An International Journal for Biomedical Sciences - Biomedicine
An International Journal for Biomedical Sciences - Biomedicine
An International Journal for Biomedical Sciences - Biomedicine
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Modification of life style: Hypertension in Obese<br />
Conclusion<br />
As the prevalence of overweight and obesity<br />
has increased, so have related health care costsboth<br />
direct and indirect. It must be noted that<br />
the studies hav shown a positive relationship<br />
between obesity and hypertension. It indicated<br />
that age, physical activity, dietary intake<br />
(including salt intake) and life-style definitely<br />
influence body weight and blood pressure levels<br />
in the obese subjects. If life style modifications<br />
are adopted by the obese people as a primary<br />
prevention strategy in Indian population, then<br />
it may help to avoid health problem specially<br />
hypertension related with obesity.<br />
References<br />
1. Kannal WB, Blood Pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor<br />
prevention and treatment. JAMA 1996 ;275:1571-1576.<br />
2. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP, Obesity<br />
as an independent risk factor <strong>for</strong> cardiovascular disease:<br />
26 year follow-up of participants in the Framingham<br />
Heart study. Circulation 1983;67:969-977.<br />
3. MacMohan S, Cutler J, Brittain E, Higgins M, Obesity and<br />
Hypertension: Epidemiological and clinical isues. Eur.<br />
Heart J 1987;8(suppl b): 57-70.<br />
4. Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampler MJ et al A Prospective<br />
study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women.<br />
N Engl J Med. 1990;322: 882-889.<br />
5. Gupta R, Trends in hypertension in India. J Hum. Hypertension<br />
2004;18:73-8.<br />
6. The Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection,<br />
Evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. The sixth<br />
report of the joint national committee on Prevention, Detection,<br />
evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure.<br />
Arch. Intern. Med 1997;157:2413-2446.<br />
7. Stamler R, Stamler J, Riedlinger WF, Algera G, Roberts<br />
RH. Weight and blood pressure: findings in hypertension<br />
screening 1 million Americans. JAMA 1978;240: 1607-<br />
1610.<br />
8. Dyer AR, Elliott P on behalf of the INTERSALT to operative<br />
Research Group. The INTERSALT study: relations<br />
of body mass index to blood pressure. J. Hum Hypertens<br />
1989;3: 299-308.<br />
9. Huang Z, Willett WC, Manson JE at al Body weight-<br />
weigth change, and risk <strong>for</strong> hypertension in women. <strong>An</strong>n<br />
Indian Med. 1998;128:81-88.<br />
12<br />
10. Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Larsson B, Penvert K, Rybo E,<br />
Sjostrom L. contribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular<br />
death: a 12 year follow up of participation in<br />
the population study of women in Gothenburg. Br Med. J<br />
1984;289: 1257-1261.<br />
11. Larsson B, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Wilhelmsen L, Bjorntorp<br />
P, Tibblin G. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution,<br />
obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13<br />
year follow up of participants in the study of men born in<br />
1913. Br Med. J 1984;288:1401-1404.<br />
12. Peirin AN, Sothmann MS, Hoffmann RG et al. Adiposity<br />
fat distribution and cardiovascular risk. <strong>An</strong>n. Intern Med<br />
1989;110: 867-872.<br />
13. Kamai M, Tokunaga K, Fujioka S, Yamashila S, Kameda-<br />
Takemura K, Matsuzawa Y. Decrease in intra abdominal<br />
visceral fat may reduce blood pressure in obese hypertensive<br />
women. Hypertension 1996;27: 125-129.<br />
14. Han TS, Van Leer. EM, Seidell JC, Lean MEJ, Waist circumference<br />
action levels in the indentification of cardiovascular<br />
risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample.<br />
Br Med J 1995; 311: 1401-1405.<br />
15. Okosum IS, Forrester TE, Rotimi CN, Osotimetion BO, Muna<br />
WF, Looper RS, Abdominal adiposity in six populations of<br />
west African descent: Prevalence and population attributable<br />
fraction of hypertension. Obes Res. 1999;7: 453-462.<br />
16. He J, Klag MJ, Caballero B et al. Plasma insulin levels<br />
and incidence of hypertension in African Americans and<br />
Whites. Arch. Intern Med 1999;159:498-503.<br />
17. Whetton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise<br />
on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized,<br />
controlled trials. <strong>An</strong>n Intern Med, 2002;136:493-503.<br />
18. Intersalt cooperative research group. INTERSALT- an international<br />
study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure:<br />
results <strong>for</strong> 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium<br />
excretion. B, Medical J.1988; 297:319-28.<br />
19. Forte JG, Miguel JM, Miguel MJ et al. Salt and blood pressure:<br />
a community trial. J Hum Hypertens. 1989; 3:179-84.<br />
20. Denton D, Weisinger R, Mundy NI et al. the effect of increased<br />
salt intake on blood pressure of chimpazees. The<br />
Natl Med. J 1995;1009-16.<br />
21. Sacks FM, svet key LP, vollmer WM. Effects on blood<br />
pressure of reduced dilteway sodium and diatery approaches<br />
to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. New Eng. J<br />
Med. 2001; 344:3-10.<br />
22. Murray CSL, Lauer JA, Hutubessy RCW et al. Effectiveness<br />
and costs of interventions to lower systolic blood pressure<br />
and cholesterol: a global and regional analysis on reduction<br />
of cardiovascular- disease risk. Lancet 2003; 361:717-25.<br />
23. HeJ, Ogden LG, Vupputuri S et al. Dietery sodium intake<br />
and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in over<br />
weight adults. JAMA 1999; 282:2027-34.<br />
24. He FJ, Macgregor GA. Potassium intake and blood pressure.<br />
Am. Hypertens. 1999; 12: 848-51.<br />
www.biomedicineonline.org <strong>Biomedicine</strong> - Vol 31; No.1: 2011
Change language