1173 AD Peter Waldo (orWaldes) forms <strong>the</strong> Poor of Lyon(Waldensians). He advocates areturn to early Christianity <strong>and</strong>opposes both traditional Christianity<strong>and</strong> Catharism (Cohn,Demons, 32).1175 AD Heretics at Verona areaccused of holding orgies in anunderground hall (Russell, 126).1179 AD The Third LateranCouncil condemns <strong>the</strong> spread ofhomosexuality among <strong>the</strong> clergy(Bailey, 127). Alan de Lille saysof certain heretics that in order torid <strong>the</strong>mselves of concern for <strong>the</strong>body <strong>the</strong>y practice r<strong>and</strong>om sexualintercourse (Russell, 129; Cohn,Demons, 22)1182 AD Walter Map accusesheretics of holding orgies <strong>and</strong> ofkissing <strong>the</strong> genitals <strong>and</strong> ass hole of“a black cat of marsize” (Russell,131; 22 ff). of holding velousCohn, Demons, 22).1184 AD Pope Lucius IIIcondemns <strong>the</strong> Waldensians <strong>and</strong>authorizes <strong>the</strong> use of inquisitorialmethods by bishops in tryingheretics (Wakefield, 44 &: 133).1190 AD Joachim of Florapreaches that <strong>the</strong>re is no needfor law, government, or churches(Russell, 138).1206 AD Death of Amaury ofBene, leader of <strong>the</strong> Amaurians,a group of heretics who havetrances, claim miraculous powers,<strong>and</strong> say that everything that is, isGod (Cohn, Millennium, 157-161, 166). They are popularlycalled by names that are usuallyapplied only to women (Cohn,Millennium, 166; Lerner, 13).1208 AD Pope Innocent III,fearful of <strong>the</strong> Cathars of sou<strong>the</strong>rnFrance (Albigensians), calls for acrusade to wipe <strong>the</strong>m out (Wakefield,68).1209- 1229 AD A crusade iswaged against <strong>the</strong> Cathars ofsou<strong>the</strong>rn France leading to abloody civil war <strong>and</strong> ending in<strong>the</strong> overthrow of Cathar civilization(Wakefield, 97)1211 AD The Synod of Tirnovorepeats <strong>the</strong> definition of Bogomilismas a combination ofMassalianism <strong>and</strong> Paulicianism(Obolensky, 238).1212 AD The Council of Pariscondemns <strong>the</strong> occurrence of homosexualityamong <strong>the</strong> clergy(Bailey, 127).1214 AD The Council of Rouencondemns <strong>the</strong> occurrence ofhomosexuality among <strong>the</strong> clergy(Bailey, 127).1198 AD Lothar of Segni, a Romanaristocrat <strong>and</strong> a bitter foe ofheresy, becomes Pope InnocentIII, <strong>the</strong> strongest Pope in <strong>the</strong>history of <strong>the</strong> church (Wakefield,86).1200-1300 AD A new movementarises in which women <strong>and</strong>men form sexually separate begginggroups that are independentof church control. They are calledbeguines <strong>and</strong> beghards (Lerner,passim).1221 AD Pope Gregory IX callsfor a crusade against rebellingpeasants in Germany (Wakefield,134).1222-1224 AD Gautier de Coincypublishes a poem claimingthat homosexuality is commonamong <strong>the</strong> beghards (Lerner, 39).1227 AD Pope Gregory IX issueshis bull Extravagantes, repro-16 157
(Wakefield <strong>and</strong> Evans, 75-81;Lerner, 33-34; Cohn, Demons,20-21; Russell, 86-87).1050 AD The Byzantine <strong>the</strong>ologianMichael Psellus claims that<strong>the</strong> Massalians practice ritualsex orgies <strong>and</strong> worship <strong>the</strong> Devilas <strong>the</strong> bro<strong>the</strong>r of Christ (Obolensky,185-187). Catharism, aManichaean heresy derived fromBogomilism, spreads throughoutWestern Europe (Loos, 115).1054 AD Peter Damiani writeshis Liber Gomorrhianus, claimingthat homosexuality is spreadingat an alarming rate among <strong>the</strong>clergy (Bailey, 111-114).1091 AD Ordericus Vitalis tellsof popular beliefs in ghostly nightriders following “Harlechin” (Lea,v. I, 171).1100 AD Euthymius Zigabenusreports that <strong>the</strong> Bogomilism ofConstantinople is a mixture ofPaulicianism <strong>and</strong> Massalianism,<strong>and</strong> that it regards <strong>the</strong> Devil as<strong>the</strong> bro<strong>the</strong>r of Christ (Obolensky,206-214; Loos, 67-70; Runciman,73-78).1112- 1220 AD Peter of Bruys, apriest influenced by heresies from<strong>the</strong> Balkans, criticizes <strong>the</strong> needfor an organized church or sacraments(Wakefield, 23).1114 AD Peasant heretics areuncovered at Suey-Ie-long <strong>and</strong>accused of practicing rituallesbianism <strong>and</strong> male homosexuality.From this date on, charges ofritual samesex acts become commonplacein heresy trials (Russell,94-95 &: 95, note; Wakefield<strong>and</strong> Evans, 102104; Runciman,120).1150 AD Catharism becomes entrenchedin Languedoc (sou<strong>the</strong>rnFrance) <strong>and</strong> constitutes itself asan organized rival to traditionalChristianity (Wakefield, 3031).Geoffrey of Auxerre accuses <strong>the</strong>Cathars of preaching free sex(Russell, 128).1150-1170 AD Heretics inGermany are accused of holdingorgies <strong>and</strong> of eating cum as a holyfood (Russell, 129).1156-1159 AD Philosopher Johnof Salisbury ridicules women whoclaim <strong>the</strong>y ride out at night witha goddess (Grimm, 235; Cohn,Demons, 218219).1157 AD The Synod of Rheimscondemns spreading Catharism,accusing <strong>the</strong> Cathars of holdingsex orgies. It also complainsthat Manicheism is being spreadthroughout <strong>the</strong> diocese byitinerant weavers who condemn<strong>the</strong> sacrament of marriage <strong>and</strong>encourage sexual promiscuity(Runciman, 121; Russell, 128;Loos, 117; Cohn, Millennium,153).1163 AD Hildegard of Bingenreports that <strong>the</strong>re are heretics whoreject <strong>the</strong> sacrament of marriage,advocate sexual freedom, <strong>and</strong>say that <strong>the</strong>ir god is not invisible(Cohn, Millenium, ISS). Elevenheretical weavers are burned atCologne for advocating sexualfreedom (Cohn, Millennium,153-154).1167 AD The Cathars hold alarge meeting at St. Felix deCaraman, near Toulouse, withrepresentatives from France, Italy,<strong>and</strong> Constantinople (Loos, 127&: Runciman, 72).JOAN OF ARC:TRANSVESTITE AND HERETICOn May 30, 1431, in <strong>the</strong> town of Rouen, France, a peasantwoman named Joan of Arc, age nineteen, was burned alive at <strong>the</strong>stake as a relapsed heretic. The immediate reason for her death wasthat she was found wearing men’s clothing in her prison cell. Thisfact about Joan’s execution may surprise those who view her as atraditional Christian saint. But <strong>the</strong> records of <strong>the</strong> time show she washardly traditional.After 1425, when she started her drive against <strong>the</strong> Englishinvaders of France, Joan of Arc was an adamant transvestite. On May23, 1430, she was captured by a sell-out French faction. They soldher to <strong>the</strong> English, who charged her with heresy <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>ed her overto <strong>the</strong> Inquisition. At <strong>the</strong> trial, Joan’s judges were horrified by hertransvestism. Article twelve of her indictment read:Jeanne, rejecting <strong>and</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oning women’s clothing, her haircut around like a young coxcomb, took shirt, breeches, doublet. . . tight-fitting boots or buskins, long spurs, sword, dagger,breast-plate, lance <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r arms in fashion of a man ofwar (T. Douglas Murray, 345-346).When brought before <strong>the</strong> court, Joan refused to promise towear women’s clothing, even though her refusal meant she couldn’treceive communion. What’s more, she insisted that her transvestismwas a religious duty, saying: “For nothing in <strong>the</strong> world will I swearnot to arm myself <strong>and</strong> put on a man’s dress; I must obey <strong>the</strong> ordersof Our Lord” (T. Douglas Murray, 87).To <strong>the</strong> judges, it was bad enough that Joan had been wearingmen’s clothing. But to say this was a religious duty was heresy! Thefollowing was one of <strong>the</strong> chief charges brought against her:Jeanne attributes to God, His Angels, <strong>and</strong> His Saints, orderswhich are against <strong>the</strong> modesty of <strong>the</strong> sex, <strong>and</strong> which are prohibitedby <strong>the</strong> Divine Law, things abominable to God <strong>and</strong> man,interdicted on pain of ana<strong>the</strong>ma by ecclesiastical censure, suchas dressing herself in <strong>the</strong> garments of a man, short, tight, dissolute,those underneath as well as above . . . . To attribute all thisto <strong>the</strong> order of God, to <strong>the</strong> order which had been transmittedto her by <strong>the</strong> Angels <strong>and</strong> even by Virgin Saints, is to blasphemeGod <strong>and</strong> His Saints, to destroy <strong>the</strong> Divine Law <strong>and</strong> violate <strong>the</strong>Canonical Rules (T. Douglas Murray, 346).15617
- Page 1 and 2: 172WITCHCRAFTand the Gay Countercul
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Under paganism, witchcraft was thou
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appear in court and swear that his
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THE MASS MURDER OFWOMEN AND GAY PEO
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pression, self-discipline, and obed
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THE MEDIEVALCOUNTERCULTUREThe old r