An International Journal for Biomedical Sciences - Biomedicine

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Effect of Nardostachys jatamansi rhizome in brain Figure 2: Profile plots showing the effect of NJE on AChE activity levels (µmol/min/g) in the hippocampus (HP), frontal cortex (FC) and striatum (ST). (A) Three-way ANOVA analysis with the three factors being Stress (2 levels: No stress, Chronic restraint stress), Treatment (2 levels: No treatment, NJE treatment) and Brain Region (3 levels: hippocampus, frontal cortex, striatum) as the three factors. Significant main effects of Treatment [F(1, 84) = 7.585, p < 0.01]; Region [ F(2, 84) = 5.458, p < 0.01]; Interaction effect of Treatment*Region [F(2, 84) = 8.410, p < 0.001]. (B) Bonferroni adjusted pairwise comparisons of AChE activity in HP, FC and ST between Untreated (Normal Control) and NJE treated (unstressed) groups. *p Untreated. (C) (C) Bonferroni adjusted pairwise comparisons of AChE activity in HP, FC and ST between Chronic restraint stressed (Untreated) and NJE treated (chronic restraint stressed) groups. *p Untreated. Values represent mean ± standard error of mean. Figure 3: Regional differences in mean AChE activity levels in Untreated and NJE treated animals (Both unstressed controls and chronic restraint stressed combined for comparison). HP: hippocampus, FC: frontal cortex, ST: striatum. *pHP; #pFC; $pHP; ^pST. Bonferroni adjusted comparisons. Values represent mean ± standard error of mean. www.biomedicineonline.org Biomedicine - Vol 31; No.1: 2011 18
Effect of Nardostachys jatamansi rhizome in brain HP (p < 0.01) and FC (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between FC and HP. However, in animals treated with NJE, AChE levels in the FC were significantly higher compared to both HP (p < 0.01) and ST (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between FC and ST in this group. In the animals which received NJE treatment, AChE level in the FC was significantly greater than in those which did not receive such treatment (p < 0.001) (Figure 3). No such effect of treatment was seen in the other brain regions studied. Thus treatment with NJE was associated with significantly greater AChE in the frontal cortex irrespective of whether the animals were subjected to chronic restraint stress or not. Discussion The current study assessed the effects of two interventions – 21 day treatment with NJE and 21 days of chronic restraint stress – on AChE activity in three brain regions, viz. hippocampus, frontal cortex and striatum. A factorial analysis revealed that NJE treatment had a differential effect on AChE activity on the three brain regions studied in both normal control animals as well as animals which were subjected chronic restraint stress. Stress per se had no effect on AChE activity levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the modulatory effects of NJE on regional brain AChE activity. NJE has been shown to modulate other neurotransmitter systems in the brain. For instance, 15 days of NJE administration has been shown to increase norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and gammaaminobutyric acid in animal the rat brain (5). NJE treatment has also been reported to increase activity levels of MAO-A and MAO-B thus possibly influencing catecholamine levels in the mouse brain (4). However, the effect of NJE on AChE levels or other indicators of cholinergic function has not been studied so far. A previous study reported a reversal of scopolamine 19 induced amnesia by NJE administration. This is suggestive of a modulatory effect of NJE on cholinergic neurotransmission. The finding of increased AChE activity levels in the present study lends further support to the possibility that cholinergic modulation is involved in the nootropic effects of N. jatamansi. The interpretation of the finding of increased AChE activity levels in terms of its implications on learning and memory is complex. Generally, a decrease in AChE activity has been correlated with impairment of cognitive functions, particularly of hippocampal and neocortical dependent learning and memory. This is exemplified by the finding of decreased AChE activity levels in the hippocampus and cortex of post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer’s disease (9). Decreased AChE activity in the hippocampus has also been described animal models of impaired learning and memory. Chronic restraint stress for 21 days which causes demonstrable deficits in hippocampal dependent spatial and reference memory errors has been associated with decreases AChE activity (10, 11). Conversely, interventions which reverse chronic restraint stress induced learning-memory deficits have been associated with restoration of AChE levels in the hippocampus (11). These findings may be interpreted as evidence for a positive correlation between AChE activity levels in the hippocampus / neocortex and learning-memory capabilities of the mammalian brain. AChE activity levels in the hippocampus has been shown to correspond to neuronal activity levels in the septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathway (18)and lesions interrupting these projections is associated with decreased AChE activity in their target regions (18, 19). Thus AChE activity levels may reflect structural and functional integrity of cholinergic pathways. It may therefore be speculated that the enhancement of AChE activity in the frontal cortex following 21 days NJE administration may be indicative of positive plasticity of cholinergic pathways to the neocortex. However, it must be noted www.biomedicineonline.org Biomedicine - Vol 31; No.1: 2011
Page 1 and 2: TRUTH CURES CLING TO TRUTH An Inter
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Page 5 and 6: Editorial Biomedicine; 2011; 31 ( 1
Page 7 and 8: REVIEW ARTICLE Biomedicine; 2011; 3
Page 9 and 10: Beneficial effects of black tea ben
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Page 13 and 14: Special article Biomedicine; 2011;
Page 15 and 16: Modification of life style: Hyperte
Page 17 and 18: Research Paper Biomedicine; 2011; 3
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Page 33 and 34: Serum α 1 - antitrypsin in smokers
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Clinico-Biochemical Profile of Hypo
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Clinico - Biochemical Profile of Hy
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Clinico - Biochemical Profile of Hy
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appearance of undesirable effect of
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Enterobacteriaceae in Clinical spec
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Anti-inflammatory effects of Allium
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ROS during hypoxia-reperfusion inju
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properties of L.fermentum and L.reu
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References: 1. Teh E, Edwards J, Du
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was statistically insignificant as
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Scope of the Journal BIOMEDICINE (T
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Indian Association of Biomedical Sc
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