................................... 24Schattschneider, Sebastian............................ 179Schätzel, Heike............................................. 179Schauermann, Grit.......................................... 25Scheiner, Ricarda............................................ 27Schenk, Sven............................................ 82, 83Scherbarth, Frank......................................... 195Schill, Ralph O....................... 56, 140–142, 189Schilling, Nadja.............................................. 65Schlegel, Martin............................................. 96Schlesinger, Tim............................................. 87Schleucher, Elke............................. 81, 197, 200Schlichting, Ilme............................................. 19Schlögel-Sturm, Annette............................... 200Schmeer, Christian........................................ 180Schmidt, André............................................. 163Schmidt, Joachim......................................... 176Schmidt, Karl-Friedrich........................ 173, 174Schmidt, Manuela................. 152, 156, 163, 164Schmidt, Silvio............................................. 174Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas............................... 70Schmitt, Christian........................................... 31Schmitt, Thomas........... 14, 26, 47, 53, 145, 146Schmitz, Anke....................................... 175, 180Schmitz, Helmut................................... 175, 179Schmoll, Tim.................................................. 41Schnapper, Anke........................................... 160Schneuer, Marco........................................... 191Schnölzer, Martina........................................ 189Scholle, Hans-Christoph............... 152, 156, 164Schönnagel, Britta........................................ 160Schoofs, Andreas.......................................... 181Schoppmeier, Michael.................................... 31Schradin, Carsten.......................................... 106Schröder, Christiane..................................... 213Schröder, Reinhard......................................... 31Schubart, Christoph D...................... 45, 49, 100Schubert, Marco............................................. 18Schubert, Melanie......................................... 106Schulte, Dorothea........................................... 14Schulz, Stefan............................................... 134Schunke, Kerstin........................................... 108Schurmann, Daria................................... 28, 174Schwager, Evelyn E........................................ 32Schwarzer, Julia.............................................. 35Schweickert, Axel......................................... 174Schwentner, Martin........................................ 94Seeger, Johannes........................................... 160Seidel, Sophia............................................... 164Seltmann, Martin...........................................110

Index 223Siebenaller, Ulrike........................................ 181Siebert, Tobias........................................ 67, 200Siemers, Björn M.............................. 24, 25, 152Siniza, Swetlana............................................. 69Sobjinski, Kathrin......................................... 120Solé, Mirco................................................... 147Sommer, Ralf J............................................... 42Spaethe, Johannes................................... 77, 133Spiess, Danica......................................... 87, 161Spieß, Roland............................................... 181Sradnick, Jan................................................. 128Stach, Thomas.............................................. 165Stark, Heiko.................................................... 66Starkloff, Anett........................................13, 111Stauss, Michael............................................... 24Steck, Kathrin................................................. 27Stefanski, Volker....................................108, 110Stegner, Martin E. J...................................... 165Steidle, Johannes L.M............................ 28, 174Steiger, Sandra................................................ 26Steineck, Theodora........................................111Steiner, André............................................... 175Steiner, Sven................................................... 53Steinfartz, Sebastian..................................... 128Steinlechner, Stephan................................... 195Stelzer, Claus-Peter...................................... 132Stern, Michael............................................... 182Sternkopf, Viviane.......................................... 46Steuernagel, Marina...................................... 165Stieb, Sara Mae............................................. 182Stieb, Stefanie................................................. 83Stöcker, Walter........................................ 85, 188Stöger, Isabella ............................................ 213Stolter, Caroline............................................ 143Stößel, Alexander......................................... 166Straka, Hans.................................................. 175Straub, Rainer H........................................... 108Strauß, Axel............................................ 61, 208Streinzer, Martin........................................... 133Streitberger, Kathrin..................................... 153Strohm, Erhard............................................... 39Strutzenberger, Patrick................................... 48Sun, Yue-Hua.................................................. 99Sutter, Andreas................................................ 48Talarico, Giovanni........................................ 166Tautz, Diethard....................................... 46, 125Taylor, Derek J.............................................. 206Tebbe, Christoph C....................................... 208Teo, Regina..................................................... 33Tesanovic, Tamara........................................ 193Teschke, Meike................. 44, 61, 125, 126, 131Tessmar-Raible, Kristin.................................. 97Thatje, Sven.................................................. 199Thiel, Andra.............................................. 43, 56Thomsen, Phillip........................................... 131Thonhauser, Kerstin Elisabeth.......................112Thünken, Timo........................................35, 116Tiedemann, Ralph......................................... 213Tiedke, Jessica.............................................. 193Tietze, Dieter Thomas.................................... 99Till, Olaf....................................................... 200Timms, Brian V............................................... 94Todt, Christiane.............................................. 85Tögel, Markus............................................... 121Tollrian, Ralph.............................................. 126Träger, Ulrike................................................ 183Tragust, Simon.............................................. 134Trienens, Monika.......................................... 143Türeci, Özlem............................................... 192Turni, Hendrik.......................................... 24, 25Ugelvig, Line V....................................... 39, 134Uhl, Gabriele........................................ 129, 134Uhlig, Jennifer................................................ 56Usai, Benjamin............................................. 161Utz, Sandra..................................................... 34van Ooyen, André......................................... 181Vargas-Ramrez, Mario.................................. 134Vences, Miguel....................................... 61, 208Vennemann, Antje........................................... 14Verjans, Esther.............................................. 143Verleyen, Peter................................................ 75Vet, Louise E.M.............................................. 41Vetter, Julia................................................... 158Vitt, Holger................................................... 171Vogt, Angelika.............................................. 122Vogt, Lars........................................................ 96Voigt, Cornelia.............................................. 105Volahy, Anselme Toto..................................... 61Volk, Cordula.................................................. 33Volmer, Rebekka........................................... 154von der Emde,Gerhard............ 28, 151, 172, 173, 177, 178von Döhren, Jörn.......................................... 205von Holst, Dietrich................................106, 111von Merten, Sophie........................................ 25von Oheimb, Parm Viktor............................. 135

224 Indexvon Reumont, Björn..................................... 192Vorwerk Tavares, Nadine...............................114Voss, Joe........................................................114Wägele, Johann-Wolfgang............192, 211, 213Wagner, Christina........................................... 89Wagner, Hans-Joachim................................. 172Wagner, Hermann......................................... 151Wagner, Thomas............................................211Wajnberg, Eric................................................ 41Waldmann, Miriam....................................... 143Waltschyk, Nadine.........................................116Wäschke, Nicole............................................. 55Weber, Wolf-Michael............................ 189, 190Weeda, Anne C............................................... 43Wegener, Christian......................................... 75Wehner, Rüdiger........................................... 182Weihmann, Tom................................ 67, 71, 163Wein, Jens....................................................... 81Weiß, Daniel................................................. 201Weller, J........................................................ 190Wende, Franziska.......................................... 202Werneburg, Ingmar....................................... 167Werning, Heiko............................................. 147Wessel, Andreas............................................ 164Westhoff, Guido...............................77, 115, 175Whitington, Paul............................................. 94Wiedmer, Stefanie........................................ 188Wiemers, Martin............................................. 48Wiese, Konrad.............................................. 183Wilke, Thomas.............................. 125, 126, 135Wilkinson, Mark............................................. 40Wilson, Laura................................................. 67Wilts, Eike F................................................. 167Winkel, Wolfgang........................................... 41Wirkner, Christian S............................... 69, 165Witjes, Sebastian............................................ 55Witte, Hartmut.............................................. 159Witte, Otto W................ 152, 156, 164, 174, 180Wittlieb, Jörg.................................................. 14Wittmann, Christine...................................... 140Wolff, Christine............................................ 108Wölfle, Susanne...................................... 54, 144Wollberg, Jessica.......................................... 191Wolters, Volkmar.......................................... 148Woodring, Joseph........................................... 82Worland, M. Roger....................................... 141Young, Richard............................................... 61Yousef, Sara.................................................. 143Zeller, Ulrich.................................................. 69Zimmermann, Manuela.................................. 48Zimmermann, Yvonne.................................. 136Zinner, Dietmar.............................................. 49Zube, Christina............................................. 184

Geryonia proboscidalis (Forskål, 1775). Eine der zehn Medusen-Darstellungen von Adolf Giltsch nach Vorlagen Ernst Haeckels imgroßen Ausstellungssaal des Phyletischen Museums. Haeckel bezeichnetein seinen “Kunstformen der Natur” (1899/1904) die Art als Carmarisgiltschi. Die Deckenmalerei wurde 1908 angefertigt, Ende der1950er Jahre übermalt und 1996 wieder restauriert.

100 JahrePhyletisches MuseumSONDERAUSSTELLUNGErnst Haeckel der Zoologemit dem Ernst-Haeckel-HausBuch zum Jubiläum soeben erschienen07745 Jena, Vor dem Neutor 1, täglich geöffnet 9–16 Uhrwww.phyletisches-museum.uni-jena.de, 03641 94 91 80