04_Nor_Pg 33-47.indd - Tropical Marine Science Institute - National ...

Contributions to Marine Science 2012Contributions to Marine Science 2012: 33–47Date of Publication: 29 Sep.2012© National University of SingaporeDIVERSITY OF SEAWEEDS AND SEAGRASSES OF ST. JOHN’S ISLAND, SINGAPOREThidarat NoiraksarInstitute of Marine Science, Burapha University,Bangsaen, Chon Buri 20131, ThailandEmail: sargassum2005@yahoo.comKhanjanapaj LewmanomontDepartment of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University,Chatujak, Bangkok 10900, ThailandEmail: ffi skpl@ku.ac.thTan Koh SiangTropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore18, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227.Email: tmstanks@nus.edu.sgJoyce Ong Jia LinTropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227.Email: tmsojlj@nus.edu.sgABSTRACT. — The species diversity of seaweeds and seagrasses of St. John’s Island, Singapore wasinvestigated by snorkeling during 5–7 October 2010. The specimens were collected from intertidal levelseawards. Seventy-seven species in 50 genera and 29 families were reported, of which 2 species are bluegreens(Cyanophyta), 26 species are greens (Chlorophyta), 15 species are browns (Phaeophyceae) and 34species are reds (Rhodophyta). Ten species of seaweeds are new records for the algal flora of Singapore: Ulvarigida C. Agardh, Caulerpa microphysa (Weber-van Bosse) Feldmann, Chlorodesmis caespitosa J. Agardh,Spatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing, Jania ungulata (Yendo) Yendo, Hypnea cornuta (Kützing)J. Agardh, Gracilaria chondracantha (Kützing) Millar, Antithamnionella breviramosa (Dawson) Wollaston,Gayliella fimbriata (Setchell et Gardner) Cho et Boo and Anotrichium tenue (C. Agardh) Nägeli. Three speciesof seagrasses, Halophila minor (Zollinger) den Hartog, Halophila ovalis (Brown) Hooker and Thalassiahemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson were also present.KEY WORDS. — diversity, seaweeds, seagrasses, St. John’s Island, SingaporeINTRODUCTIONSt. John’s Island is one of the ‘Southern Islands’ in Singapore.It is located approximately 6.5 km to the south of the mainisland of Singapore, in the Singapore Straits. There aretwo research facilities on the island, the Tropical MarineScience Institute (TMSI) and the Marine AquacultureCentre (MAC), run by the National University of Singapore(NUS) and the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority ofSingapore (AVA) respectively. The northern coastlines ofthe island consist of man-made lagoons. In contrast, thesouthern shoreline is relatively steep, with natural rockyshores and coral reefs. There are two small patches ofmangroves (http://www.tmsi.nus.edu.sg). These habitats havehigh species biodiversity of marine life. Lee et al. (2009)reported 40 algal species from intertidal reef flats, artificialstructures and floating navigation buoys along the coast ofSingapore, and included a previous checklist of marine algaespecies in Singapore; they composes of 17 species of bluegreens(Cyanophyta), 83 species of greens (Chlorophyta), 76species of browns (Phaeophyceae) and 100 species of reds(Rhodophyta). Pham et al. (2011) updated a checklist of thealgae of Singapore, this checklist was compiled from manyhabitats such as marine, freshwater, brackish, terrestrial andsubaerial; there are a total of 1,056 species, of which 225species belong to Chlorophyta, 90 species of Cyanobacteriaand 126 species of Rhodophyta. In this paper, we attemptto clarify diversity of seaweeds and seagrasses of St. John’sIsland for supporting the database of the marine resourcesof Singapore.33

Seaweeds and seagrasses of St John’s Island, SingaporeMATERIAL AND METHODSThe material for this study was collected at three sites onSt. John’s Island: pontoon of main jetty (1°13' 20.91"N103°50' 56.34"E); swimming lagoon of main jetty (1°13'21.52"N 103°50' 49.78"E); and Marine Aquaculture Centre(1°12' 51.95"N 103°51' 01.74"E) (Fig. 1). The pontoon ofthe main jetty is attached with seaweeds near the surfaceon floating level. The swimming lagoon of the main jettyis a sandy beach with of dead coral fragments. Near theMarine Aquaculture Centre there is a large intertidal flat,the substratum is composed of rock and dead coral withfine to coarse sand. Seaweed and seagrass specimens werecollected from intertidal level seawards by snorkelingduring 5–7 October 2010. Specimens were cleaned andpreserved in sodium chloride. Some were subsequentlydried and made into voucher herbarium specimens. Theexternal morphology and internal structures, such as cells andreproductive characteristics of the specimens were studied.Specimens were sectioned by hand using a razor blade under astereomicroscope and stained with 1% aniline blue, intensifiedwith 1% HCl and mounted on glass slides using 50 % KaroSyrup (Corn Products). Taxonomic identification was madewith the help of published keys and taxonomic references.All specimens are deposited in the Bangsaen Institute ofMarine Science (BIMS), Burapha University.RESULTSSeventy-seven species of 50 genera and 29 families werereported (Table 1), of which two species are blue-greens(Cyanophyta), 26 species are greens (Chlorophyta), 15species are browns (Phaeophyceae) and 34 species arereds (Rhodophyta). Ten species of the seaweeds reportedare new records for the algal flora of Singapore: Ulvarigida C. Agardh, Caulerpa microphysa (Weber-vanBosse) Feldmann, Chlorodesmis caespitosa J. Agardh,Spatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing, Janiaungulata (Yendo) Yendo, Hypnea cornuta (Kützing) J.Agardh, Gracilaria chondracantha (Kützing) Millar,Antithamnionella breviramosa (Dawson) Wollaston,Gayliella fi mbriata (Setchell et Gardner) Cho et Boo andAnotrichium tenue (C. Agardh) Nägeli.TAXONOMYORDER ULVALESULVACEAEUlva rigida C. Agardh 1823(Fig. 2)Fig. 1. Study sites on St. John’s Island, Singapore: A (Pontoonof main jetty); B (swimming lagoon of main jetty); C (MarineAquaculture Centre).Homotypic Synonym(s). — Phycoseris rigida (C. Agardh)Kützing 1843; Ulva lactuca var. rigida (C. Agardh) Le Jolis1863Type locality. — Cádiz, Spain (Silva et al., 1996).Fig. 2. Ulva rigida: A. habit; B. margin with small teeth; C. transverse section of thallus showing two cells thick. Scale bars: A = 1 cm;B, C = 50 μm.34

Contributions to Marine Science 2012Table 1. Seaweeds and seagrasses of St. John’s Island, Singapore. New records are indicated with asterisk (*). Location: A= Pontoon ofmain jetty, B= Swimming lagoon of main jetty, C= Marine Aquaculture Centre.TaxaLocationA B CDivision: Cyanophyta (blue green algae)Class: CyanophyceaeSubclass OscillatoriophycideaeOrder: NostocalesFamily: OscillatoriaceaeLyngbya majuscula (Dillwyn) Harvey • •Plectonema spp.•Division: Chlorophyta (green algae)Class: SiphonocladophyceaeOrder: UlvalesFamily: UlvaceaeUlva clathrata (Roth) C. Agardh•Ulva rigida C. Agardh*•Order: CladophoralesFamily: CladophoraceaeCladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) Hoek•Cladophora spp. • •Chaetomorpha linum (Müller) Kützing • •Order: SiphonocladalesFamily: BoodleaceaePhyllodictyon anastomosans (Harvey) Kraft et Wynne•Family: SiphonocladaceaeBoergesenia forbesii (Harvey) Feldmann • •Family: ValoniaceaeValonia aegagropila C. Agardh • •Class: BryopsidophyceaeOrder: BryopsidalesFamily: BryopsidaceaeBryopsis corymbosa J. Agardh • • •Bryopsis pennata Lamouroux • •Bryopsis pennata var. secunda (Harvey) Collins et Hervey•Family: CaulerpaceaeCaulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kützing•Caulerpa microphysa (Weber-van Bosse) Feldmann* • •Caulerpa peltata Lamouroux•Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh•Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh•Caulerpa sertularioides (Gmelin) Howe•Caulerpa serrulata (Forsskål) J. Agardh • •Family: CodiaceaeCodium geppiorum Schmidt•Family HalimedaceaeHalimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux•Family: UdoteaceaeAvrainvillea lacerata Harvey ex J. Agardh•Avrainvillea obscura (C. Agardh) J. Agardh•Chlorodesmis caespitosa J. Agardh*•Rhipidosiphon javensis Montagne•Class: DasycladophyceaeOrder: DasycladalesFamily: DasycladaceaeBornetella oligospora Solms-Laubach•Neomeris vanbosseae Howe • •35

Contributions to Marine Science 2012Table 1. Cont'd.TaxaLocationA B CFamily: CallithamniaceaeAglaothamnion spp. • •Family: CeramiaceaeAntithamnionella breviramosa (Dawson) Wollaston*•Antithamnionella sp.•Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne•Ceramium sp.•Gayliella fi mbriata (Setchell et Gardner) Cho et Boo*•Gayliella fl accida (Harvey ex Kützing) Cho et McIvor • •Family: RhodomelaceaeAcanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Børgesen • •Chondria sp. • •Leveillea jungermannioides (Hering et Mertens) Harvey•Lophocladia sp.•Polysiphonia sp.•Palisada perforata (Bory de St.-Vincent) Nam•Family WrangeliaceaeAnotrichium tenue (C. Agardh) Nägeli*•Order: GelidialesFamily: GelidiaceaePterocladiella capillacea (Gmelin) Santelices et Hommersand•Family: GelidiellaceaeGelidiella acerosa (Forsskål) Feldmann et Hamel•Order: RhodymenialesFamily: ChampiaceaeChampia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey•Subclass: NemaliophycidaeOrder: NemalialesFamily: GalaxauraceaeGalaxaura rugosa (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux•Division TrachaeophytaClass MonocotyledoneaeOrder AlismatalesFamily HydrocharitaceaeHalophila minor (Zollinger) den Hartog • •Halophila ovalis (Brown) Hooker•Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson•Distribution. — Japan (Yoshida & Yoshinaga, 2010),Taiwan (Anonymous, 2012), Philippines (Silva et al., 1987),Thailand (Pongparadon et al., 2008).Specimen examined. — BIMS-PA0331 (Marine AquacultureCentre, 7 Oct.2010).Description. — Thalli thin, sheet-like, tufts or solitaryblades, variable in shape, to 1.5–2.0 cm in height. Bladesruffled or flat, with small microscopic teeth on margins.Blades unperforated or perforated, with few to many smallholes. Blades two cells thick; two layers not easily separatedinto single cell layers. Holdfasts comprised of small, toughrhizoids. Bright grass green to dark green, gold at marginswhen reproductive. May be colourless when stressed.ORDER BRYOPSIDALESCAULERPACEAECaulerpa microphysa (Weber-van Bosse)Feldmann 1955(Fig. 3)Homotypic Synonym(s). — Caulerpa racemosa f.microphysa Weber-van Bosse 1898; Caulerpa racemosa var.microphysa (Weber-van Bosse) Reinke 1900Type locality. — Makassar (Ujung Pandang), Celebes,Indonesia (Silva et al., 1996).Distribution. — Japan (Yoshida et al., 1990; Yoshida, 1998),Taiwan (Anonymous, 2012), Indonesia (Silva et al., 1996),37

Seaweeds and seagrasses of St John’s Island, SingaporePhilippines (Silva et al., 1987), Thailand (Silva et al., 1996;Hodgson et al., 2004; Tsutsui et al., 2012), Vietnam (Pham-Hoàng, 1969; Tien, 2007).Specimen examined. — BIMS–PA0292 and BIMS-PA0318(Swimming lagoon of main jetty, 5 Oct.2010 and MarineAquaculture Centre, 7 Oct.2010).Description. — Thalli with cylindrical, branching stolons1.0–1.5 mm wide; upright portions, about 0.5–1.0 cm highcovered with sessile to short stalked spherical ramuli, stalksnot constricted at summit: short fronds with few ramuli,ramuli about 1 mm in diameter; rhizoids few to many.Bright green in colour. Growing on bottom of coarse sandof intertidal habitat.UDOTEACEAEChlorodesmis caespitosa J. Agardh 1887(Fig. 4)Homotypic Synonym(s). — Avrainvillea caespitosa (J.Agardh) Murray et Boodle 1889; Rhipidodesmis caespitosa(J. Agardh) A. Gepp et E.S. Gepp 1911.Fig. 3. Caulerpa microphysa: A. habit; B. short fronds with few ramuli. Scale bars: A=1 cm; B=5 mm.Fig. 4. Chlorodesmis caespitosa: A. habit; B. filament showing constrictions. Scale bars: A=1 cm; B=100 μm.38

Contributions to Marine Science 2012Type locality. — Colombo, Sri Lanka (Silva et al., 1996).Distribution. — China (Titlyanov et al., 2011), Japan(Yoshida et al., 1990; Yoshida, 1998), Korea (Lee & Kang,2001), Taiwan (Anonymous, 2012), Philippines (Silva et al.,1987), Thailand (Lewmanomont et al., 2007).Specimen examined. — BIMS-PA0325 (Marine AquacultureCentre, 7 Oct.2010).Description. — Thalli filamentous, in clumps or tufts,to 4 cm high, dark green. Siphons without cross-walls,filament-like, 75–90 μm in diameter, often distally swollen;constrictions intermittent along siphon, also equallyconstricted at branching; branching repeatedly dichotomousor trichotomous, often in alternate planes. Attachment byinterwoven rhizoids.ORDER DICTYOTALESDICTYOTACEAESpatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing 1859(Fig. 5)Homotypic Synonym(s). — Zonaria schroederi C. Agardh1824; Dictyota schroederi (C. Agardh) Greville 1830; Taoniaschroederi (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 1848.Type locality. — Brazil (Silva et al., 1996)Distribution. — Pakistan, Sri Lanka (Silva et al., 1996).Specimen examined. — BIMS-PA0356 (Pontoon of mainjetty, 7 Oct.2010).Description. — Thalli complanate, irregularly branched orlacerate, up to 10 cm high and attached by discoid rhizoidalholdfast. Margins entire when young and also at youngestregion of mature plants, but undulate, dentate or lacerate atoldest regions. In transverse sections, plants 5–8 cells thick,and up to 250 μm broad. Cortical cells usually subdivideonce from larger medullary cells; latter irregularly placedand rounded to irregular in shape. Hair tufts are scattered,persistent and with their bases sunk in the fronds. Antheridialsori were detected lying completely within the cortex on bothsurfaces of the thallus, irregular in shape; antheridia elongate,densely grouped and lacking paraphyses surrounding the sori.Sporangia sorus and oogonial sorus were not found.ORDER CORALLINALESCORALLINACEAEJania ungulata (Yendo) Yendo 1905(Fig. 6)Homotypic Synonym. — Corallina ungulata Yendo 1902.Syntype localities. — Japan: Wakasa Province (FukuiPrefecture) and Misaki, Kanagawa Prefecture (Silva et al.,1996).Distribution. — Japan (Segawa, 1981; Yoshida et al., 1990;Yoshida, 1998), Korea (Lee & Kang, 2001; Lee, 2008),Taiwan (Huang, 2000; Anonymous, 2012), Philippines (Silvaet al., 1987), Thailand (Coppejans et al., 2011; Tsutsui etal., 2012).Specimen examined. — BIMS-PA0337 (Marine AquacultureCentre, 7 Oct.2010)Description. — Thalli small, calcified, up to 5–10 mm tall,fragile, epiphytic on Dictyota bartayresiana; branchinggenerally dichotomous, corymbose above. Segmentsgenerally cylindrical, 115–228 μm in diameter, 285–1,000 μmlong; terminal segments expanded or ungulate, occasionallycylindrical, 195–200 μm wide with slightly sinuate margins.Interdichotomal segments abruptly decreasing in length frombasal to distal portion of thallus. Surface cells oblong.ORDER GIGARTINALESHYPNEACEAEHypnea cornuta (Kützing) J. Agardh 1851(Fig. 7)Homotypic Synonym. — Chondroclonium cornutumKützing 1849.Distribution. — China (Xia & Wang, 1987), Japan (Yoshidaet al., 1990; Yamagishi & Masuda, 1997; Yoshida, 1998),Korea (Lee, 2008), Taiwan (Chiang, 1997; Anonymous,2012), Malaysia (Silva et. al., 1996), Philippines (Silva etal., 1987), Vietnam (Pham-Hoàng, 1969).Specimen examined. — BIMS-PA0295 (Swimming lagoonof main jetty, 5 Oct.2010).Description. — Thalli dark red, erect to caespitose, 5 cm high,with or without percurrent axes; branching freely alternate,lateral branch axes also percurrent, tapering to extremities,ultimate branchlets long or short; small stellate spinousprocesses of three to six rays abundant, peltately attachedand easily detached. No reproductive organs found.ORDER GRACILARIALESGRACILARIACEAEGracilaria chondracantha (Kützing) Millar 2005(Fig. 8)Homotypic Synonym. — Sphaerococcus chondracanthusKützing 1863.39

Seaweeds and seagrasses of St John’s Island, SingaporeFig. 5. Spatoglossum schroederi: A. habit; B. branch tips; C. transverse section of thallus with a tuft of hairs; D. transverse section ofmargin; E. transverse section of thallus showing 5–8 cells thick; F. surface view of a thallus with antheridial sori; G. transverse section ofa sorus of antheridia lying within the cortex. Scale bars: A=1 cm; B=5 mm; C, D, E, G=100 μm.40

Contributions to Marine Science 2012Type locality. — New Caledonia (Millar & Prud’hommevan Reine, 2005).Distribution. — China (Tseng & Xia, 1999; Xia & Zhang,1999), Thailand (Lewmanomont, 1994; Silva et al., 1996;Tseng & Xia, 1999), Vietnam (Dinh, 1992; Tseng & Xia,1999).Specimen examined. — BIMS-PA0258 (Swimming lagoonof main jetty, 5 Oct.2010).Description. — Thalli rigid, 2–7 cm tall, with many orders ofshort branches, intervals short, forming dense tuff, somewhatcorymbose; branching dichotomous, branches 0.5–1.0 mmin diameter; dark red. Frond in transverse section consistingof large thin-walled medulla, 160–200 μm in diameter, oneto two layers of small cortical cell; transition from medullato cortex abrupt. Spermatangial plant not found but knownto be of polycavernosa type. Tetrasporangia tetrahedrallydivided, scattered over surface of distal branches. Cystocarpsglobose, 0.75–1.1 mm in diameter, rostrate, constrictedat base; gonimoblasts consisting of elongate cells; basalabsorbing filaments robust with many branches, lateralabsorbing filaments few; carpospores roundish, 20–25 μmin diameter; pericarp consisting of 8–10 rows of cells, ovaland horizontally compressed.Fig. 6. Jania ungulata : A. habit; B. branch tips. Scale bars: A=2 mm; B=500 μm.Fig. 7. Hypnea cornuta : A. habit, B. stellate spinous processes. Scale bars: A=1 mm; B=0.5 mm.41

Seaweeds and seagrasses of St John’s Island, SingaporeORDER CERAMIALESCERAMIACEAEAntithamnionella breviramosa (E.Y. Dawson)Wollaston 1970(Fig. 9)Homotypic Synonym. — Antithamnion breviramosumDawson 1949.Type locality. — near Avalon, Santa Catalina Island,California, U.S.A. (Silva et al., 1996).Distribution. — Korea (Lee & Kang, 2001), Thailand(Lewmanomont et al., 2003).Specimen examined. — BIMS-PA0262 (Swimming lagoonof main jetty, 5Oct. 2010).Description. — Thalli small to dark red, with prostratefilaments bearing erect axes up to 5 mm high, each axialcell with 2–3 whorl-branchlets. Branchlets mostly simpleor with 1 branched; gland cells on lower (commonly firstto third) cells of whorl-branchlets, ovoid, commonly occuronly in some branchlets. Attachment of prostrate axes bysingle rhizoid from basal cells of whorl-branchlets, each withterminal digitate haptera; epiphytic on various algae.Gayliella fimbriata (Setchell et N.L. Gardner)T.O. Cho et S.M. Boo 2008(Fig. 10)Basionym. — Griffi thsia tenuis C. Agardh 1828.Type locality. — Eureka, near La Paz, Lower California(Setchell & Gardner, 1924).Distribution. — China (Zheng et al., 2001), Japan (Nakamura,1965), Korea (Lee & Kang, 2001), Vietnam (Pham-Hoàng,1969), Thailand (Lewmanomont et al., 1995).Specimen examined. — BIMS-PA0339 (Marine AquacultureCentre, 7 Oct.2010).Fig. 8. Gracilaria chondracantha: A. habit; B. transverse section of cortex showing tetrahedrally divided tetrasporangium (arrowhead); C.transverse section of cystocarp; D. basal absorbing filament (arrowhead). Scale bars: A=1 cm; B=50 μm; C, D=100 μm.42

Contributions to Marine Science 2012Description. — Thalli 1.0–3.2 mm high, consisting ofprostrate axes giving rise to erect axes. Erect axes bearforcipulate incurved and complanate apical regions. Axialcells spherical to cylindrical. Branches regularly alternate.Branching takes place at intervals of 3–5 axial cells in mainaxes and at intervals of 4–6 axial cells in lateral axes. Glandcells usually develop from cortical cells of acropetally andrarely basipetally corticating filaments, becoming stronglyprotruding, and clavate. Carpogonial branches borne on upperbranches and usually subtended by lateral branchlets, withangular carposporangia 32–50 μm in diameter. Spermatangiaand tetrasporangia not found. Rhizoids unicellular withterminal digitate pad; each rhizoid is produced from periaxialcell of interwoven prostrate axes and lower parts of mainaxes.WRANGELIACEAEAnotrichium tenue (C. Agardh) Nägeli 1862(Fig. 11)Heterotypic Synonym. — Griffithsia schimperi Reinbold 1907,Anotrichium celianum Abbott et Norris 1993.Type locality. — Venezia (Venice), Italy (Silva et al.,1996).Distribution. — China (Tseng, 1984; Zheng et al., 2001),Japan (Yoshida et al., 1990; Yoshida, 1998; Titlyanov et al.,2006), Korea (Lee & Kang, 2001; Lee, 2008), Philippines(Silva et al., 1987), Vietnam (Abbott et al., 2002), Thailand(Lewmanomont et al., 2007).Fig. 9. Antithamnionella breviramosa: A. habit; B. gland cells (arrowhead); C. rhizoids. Scale bars: A, C=100 μm; B=20 μm.43

Seaweeds and seagrasses of St John’s Island, SingaporeFig. 10. Gayliella fi mbriata: A. habit, B. branch with carposporophyte (arrowhead), C. gland cells (arrowhead). Scale bars: A=1 mm;B=100 μm; C=50 μm.44

Contributions to Marine Science 2012Specimen examined. — BIMS-PA0329 (Marine AquacultureCentre, 7 Oct.2010).Description. — Thalli dark red, in dense or loose tufts,0.5–1.5 cm high, with procumbent filaments producing erect,subsecund branched adventitiously from lower ends of cells.Attachment by simple filamentous rhizoids opposite erectfilaments or alternate with them, and often ending in muchbranchedhaptera. Cells on thallus urceolate to cylindrical;synchronic hair-like laterals 8–16, arising as 1–2 whorls ofpapillose protrusions from sub-apical cells, and dividing1–3 times dichotomously, greatly elongating and formingdistinctive masses of extremely narrow branches with basalcells, persisting up to 7 axial cells from apex, but eventuallycaduceus.Tetrasporangia single on whorls of 8–10 clavate pedicels,produced synchronously from distal shoulders of cellstowards apex of axes, opposite 1–2 whorls of synchronic,hair-like laterals; globose, 65–105 μm in diameter, initiallyterminal on pedicels, verticillate in relation to tetrasporangialdevelopment, tetrahedrally divided. Gametophytic plantsnot found.DISCUSSIONIn the present study, the highest diversity of seaweeds andseagrasses (55 species) was found at Marine AquacultureCentre (south eastern side), whereas the diversity ofthe main jetty (northern side) was 49 species. The mostcommon genera are the green (Caulerpa) and the browns(Padina and Sargassum), distributed on both sides of St.John’s Island. Lee et al. (2009) reported 22 species fromSt. John’s Island: Asparagopsis taxiformis, Tricleocarpacylindrica, Pterocladiella capillacea, Portieria hornemannii,Gracilaria corticata, Gelidiopsis intricata, Botryocladiaskottsbergii, Botryocladia leptopoda, Chrysymeniaprocumbens, Coelothrix irregularis, Spyridia fi lamentosa,Chondrophycus papillosus, Acrocystis nana, Dictyopterisrepens, Dictyopteris delicatula, Turbinaria decurrens,Phyllodictyon anastomosans, Boergesenia forbesii, Valoniaaegagropila, Halimeda macroloba, Parvocaulis parvulus andAnadyomene sp. Six species, viz. Pterocladiella capillacea,Portieria hornemannii, Palisada perforata (Chondrophycuspapillosus), Phyllodictyon anastomosans, Boergeseniaforbesii and Valonia aegagropila reported by Lee et al.(2009) were encountered in this study. The coastal areasof St. John’s Island support a relatively high diversity ofseaweeds and seagrasses. Therefore, studies on the marineflora of this area should be continued.Fig. 11. Anotrichium tenue : A. habit; B. branches with tetrasporangia (arrowhead); C. rhizoids. Scale bars: A=1 mm; B=100 μm; C=200μm.45

Seaweeds and seagrasses of St John’s Island, SingaporeACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe are deeply indebted to Dr. Kitithorn Sanpanich (BuraphaUniversity) and Mr. Jeremy Woon Ren Wei (National ParksBoard, Singapore) for coordination of collection activities.We also would like to extend our appreciation to staff of theInstitute of Marine Science, Burapha University; the TropicalMarine Science Institute (TMSI), National University ofSingapore and National Biodiversity Centre, National ParksBoard, Singapore for their help in this study.LITERATURE CITEDAbbott, I. A., J. Fisher & K. J. McDermid, 2002. Newly reportedand revised marine algae from the vicinity of Nha Trang,Vietnam. In: Abbott, I. A. & K. J. Mcdermid (eds.), Taxonomyof Economic Seaweeds with Reference to Some Pacifi c Species.Vol. 8. University of California, La Jolla. Pp. 291–321.Anonymous, 2012. Seaweeds Net of Taiwan. Retrieved 10 July 2012from http://web.ntm.gov.tw/seaweeds/english/home.asp.Chiang, Y. M., 1997. Species of Hypnea Lamouroux (Gigartinales,Rhodophyta) from Taiwan. In: Abbott, I. A. (ed.), Taxonomy ofEconomic Seaweeds with Reference to Some Pacifi c Species.Vol. 6. University of California, La Jolla. Pp.163–177.Coppejans, E., A. Prathep, F. Leliaert, K. Lewmanomont & O. DeClerck, 2011. Seaweeds of Mu Ko Tha Lae Tai (SE Thailand):Methodologies and Field Guide to the Dominant Species.Biodiversity Research and Training Program, Bangkok. 274pp.Dinh, N. H., 1992. Vietnamese species of Gracilaria andGracilariopsis. In: Abbott, I. A. (ed.), Taxonomy of EconomicSeaweeds with Reference to Some Pacific and WesternAtlantic Species. Vol. 3. University of California, La Jolla. Pp.207–210.Hodgson, L. M., P. H. Tri, K. Lewmanomont & K .J. McDermid,2004. Annotated checklist of species of Caulerpa andCaulerpella (Bryopsidales, Caulerpaceae) from Vietnam,Thailand and the Hawaiian Islands. In: Abbott, I. A. & K.J. 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