i ABSTRACT This thesis examines the doctrine of ... - DSpace@UM

CHAPTER FOUR: Judicial Circumvention of Doctrine of Privity –Promisee’s Remedies for Breach of Contract120I. Introduction 120II. Specific Performance and Injunction 121A. Position in England 121B. Position in Malaysia 123III. Stay of Proceedings 125A. Position in England 125B. Position in Malaysia 128IV. Damages 130A. Position in England 1311. Damages for Third Party’s Loss 131(i) Lord Denning’s Argument in Jackson v 132Horizon Holidays(ii) ‘Narrow Ground’ 1332. Damages for Promisee’s Own Loss 143(i) Loss of Amenities 144(ii) Monetary Losses – ‘Broad Ground’ 1453. Interplay between ‘Narrow Ground’ and ‘Broad 158Ground’B. Position in Malaysia 161V. Inadequacy of Promisee’s Remedies for Breach of Contract 166VI. Conclusion 168CHAPTER FIVE: Judicial Circumvention of Doctrine of Privity –Other Legal Mechanisms170I. Introduction 170II. Conventional Mechanisms Allowing Third Party to Enforce a 171ContractA. Liberal Construction of ‘Party to a Contract’ 171B. Collateral Contract 173C. Agency 175D. Trust of a Contractual Right 1781. Position in England 1792. Position in Australia 1843. Position in Malaysia 186(i) Judicial Application of Trust 187Mechanism(ii) Difficulties Created by Current Judicial 199Application of Trust Mechanism4. Evaluation 206E. Tort of Negligence 207III. Mechanisms Allowing Third Party to Enforce Exclusion, Limitation 210and Waiver of Subrogation ClausesA. Vicarious Immunity 210vi

3. Defences and Set-Off 3184. Miscellaneous 318C. Australia 3191. Western Australia 3192. Queensland 323D. Principles of European Contract Law 3321. Enforceability Test 3332. Rescission or Variation of Third Party’s Right 3343. Defences and Set-Off 3354. Miscellaneous 336E. United States 3361. Enforceability Test 3372. Rescission or Variation of Beneficiary’s Right 3423. Defences and Set-Off 3454. Miscellaneous 346IV. Comparative Study of Legal Position in Selected Countries 347A. Principles Determining Third Party’ s Entitlement to 347Enforce a Contract1. Enforceability Test 3482. Identification and Existence of Third Party 3503. Comment 350B. Rescission or Variation of Third Party’s Right 3521. Power to Grant an Irrevocable Right to Third 352Party2. Various Crystallisation Tests 3523. Exclusion, Replacement and Modification of 355Crystallisation Tests4. Judicial Intervention Allowing Contracting 356Parties to Vary Contract after Crystallisation ofThird Party’s Right without His Consent5. Comment 357C. Defences and Set-Off 362D. Miscellaneous 364V. Conclusion 366CHAPTER SEVEN: Conclusion 370I. Introduction 370II. Findings and Arguments 372III. Recommendations 381A. Reasons for Recommendations 381B. Details of Recommendations 385C. Draft Bill 387IV. Conclusion 394Bibliography 396-419viii

TABLE OF CASESMalaysiaABDA Airfreight Sdn Bhd v Sistem Penerbangan Malaysia Bhd [2001] 3 MLJ 641Abdul Karim v T & R United (Singapore) Pte Ltd [1987] Butterworth’s Law Digest para956AG, Malaysia v Manjeet Singh Dhillon [1991] 1 MLJ 167American International Assurance Co Ltd v Koh Yen Bee [2002] 4 MLJ 301Andrew Christopher Chuah Choong Eng Chuan v Ooi Woon Chee [2007] 2 MLJ 12Anika Insurance Brokers Sdn Bhd v Public Bank Bhd [2004] 6 MLJ 268Anuar vin Ismail v Tan Sri Tan Chin Tuan [1992] 1 MLJ 155Arkitek Tenggara Sdn Bhd v Mid Valley City Sdn Bhd [2007] 5 MLJ 697Badiaddin Mohd Mahidin v Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd [1998] 2 CLJ 75Bahadun bin Hahi Hassan Deed [1974] 1 MLJ 14Baharuddin Ali & Co v BPMB Urus Harta Sdn Bhd [2000] 4 CLJ 693Ban Chuan Trading Co Sdn Bhd v Ng Bak Guan [2004] 1 MLJ 411Bank Bumiputra Bhd v Malek & Joseph Au [1995] 4 MLJ 251Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Bhd v Mohamed Salleh [2000] 2 CLJ 13Bank of Commerce Bhd v Promet Development Sdn Bhd (unreported)Bauer (M) Sdn Bhd v Daewoo Corp [1999] 4 MLJ 545Bee Chuan Rubber Factory Sdn Bhd v Loo Sam Moi [1976] 2 MLJ 14Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance Bhd v Personal Representatives of the Estate of LeeLun Wah Maureen [1994] 1 MLJ 209Boustead Trading (1985) Sdn Bhd v Arab-Malaysian Merchant Bank Bhd [1995] 3 MLJ331Brilliant Team Management Sdn Bhd v South East Pahang Oil Palm Sdn Bhd [2006] 2 CLJ1218Bumiputra-Commerce Bank Bhd, Kuala Terengganu v Chendering Development Sdn Bhd[2004] 1 MLJ 657Capital Insurance Sdn v Cheong Heng Loong Goldsmiths (KL) Sdn Bhd [2005] 4 CLJ 1Chan Yock Cher v Chan Teong Peng [2005] 1 MLJ 107Chan You Young v Union Insurance (M) Sdn Bhd [1996] 2 MLJ 118.Cheng Hang Guan v Perumahan Farlim (Penang) Sdn Bhd [1993] 3 MLJ 353Cheong Heng Loong Goldsmiths (KL) Sdn Bhd v Capital Insurance Bhd [2004] 1 MLJ 353Chong Nyuk Fong v Loh Lung Kiong [1998] 5 CLJ 146Chong Thian Fook v Sarawak Shell Bhd [2004] 7 MLJ 53Chor Phaik Har v Choong Lye Hock Estates Sdn Bhd [1996] 4 CLJ 141Curvet Transport SA v Shapadu Trans-System Sdn Bhd [1999] 4 MLJ 150Development & Commercial Bank Bhd v Brimal Sdn. Bhd. [1991] 3 MLJ 187Emar Sdn Bhd (under receivership) v Aidigi Sdn Bhd [1992] 2 MLJ 734Employees Provident Fund Board v Bata Shoe Company (M) Ltd [1968] 1 MLJ 236ESPL (M) Sdn Bhd v Radio & General Engineering Sdn Bhd [2005] 2 MLJ 422Evergrade Industries Sdn Bhd v Affin Bank Bhd [2005] 4 CLJ 827ix

Fawziah Holdings Sdn Bhd v Metramac Corp Sdn Bhd [2006] 1 MLJ 505Fazarudin bin Ibrahim v Parkson Corp Sdn Bhd (No 2) [2000] 6 MLJ 685Fima Palmbulk Services Sdn Bhd v Suruhanjaya Pelabuhan Pulau Pinang [1988] 1 MLJ269Fimatic Engineering Sdn Bhd v Bumi Negeri Sdn Bhd [1995] 2 BLJ 121Foo Lian Sin v Ng Chun Lin [2006] 1 MLJ 457Fulcrum Capital Sdn Bhd v Moriya Kojima [2004] 4 MLJ 393G R Nair v Eastern Mining & Metals Co Sdn Bhd [1974] 1 MLJ 176Government of Malaysia v Datuk Haji Kadir Mohamad Mastan [1993] 3 MLJ 514Government of the State of Sabah v Suwiri Sdn Bhd [2005] 4 CLJ 727Hon Chee Enterprise v British Markitex Ltd. [1982] 1 MLJ 149Industrial & Agricultural Distribution Sdn Bhd v Golden Sands Construction Sdn Bhd[1993] 3 MLJ 433JM Wotherspoon & Co Ltd v Henry Agency House [1962] MLJ 86Kepong Prospecting Ltd v Scmidt [1968] 1 MLJ 416KGN Jaya Sdn Bhd v Pan Reliance Sdn Bhd [1996] 2 CLJ 611Khaw Poh Chuan v Ng Gaik Peng [1996] 1 MLJ 761Kho Ah Soon v Duniaga Sdn Bhd [1996] 2 CLJ 218Kishabai v Jaikishan [1981] 2 MLJ 289Kluang Wood Products Sdn Bhd v Hong Leong Finance Bhd [1994] 4 CLJ 141KM Quarry Sdn Bhd v Ho Hup Construction Co Bhd [2006] 7 MLJ 203Koek Tiang Kung v Antara Bumi Sdn Bhd [2005] 8 CLJ 311Kosma Palm Oil Mill v Koperasi Serbausaha Makmur Bhd [2004] 1 MLJ 257KTS Sdn Bhd v Standard Chartered Bank [2004] 2 CLJ 85Law Kam Loy v Boltex Sdn Bhd [2005] MLJU 225Lee Tee v Seek Lai Neo [2000] 2 CLJ 761Lembaga Kesatuan Wang Simpanan Pekerja v Kesatuan Kakitangan Lembaga KumpulanWang Simpanan Pekerja [2000] 3 CLJ 81Lightcraft (KL) Sdn Bhd v Fortune Valley Sdn Bhd [2007] 7 MLJ 574Lim Chia Min v Cheah Sang Ngeow [1997] 1 MLJ 127Lim Eng Yew v United Oriental Assurance Sdn Bhd [1989] 1 MLJ 454Lim Foo Yong & Sons Realty Sdn Bhd v Datuk Eric Taylor [1990] 1 MLJ 168Lori (M) Bhd (Interim Receiver) v Arab-Malaysian Finance Bhd [1999] 3 MLJ 81Macon Works & Trading Sdn Bhd v Phang Hon Chin [1976] 2 MLJ 177Mahfar bin Alwee v Jejaka Megah Sdn Bhd [2004] MLJU 107Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya v Steven Phoa Cheng Loong [2006] 2 MLJ 389Majujaya Holdings Sdn Bhd v Pens-Transteel Sdn Bhd [1993] 3 MLJ 179Malayan Banking Bhd v Basarudin bin Ahmad Khan [2007] 1 MLJ 613Malayan Banking Bhd v PK Rajamani [1994] 1 MLJ 405Malaysia Airports (Sepang) Sdn Bhd v Malayan Banking Berhad and Agate Sdn Bhd[2007] MLJU 108x

Malaysian Australian Finance Co. Ltd v The Law Union & Rock Insurance Co. Ltd [1972]2 MLJ 10Manonmani v Great Eastern Life Assurance Co. Ltd [1991] 1 MLJ 364Masjaya Trading Sdn Bhd v Kedah Cement Sdn Bhd [2004] 4 CLJ 18Mawar Awal (M) Sdn Bhd v Kepong Management Sdn Bhd [2005] 6 MLJ 132Medlux Overseas (Guersey) Ltd v Faber Medi-Serve Sdn Bhd [2001] 4 CLJ 192Metramac Corporation Sdn Bhd v Fawziah Holdings Sdn Bhd [2007] 5 MLJ 501M-Fold Development Sdn Bhd v Altrue Sdn Bhd [2002] 2 CLJ 44Mohamad Khalid bin Yusuf v The Datuk Bandar Kuching Utara [2007] 5 MLJ 414Morello Sdn Bhd v Jaques (International) Sdn Bhd [1995] 1 MLJ 577Motor Emporium v Arumugam [1933-34] FMSLR 21Ng Chun Lin v Foo Lian Sin [2000] 6 MLJ 81Ng Kim Lek v Wee Hock Chye [1971] 1 MLJ 148Ng Wu Hong v Abraham Verghese TV Abraham [2007] 1 LNS 138Overseas Chinese Banking Corporation Ltd v Woo Hing Brothers (M) Sdn Bhd [1992] 2CLJ 1050Owners of Cargo carried in the Ship ‘Gan Cheng’ v Owners and/or Persons Interested inthe Ship ‘Gan Cheng’ [1998] 6 MLJ 468Pacific & Orient Insurance Co. Sdn Bhd v Lee Yin Siong [1983] CLJ (Rep) 690Pan Malaysia Equities Sdn Bhd v Ang Soon Tat [2006] MLJU 333Parimala a/p Muthusamy v Projek Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan [1997] 5 MLJ 488PB Securities Sdn Bhd v Justin Ong Kian Kuok [2007] 1 MLJ 153Perkayuan OKS No 2 Sdn Bhd v Kelantan State Economic Development Corp [1995] 1MLJ 401Perman Sdn Bhd v European Commodities Sdn Bhd [2006] 1 MLJ 97Perwira Affin Bank Bhd v ACP Industries Bhd [2000] 8 CLJ 455Phua Siong Hoe v RHB Bank; Persatuan Pemilik Tanah Taman Pandan (Intevenor) [2001]6 CLJ 326Poominathan Kuppusamy v Besprin Stationers Sdn Bhd [2003] 3 CLJ 118Punca Klasik Sdn Bhd v All Persons in Occupation of the Wooden House Erected on aPortion of Land held under Grant No 26977 for Lot 4271 in the Township of JohorBahru, Johor and Another Action (No 2) [1996] 5 MLJ 92Punca Klasik Sdn Bhd v Foh Chong & Sons Sdn Bhd [1998] 1 CLJ 601QBE Insurance Ltd v Dr. K. Thuraisingam [1982] CLJ (Rep) 705Rafiah Bt. A. Bakar v East West-UMI Inurance Bhd [1993] 1 CLJ 431Rakka @ Kanniah a/l Samayan v Subramaniam [2004] 7 MLJ 198Ramachandran a/l Mayandy v Abdul Rhaman bin Ambok [1997] 4 MLJ 237Ramli bin Shahdan v Motor Insurer’s Bureau of West Malaysia [2006] 2 MLJ 116Re: Kathirvelu Deed [1971] 2 MLJ 165Re: Man bin Mahat Deed [1965] 1 MLJ 1Realvest Properties Sdn Bhd v Co-operative Central Bank Ltd [1996] 2 MLJ 461RHB Bank Bhd v Chew Him Fah [2004] 3 CLJ 22xi

Ribaru Bina Sdn Bhd (dahulu dikenali sebagai Ribar Resources Sdn Bhd) v Bakti KausarDevelopment Sdn Bhd [2003] 5 AMRRibu Daya Sdn Bhd v Malsa Ideal Sdn Bhd [1994] 3 CLJ 831Rimba Muda Timber Trading v Lim Kuoh Wee [2006] 4 MLJ 505Rowstead Systems Sdn Bhd v Bumicrystal Technology (M) Sdn Bhd [2005] 3 MLJ 132Royal Insurance Group v David [1976] MLJ 128Royden (M) Sdn Bhd v Syarikat Pembenaan Yeoh Tiong Lay Sdn Bhd [1992] 1 MLJ 33S Pathamanathan v Amaravathi [1979] 1 MLJ 38Sababumi (Sandakan) Sdn Bhd v Datuk Yap Pak Leong [1998] 3 MLJ 51Sammugam v Fraser (1888) 4 Ky 338Saw Poh Wah v Oi Kean Hang [1985] 2 MLJ 387Seascope Sdn Bhd v Syed Izhar bin Syed Syed Salleh [2006] 3 MLJ 756See Teow Chuan v Yam Tunku Nadzaruddin Ibni Tuanku Jaafar [2007] 2 CLJ 82Sekemas Sdn Bhd v Lian Seng Co Sdn Bhd [1989] 2 MLJ 155Seloga Sdn Bhd v UEM Gynisys Sdn Bhd [2007] 7 MLJ 385Shumuga Vadevu S Athimulam v The Malaysian Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd [1999]1 CLJ 231Sime Darby Ltd v Port Swettenham Authority [1966] MLJ 116Sinnadorai v New Zealand Insurance Co Ltd [1969] 1 MLJ 183Solid Gold Publishers Sdn Bhd v Chan Wee Ho [2002] 3 MLJ 310Soo Lip Hong v Tee Kim Huan (CA) [2005] 4 CLJ 119Sri Sutera Sdn Bhd v Mohamed Abid [2004] 1 CLJ 139Subashini Rajasingam v Saravanan Thangathoray (No 2) [2007] 3 CLJ 209Subramanian a/l Paramasivam v Malaysian Airlines System Bhd [2002] 1 MLJ 45Sulisen Sdn Bhd v Kerajaan Malaysia [2006] 7 CLJ 247Suwiri Sdn Bhd v Government of the State of Sabah [2007] MLJU 0621Syarikat Ong Yoke Lin Sdn Bhd v Giant Cash & Carry Sdn Bhd [2000] 4 AMR 4982Talasco Insurance Bhd v Goh Thiam Hock [1999] 1 MLJ 179Tan Guat Lan v Aetna Universal Insurance Sdn Bhd [2003] 5 CLJ 384Tan Keng Hong v New India Insurance Co Ltd [1978] 1 MLJ 97Tan Mooi Liang v Lim Soon Seng [1974] 2 MLJ 60Tan Sri Khoo Teck Puat v Plenitude Holdings Sdn Bhd [1994] 3 MLJ 777Tan Swee Hoe Co Ltd v Ali Hussain Bros [1980] 2 MLJ 16Tan Tok Nam v Pan Global Insurance Sdn Bhd [2002] 3 MLJ 742Tara Rajaratnam v Datuk Jaginder Singh [1983] 2 MLJ 127Teh Poh Wah v Seremban Securities Sdn Bhd [1996] 1 MLJ 701Tengku Abdullah ibni Sultan Abu Bakar v Mohd Latiff bin Shah Mohd [1996] 2 MLJ 265The “Jag Shakti” [1986] 1 MLJ 197The Co-Operative Central Bank Ltd v KGV & Associates Sdn Bhd [2008] 2 MLJ 233The Golf Cheque Book Sdn Bhd v Nilai Springs Bhd [2006] 1 MLJ 554The People’s Insurance Co (M) Sdn Bhd v Syarikat Kenderaan Melayu Kelantan Bhd (No2) [2001] 1 CLJ 510The Viva Ocean [2004] 2 AMR 284The“SS Hwa Lung.” [1977] 2 MLJ 132Thong Guan Co (Pte) Ltd v Lam Kong Co Ltd (No 2) [1998] 7 MLJ 720Toh Kee Keong v Tambun Mining Co Ltd [1968] 1 MLJ 39Travelsight (M) Sdn Bhd & Anor v Atlas Corp Sdn Bhd [2003] 6 MLJ 658xii

Tropical Profile Sdn Bhd v Kerajaan Malaysia (Jabatan Kerja Raya) [2008] 1 CLJ 513UMW Industries Sdn Bhd v Ah Fook [1996] 1 MLJ 365UMW Toyota (M) Sdn Bhd v Chow Weng Thiem [1996] 5 MLJ 678Union Insurance (M) Sdn Bhd v Chan You Young [1999] 1 MLJ 593United General Insurance Co Sdn Bhd v Progress Credit Sdn Bhd [1988] 1 LNS 8United Oriental Assurance Sdn Bhd v Lim Eng Yew [1991] 3 MLJ 429Wong Yan Mok v Indo-Malaya Trading Co [1975] MLJ 147Woolley Development Sdn Bhd v Mikien Sdn Bhd [2008] MLJ 1 585Yeng Ying Enterprise Sdn Bhd v Liow Su Fah [1979] 1 MLJ 240Yip Shou Shan v Sin Heap Lee-Marubeni Sdn Bhd [2002] 5 MLJ 113United KingdomAdler v Dickson [1955] 1 QB 158Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd v Panatown Ltd [2001] 1 AC 518Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd (In liquidation) v Texas CommerceInternational Bank Ltd [1982] 1 QB 84Avraamides v Colwill [2006] EWCA Civ 1533Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58Bourne v Mason (1669) 1 Vent 6Bovis Lend Lease Ltd v R D Fire Protection [2003] EWHC 939Bradmount Investments Ltd v Williams De Broe plc [2005] EWHC 2449 (Ch)British Telecommunications plc v James Thomson & Sons (Engineers) Ltd (1999) SC(HL)9Cantor Gaming Ltd v GameAccount Global Ltd [2007] EWHC 1914Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 1 All ER 568Catlin Estates Ltd v Carter Jonas [2005] EWHC 2315Combe v Combe [1951] 1 All ER 767CTN Cash Ltd v Gallaher Ltd [1994] 4 All ER 714Darlington Borough Council v Wiltshier Northern Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 68Davis and Jordan v James (1770) 5 Burr 2680DRC Distribution Ltd v Ulva Ltd [2007] EWHC 1716 (QB)Drive Yourself Hire Co. (London) Ltd v Strutt [1954] 1 QB 250Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. v Selfridge [1915] AC 47Dunlop v Lambert (1839) 7 ER 824Dutton v Poole (1678) 22 ER 1041Eastwood v Kenyon (1840) 113 ER 482Elder, Dempster & Co v Paterson, Zochonis & Co [1923] 1 KB 420Elder, Dempster & Co v Paterson, Zochonis & Co [1924] AC 522Fletcher v Fletcher (1844) 4 Hare 67xiii

Gore v Van Der Lann [1966] 2 QB 31Gregory and Parker v Williams (1817) 3 Mer 582GUS Property Management Ltd v Littlewoods Mail Order Stores Ltd (1982) SC(HL) 157Helstan Securities Ltd v Hertfordshire County Council [1978] 3 All ER 262Humble v Hunter (1848) 12 QB 310Jackson v Horizon Holidays [1975] 3 All ER 92Jarvis v Swans Tours Ltd (1973) 1 All ER 71John F Hunt Demolition Ltd v ASME Engineering Ltd [2007] All ER (D) 344 (Jun)Joseph v Knox (1813) 170 ER 1397Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd [1983] 1 AC 520Laemthong International Lines Co Ltd v Artis [2005] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 100Laemthong International Lines Co Ltd v Artis [2005] 2 All ER (Comm) 167Les Affreteurs Reunis Societe v Leopold Walford (London) Ltd [1919] AC 801Linden Garden Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd [1994] 1 AC 85Livingstone v Rawyards Coal Co (1880) 5 App Cas 25Lloyd’s v Harper (1880) 16 Ch 290Lockett v A.M. Charles [1938] 4 All ER 170Mersey Shipping & Transport Co Ltd v Rea Ltd (1925) 21 Lloyd’s Rep 375Mirant Asia-Pacific Construction (Hong Kong Ltd) v Ove Arup Partners International[2007] EWHC 918Moore v Wilson (1787) 99 ER 1306Morris v CW Martin & Sons Ltd [1966] 1 QB 716Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] AC 398National Bank of Sharjah v Dellborg (unreported, 9 July, 1997)New Zealand Shipping Co. Ltd. v A. M. Satterwaite; The Eurymedon [1975] AC 154 (PC)Nippon Menkwa Kabushiki Kaisha v Dawsons Bank [1935] Lloyd’s Rep 147Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd [2004] 1 All ER (Comm) 481Norwich City Council v Harvey [1989] 1 All ER 1180Nottingham v Aldridge (The Prudential Assurance Co Ltd, third party) [1971] 2 All ER751Pacific Associates Inc v Baxter[1990] 1 QB 993Port Jackson Stevedoring Pty Ltd v Salmond & Spraggon (Australia) Pty Ltd; The NewYork Star [1980] 3 All ER 257 (PC)Precis (521) plc v William M Mercer Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 114Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson (1875) LR 19 Eq 462Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v Ayres [2007] All ER 43Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v Ayres [2008] EWCA Civ 52Prudential Staff Union v Hall [1947] 1 KB 685Radford v De Froberville [1977] 1 WLR 1262Re Browne’s Policy [1903] 1 Ch 188Re Clay’s Policy Assurance [1937] 2 All ER 548Re Parker’s Policy [1906] 1 Ch 526Re Schebsman [1944] Ch 83xiv

Re Sinclair’s Policy [1938] Ch 799Robinson v Harman (1848) 1 Exch 850Rolls-Royce Power Engineering plc v Ricardo Consulting Engineers Ltd [2003] QB 129Rumbelows Ltd v AMK (A Firm) (1980) Build LR 25Ruxley v Forsyth [1996] AC 344Sabena Technics SA v Singapore Airlines Ltd [2003] EWHC 1318 (Comm)Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones [1962] AC 446Sempra Metals Ltd v Her Majesty’s Commissioners of Inland Revenue [2007] UKHL 34Shanklin Pier Ltd v Detel Products Ltd [1951] 2 KB 854Smith & Snipes Hall Farm Ltd v River Douglas Catchment Board [1949] 2 KB 500SmithKline Beecham plc v Apotex Europe Ltd [2007] Ch 71Snelling v John G Snelling Ltd [1972] 1 All ER 79Southern Water Authority v Carey [1985] 2 All ER 1077St. Martins Property Corporation Ltd. v Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd. [1994] 1 AC 85Swift v Swift (1841) 3 Ir Eq R 267The Albazero [1975] 3 All ER 21The Albazero [1977] AC 774The Delfini [1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 252The Elbe Maru [1978] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 206The Mahkutai [1996] 3 All ER 502 (PC)The Owners of the Ship ‘Borvigilant’ v The Owners of the Ship ‘Romina G’ [2003] 2Lloyd’s Rep 520The Pioneer Container [1994] 2 AC 324 (PC)The Post Chaser [1982] 1 All ER 19The Starsin [2003] 2 WLR 711Tomlinson v Gill (1756) Ambler 330Torkington v Magee [1902] 2 KB 427Tweddle v Atkinson (1861-73) All ER 369, (1861) B&S 393Twins Transport Ltd v Patrick and Brocklehurst (1986) 4 Con LR 117Vandepitte v Preferred Accident Insurance Corporation of New York [1933] AC 70 (PC)Vandyke v Fender; Sun Insurance Office Ltd (Third Party) [1970] 2 QB 292Westdeutsche Landesbank Giroaentrale v Islington L.B.C. [1996] AC 669White v Jones [1995] 2 AC 207Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 277WPP Holdings Italy SRL v Benatti [2007] 2 All ER (Comm) 525AustraliaBarroora Pty Ltd v Provincial Insurance Ltd (1992) 26 NSWLR 170Bernard Marks v CCH Australia & University of Melbourne [1999] 3 VR 513Chipper v Octra Nominees Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 1633Cigna Insurance Asia Pacific Ltd v Packer [2000] WASCA 415Coffison v Australian Casualty & Life Limited [2000] QDC 403Commonwealth of Australia v Verwayen (1990) 170 CLR 394xv

Coulls v Bagot’s Executor and Trustee Co Ltd (1967) 119 CLR 460Cousins Securities Pty Ltd v CEC Group Limited [2006] QSC 307Dalton v Ellis [2005] NSWSC 1252Fluor Australia Pty Ltd v ASC Engineering Pty Ltd [2007] VSC 262Giumelli v Giumelli [1999] 196 CLR 101Hannover Life Re of Australasia Ltd v Sayseng [2005] NSWCA 215Harris v Northern Sandblasting [1995] QCA 413Hickey v Australian Wire Rope Works Pty Ltd (1998) 4 VR 455Hyatt Australia Limited v LTCB Australia Limited [1996] 1 Qd R 260Jones v Barlett [2000] 176 ALR 137Lifesavers (Australasia) Ltd v Frigmobile Pty Ltd [1983] 1 NSWLR 431Marriott Industries Pty Ltd v Mercantile Credits Ltd [1991] SASC 2874Mason v New South Wales (1959) 102 CLR 108Mizzi v Reliance Financial Services Pty Ltd [2007] NSWSC 37NMRSB Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation [1998] 146 FCA (4 March 1998)Noosa Shire Council v Farr [2001] QSC 60Northern Sandblasting Pty Ltd v Harris [1997] 146 ALR 572Pavey & Matthews Pty Ltd v Paul (1987) 162 CLR 221Port Jackson Stevedoring Pty Ltd v Salmond & Spraggon (Australia) Pty Ltd; The NewYork Star (1978) 139 CLR 231Re Davies [1989] 1 Qd R 48Re Elizabethan Theatre Trust; Lord v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (1997) 15 ACLC341Re Emanuel (No 14) Pty Ltd (1997) 22 ACSR 64Smith Lloyd James v Kelly G E [1995] QBT 110Speedy Gantry Hire Pty Ltd v Preston Erection Pty Ltd 40 IPR 543Symbion Pathology Pty Ltd v Healthscope Ltd [2006] VSC 191Toal v Aquarius Platinum Ltd (2004) FCA 550Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bros Pty Ltd [1988] 165 CLR 107Verinder v Australian Institute of Steel Construction Ltd [2003] NSWSC 975Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher (1988) 164 CLR 387Westralian Farmers Co-op. Ltd v. Southern Meat Packers Ltd [1981] WAR 241Wilson v Darling Island Stevedoring (1956) 95 CLR 43Winterton Constructions Pty Ltd v Hambros Australia Ltd (1991) 101 ALR 363xvi

Woodside Petroleum Development Pty Ltd v H & R – E& W Pty Ltd [1999] WASCA 1024CanadaAnchor Fence Inc. v Polaris Realty Corp. [1994] A.J. No. 482 (Alt. Q.B.)British Columbia (Workers' Compensation Board) v Neale Staniszkis Doll AdamsArchitects [2004] B.C.J. No. 2636DeLeeuw v Deleeuw (2003) BC.C. LEXIS 4333Dryburgh v Oak Bay Marina (1992) Ltd [2001] 1 F.C. 192Dryburgh v Oak Marina Bay (1992) Ltd [2001] 4 F.C. D LEXIS 221Fenrich v Wawanesa Mutual Insurance (2005) ABCA 199 (CanLII)Fraser River Pile & Dredge Ltd v Can-Dive Services Ltd [1999] 3 SCR 108Greenwood Shopping Plaza Ltd v Beattie [1980] 2 SCR 228Harlon Canada Inc. v Lang Investment Corporation (2008) ON.C. LEXIS 1499Laing Property Corp v All Seasons Display Inc. (2000) BCAC LEXIS 547London Drugs Ltd v Kuehne & Nagel International Ltd [1992] 3 SCR 299Madison Developments Ltd v Plan Electric Co Ltd (1997) 152 DLR 653Resch v Canadian Tire Corporation (2006) CanLII 11930 (ON S.C.)Sevenoaks School Division No. 10 v. GBR Architects Ltd. [2002] M.J. No. 512 Man. Q.B.Sunshine Valley Developments Ltd v Hendrichs (2006) BCSC 319 (CanLII)Thunder Mountain Drilling Ltd v Denmar Equipment Rentals Ltd (1993) CanLII 2689 (BCS.C)Tony and Jim's Holdings Ltd. v Silva (1999) 170 DLR 193IndiaB.K. Mukherjee v Manoranjan Mitra AIR (29) 1942 Calcutta 251Gyan Chandra Murkherjee v Monoranjan Mitra AIR 1942 Cal 251Irrawaddy Flotilla Co Ltd v Bugwandass (1891) 18 1A 121Jwaladutt Pillani v Bansilal Motilal (1929) 115 IC 707Krishna Lal Sadhu v Pramila Bala Dosi ILR 55 Cal 1315Mst. Kali v Ram Autar AIR 1945Muddala Venkatareddi Naidu v Dharwada Venkata Varaha Varasimharao AIR 1935xvii

N C Chacko v State Bank of Travancore AIR 1970 SC 504Narayani Devi v Tagore Commercial Corporation Ltd AIR 1973 Cal 401Ramaswami v S.S. Krishnasa & Sons AIR 1935 Mad 905Subbu Chetti v Arunachalam Chettiar [1930] ILR 53 Madras 270Venkata Chinnaya v Verikatara’ma’ya (1881) ILR 4 Mad 137New ZealandBallance Agri-Nutrients (Kapuni) Ltd v The Gama Foundation [2006] 2 NZLR 319Coldicutt v Keeys (High Court, Whangarei, A 50/84, 17 May 1985)Cornerstone Group Ltd v Edison Ltd [2006] NZHC 1135Cross v Aurora (1989) 4 NZCLC 64, 909Field v Fitton [1988] 1 NZLR 482Karangahape Road International Village Ltd v Holloway [1989] 1 NZLR 83Kevdu v Ko HC [2007] NZHC 224Malyon v New Zealand Methodist Trust Association [1993] 1 NZLR 137New Zealand Guardian Trust Co Ltd v Peat Marwick (1991) 5 NZCLC 67,129Oceanic Foods Ltd v Owens Security Ltd [1996] NZDCR LEXIS 116Pacific Software Technology v Perry Group Ltd [2004] 1 NZLR 164Pragma Holdings v Great South 507 Ltd [2006] NZHC 977Rattray Wholesale Ltd v Meredyth-Young & A Court Ltd [1997] 2 NZLR 365United StatesBeckman Cotton Company v First National Bank of Atlanta 666 F.2d 181Carle & Montanari, Inc. v American Export Isbrandtsen, Inc 275 F. Supp. 76; 1967 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 9078.Castle v United States 2002 301 F.3d 1328Commercial Insurance Company of Newark, New Jersey v Pacific-Peru ConstructionCorp, 558 F.2d 948Cordero Mining Company v United States Fidelity and Guarantee Insurance Company2003 WY 48; 67 P.3d 616Elmet Technologies, Inc v Advanced Technologies Systems, Inc 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 349Fen X. Chen v Sreet Beat Sportswear, Inc 226 F. Supp. 2d 355Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company v Allen Grass, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7518xviii

Glass v United States 258 F.3d 1349Guy v Liederbach 459 A.2d 744 (1983)Kmart Corporation v Balfour Beatty, Inc 994 F. Supp. 634; 1998 U.S. Dist LEXIS 1840Lawrence v Fox 20 N.Y. 268 (New York Court of Appeals)Limbach Company v City of Philadelphia 905 A.2d 567Manor v United States 2003 331 F.3d 891Mary K. Sullivan v Grass Catcher, Inc 1999 Me. Upper. LEXIS 311Montana v United States, 124F.3d 1269 (Fed. Cir. 1997)Scarpitti v Weborg 530 Pa. 366; 609 A.2d 147Schuerman v United States 30 Fed. Cl. 420Sheldon Whitehouse v New England Ecological Development, Inc 1999 R.I. Super. LEXIS154Stacy L. Burks v Federal Insurance Company 2005 PA Super 297; 883 A.2d 1086State of Rhode Island Department of Corrections v ADP Marshall, Inc 2004 R.I. Super.LEXIS 66Tilva L. Souza v Westlands Water District, 135 Cal. App. 4 th 879Wakefield v Santa Clara County Sheriff’s Department 2004 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 4509SingaporeChia Kok Leong v Prosperland Pte Ltd [2005] 2 SLR 484xix

TABLE OF STATUTESMalaysiaAdoption Act 1952 (Revised 1981) (Act 257)Bills of Exchange Act 1949 (Revised 1978) (Act 204)Civil Law Act 1956 (Revised 1972) (Act 67)Consumer Protection Act 1999 (Act 599)Contracts (Amendment) Act 1976 (Act 329)Contracts Act 1950 (Revised 1974) (Act 136)Constitution (Amendment) Act 1994 (Act A885)Courts of Judicature Act 1964 (Act 91)Evidence Act 1950 (Act 56)Hire-Purchase Act 1967 (Act 212) (Revised 1978)Insurance Act 1996 (Act 553)Legitimacy Act 1961 (Revised 1971) (Act 60)Road Traffic Ordinance 1958Road Transport Act 1987 (Act 333)Rules of the High Court 1980Sale of Goods Act 1957 (Revised 1989) (Act 382)Specific Relief Act 1950 (Revised 1974) (Act 137)Subordinate Court Rules 1980EnglandBills of Lading Act 1855Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992Consumer Protection Act 1987Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999Defective Premises Act 1972Road Traffic Act 1988AustraliaInsurance Contracts Act 1984 (Cth)Law of Property Act 2000xx

Property Law Act 1969Property Law Act 1974Residential Tenancies Act 1975New ZealandCompanies Act 1993Contracts (Privity) Act 1982IndiaContracts Act 1872International Conventions and OthersHague-Visby RulesHamburg RulesPrinciples of European Contract LawRestatement (Second) of Contract LawUNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2004xxi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONCASESAC : Appeal CasesACSR : Australian Corporations and Securities ReportsALR : Australian Law ReportsACLC : Australian Company Law CasesAIR : All India ReportsAll ER : All England Law ReportsAMR : All Malaysia ReportsApp Cas : Law Reports, Appeal Cases, House of Lords 1875-1890BCAC : British Columbia Appeal CasesBurr : Burrow ReportsBuild LR : Building Law ReportsCLR : Commonwealth Law ReportsCh : Chancery DivisionCLJ : Current Law JournalCon LR : Construction Law ReportsDLR : Dominion Law ReportsER : English ReportsEWCA : England and Wales Court of AppealEWHC : England and Wales High CourtExch : Exchequer Reports (Welsby, Hurlstone and Gordon) 1847-1856FCA : Federal Court of AppealFMSLR : Federated Malaysia and Singapore Law ReportsHare : Hare’s Chancery ReportsIPR : Intellectual Property ReportsILR : Indian Law ReportsIr Eq R : Irish Equity ReportsKB : King’s Bench DivisionKy : KylieLloyd’s Rep : Lloyd’s Law ReportsLNS : Unreported Cases obtained from CLJMer : Merivale's Chancery Reports 1815-1817MLJU : Malayan Law Journal UnreportedNSWSC : New South Wales Supreme CourtNZCLC : New Zealand Company Law CasesNZDCR : New Zealand District Court ReportsNZHC : New Zealand High CourtNZLR : New Zealand Law ReportsQB : Queen’s Bench DivisionQBT : Queensland Building TribunalQCA : Queensland Court of AppealQd R : Queensland ReportsQDC : Queensland District CourtQSC : Queensland Supreme CourtSCR : Supreme Court CasesSASC : South Australia Supreme Courtxxii

SC(HL) : Scottish Courts (House of Lords)SLR : Singapore Law ReportsVSC : Victoria Supreme CourtWLR : Weekly Law ReportsWAR : Western Australia ReportsWASC : Western Australia Supreme CourtWASCA : Western Australia Supreme Court of AppealARTICLEALJ : Australian Law JournalAULR : Auckland University Law ReviewABLR : Australian Business Law ReviewABR : Australian Bar ReviewAd Bus : Advising Business: Law & PracticeAlta LR : Alberta Law ReviewAm JLH : American Journal of Legal HistoryAm Rev Int’l Arb : American Review of International ArbitrationAnglo-Am L Rev : Anglo-American Law ReviewAPLJ : Australian Property Law JournalAR : Arbitration InternationalAust J Asian L : Australian Journal of Asian LawBLR : Business Law ReviewBond LR : Bond Law ReviewBost CLR : Boston College Law ReviewCBLJ : Canadian Business Law JournalCLP : Current Legal ProblemsCan B Rev : Canadian Bar ReviewCLJ : Current Law JournalC.L.J. : Cambridge Law JournalCLT : Consumer Law TodayCLWR : Common Law World ReviewCol LR : Columbia Law ReviewComm Leases : Commercial LeasesCon & Eng Law : Construction and Engineering LawConn Ins LJ : Connecticut Insurance Law JournalConn J Int’l L : Connecticut Journal of International LawConst LJ : Construction Law JournalConstr Lawyer : Construction LawyerConv : ConveyancerCorn LR : Cornell Law ReviewDalhousie LJ : Dalhousie Law JournalDuq L Rev : Duquesne Law ReviewELR : Edinburgh Law ReviewF&CL : Finance & Credit LawFordham L Rev : Fordham Law ReviewHanseLR : Hanse Law ReviewHarv LR : Harvard Law ReviewHKLJ : Hong Kong Law Journalxxiii

HR : Hill & RedmanICLQ : International and Comparative Law QuarterlyIIUM : International Islamic University MalaysiaILJ : Insurance Law JournalINSAF : Journal of Malaysian BarITLQ : International Trade Law QuarterlyIJL&IT : International Journal of Law and ITILM : Insurance Law MonthlyIs L Rev : Israel Law ReviewITLT : IT Law TodayJ Mar & Com : Journal of Maritime Law & CommerceJBL : Journal of Business LawJCL : Journal of Contract LawJMCL : Journal of Malaysian and Comparative LawLMCLQ : Lloyds’ Maritime Commercial Law QuarterlyLQR : Law Quarterly ReviewLit : LitigationLS : Legal StudiesLSG : Law Society’s GazetteMal LR : Malayan Law ReviewMcGill LJ : McGill Law JournalMLR : Modern Law ReviewMelbJIL : Melbourne Journal of International LawMLAAZ : Maritime Law Association of Australia and New ZealandMLJ : Malayan Law JournalMULR : Melbourne University Law ReviewMurUEJL : Murdoch University Electronic Journal of LawNILQ : Northern Ireland Legal QuarterlyNZULR : New Zealand University Law ReviewNew Eng L Rev : New England Law ReviewNLJ : New Law JournalNLR : National Law ReviewOJLS : Oxford Journal of Legal StudiesO.U.C.L.J. : Oxford University Commonwealth Law JournalOHLJ : Osgoode Hall Law JournalOtago L Rev : Otago Law ReviewPac Rim L & Pol’y : Pacific Rim Law & Policy JournalRLR : Restitution Law ReviewSAcLJ : Singapore Academy Law JournalSJLS : Singapore Journal of Legal StudiesSMU L Rev : Southern Methodist University Law ReviewStan LR : Stanford Law ReviewSyd L Rev : University Sydney Law ReviewTel Aviv U Stud L : Tel Aviv University Studies in LawTex L Rev : Texas Law ReviewTex Tech L Rev : Texas Tech Law ReviewTul Mar LJ : Tulane Maritime Law JournalTul LR : Tulane Law ReviewTLJ : Tort Law Journalxxiv

U Chi L Rev : University of Chicago Law ReviewU Tas LR : University of Tasmania Law ReviewU Mich JLR : University of Michigan Journal of Legal ReformUBCL : University of British Columbia Law ReviewUTFLR : University of Toronto Faculty of Law ReviewU Tor LJ : University of Toronto Law JournalUNSWLJ : University New South Wales Law JournalUQLJ : University of Queensland Law JournalUtah L Rev : Utah Law ReviewUWALR : University of Western Australia Law ReviewVa L Rev : Virginia Law ReviewVUWLRev : Victoria University of Wellington Law ReviewWash & Lee L Rev : Washington and Lee Law ReviewWkoLRev : Waikato Law ReviewWLMR : William & Mary Law ReviewYale LJ : Yale Law JournalJUDGECJ : Chief JusticeFCJ : Federal Court JusticeJ : JusticeJA : Justices of AppealJC : Judicial CommissionerJCA : Justice of Court of AppealSCJ : Supreme Court JusticeCOURTCA : Court of AppealFC : Federal CourtPC : Privy Councilxxv