EPA Powerpoint Presentation on Marcellus Shale Wastewater

Marcellus ShaleAmy BergdaleUS <strong>EPA</strong>, Region 3,Environmental Assessment & Innovation Division,Office of Monitoring & Assessment,Freshwater Biology Team

Who is Marcellus??•Brief History of Natural Gas•Sources of Natural Gas•Exploring the Marcellus Shale•Waste Characteristics of the MarcellusShale, including TENORM•Reasonable Potential of thepollutants of concern: bothaquatic and human health•Reality of the Issue

Discovery of Natural Gas1815 – Charleston, WVThe first Natural Gaswell discovered byaccident

Discovered in Appalachia•World’s 1 st commercial oil well in 1859,Titusville, PA.•Natural gas was an accidental andunderestimated by-product of the oil rush of1850s.•Large scale practice of natural gas wasintroduced in late 1800s by Joseph Pews andGeorge Westinghouse for steel and glassindustries in Pittsburgh.•Local gas companies evolved from individualwells to an interstate supply acquired byRockefeller’s Standard Oil.•1950s shifted supply from Appalachia to newdiscoveries of natural gas in Southwest andGulf of Mexico.

Energy Consumption in theUNITED STATES, 2007

Energy ConsumptionWorld Coal Consumption2,000.0OIL://www.eia.doe.gov/basics/naturalgas_basics.htmMillion Short Tons1,500.01,000.0500.00.019801982198419861988199019921994Source: EnergyInformation Administration19961998200020022004P20 062008: 23.2 TCFUnitedStatesAll ofEuropeEuras iaChinaIndia

United States Gas Fields

SOURCES of GASSourceTCFAsalouyeh,South ParsGas Field-Iran 500Urengoygas field-Russia 385Iolotan gasfield -Turkmenistan 264BarnettShale - TX 2.1 - 30AnadarkoBasin – TXto KS 100HaynesvilleShale – GulfCoast 250PrudhoeBay – NorthAK 28Marcellus 168 - 516http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/images/P1-AP715A_NATGA_NS_20090429185625.gif

Marcellus Shale

What is involved w/ Marcellusdrilling?VERTICAL VS HORIZONTALwww.geoexpro.com

Marcellus FracturingWater-GroundwaterMunicipalSurfaceProppant – 30% ofWater volumehttp://geology.com/articles/marcellus-shale.shtmlShale &OverburdenAdditives

Additives•Over 300 proprietary additives, including surfactants,biocides, wetting agents, scale inhibitors, organiccompounds (benzene, toluene) etcFracwater ChemistryWetting agent nonionic surfactants 5-9 lbs/ 1000 galFriction reducer anionic polyacrylamide polymer 3-5 lbs / 1000 galBiocidesdibromo nitrilopropionamide,glutaraldehyde, or n,ndibromosulfamate1-5 lbs / 1000 gal5lb/1000gal5,000,000gal25000 lbsScale inhibitorsEither a Polyacrylate or aPhosphonate, such as aminotrimethylenephosphonate orphosphonobutane tricarboxylate1-2 lbs / 1000 gal

What is involved w/ Marcellusdrilling?LANDUSE ALTERATION &INFRASTRUCTURE•5,000,000 gal•3000 gal/truck•1667 trucks forwater•1.5 million lbs ofproppant•2000 lbs/truck•750 trucks forproppant•AccessRoads•Well pads•Transportvehicles•Compressionstations•Cleaningstations•Pipelines(National Park Service, December 2008)

What is involved w/ Marcelluswww.geoexpro.comdrilling?••••••VerticalvsHorizontalInfrastructureLandUseAlterationProcesswaterproppantsadditivesshale&overburdencompositionSupportingInfrastructureTreatment

TDS - 70,334mg/LCI - 37,460mg/LTDS – N/ACI – 30,000 mg/LTDS – 211,000 mg/LCI – 102,000 mg/LGross alpha – 960 pCi/LTDS – 217,000 mg/LCI – 107,000 mg/LGross alpha – 3420 pCi/LTDS – 132,000 mg/LCI – 121,000 mg/LGross alpha – 3330 pCi/L

Characterizing the WasteStaged Flowback of Marcellus Well - WVmg/L140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,000700,000600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,000mg/L0Day 1 Day 5 Day 10 Day 20 Day 300Chloride Total Dissolved Solids Specific Conductivity

What is in the Waste? fracwater producedwater cuttingssurfactantsorganics TDSmetalsTENORM othertoxicsubstancesCl SO 42Na + K + otherionsradon U otherradionuclidesRa 228Ra 226wastetreatment&disposalmethodwastestoragemethod

What is involved w/ Marcellusdrilling?Treatment of WasteUndergroundInjectionThermalEvaporationBrineTreatmentDilution

What is involved w/ Marcellusdrilling?How much waste?Average Horizontal Well –•5,000,000 gal H2O (not consideringproppant and/or additive volume)•Flowback ~60% injectedvolume•1,500,000 gal of waste•Need 500+ trucks to transport

Underground Injection - PACountyBeaverInjection FormationInjectionPressureInjection Volume(Bbls/Month)Huntersville/Oriskany 1300 21,000Clearfield Oriskany 3240 4260Greene Mine Void 0 150,000Erie Gatesburg 1570 45,000Indiana Balltown 1930 3600Somerset Oriskany 3250 27,000Clearfield Oriskany 1450 4200SomersetHuntersville/Oriskany 3218 30,000TOTAL 285,060API37-017-2002737-033-0005337-049-2438837-063-2024637-111-2005937-033-2205937-111-20006

Brine Treatment•VOCs – blown off•Oil & Grease,removed•Metals, removed•Does NOT treatTDS•TDS in = TDS out

Thermal Evaporation•VOCs – blown off•Oil & Grease, removed•Metals, removed•TDS, removed•By-productsSaltWater

DilutionIs DilutiontheSolution?

Is there Reasonable Potential tocause harm?Components of Water QualityStandard: Marcellus gas drilling•Designated Uses•Water Quality Criteria•Antidegradation policy•General PoliciesWater Quality Criteria:Pollutants = i.e., Metals, TDS, etc.Numeric criteriaChemicalAquatic lifeHuman healthOthers (e.g., wildlife,sediment)Reasonable Whole Effluent Potential ToxicityBiologicalNarrative CriteriaReasonable Potential -Limitations must beestablished in permits tocontrol all pollutants orpollutant parameters that areor may be discharged at alevel that will cause, , havethe reasonable potential tocause, or contribute to anexcursion above any statewater quality standard [40CFR 122.44(d)(1)(i)].

Calculating Receiving WaterConcentrations Under CriticalConditions for Marcellus Waste• Criterion for protection of aquatic life fromchronic effects from Pollutant X (in our case weare using Chloride as our pollutant of concern)Upstream(Qs, Cs)Downstream(Qr, Cr)Discharge (Qd, Cd)

Current IssueWater leak from Washington County gaswell kills fishThursday, June 04, 2009By Don Hopey, Pittsburgh Post-GazetteA leaking waste water pipe from a Range Resources Marcellus Shale gaswell drilled in Washington County's Cross Creek Park has polluted anunnamed tributary of Cross Creek Lake, killing fish, salamanders,crayfish and aquatic insect life in approximately three-quarters of a mileof the stream.The state Department of Environmental Protection said Range Resourcesreported the May 26 waste water discharge from a coupling on a 6-inchpipe running from a recently drilled well to a waste water impoundment.The DEP has taken water samples of the stream above and below thepollution release, said Helen Humphreys, a department spokeswoman,and, after those are evaluated, will determine the appropriateenforcement action.The Range Resources wastewater pipeline connects three MarcellusShale deep gas wells drilled in the 3,000 acre county-owned park.Read more: http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09155/975107-113.stm#ixzz0HZotpuGY&C"It's a gold rush, really. It's a boom," said Steve Rupert, an executive with Range Resources,which is drilling aggressively in the rolling farmland southwest of Pittsburgh. (Washington Post Aug. 15, 2008)

Determining a Critical Value (Cr)Upstream(Qs, Cs)Discharge (Qd, Cd)Downstream(Qr, Cr)Cr = QsCs + QdCdQrCriterion for protection of aquatic life from chronic effects:Qs = Critical stream flow (7Q10) for chronic criterionQd = Critical effluent flow from discharge flow dataQr = Sum of critical stream flow and critical effluent flowCs = Critical upstream pollutant concentrationCd = Critical effluent pollutant concentration

Characterizing the Waste in PAChloride Brine Data from Western PA12000010000080000mg/L6000040000200000Avg 65600 mg/L

Determining a Critical Value (Cr)Upstream(Qs, Cs)Downstream(Qr, Cr)Cr = QsCs + QdCdQrDischarge (Qd, Cd)•Ohio River, River Mile 40, U.S. Chester, WV•Background chloride 100mg/L•Large 100mgd (155cfs) Treatment Facility•7Q10: 2,060cfs•Max observed is 109000mg/L of 16 samples•Cd = 109000 * 2.5 = 272,500mg/L (assuming99 th percentile, default CV of 0.6)= 19162 mg/L >230 mg/LConclusion: The dischargewould cause, have thereasonable potential tocause, or contribute to anexcursion of the ChronicNational Aquatic Life Criteriafor Chloride

Determining a Critical Value (Cr)Upstream(Qs, Cs)Downstream(Qr, Cr)Cr = QsCs + QdCdQrDischarge (Qd, Cd)•S.F. Tenmile•Background chloride of 28.5mg/L•Large 0.8mgd (1.23cfs) Treatment Facility•7Q10: 3.75cfs•Max observed is 109000mg/L of 16 samples•Cd = 109000 * 2.5 = 272,500mg/L (assuming99th percentile, default CV of 0.6)= 67,326 mg/L >230 mg/LConclusion: The dischargewould cause, have thereasonable potential to cause,or contribute to an excursionof the Chronic NationalAquatic Life Criteria forChloride

What if diluted?VS.Ohio River ReceivingCr = 19162 mg/L > 230 mg/LChronic Chloride National Aquatic Life Criteria10% = 1916 mg/L5% = 958 mg/L1% = 192 mg/L0.5% = 96 mg/L< 230 mg/LS. F. Tenmile ReceivingCr = 67,326 mg/L > 230 mg/LChronic Chloride National Aquatic Life Criteria10% = 6733 mg/L5% = 3366 mg/L1% = 673 mg/L0.5% = 337 mg/L

Waste Disposal Methodswastetreatment&disposalmethodretentionpondswastestoragemethodstoragetanksundergroundinjectionwastevolumedilutionbrinetreatmentthermalevaporation oil&greaseexposureleachate&leakage wateravailabilitybrinewasteblownoffVOCsremovedsurfaceoil&greaseremovedmetalssaltcakePMN 2VOCsevaporatedwaterVOCsdisposedashazardouswastedisposedaslandfillwasteotherdisposalmethodsNO xSO xdischargedtoairdistilledreusedischargedtosurfacewater groundwatercontamination surfacewatercontamination soilcontamination

DRAFT– DrillingConceptualModelAmyBergdale 06/2009ForInternalUseOnly,DoNOTsharedrillsiteinfrastructureverticaldrillinglandusealterationhorizontaldrillingdrillingprocesssupportinginfrastructureadditive&proppantthermalmanufacturingplantsevaporationplantsbrinetreatmentplantscompressionstationscleaningstationstransportvehicleswellpadsaccessroadspipelines vegetation wateruptake surfacerunoff permeability groundwaterwatermunicipalwatersupplywatersource surfacewaterproppantssilicasandbauxitesurfactantsfrictionreducersbiocidesadditivesacidsotheradditivesoxygenstabilizersshale&overburdencomposition weathering&erosionrecycledinitialfracwaterwetvs.dryshale energyexpenditure noise VOCs NO x habitatfragmentation sediment flowalteration wateravailability frac water producedwater cuttings particulatematter otherairpollutants surfactants organics TDSmetals TENORM othertoxicsubstances Cl Na + K +radon U Ra 226 SO 42 otherions otherradionuclidesRa 228LEGENDhumanactivitywastetreatment&disposalmethodwastestoragemethodsourcestressoradditionalstepincausalpathwaymodifyingfactortreatmentmethodendwasteproduct wateravailabilityundergroundinjectionwastevolumedilutionbrinewasteblownoffVOCs VOCsbrinetreatmentremovedsurfaceoil&greasedisposedashazardouswasteremovedmetalsdisposedaslandfillwastesaltcakeotherdisposalmethodsthermalevaporationN 2 NO x SO xPMVOCsdischargedtoairevaporatedwaterdistilledretentionponds oil&greaseexposurestoragetanksleachate &leakagereusedischargedtosurfacewater groundwatercontamination surfacewatercontamination soilcontamination

sourcecontributing landscapechangecontributing environmentalconditionadditional step incausal pathwayinteracting stressorproximate stressormode of actionbiotic responseVisualize linkages b/n sources,stressors, and biological effectsDRAFT– DrillingConceptualModelAmyBergdale 06/2009ForInternalUseOnly,DoNOTsharedrillsiteinfrastructureverticaldrillinglandusealterationhorizontaldrillingdrillingprocessSource = Marcellus gas drillingadditive&proppantmanufacturingplantssupportinginfrastructurebrinetreatmentplantsthermalevaporationplantscompressionstationscleaningstationstransportvehicleswellpadsaccessroadspipelines vegetation wateruptake weathering&erosion surfacerunoff permeability groundwaterwatermunicipalwatersupply surfacewaterwatersourcerecycledinitialfracwaterproppantssilicasandbauxiteadditivesshale&overburdencompositionsurfactantsbiocidesacidsoxygenstabilizersfrictionotherreducersadditiveswetvs.dryshale energyexpenditure noise VOCs NO x habitatfragmentation sediment flowalteration wateravailability frac water producedwater cuttings particulatematter otherairpollutants surfactants organics TDSmetals TENORM othertoxicsubstances Cl Na+ K+radon U Ra 226 SO 42 otherions otherradionuclidesRa 228LEGENDhumanactivitywastetreatment&disposalmethodwastestoragemethodsourcestressoradditionalstepincausalpathwaymodifyingfactortreatmentmethodendwasteproduct wateravailabilityundergroundinjectionwastevolumedilutionbrinewastebrinetreatmentblownoffremovedremovedVOCssurfaceoil&metalsgrease VOCsdisposedasdisposedashazardouswastelandfillwastesaltcakeotherdisposalmethodsthermalevaporation PM N 2 VOCs NO x SO xdischargedtoairevaporatedwaterdistilledretentionponds oil&greaseexposurestoragetanksleachate &leakagereusedischargedtosurfacewaterStressor(s) = i.e., Metals, TDS, etc. groundwatercontamination surfacewatercontamination soilcontaminationgeology & othernatural sourcesagriculturalpracticesfossil fuel extraction &refinement practicesother miningpracticesresidential &commercial practicesindustrialpracticeshistoricalsourcesfire ash &smokeminingwastessepticsystemspower plantreleasesheatingemissionsindustrialemissionsother non-pointsourcesmetallicagrochemicalslandfillsother combustionby-productsvehicleemissionsstormwaterindustrialdrainageeffluentWWTPeffluentother pointsourceswatershed landcover alterationriparian landcover alteration metals in soil metals in wet or drydeposition permeability vegetationacid-forming soils metals insubsurface waters metals insurface runoffacid precipitation metals in dischargedwaters surface runoff delivery of metals to streamchannelalteration channelincision erosion exposure of metalenrichedrock & soil membrane permeableorganometallic compounds metals sorbed to particles &bound to abiotic ligandspH, redox potential, abiotic ligandavailability, & microbialtransformation free metal ions flocculate binding & uptake atgill epithelium passive diffusionthrough gill epithelium metal ingestion &adsorption in gut smothering uptake of nutrients impairment of bloodion regulation tissue concentration of metals bioaccumulation membrane destabilization protein damageBiological Effect(s)LEGEND mortality condition behavior reproductive susceptibility tosuccessother stressors mucous secretionin fish deformitiesother stressors metal-sensitive metal-sensitive lifetaxastages metal-tolerant taxa metal-tolerant life parasitism &stagesdiseasebiologically impaired invertebrate assemblagesDetailed conceptual model diagram for METALSDeveloped 7/ 2007 by Kate Schofield & Pat Shaw-Allenbiologically impaired fish assemblagesother biological impairments

Waste Disposal Methodswastetreatment&disposalmethodretentionpondswastestoragemethodstoragetanksundergroundinjectionwastevolumedilutionbrinetreatmentthermalevaporation oil&greaseexposureleachate&leakage wateravailabilitybrinewasteblownoffVOCsremovedsurfaceoil&greaseremovedmetalssaltcakePMN 2VOCsevaporatedwaterVOCsdisposedashazardouswastedisposedaslandfillwasteotherdisposalmethodsNO xSO xdischargedtoairdistilledreusedischargedtosurfacewater groundwatercontamination surfacewatercontamination soilcontamination

What is in the Waste? fracwater producedwater cuttingssurfactantsorganics TDSmetalsTENORM othertoxicsubstancesCl SO 42Na + K + otherionsradon U otherradionuclidesRa 228Ra 226wastetreatment&disposalmethodwastestoragemethod

Defining Pollutant• Pollutant – 40 CFR 122.2– Dredged spoil, solid waste, incineratorresidue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage,sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes,biological materials, radioactive materials,heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock,sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal, andagricultural waste discharged into water

Radionuclide MCLsContaminant MCL (year promulgated) Source Health EffectCombined radium-226/-228 5 pCi/L (1976)(Adjusted) Gross AlphaBeta Particle and PhotonRadioactivity299, 1005, 12.49 pCI/L15 pCi/L (not including radonor uranium) (1976)960, 3420, 12500 pCi/L4 mrem/year (look-up table)(1976)Naturally occurs in somedrinking water sources.Naturally occurs in somedrinking water sources.May occur due tocontamination fromfacilities using orproducing radioactivematerials.Some people who drink watercontaining radium –226or -228 in excess of theMCL over many yearsmay have an increasedrisk of getting cancer.Some people who drink watercontaining alphaemitters in excess of theMCL over many yearsmay have an increasedrisk of getting cancer.Some people who drink watercontaining beta andphoton emitters inexcess of the MCL overmany years may have anincreased risk of gettingcancer.Uranium 30 µg/L (2000)Naturally occurs in somedrinking water sources.Exposure to uranium indrinking water mayresult in toxic effects tothe kidney. Some peoplewho drink watercontaining alphaemitters in excess of the

•Reasonable Potential forRadium 226+228Ohio River, 2060cfs• Max observed, 1005pCi/L * 5.6 = 5628 pCi/L••= 398 pCi/LGross alphaOhio River, 2060cfs• Max observed, 12500pCi/L * 5.6 = 70000 pCi/L•= 4898 pCi/LRadionuclides??••5 pCi/L••15 pCi/LRadium 226+228S.F. Tenmile, 3.75 cfs= 1390 pCi/LGross alphaS.F. Tenmile, 3.75cfs= 17289 pCi/L

undergroundinjectionWaste Disposal Methodswastetreatment&disposalmethodwastevolumeXdilutionXbrinetreatmentthermalevaporationretentionponds oil&greaseexposurewastestoragemethodstoragetanksleachate&leakage wateravailabilitybrinewasteblownoffVOCsremovedsurfaceoil&greaseremovedmetalssaltcakePMN 2VOCsevaporatedwaterVOCsdisposedashazardouswastedisposedaslandfillwasteotherdisposalmethodsNO xSO xdischargedtoairdistilledreusedischargedtosurfacewater groundwatercontamination surfacewatercontamination soilcontamination

English: Grade 9Unit 12: Stigma and Discrimination (11 periods)Learning Outcomes: By the end of Unit 12 students will be able to discuss the impact of stigma and discriminationLearning focusGrammar: the+singular adjective, present perfect continuous (for/since), passive infinitive, there is/are, enough/tooVocabulary: stigma/discrimination, care/support, negative/positive perceptionsSocial expressions: addressing misconceptionsCompetency Content/Language Item Learning Activities and ResourcesA. ListeningListening text about an individualwho has gone through a lot of upsand downs and been subjected tostigma/discriminationStudents will be able to:• listen to a story and predict thecontent using a variety ofcontextual clues• listen to a story and identifyspecific informationStudents are given title/situation and predict content. Students listen to a text readby the teacher and check predictions.Students listen again and answer questionsE.g. What caused…?Who is responsible for…?• listen to an interview and beable to identify gist• listen to a story and relate whatthey have heard to their ownlives• agree, disagree and expresssimple counter argumentsInterview with special needspersonPresent perfect continuous (withfor and since)I’ve been using a hearing aid fortwo yearsB. SpeakingThe + singular adjectiveE.g. the poorStudents listen to the interview and identify who is talking about whatStudents listen again and note down the mains points. In groups they talk abutsituation described and relate to their own experiences.Teacher uses the context of the listening to introduce the present perfectcontinuous with ‘for’ and ‘since’. Students make sentences about the topic andtheir own lives.Students brainstorm the reasons for discrimination and the kinds of people that arediscriminated againstE.g. the uneducated, the elderly, the mentally ill, beggars, the poorTeacher encourages discussion. Teacher puts suggestions on the board andhighlights use of the+ singular adjective to describe groups of people. Studentscopy examples.Students look at pictures of people with special needs. They discuss what theirneeds are and how we can help them using passive infinitivesDesktop/ Files Grades 9 - 12 September 2008 / English Grade 9 Comp 3 CV2 Page 41

2008 Events that Impacted Pittsburgh DistrictWater Management• Summer/ Fall.Multiple requests forwater withdrawalsfrom CorpsReservoirs• August –December. Lowstream flows.Monongahela 10%of normal

2008 Events that Impacted Pittsburgh District WaterManagementhttp://farm1.static.flickr.com/1/887081_3bec7df264.jpg?v=0•October 10. Hatfield Power Plant Failedair emissions requirements, businessesnot meeting state mandated criteria, intakeconcentrations higher than criteria, etc•October 22. Start of Monongahela Riverhigh TDS Event. PA State Total DissolvedSolids (TDS) Drinking Water Criteria of500 mg/l exceeded.•October 22 -27. Special release fromStonewall and Tygart Reservoirs tomitigate elevated TDS in PA•November 7. W PA Drought WatchDeclaration•December 10. Union Township issued abottled water advisory, water supply of850,000 affected•December 12. High Runoff, TDS beganto decrease

Drinking water of 800,000+ peopleElizabeth Conductivity '03-'05, '08 & '0914001200200920082005100020042003UHMOS/CM80060040020001-Jul17-Jun3-Jun20-May6-May22-Apr8-Apr25-Mar11-Mar26-Feb12-Feb29-Jan15-Jan1-Jan30-De16-Dec2-Dec18-Nov4-Nov21-Oct7-Oct23-Sep9-Sep26-Aug12-Aug29-Jul15-JulDate/Time

Region 3 Draft Permit Reviews –To Date••4 Proposed Treatment Facilities inPA– Monongahela River Watershed(3)• TDS impaired – applying500 mg/l– W Br Susquehanna River (1)• Applying PA TDS Strategy• TDS loads up to 522,245lbs/day (equivalent to 156,548 mg/l)3 Existing POTWs accepting brine– Wilkes-Barre proposed TDSload up to 1,194,399 lbs/day

Biological Assessment of theAllegheny and Monongahela RiversPADEP and <strong>EPA</strong>, 2 yr grant (’08-’09)•Evaluate conditions via probabilistic survey.•Fish, fish habitat, macroinvertebrate, mussels,water chemistry, plankton, and sediment.•Data will assist in risk assessment frompotential stressors.•Aid in analyzing the potential seasonal andyearly variability.•PADEP can develop, implement, and testbioassessment methods to produce anunbiased estimate of the current ecologicalcondition.•PADEP can estimate or develop biologicalcriteria, reference conditions, and water qualityconditions in support of the CWA.

RIVER ALERT INFORMATION NETWORK(RAIN)•Protectionmeasures form thefirst barrier to amultiple-barrierapproach to drinkingwater protectionSource WaterProtectionWaterTreatmentDistributionSystemMaintenanceMultipleBarrierApproachMonitoring

RAIN Goals• Provide information and tools to aid watersuppliers in making decisions• Improve communication between watersuppliers about water quality events• Install monitoring equipment at appropriatelocations and provide operational training• Develop a secure website to shareinformation about water quality• Improve communication between watersuppliers, USACE and emergency responders

Concept For RAIN• Coverage: Allegheny, Monongahela,Youghiogheny, and headwatersof Ohio Rivers• Communication System– Spill Alert/Alarm notifications– Water supplier Roundtables• Monitoring System– On-line, continuous monitoring equipment– Operator training• Website Development– Water quality data – historical/current– Links (USGS, NOAA, NWS, USACE)

RAIN’s Monongahela TDSProject Site Selection RationaleEast Dunkard - Mon intake below Cheat RiverDunkard Valley - Mon intake below DunkardCreekCarmichael - Mon intake below WhiteleyCreekBrownsville - Mon intake below TenmileCreekWashington Twp - Mon intake belowRedstone CreekPAWC (A) - Mon intake in USACE Dam 3PAWC (B) - Mon intake in USACE EmsworthPoolMcKeesport - Youghiogheny intake 1 milefrom MonPittsburgh - Furthest downstream intake onAlleghenyWest View - First intake on Ohio River

RAIN’s Monongahela TDSTen RAIN FacilitiesHACHSC1000•Conductivity•pH•TemperatureProject Monitoring EffortFour Remote Tributary SitesHydrolab MS5Sonde•Conductivity•pH•Temperature

RAIN’s Proposed MonitoringEffort11-15 RAIN Member Facilities:HACH Source Water PanelNitrateAmmoniaDissolved OxygenUV OrganicsSuspended Solids-TurbidityORP

Waste Characterization Study•TDS•Metals•Organics•TENORMPhase ISite specific, acrossRegionPhase IITreatment of Waste,‘cradle to grave’

Marcellus•Brief History of Natural Gas•Sources of Natural Gas•Exploring the Marcellus Shale•Waste Characteristics of the MarcellusShale, including TENORMReasonable Potential of thepollutants of concern: bothaquatic and human health•Reality of the Issue

Questions to ASKWhat are the characteristics of theWASTE?How is the WASTEbeing treated?What are the characteristicsof the EFFLUENT?What are the characteristics of yourRECEIVING water?Are we PROTECTING theAQUATIC LIFE USE?Are we PROTECTINGHUMAN HEALTH?

Marcellus Shale