POLLUTION IN THE OPEN OCEANS: A REVIEW OF ... - GESAMP
POLLUTION IN THE OPEN OCEANS: A REVIEW OF ... - GESAMP
POLLUTION IN THE OPEN OCEANS: A REVIEW OF ... - GESAMP
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2V[OQ$&7$(WS[QKI$LZ$5QXLKJIb*JWT1QI$KQD1QYQT$cTopicOcean SectorRes.TemplatesNA SA NP SP NI SI Global AssessmentsReviewsPaperscompletedOcean acidification 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 12 0 7 4CO 2 and SO 2 from Ships 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 15 1 13 3Atm. N 13 7 7 2 2 2 6 0 7 23 10Atm. Fe, P, Co 22 11 10 3 3 2 8 0 9 41 18Atm. Zn 10 4 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 16 9Debris 3 3 7 3 2 3 11 0 4 25 13Heavy metals 28 13 10 3 1 2 8 0 4 46 50VOCs 7 2 6 3 7 5 8 2 0 26 28Ship-based inputs- Operational discharges 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 3- Oilspills 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 0 1 4- Chemical spills 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1- Heavy 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 1 4- PAH 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 0 1 4- NO x 0 0 1 1 0 0 8 1 0 9 3- VOCs 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 3Shipwrecks 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 0 1 1Offshore E & P 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 1 5Noise 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 3 4Natural seeps 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 1 5NA- North Atlantic Ocean; SA- South Atlantic Ocean; NP- North Pacific Ocean; SP- South Pacific Ocean; NI- North Indian Ocean; SI- South Indian Ocean* Where several substances are addressed in the same report, a template may be recorded more than once in this table.9a$0(.B__ENAB!(A!(N`*(B.*!(BF*,!T(,(^*aA*I(BD(,++*++-*!N+(,!H(^*_,N*H(+NEHA*+()*+,-.(^$:"4#(012(+#L2/$%(!(YX
2V[OQ$G7$#XQM$LRQVM$VIIQIISQMJ$OVMTIRVXQ$LDQKD1QYTopicGeographic coverage aExtentAdequacyDatareliability bDatarelevance cSamplingregularity dAdequacy ofmethodology eKnowledgeof effects fOverallposition gCO 2 (inputs) XX XX XXX XXX XX XX XX XXSO 2 X X X X X X XX XXHeavy metals- HgX XX XX XX X XXX XXX XX- Pb, As, Cd, Ni, Cu X X XX X X XX XXX XXVOCs X X XX X X XX XXX XXDebris X XXX XX XXX X X XXX XXXNutrients- NXX XX XXX XXX XX XXX XX XX- Fe, Co, P XX XX XXX X XX XX XX XX- Zn X X XXX X X XX XXX XXXNoise X X XXX X X XX XX XOil- spills from ships XXX XXX XX XXX XX XX XXX XXX- op. discharges XX XX XX XX X XX XXX XX- exploration and production XX XX XX XX XX XX XXX XX- shipwrecks XXX XXX XXX XX X XX XXX XXX- natural seeps XXX XXX XXX XX X XX XXX XXX- PAHs (exhaust) X X X X X X XXX XXChemical, spills X X X X X X XXX XXChemical, expl. and prod. XX XX XX XX XX XX XXX XXSewage X XXX XX XXX X XXX XXX XXXBallast water X XXX XX XX X XX XX XXXDumping of waste XX XXX XX XXX - - XXX XXXPOPs and PBTs X X XX XX X XXX XXX XXCFCs XX XX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXXRating scheme: Good: XXX; Moderate: XX; Poor: Xa Geographic coverage: Relates a) to the relative distributions of existing information across the 6 ocean basins (Chapter 1) and b) to the adequacy of this coveragefor purposes of regular assessments (levels, impacts, significance) of the substances concerned in the open ocean.b Data reliability: An estimate of the relative accuracy and precision of data published in peer-reviewed scientific literature.c Data relevance: An evaluation of the utility and value of the data for purposes of assessing ocean health.d Sampling regularity: A determination of the adequacy of sampling regimes (frequency, timing, sample replicates etc.) used to date for purposes of decadalassessments of status &trends.e Adequacy of methodology: An indication of the suitability of currently available methodologies (sampling, analysis, data processing, evaluation and interpretationetc.), for generating data needed for assessment purposes i.e. the requirement for research and development.f Knowledge of effects: The general level of scientific understanding with regard to the effects of a substance on marine life, marine ecosystems and humanhealth.g Overall position: An indication of the current state-of-the-art with regard to investigating the substances (and related processes) in the open ocean and thus thepotential for use of these capabilities (and data products) for ocean assessment purposes.)*+,-.(^$:"4#(012(+#L2/$%(!(YX.B__ENAB!(A!(N`*(B.*!(BF*,!T(,(^*aA*I(BD(,++*++-*!N+(,!H(^*_,N*H(+NEHA*+$0(99
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N?$4$(?03$(6$$1(1"(0%%$%%>$1#%("9(0#>"%:?$4/7(/1:L#%("9( .B.%( $=7;L%/3$;5( #"( #?$( ":$1( "7$01%'( N?$( E!*.G/1/#/0#$2( ^$8/"10;;5( W0%$2( ,%%$%%>$1#( "9( .$4%/%#$1#(N"=/7( +L6%#017$%( @^W,.N+J( :4"d$7#( P0%( 2$%/81$2( #"(80#?$4( 20#0( 012( 0%%$%%( #?$( %"L47$%C( $13/4"1>$1#0;(7"17$1#40#/"1%C( #401%G6"L12045( >"3$>$1#( 012( $99$7#%("9( %">$( "9( #?$( 06"3$( %L6%#017$%( @E!*.C( M[[OJ'( N?$(4$:"4#("9(#?/%(:4"d$7#(9"4(#?$(.07/9/7(4$8/"1(/12/70#$%(#?0#(20#0( "1( #?$%$( %L6%#017$%( /1( #?$( 0#>"%:?$4$( 04$( 3$45(%7047$'(`"P$3$4C("#?$4(4$8/"10;(4$:"4#%(%L7?(0%(#?0#(9"4(#?$(,1#047#/7( /12/70#$( #?0#( L%$9L;( 20#0( 04$( 030/;06;$( "1(2$:"%/#/"1("9(.B.%'(2V[OQ$C7$/#/I$VMT$/G2I$IQOQRJQT$[P$JUQ$)'$ZLK$KQD1QY$LZ$JUQ1K$K1I]$ROVII1Z1RVJ1LMIState of evaluation Total: 127Classified as PBT 23Classified as PBT and POPStill under investigation 30Pending 8Not PBT not POP 633, including DDT,22/#/"10;(.B.%N?$(.B.%(^$3/$P(F">>/##$$("9(#?$(+#"7K?";>(F"13$1#/"1(?0%(4$7$1#;5(4$7">>$12$2(#?$(9";;"P/18(022/#/"10;(%L6G%#017$%(9"4(/17;L%/"1(/1(#?$(F"13$1#/"1(,11$=$%TJ1(,*7%-,6%>#X%@)3*,9,3541%6E(>#O567)6%>#+%60)3*,9,7541%6E(#%01%*#)67#+%*/(',*,,-0)6%.'(41,6)0%A#(?0%(0;%"(4$7$1#;5(02":#$2(4/%K(:4"9/;$%(9"4(#?$(9";;"P/18(7?$>/70;%(012(2$7/2$2(#?0#(j01%E#)*%#(5F%(E>#).#)#*%.'(0#,/# 01%5*# (,6&?*)6&%# %6=5*,69%60)(# 0*)6.4,*0># 0,# (%)7# 0,#.5&65/5-)60#)7=%*.%#1'9)6#1%)(01#)67B,*#%6=5*,69%60)(#%//%-0.#.'-1#01)0#&(,3)(#)-05,6#5.#A)**)60%7l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bL0#/7($13/4"1>$1#(0%(P$;;(0%(?L>01(704G7/1"8$1/7/#5C( >L#08$1/7/#5( 012( 4$:4"G#"=/7/#5'( N?$( 7;0%G%/9/70#/"1(3.3W(4$9$4%(#"(3$45(:$4%/%#$1#(012(3$45(6/"07G7L>L;0#/18( %L6%#017$%'( .WN( :4"840>%( 04$( ":$40#/"10;(/1(#?$(*EC(F01020(012(%">$("#?$4(4$8/"1%U10#/"1%'A1(#?$(*EC(7;0%%/9/70#/"1("9(0(%L6%#017$(0%(.WN("4(3.3W(L12$4(#?$(1$P(^*,F`(^$8L;0#/"1(P/;;(/1(9L#L4$(;$02(#"(4$%#4/7#/"1( "9( :4"2L7#/"1( 9"4( 0( :$4/"2( "9( %">$( 5$04%( #"(0;;"P(0(%"7/"G$7"1">/7(/>:07#(0%%$%%>$1#(012(:"%%/6/;/G#/$%(9"4(%L6%#/#L#/"1(#"(6$($=0>/1$2C(:4/"4(#"(:?0%/18("L#'A1(%L::"4#("9(#?/%C(/1(#?$(*EC(0(4$3/$P("9(M\[[(?/8?(:4"G2L7#/"1( 3";L>$( @w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`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`*(B.*!(BF*,!T(,(^*aA*I(BD(,++*++-*!N+(,!H(^*_,N*H(+NEHA*+()*+,-.(^$:"4#(012(+#L2/$%(!(YX
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&(()3$9E$2&*F$2)&"$")"G)5*Name Expertise Contact detailsDr. R. Boelens (chairman) Marine assessments CastleloughPortroe, NenaghCo. TipperaryIrelandrickboelens@eircom.netDr. A. Baker Atmospheric input of nutrients to surface ocean waters School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich NR4 7TJUnited Kingdomalex.baker@uea.ac.ukDr. D. C. E. Bakker Marine carbon cycle School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich NR4 7TJUnited KingdomD.Bakker@uea.ac.ukDr. C. T. BowmerMarine toxicology, chemical hazardsVice-chairman of <strong>GESAMP</strong>TNO ChemistryPostbus 360NL-3700-AJ ZeistThe NetherlandsTim.bowmer@tno.nlProf. R. A. Duce Atmospheric and marine chemistry, air/sea exchange Texas A&M UniversityDepartment of OceanographyRoom 906, O&M BuildingCollege Station, Texas 77843-3146USArduce@ocean.tamu.eduMr. F. Haag <strong>GESAMP</strong> Officer, coordinator International Maritime Organization4 Albert EmbankmentLondon SE1 7SRUnited Kingdomfhaag@imo.orgMr. N. Perera Junior Scientist 5/5 Huludagoda RoadMount LaviniaSri Lankaboraluwa@gmail.comDr. D. Schmidt Etkin Ship-based pollution Environmental Research Consulting41 Croft LaneCortlandt ManorNY 10567-1160USAetkin@environmental-research.comAH$0(.B__ENAB!(A!(N`*(B.*!(BF*,!T(,(^*aA*I(BD(,++*++-*!N+(,!H(^*_,N*H(+NEHA*+()*+,-.(^$:"4#(012(+#L2/$%(!(YX
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Science for Sustainable OceansISBN: 978-92-807-2996-2Job No.: DEW/1130/NAIOC/<strong>IN</strong>F-1228ISSN: 1020–4873
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