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Introduction ………. Cont’d• Despite the abundance of energy resources in Nigeria,electricity generation is mainly from large hydro, naturalgas, LPFO and diesel; and the supply is far short ofdemand.• Only about 40% of the nation’s about 140 million peoplehas access to grid electricity.• At the rural level, where about 70% of the population live,the availability of electricity drops to about 18%.• The objective of this presentation is to highlight how thenation’s renewable energy resources could be utilized toincrease electricity access for sustainable nationaldevelopment.Prof. A. S. Sambo8

2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONALENERGY POLICY (NEP)• In 1990 the ECN appointed a committee comprising somemembers of the Commission’s Technical AdvisoryCommittee, Directors of the Energy Research Centresalong with some energy experts and chaired by the DG todraft the NEP,• A draft NEP was submitted to Government in 1993,• Reviewed by an Inter-ministerial Committee in 1996, atthe instance of the Head of State, under the Chairmanshipof the Ministry of Science and Technology,• Again reviewed in 2002 in response to the 1999Privatization Act which, restructured the entire economytowards greater private sector participation and, indeed,private sector leadership;Prof. A. S. Sambo9

2. Development of the National EnergyPolicy (NEP)• The review was by an Inter-ministerial Committee withmembership from the major energy sub-sectors, professionaland financial institutions;• The reviewed policy document was approved by the FederalGovernment in April, 2003 and was launched by Mr.President, on 20 th June 2005.• The NEP articulates for the sustainable exploitation andutilization of all viable energy resources in the country• The policy is, thus, hinged on private sector development ofthe energy sector.Prof. A. S. Sambo10

3. The Policy Framework on RenewableEnergy in NigeriaThe renewable component of the NEP articulates as follows:• Hydropower: The NEP provides that:- The nation shall fully harness the hydropowerpotential for electricity generation- The nation shall pay particular attention to thedevelopment of the mini and micro hydropowerschemes- The exploitation of the hydropower resources shallbe done in an environmentally sustainable manner- Private sector and indigenous participation inhydropower development shall be actively promoted.Prof. A. S. Sambo11

2. The Policy Framework on Renewable …… Cont’dProf. A. S. Sambo• Fuelwood: The NEP provides that:- The nation shall promote the use of alternativeenergy sources to fuelwood- The nation shall promote improved efficiency in theuse of fuelwood- The use of wood as a fuel shall be de-emphasized inthe nation’s energy mix- The nation shall intensify efforts to increase thepercentage of land mass covered by forests in thecountry.• Solar Energy: The policy provides that:- The nation shall aggressively pursue the integrationof solar energy into the nation’s energy mix.- The nation shall keep abreast of worldwidedevelopment in solar energy technology.12

2. The Policy Framework on Renewable …… Cont’d• Biomass: The NEP provides that:- The nation shall effectively harness non-fuelwood biomassenergy resources and integrate them with other energy resources- The nation shall promote the use of efficient biomassconversion technology• Wind: The Policy provides that:- The nation shall commercially develop its wind energy resourceand integrate this with other energy resources into a balancedenergy mix- The nation shall take necessary measures to ensure that this formof energy is harnessed at sustainable costs to both suppliersand consumers in the rural areas.• Hydrogen: The policy provides that:- The nation shall integrate hydrogen as an energy source in theenergy mix of the country• Other Renewables: The policy provides that:- The nation shall maintain an interest in other emerging sourcesof renewable energy such as geothermal and ocean related energy.Prof. A. S. Sambo13

4. NATIONAL ENERGY MASTERPLAN NEMP)AND THE RENWEABLE ENERGY MASTERPLAN (REMP)• In order to have a planned and coordinated implementationof the National energy Policy, a roadmap is imperative.• To this effect, the FGN constituted a National EnergyMasterplan Committee, which was inaugurated in 2006 withthe mandate to draw up a comprehensive roadmap for theplanned implementation of NEP.• The draft NEMP is now before the Federal Government forconsideration and approval.• In 2005, the Energy Commission in collaboration with theUNDP and other stakeholders formed a Committee thatdrafted a renewable energy masterplan, a component of theNEMP, which has been integrated into the draft NEMP nowbefore the Government.Prof. A. S. Sambo14

4. National Energy Masterplan (NEMP) and the ReneweableEnergy Master Plan (REMP) …………. . Cont’d• The REMP is a roadmap for the planned implementation of the renewableenergy component of the NEP with timelines, targets and milestones.• It is basically structured into the following programmes with short,medium and long term targets :- National Biomass Energy Programme- National Solar Energy Programme- National Hdropower Programme- National Wind Energy Programme- Emerging Energy Programme- Framewoark Programme for Renewable Energy Promotion• The Framework programme articulates issues that are common to all othersub-sectoral programmes, i.e.- Legal, Regulatory and Institutional framework- Incentives- Capacity Building (Human and Infrastructural)- Public Awareness- Inter-Agency/Governmental Collaboration- Research and Development- Monitoring and Evaluation15Prof. A. S. Sambo

4. National Energy Masterplan (NEMP) and the ReneweableEnergy Master Plan (REMP) …………. . Cont’dReneweable Electricity Targets:• A Study conducted by the Presidential Committee on a 25-year power development plan, constituted in 2005, came upwith a projected electricity demand profile for the nation ofabout 15,000 MW; 30,000 MW; and 190,000 MW in theshort, medium and long terms on the basis of a 10%economic growth rate scenario.• With these projections, a study by the Energy Commissionof Nigeria indicated that renewable electricity is expected tocontribute about 14%; 23%; and 36% of the total electricitydemand in the short, medium and long terms, respectivelyas dictated by the National Energy Policy.Prof. A. S. Sambo16

4. National Energy Masterplan (NEMP) and the ReneweableEnergy Master Plan (REMP) …………. . Cont’dS/N. RESOURCE SHORT MEDIUM LONG1 Hydro (large) 1930 5930 48,0002 Hydro (small) 100 734 19,0003 Solar PV 5 120 5004 Solar Thermal - 1 55 Biomass - 100 8006 Wind 1 20 40All Renewables 2,036 6,905 68,345All Energy Resources15,000 30,000 190,000% of Renewables 14% 23% 36%Prof. A. S. Sambo17

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies• Bioelectricity:- This is electricity generated from biodegradable biomass e.g.residues and wastes from agriculture, forestry and relatedindustries, municipal and industrial wastes as well as energy cropsand plantations.- The conventional technologies of power production, through theRankine/Otto/Diesel cycles, are often employed. The energysupplied at the boiler is sourced from the biodegradableenergy carrier, through either:a) Direct combustionb) Gasification, e.g. anaerobic digestion.c) Biomass-to-Liquids (BTL) e.g. biofuels- Ordinary bioelectricity plants have efficiencies of about 20%,while the combined heat and power plants (CHP) may havehigher efficiencies.- Bioelectricity may be accompanied with environmentalproblems of greenhouse gas emissions, of varying magnitudes,depending upon the emission control technology adopted.Prof. A. S. Sambo18

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies…..Cont’dA Typical 750 kW Bio-electricity PlantProf. A. S. Sambo19

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies …. Cont’d• Solar Electricity- Electricity from solar energy may be obtained through (i) Solarthermal process and (ii) Solar Photovoltaic (PV)- Electricity from solar thermal processes is similar to that inbioelectricity using the Rankine cycle.- Solar photovoltaics refers to the direct and silent conversion of solarenergy into electricity, usually DC form, using a solar cell.- Solar cells may be made from (i) Polycrystalline silicon (ii) singlesilicon (iii) amorphous silicon or (iv) thin film silicon- A solar cell can have an output of about 0.5V, 3.5 amp dc andefficiency of up to 16%.- A solar module or panel consist of many solar cells, suitablyarranged, to give an output of greater than 12V and 3.5-7 ampsat 1kW/m² solar intensity.Prof. A. S. Sambo20

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’d- Modules can last up to 25 years.- A solar array consists of many modules connectedtogether.- Thus a solar PV generator is made up of:- Solar cells- Solar modules- Solar arraysProf. A. S. Sambo21

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’d- The complete components ofa solar PV systems include:- Solar PV generator- Deep cycle, heavy dutylead-acid or Gel-cell leadacid, batteries,- Controllers for theregulation of chargingand discharging ofthe batteries- Inverters for theconversion of dc to ac- Other balance-of-systemcomponents are:mounting hardware,switches, cables, circuitbreakers, connectors andlighting arrestor.Prof. A. S. SamboFig. 3: PV Characteristics:IntensityEffect of Solar22

6. Renewable Electricity Production ……Cont’d5MWp Solar PV Plant in Leipzig, GermanyProf. A. S. Sambo23

5.. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’d• Wind Electricity- Wind energy exists as a form of kinetic energy.- Electricity from wind energy is produced using anaerogenerator, which is an electro-mechanicalsystem.- Aerogenerators could be mounted on towers up to100m.- The tower may be self-supporting or guyed.Prof. A. S. Sambo24

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’dFig. 4: Main Components of a Wind Electricity GeneratorProf. A. S. Sambo25

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’d- The mechanical power output of a wind machinemay be expressed as:- Pout = Cp (½ SAV³)- Where Cp is Beltz limit (≅ 0.59)A is Rotor swept AreaS is density of airV is wind speed- Maximum theoretical efficiency of wind machine isabout 59% (Beltz limit). Typical practicalaerogenerator efficiencies lie between 10% and30%.- Aerogenerators may produce ac or dc current,depending upon the types of generators.Prof. A. S. Sambo26

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’dFig. 5: A Typical Power Output Curve of aWind Powered Turbine (Ge Power System –1.5 SL)- Wind electricity is oftengenerated onshore for singleunit capacities of up to 5MW.- Wind electricity can also begenerated from both the shallowand deep offshore waters forsingle unit capacities greaterthan 5MW, because of higherwind.- Wind turbines have life spans of20 – 25 years.Prof. A. S. Sambo27

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’dWind ElectricityProductionProf. A. S. Sambo28

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’d• Hydroelectricity- Hydroelectricity comes from the conversion of potentialenergy water into electricity by water turbines and electricgenerator system.- Large hydro systems have the disadvantage of displacementof people, land and ecosystem submersion, dam inducedearth movements, and GHG emission.- Large hydro systems are those rated greater than 30MWwhile small hydro systems are less than or equal to 30MW.- Small hydro is further classified into: Pico: < 5kW Micro: 5kW-100kW Mini: 100kW-1MW Small: 1MW-30MW•Prof. A. S. Sambo29

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’d• Hydrogen Fuel CellElectricity- In fuel cell, the chemical energyof the fuel is converted directlyto electrical energy.- The most advanced fuel cell isthe hydrogen – oxygen fuel cell.The system consists of porouselectrodes, an electrolyte,hydrogen as the fuel andoxygen as the oxidant. Theoutput from the system iselectricity and water.Fig. 6: Schematic representation of a hydrogen –oxygen fuel cellProf. A. S. Sambo30

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies ….. Cont’d- The reactions are as follows:H 2+ 2OH = 2H 2O + 2e¯2e¯+ ½ O 2+ H 2O = 2OH¯H2 + ½ O 2=H 2O- Fuel cell can haveefficiency of up to 83%.Fig. 7: Steady-flow process of a fuelcellProf. A. S. Sambo31

5. Renewable Electricity Technologies….. Cont’dCost Comparison of Renewable Electricity TechnologiesTable 2: Cost Estimates of RE ElectricitySystemsTechnologyInvestment Cost[$/kW]High-SideGenerationCosts[Cents/kWhLife-Span [Yrs]Large Hydro1,000 – 2,0005 – 1020 - 30Small Hydro1,000 – 5,0009 – 1520 - 30Solar PV4,500 – 7,00025 – 8020 - 30Solar ThermalElectricity(Concentrating)3,000 – 6,00020 – 2515 - 25Bioelectricity500 – 4,00010 – 1515 - 25Wind Electricity850 – 1,70010 - 1220- 25Prof. A. S. Sambo32

6. RENEWABLE ELECTRICITYPRODUCTION NIGERIA:• Out of the five renewable electricity technologieshighlighted in section 4, only the following are beingemployed in Nigeria:- Hydroelectricity,- Solar Photovoltaics,- Wind electricity.Prof. A. S. Sambo33

6. Renewable Electricity Production ……Cont’d• Hydroelectricity• This Table shows thathydroelectricity contributedabout 38.5% of the total gridelectricity production in Nigeriabetween 1999 and 2004. Thiscontribution is mainly from thethree large hydropower stations inKainji (760MW), Jebba (578MW)and Shiroro (600MW) owned byGovernment, as well as the smallhydropower stations owned byNESCO in Jos of 30MWcapacity.Year Grid Electricity Produced (TWh)Thermal Hydro Total1999 8.673 7.619 16.2922000 8.443 6.784 15.2272001 8.610 6.194 14.8042002 13.208 6.390 19.5992003 13.258 7.753 21.0112004 16.122 8.087 24.209Source: NBS (2005)Prof. A. S. Sambo34

6. Renewable Electricity Production ……Cont’dProf. A. S. SamboExisting Generation Capacity 2007Plant Age (Year InstalledUnits (No)InstalledCapacity (MW)UnitsAvaible (No)CapacityAvailable(MW)OperationalCapability(MW)Thermal:Egbin 22 6 1320 4 880 600Egbin AES 6 9 270 9 270 220Sapele 25-29 10 1020 1 90 65Okpai 2 3 480 2 480 240Afam 25 20 702 3 300 130Delta 17 18 840 12 540 330Omoku 2 6 150 4 100 70Ajaokuta n.a. 2 110 2 100 80Geregu 1 3 414 3 41 414Omotosho New 8 335 2 80 0Olorunsogo/Paplanto New 8 335 2 80 0Sub-total 93 5976 44 3334 2149Hydro:Kainji 38-40 8 760 6 440 400Jebba 24 6 540 6 540 300Shiroro 22 4 600 2 600 300Sub-total 18 1900 14 1580 1000Grand-total 111 7876 58 4914 3149Source: PHCN• Installed Capacity: Hydro ≈ 24%• Availability: Hydro ≈ 32%35

6. Renewable Electricity Production ……Cont’dProf. A. S. Sambo36

6. Renewable Electricity Production ……Cont’d• Solar Electricity- As at 1999 about 239 kWp of Solar PV modulesere installed nationwide. It is useful to note that:- This is equivalent to about 1.88 TWh/annum of relectrical energy using 6 hours of sunshine daily.- It comes to about 25% of the hydroelectric energyproduced that year.- The installations consisted of 52% for waterpumping, 24% for lighting, 15% for lighting inoffices and 9% for powering health clinics.- The current estimate of the total solar PVinstallations is put at 1MW.Prof. A. S. Sambo37

6. Renewable Electricity Production……Cont’dProf. A. S. Sambo38

6. Renewable Electricity Production ……Cont’dProf. A. S. Sambo39

6. Renewable Electricity Production ……Cont’d(c) : 2.85 kWp Solar PV Plant at Itu-Mbauzo, Abia StateProf. A. S. Sambo40

6. Renewable Electricity Production ……Cont’d• Wind Electricity- Wind electricity has not beensignificantly harnessed in thecountry despite the greatpotentials.- The only functional windelectricity system in thecountry is the 5kWaerogenerator, which supplieselectricity to Sayya Gidan GadaVillage in Sokoto State..Fig. 9: 5kW aero generator in Sayya Gidan Gada,Sokoto StateProf. A. S. Sambo41

7. CHALLENGES TOWARDS RENEWABLEELECTRICITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA• Capacity Limitation:- The technical expertise to develop, deploy and managerenewable energy is inadequate, and worst still, notrelied upon in the country as expertise is often sourcedfrom outside the country.- The infrastructure for the manufacture of renewableelectricity system components is not available in thecountry. Supply of systems and components is, thus,dependent on imports.• Financial and Fiscal Incentives:- Financial and fiscal incentives are not available to fasttrackthe development of the supply and demand sides ofthe RE electricity market.Prof. A. S. Sambo42

7. Challenges Towards Renewable …… Cont’d• Lack of Awareness:- There is the general lack of awareness of the benefits of RE electricity.• Inadequate Resource Assessment:- Reliable resource database to assist investment decisions for REelectricity industry is absent.• Inadequate Institutional Framework:- With the mandate of the NERC limited to electricity plant capacitiesof 1MW and above, there is no agency to licence smaller capacities thatare often associated with RE electricity.• Intermittency of Resource Availability- All renewable resources for electricity generation are availableintermittently and cyclic. The challenge of energy storage and systemmanagement during periods of lack of resource add to the complexityof the systems.Prof. A. S. Sambo43

7. Challenges Towards Renewable …… Cont’d• Zero Resource Cost:- Apart from bioelectricity, resource for RE electricity is free. Eventhough this is an advantage for reducing the operating cost of REelectricity systems, the challenge is to make RE electricity systemsoverwhelmingly competitive.• High Initial Investment Cost:- RE electricity systems have high initial cost. This has limited thepenetration of the system into the electricity market.• Deregulated and Liberalized Energy Industry:- With the deregulation and liberalization of the energy sector inNigeria, a conducive atmosphere is created for appropriate tariffson electricity services in the country. This opportunity wouldenable RE electricity to be competitive in the market, in themedium to long term.• Adequate Policy Framework on RE:- Having approved the National Energy Policy a major challenge isto get the National Energy Masterp;an to also be approved andProf. A. S. Samboimplemented.44

8. THE WAY FORWARD• Approval of the National Energy Masterplan• Institutionalization of the National Energy Policy and theNational Energy Masterplan through an Act of theNational Assembly for sustainability.• Establishment of a Renewable Energy Fund to serve as theinstrument for the provision of financial incentives to localmanufacturers, suppliers and users of RE electricity,especially with reference to the rural areas.• Provision of adequate fiscal incentives to local suppliersand manufacturers of RE electricity system components.• Sustenance of the energy sector reforms by successivegovernments.Prof. A. S. Sambo45

8. The Way Forward ………. Cont’d• Intensification of promotional and advocacy activities on REelectricity by the Energy Commission of Nigeria and allstakeholders.• Intensification of R and D into RE electricity technology tofurther bring down costs.• The enormous financial benefits now derived from thedepletable fossil resources need to be partly invested in thedevelopment of RE electricity infrastructure in partnershipwith the private sector.• Establishment of regulatory framework for the RE electricityindustry.• Development and sustenance of the RE resource database.• Scaling-up of RE pilot projects to large commercial systemsProf. A. S. Sambo46

9. CONCLUSIONS• Nigeria has abundant renewable energy resources in the country.• The low level of electricity access in Nigeria, and particularly in therural areas, can be increased through the use of these renewable energyresources for sustainable development.• Hydro, solar, wind and biomass have significant potentials to make thedifference.• Renewable electricity is projected to contribute 14%, 23% and 36% inmeeting the nation’s total electricity demand in the short, medium andlong terms.• There is the need to institutionalize both the NEP and the NEMP(incorporating the REMP) through an Act of the National Assemblyfor sustainability.• There is the need the establishment of a RE Fund to cater forincentives to local manufacturers, suppliers and users of RE electricity.• There is the need for fiscal incentives to local suppliers andmanufacturers of RE electricity system components in the country.• Scaling-up of RE pilots to commercial systems is necessary formeaningful impact in the economy.Prof. A. S. Sambo47

Prof. A. S. Sambo48