<strong>the</strong> proceeds (Thompson, 71, 77). In <strong>the</strong> later middle ages, <strong>the</strong> huntfor witches <strong>and</strong> heretics was an example of <strong>the</strong> same thing. Witchhuntingbecame a major industry in <strong>the</strong> middle ages. The crusadeagainst <strong>the</strong> Albigensians turned into “a series of gigantic buccaneeringexpeditions” (Thompson, 490). The King of France supported<strong>the</strong> crusade because he wanted to bring <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn provinceswithin his power, <strong>the</strong>reby unifying <strong>the</strong> French state <strong>and</strong> establishingdirect trade routes with <strong>the</strong> East (Thompson, 492). In a separateincident with ano<strong>the</strong>r French King, <strong>the</strong> Templars were charged withhomosexuality <strong>and</strong> deprived of <strong>the</strong>ir property in order to build up<strong>the</strong> French Treasury <strong>and</strong> underwrite war expenditures. Everywhereheresy-hunting helped provide <strong>the</strong> needed capital for building up <strong>the</strong>apparatus of <strong>the</strong> emerging state.The entrenched militarism of Christian civilization led to<strong>the</strong> development of a huge arms industry where modern methods ofproduction were first practiced on a wide scale. “It is characteristicof <strong>the</strong> early modern period that until far into <strong>the</strong> 17th century <strong>the</strong>best examples of large-scale industrial organization were state-ownedfactories producing war materiel” (Gilbert, 51). The modern factorysystem is thus a direct descendent of Christian militarism.The real beneficiary of Christian militarism was a new institutionthat became <strong>the</strong> epitome of institutionalized violence – <strong>the</strong>nation state. This happened because <strong>the</strong> business of war increasinglybecame <strong>the</strong> specialty of secular princes <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> new economic forcesthat supported <strong>the</strong>m (<strong>the</strong> bourgeoisie). The nation-states <strong>the</strong>y createdeventually came to have a monopoly on institutionalized violence,<strong>and</strong> so ended up with a monopoly on political power as well.Although Christian violence was responsible for <strong>the</strong> birth of<strong>the</strong> modern nation-state, <strong>the</strong> state none<strong>the</strong>less engaged in a savagestruggle with its parent. In time, <strong>the</strong> state was victorious. The ruleof clergy was replaced by <strong>the</strong> rule of politicians. Scholasticism wasreplaced by science. Government bureaucracy took over from churchhierarchy. But underneath <strong>the</strong>re remained <strong>the</strong> same class domination,urbanism, militarism, racism, exploitation of nature, <strong>and</strong> repressionof women <strong>and</strong> sexuality.The triumph of <strong>the</strong> nation-state brought with it a shift inChristian values, coinciding with <strong>the</strong> rise of Protestantism. Lu<strong>the</strong>ranism,<strong>the</strong> first successful form of Protestantism, came into being becausecertain petty states in Germany were willing to use <strong>the</strong>ir armiesto resist Catholic military power. Lu<strong>the</strong>r never forgot this debt <strong>and</strong>continually supported <strong>the</strong> secular power’s authoritarianism. For example,in 1525 Lu<strong>the</strong>r urged <strong>the</strong> state to suppress with violence <strong>the</strong>rebelling peasants, whom he compared to mad dogs (Gilbert, 155).Lu<strong>the</strong>ranism became a profoundly reactionary religion, whose memberswere drawn mostly from <strong>the</strong> upper <strong>and</strong> middle classes (Gilbert,156).In Calvinism, <strong>the</strong> successful accumulation of money wasviewed as a sign of God’s grace; alienated labor was a “calling”; <strong>and</strong>58children are produced by fucking. Besides, most nature societiesdeliberately restricted population growth through <strong>the</strong> use of herbalcontraceptives <strong>and</strong> abortions. Nor were <strong>the</strong>ir rites a secret symbolizingof some deep hidden <strong>the</strong>ological meaning.All <strong>the</strong> evidence indicates that nature people fucked forpleasure. Their purpose was to celebrate sex. Their orgies were actsof sexual worship to <strong>the</strong> power of sex <strong>the</strong>y felt in <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>and</strong>in nature around <strong>the</strong>m. Their religious feasts were characteristicallyjoyous: dancing, feasting, fucking toge<strong>the</strong>r. The Indians who havebeen observed in <strong>the</strong> Americas; <strong>the</strong> myths that have survived in Europe;<strong>the</strong> artifacts that exist from all over <strong>the</strong> world – all attest to <strong>the</strong>pleasure of what <strong>the</strong> celebrants were doing. George Scott has rightlyobserved “that, without exception, <strong>the</strong> worship of sex by all primitive[sic] races originated in <strong>the</strong> pleasure associated with coitus, <strong>and</strong>not in any clearly conceived notion that intercourse would producechildren” (47).Hence it is a misrepresentation for industrialized academicsto call such celebrations “fertility rites,” as <strong>the</strong>y usually do. The orgieswere not clumsy attempts to increase <strong>the</strong> gross national product bypeople who had a very rude underst<strong>and</strong>ing of economic laws. Naturepeople did, indeed, believe that through such acts <strong>the</strong>ir bodieswould become stronger, <strong>the</strong> crops would grow taller, <strong>the</strong> sun wouldshine brighter, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rains would come in profusion when needed.But <strong>the</strong>y believed <strong>the</strong>se things because <strong>the</strong>y had a collective tribalfeeling of <strong>the</strong> power of sex throbbing through <strong>the</strong> whole of nature;<strong>the</strong>ir experience of sex was so open, public, communal <strong>and</strong> intensethat <strong>the</strong>y felt it reverberate through <strong>the</strong> whole cosmos. In this, <strong>the</strong>ywere unlike modern industrialized people who practice sex solely forprocreation – privately, in <strong>the</strong> dark, in isolation, <strong>and</strong> with guilt.Non-industrialized societies were not in <strong>the</strong> least embarrassedto practice all sorts of sex acts in public because <strong>the</strong> notion ofsexual obscenity, like <strong>the</strong> procreative ideal of sex, is a modern Christian/industrialview. “In tribes where no ideas of modesty such as arecurrent in civilized [sic] society have arisen, <strong>the</strong>re is no concept ofobscenity in connexion with exposure of <strong>the</strong> genital organs or evenwith <strong>the</strong> performance of <strong>the</strong> sex act itself. Any taboo is concernednot with <strong>the</strong> sight of <strong>the</strong> reproductive parts, but with <strong>the</strong> touching of<strong>the</strong>m by unauthorized persons” (Scott, 125).Non-industrialized societies also in general treat prostitutes,both heterosexual <strong>and</strong> homosexual, much differently than Christian/industrial societies. In modern societies, as we all know, <strong>the</strong> prostituteis a purely economic being: a woman or man rents out her or hisbody for <strong>the</strong> sake of someone else’s orgasm or phantasy. In addition,<strong>the</strong> work of prostitutes is looked down upon in industrialized societiesas being somehow dirty, <strong>and</strong> prostitutes are often caught up in aweb of social disrepute, legal harassment, <strong>and</strong> exploitation by pimps.115
depart. But <strong>the</strong> wiser <strong>and</strong> honester sort of people call <strong>the</strong>se womenSahacat, which in Latin signifieth Fricatrices [Lesbians], because<strong>the</strong>y have a damnable custom to commit unlawful venerieamong <strong>the</strong>mselves, which I cannot express in any modester terms(Carpenter, 39).In outlining <strong>the</strong> sacred role of <strong>Gay</strong> people in non-industrialsocieties, we could go on <strong>and</strong> on, <strong>and</strong> cite numerous examples outsideof America <strong>and</strong> Africa. Suffice it to say that ritual transvestism<strong>and</strong> sodomy (or <strong>the</strong> worship of <strong>and</strong>rogynous dieties, which is usuallyindicative of this) are also found in Australia, <strong>the</strong> South Sea Isl<strong>and</strong>s,<strong>the</strong> Middle East, Europe, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Far East (including India, China,Japan <strong>and</strong> Vietnam).In addition, indiscriminate sexual orgies are commonly<strong>and</strong> routinely practiced by non-industrialized societies as a form ofreligious devotion. Reports of <strong>the</strong>se sacred orgies come from all over<strong>the</strong> world. An excellent account of <strong>the</strong>ir practice can be found inGeorge Scott’s book Phallic Worship. (“Phallic” as used in this bookrefers to <strong>the</strong> genitals of both sexes, <strong>and</strong> not just to cocks.) For examplein <strong>the</strong> Americas, pictures surviving from ancient Yucatan showreligious scenes in which men perform acts of “indescribable beastliness”(Scott, 122-123). In <strong>the</strong> Far East, <strong>the</strong> situation is <strong>the</strong> same. InJapan, many of <strong>the</strong> oldest practices of <strong>the</strong> indigenous nature religioncontinue under <strong>the</strong> guise of Shintoism. Ancient Shinto templesare full of orgiastic art <strong>and</strong> “were <strong>the</strong> scene of sexual orgies rivaling<strong>the</strong> Bacchanalia of ancient Rome” (229). In ancient China, one of<strong>the</strong> most celebrated goddesses was Kwan-Yin, a variant of <strong>the</strong> greatmo<strong>the</strong>r. She was worshipped with orgies that included homosexuality(222). The most ancient religious artifacts of India are filled withdepictions of orgies, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> worship of <strong>the</strong> sexual organs of bothsexes (183). Jacques-Antoine Dulaure, in his classic book on sex worship,notes that “<strong>the</strong> celebrated <strong>and</strong> ancient pagoda of Jagannath, <strong>and</strong><strong>the</strong> no less ancient one of Elephanta near Bombay, <strong>the</strong> bas-reliefsof which William Alen sketched in 1784, offer <strong>the</strong> most indecentpictures that a corrupted imagination could conceive (The Gods ofGeneration, 83).Sacred orgies regularly occurred in <strong>the</strong> religious rites of ancientpeoples living around <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean Sea. Such, amongo<strong>the</strong>rs, were <strong>the</strong> worship of Isis at Bubasti in Egypt; <strong>the</strong> festivals ofBaal-Peor in <strong>the</strong> Middle East; <strong>the</strong> worship of Venus at Cyprus; <strong>the</strong>worship of Adonis at Byblos; <strong>and</strong>, of course, <strong>the</strong> Dionysia, Floralia<strong>and</strong> Bacchanalia (Bloch, 95).The purpose of <strong>the</strong>se sacred orgies has been much obscuredby modern commentators, who are generally straight males. The orgieswere not done to increase <strong>the</strong> population as is often maintained.The notion that <strong>the</strong> purpose of sex is procreation is a modern industrialone, derived ultimately from <strong>the</strong> Judeo-Christian tradition.Some of <strong>the</strong> most ancient nature societies did not even know that114self-interested calculation was a sign of rationality. The bourgeoisthrust of Calvinism has led some writers like Max Weber to concludethat Protestantism prepared <strong>the</strong> way for <strong>the</strong> rise of capitalism. But aswe have just seen, <strong>the</strong> entire Christian tradition was working to thisend for a thous<strong>and</strong> years.The really different thing about Protestantism is that it triedto purge Christianity of influences it had picked up from paganism.The so-called Reformation was in reality a reaction against <strong>the</strong> Renaissance,where pagan influence (including a looser sexuality) hadhad a major impact on Western culture. Protestants emphasized <strong>the</strong>anti-sexual, anti-woman writings of Paul of Tarsus. They detestedanything that suggested sensuality. In some cases, <strong>the</strong>y entered existingchurches, smashed <strong>the</strong> organs, broke <strong>the</strong> statuary, <strong>and</strong> whitewashed<strong>the</strong> murals (Gilbert, 136). Significantly, <strong>the</strong>y rejected <strong>the</strong>worship of Mary, whose cult was a survival within <strong>the</strong> Christian patriarchyof earlier matriarchal values.The Puritans were <strong>the</strong> most fanatical of <strong>the</strong> Protestants. JohnKnox attacked <strong>the</strong> status of women in his pamphlet “The First Blastof <strong>the</strong> Trumpet Against <strong>the</strong> Monstrous Regiment of Women” (Partridge,116). Thomas Hall published a pamphlet called ‘The Loathsomenessof Long Haire” (Partridge, 118). Puritans insisted on sexistdress codes. ‘The Puritans attempted, for reasons which should notbe too obscure, to masculinize men as far as possible, <strong>and</strong> correspondingly,to defeminize <strong>and</strong> make negative members of <strong>the</strong> oppositesex” (Partridge, 117-118).All <strong>the</strong> major sects of Protestantism agreed on severely repressingsexuality; on inculcating unquestioned obedience to authority,both of <strong>the</strong> state <strong>and</strong> of <strong>the</strong> male head of <strong>the</strong> family; <strong>and</strong>on scorning non-Christian <strong>and</strong> non-white cultures. The rising bourgeoisieeagerly embraced <strong>the</strong>se values <strong>and</strong> translated <strong>the</strong>m into publicpolicy, where <strong>the</strong>y remain to this day.And so <strong>the</strong> story of human history in <strong>the</strong> West has been <strong>the</strong>sickening spectacle of increasing patriarchal power, first gradually in<strong>the</strong> Bronze Age, <strong>the</strong>n with a sudden leap in <strong>the</strong> triumph of Christianity,<strong>and</strong> finally overwhelmingly with <strong>the</strong> onrush of industrialism.Corresponding to this rise has been a fall, first in <strong>the</strong> status ofwomen, <strong>the</strong>n of rural people, <strong>the</strong>n of <strong>Gay</strong> people, <strong>the</strong>n of non-whitepeople.Everywhere <strong>the</strong> old nature cultures are gone. The Celts aregone, conquered by Caesar. The peasants of Europe are gone, havingbeen murdered, enslaved, or transformed into an urban proletariat.The Indians are gone, wiped out on orders from <strong>the</strong> Pope <strong>and</strong> fromWashington. The Third World has been going every day. They are allgone, <strong>and</strong> in <strong>the</strong>ir place has come that son of <strong>the</strong> city of God, thatall-conquering Leviathan, <strong>the</strong> new industrial state.And that’s how it happened that straight white males gotcontrol of our lives.59
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172WITCHCRAFTand the Gay Countercul
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Scott, George, Phallic Worship, Men
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Kieckhefer, Richard, European Witch
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