VOLUME XXX NO. 7 - Mines Magazine - Colorado School of Mines

VOLUME XXX NO. 7

MORSE STANDARDF o r D e p e n d a b l e a n d C o n t i n u o u s D u t yBALL MILLSALLIGATORf o r S x t ^ belt5' X S' MorseStandard Ball MiltPRICE $2500Bucchi C, 6 Cio. ttdo.CosillQ 1603 Sontiogo, Chile, S. A.a n d 5 ' Aicumete^ An aMORSE STANDARD BALL MILLS are ideal for pilot plantsand for grinding duty up to about 75 tons per 24-hourday, depending on the character ol ore and the extentof the grind. The shells are of heavy rolled steel, fullywelded, and bolted to heavy cast heads. Trunnionbearings are large diameter, rigid type, heavily babbitted,carefully machined and aligned to give the longestsalisiactoty service.^Liners can be furnished of hard iron, moly-chromeor manganese steel. AU sizes of these sturdily constructedmills can be arranged for flat belt drives withplain or clutch pulley, or for motor and V-belt drive forany standard electrical characteristics.Submit your grinding and concentratiiig problem soyou may receive our prompt and fuQ recommendations.W© manufacture complete concentrating mills for flotationand cyanide flow sheets for any proposed capacity.Write for Morse Ball MiU Bulletin No. 405 andMorse "Trueline" Classifier Bulletin No. 407Oticjno-Tecnico-lndustriQlCasilia Postal 2785Lima, Peru, S.A.ESTABLISHED 1898MORSE BROS MACHINERY CO.P.O.BOX I706 DENVER, COLORADO, U.S.A. CABLE "MORSE"Perret & BrauenCaixa Postal 3574Soo Paulo. Brotil, S. A.OELIVEREDNew York City1775 BroodwoyPerret & BrauenCaixo Postol 288Rio De Janeiro, Brozil, S. A.NOW OFF THE PRESS-T H E N E W , C O M P L E T E L Y REVISED 1940 EDITIONT H E O N L Y M E T A L M I N I N G REFERENCE W O R K O F ITS KINDMINESOVER 30,000 COMPANIES in Canada, United States, Mexico,Central and South America listed with a separate section ofmore than 7,000 active mines, most of them described indetail, giving history, geological report, development, oreS U C C E S S O R T O T H E MINESREGISTERRECOGNIZED AS THEH A N D B O O KW O R L D ' S L E A D I N G A U T H O R I T YON MINE INFORMATION SINCE 1900AN AUTHORITATIVE REFERENCE for investment brokers, mining companies, engineers,superintendents, equipment and supply firms, bankers, metal firms, industrial plants,libraries, etc.O R D E R Y O U R C O P Y H O Wreserve, production, financial structure of company, earnings,operating costs, price range of securities, names of officers,directors, and operating officials,MINES REGISTER, 133 WEST 21st STREET, NEW YORK CITYPUBLISHED BY ATLAS PUBLISHING COMPANYPUBLISHERS OF DAILY METAL REPORTER, BRASS AND ALUMINUM FOUNDRY, STANDARD METAL DIRECTORY334 THE MINES MAGAZINE * JULY 1940Your letters are noelcomed for publication in this column everyissue. Send along your bouquets, your suggestions, your neivs,your problems, your criticisms. You like to read them and so doothers. These are a good start, let's hear from you.-—ED.THE LUCKV MANFrom WARREN W. CURRENS, '12Your letter announcing my luck in the drawing at the AnnualBanquet and the reward for that luck came along in due time.The prize is a very handsome affair, very useful and verywelcome. I consider it a present from the Association and, throughyou, thank the Association.Denver seems impossibly far away from New Jersey but Ihave never given up hope that I can be among those present atsome commencement festivities before I have to go in a wheel chair.P. 0. Box 268, Little Falls, N. J.ORE DIGBEI1 EDITOR IN OKLAHOMAFrom JOHN A. BAILEY, '40I was moved from Tulsa to Covington this week where I expectto be for the next month or so doing roustabout work withthe Shell Company, Fm enjoying my job a great deal and believethat I'm in work that will hold my interest for a long time.My work for the Ore Digger and Mines Magazine is alreadyproving useful and Fm sorry that I was not able to spend moretime on it. If there is any way that I can help out the Magazinein the future please let me know.General Delivery, Covington, Oklahoma.EAST AFRICA: EXCITING AFTER 13,000 MILE TRIPFrom E. R. PEDERSEN, '39On October 23rd, 1939, I left Fresno, California headed forBritish East Africa, via New York and Dar-Es-Salaam, a tripthat was longer than anticipated—64 days.On the way I stopped at Golden, Denver, Chicago and NewYork before waving farewell. Monday October 30th, our boat,the West Cawthon, a small freighter of about 6000 tons, of theAmerican South African Line started on its voyage with tenpassengers. Although it was around ten o'clock in the evening,we did get a fleeting glimpse of the Statue of Liberty.The first two days were plenty rough for a fellow who hadnever been at sea and to play safe I continued where I left off inNew York—-close to the rail. After that the weather cleared upand I became a real sailor. As we traveled into southern watersflying fish became quite numerous. On October 11th we had a greatthrill by a British bomber that circled around our boat ready forbusiness and for once I heard some South Africans say they were•'T Stars & Stripes Protect Cawthon.happy about the largeAmerican flags whichwere painted on thesides of the ship andhatches. The largeplane carried severalmen, two machine guns,and eight large bombsattached to the undersideof the wing. Asit was a land plane, itwas quite probable thatone of the large aircraftcarriers was inthe vicinity, althoughnot in sight.We passed Ascensionand St, Helena Islands,two dots in the Atlantic,almost withincalling distance. AscensionIsland was firstand it came as a bitof relief as it was thefirst land we had seenfor seventeen days.Seven days after passingSt. Helena wereached Africa andpassed the Cape of Good Hope. Here we were visited by a largeBritish cruiser which passed within three hundred yards of us.Up the coast to Natal on the southern part of Africa we were(Continued on page 375)JUST AHAMMER TlIcaclng hoursAPPLY ITOne of our lunch hour^^^slalisticians estimates that two hundredmiihon bells have been laced withAlligator steel belt lacing since its introductionthirty years ago.Drives straightIf these belts could all tell their storysrestion gripof performance if would be summed upin "exfra belt lacing hours."Since the original patent expired therehave been many lacings that looked likepinAlligator. But fortunately for Alligatorthe making of belt lacing is a highlyspecialized job. Years of research,backed by thousands of dynamometertests plus better alloy steels and theconstant improvement in die making andstamping practice, have been responsiblefor these ex(ra belt lacing hours.protects belt ehdsSmooth on both facesEmbeds in beltRocker hingeJoint easily separatedIS EDITIONS andstilt going strong• Here is a 72-pagepocket size manual,"Short Cuts lo PowerTransmission," thatpresents a wealth oipractical informationabout transmissionand conveyor belts.Offers pointers onhow to care for bells,methods of lacing,how to repair con.veyor belts, etc.WRITE FOB YOUR COPYEvery plant should have a supply o*Alligator steel bell lacing on hand.Twelve sizes for flat belts of all typesup to %" thick. Special lengths for widebells. Also made in "Monel" and "Everdur.'Order from your supply house.FLEXIBLE STEEL LACING CO.4628 Lexington St., Chicago, IILALLIGATORTRADE MAH.K R.EG.S T E E L B E L T L A C I N G^ / L a d l i t e C - L I N K - B E L T F E A T U R E SFOR EFFICIENT BELTCONVEYOR OPERATION1. Anti-Frictlon Effieieney. Holler bearings take high radial and thrustloads,2. Strength mi Simplicity. Riye'ed frame, strong brackets ond sturdy rollsmake a trouble-free assembly. No bolts or nuts to work loose.3. Ease of LubriGation. High-pressure grease system is highly accessibleand bearings are protected by labyrinth seals which retain grease endkeep out dirt.4. Belt ProteGtion. Idlers are smooth with rounded edges. Harrow gapbetween rolls prevents pinching.5. Accurate, Balanced Rolls. Accurate machining assures perfect alignmentof bearings and uniformity of parts in the complete idlers.Get information now on better belt conveyor equipment—whether formodernization or new installation needs.LINK-BELT COMPANYewt-oThe Leading Manufacturer of Equipment for Handling Materialsand Transmitting PowerCliicago Indianapoiis Philadelphia Atlanta Dallas San Franoisco TorontoDENVER, 521 Boston Bidg. SALT LAKE CITY, 121-131 Motor Ave.L / A f K - B £ £ TA TYPEFOR EVERYSERVICE£

No. 30DENVER "SUB-A" FLOTATION CELLS personal notesDenver "Sub-A" (Fahrenwald)Flotation Cellsare standard tlie worldover and are used toconcentrate or beneficiatenon-metallic as wellas metallic minerals.Distinct advantages includecirculation ofcoarse material, eliminationof ehoke-ups, andno pumps or elevatorsneeded to recirculateproducts.Ask for latest informationon tliese new No.30 Flotation Cells.D E N V E R E Q U I P M E N T C O M P A N Y1400-1418 SEVENTEENTH STREET, DENVER, COLORADONEW YORK CITY, NEW VORKl 30 Churth StreetSALT LAKE CITY, UTAH: 735 Mdnlyre BuildingMEXICO, D.F.I Baker Bldg., 16 de Sepltembre SBPhone TAbor 7927TORONTO, ONTARIO: 45 Riihmond Street WeitLONDON, INGLAND: B*0 Salilburr Houio, E.C,3JOHANNESBURG, SO. AFRICA: IB ton Aiioril Hie.T H E R U T H C O M P A N YM A N U F A C T U R E R SC R U S H E R S R O D MILLSF L O T A T I O NO FM A C H I N E SDIESEL MINE L O C O M O T I V E SContinental Oi! BuildingManufacturersofDenver'National" Brands Safety Fuse for use in all Blasting OperationsSylvaniteWhite MonarchBrandsBlack Monarch White Aztec Double TapeBear Black Aztec Triple TapeThe National Fuse 8C Powder Co.Denver, Colorado Established 1900Rocky Mountain Distributors—Cordeau-Bickford Detonating Fuse fordeep well blasting.• TELEPHONE ,22oo ArapahoeD e n v e r , C e t e v i U l o .TAboi' e24-4J STR.EET •lENGRAVERS-ILLUSTRATORS-DESIGNERS,' TomV story in Picture leaxfes noiftittg uipold'336EATON METAL PRODUCTS CO.Manufacturers of Steel Tanks of All KindsSpecializing inSpecial Sheet and Plate Work - Equipment to the Oil IndustryOffice and Factory 4800 York StreetTAbor 7205 Denver, ColoradoJohn H. Abbott, '28, has written fromthe Philippines that he has changed hisaddress to Di Ily-Portugese Timor, Islandof Timor. He did not state with whatcompany he is now associated nor thework he is doing.A. E. Anderson, '0+, who has been AssistantManager, Explosives department,in the Seattle district for E. I. duPont deNemours & Co., Inc., has been promotedto the position of Manager. The Seattledistrict includes Washington, Oregon,California, Idaho and the three tiers inMontana, as well as the Alaska territory.Joseph L. Barber, '39, Metallurgist forCreede Mills, Inc., receives mail in careof the company at Creede, Colorado.C. R. Blomberg, '39, is employed by thePhillips Petroleum Company and at presentis being addressed in care of the company.Drawer 188, League City, Texas.Byron B. Boatright, '22, E. V. Foranand W. F. Knode announce the dissolutionof the firm, Parker, Foran, KnodeBoatright and, with P. C. Dixon, '31, haveformed a partnership under the firmname of Foran, Knode, Boatright &Dixon. They will continue practice asPetroleum and Natural Gas Engineers inthe Second National Bank Building, Houston,Texas.Charles fV. Bonvman, '36, as Sales Engineerfor the General Electric Companyis now located in Schenectady, N. Y.,where he receives mail in care of thecompany.Willard S. Briscoe, '30, who is associatedwith the Bethlehem Steel Company, isspending a few months in Tulsa, Oklahoma.His address there is c/o UniversityClub, Box 1S44.James L. Bruce, '01, General Managerof Cyprus Mines Corporation, moved hisCalifornia residence recently to 1321 VirginiaRoad, San Marino, California.{•van G. Burrell, '31, is ProductionSuperintendent for The Ohio Oil Company,with address Box 529, Owensboro,Kentucky.Ti. F. Carpenter, '23, has a change ofaddress from Maguarichic, Mexico toSeptima 300, Chihuahua, Chih., Mexlco-John J. Christmann, Jr., '36, who recentlyopened offices in Lubbock, Texas,as Petroieum Engineer and ConsultingGeologist, has a new address, 2707-2+thStreet.G. Harold Cronin, '26, left the latterpart of May for an indefinite stay inAlaska to make mine examinations onthe Seward Peninsula, on the Arcticocean. Mail sent to his home, 4523 WilsonBoulevard, Arlington, Virginia, willbe forwarded.Eugene E. Davis, Ex-'29, Engineer forthe Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co., hasbeen transferred from Cheyenne to Laramie,Wyoming.Sal'vador del Rio, '28, has returned tothe States from Colombia and is beingaddressed at Apt. 718, 333 East +3rdStreet, New York, N. Y.Donald G. Foot, '38, in the Flotation departmentof the Utah Copper Company,recently moved his residence from SaltLake City to 70 East 17th Avenue, Garfield,Utah.Homer D. Ford, 'OS, Manager of theBarber Asphalt Corporation, is residingat Apt. 2, 215 East Bayaud Avenue, Denver,Colorado, where he receives mail.liarold L. Gardner, '27, who has beenin the Philippines for the past year asEngineer for the North Camarines Mines,is on his way back to the States. Histemporary address is Box 824, Kingsville,Texas.THE MINES MAGAZINE * JULY 1940PERSONAL NOTESCharles E. Golson, '34, is Metallurgistfor the A. S. & R. Company at their SantaBarbara, Mexico plant, and receives mallat the Tecolotes Club, Santa Barbara.Kenneth B. Hutchinson, '39, is being addressedat Box 489, Miami, Arizona; he isemployed by the Miami Copper Company.Sterling Huyett, '36, who returned severalmonths ago from South America, ismine superintendent for the Cameron GoldMines, Inc., in Cripple Creek and representsthis company in Colorado.W. I. Ingham, M. Sc. '34, is being addressedat 201 Avenue E, Bismarck, NorthDakota, where he will be for the summerdoing some geological work.IVilliam D. Jeffries, '37, Sales Engineerfor E. I. duPont de Nemours & Company,has been transferred to Niagara Falls, N.Y,, where he receives mail in care of theR. & H. department of the company.William C. Lang, '39, Chemist for theSun Oil Company, has a change of residenceaddress to 1955 Crosweli Place,Toledo, Ohio,Walter E. Lorence, M. Sc. '23, has beenpromoted to the rank of Major in theU. S. Army and is at present stationedin Washington, D. C, where his addressis 2220-39th Place, N. W.Clifton W. Livingston, '33, who has beenin the Philippines for several years, hasreturned to the States and is being addressedtemporarily at 629 No. OrangeStreet, Glendale, Calif.John M, McAnerney, '35, is employedby the St. Joseph Lead Company at SheepRanch, California.LeRoy M. Otis, '14, who has been inColorado on mine operation has returnedto New York City and is receiving mailat the Lotos Club, 110 West 57th Street.George G. Pasquella, '24, ConsultingGeologist, has a change of address to Box18, Mt. Carmel, Illinois.Philip A. Pelton, '35, is being addressedat Box 571, Park City, Utah.Orviile 0. Shott, '37, Sales Engineer, isbeing addressed in care of Bryan andMorgantown, Uniontown, Penna.Sigmund L. Smith, '39, has returned tohis home in Denver, 3 335 LafayetteStreet, after several months spent in Nevada.Frank H. Storms, '24, General Representativein Northern South America forIngersoii-Rand Company, has been transferredto Caracas, Venezuela, withApartado No. 1347.F. L. Tyler, '23, President of the Texas-Louisiana Oil Co., Inc., receives his mailthrough Box 2721, Houston, Texas.E. D. Underwood, '36, Refining Engineerfor the Arkansas Fuel Oil Company,resides at 228 Lister Street, Shreveport,La.C. A. Wachter, Ex-'33, Party Chief,United Geophysical Company, has achange of residence address to 1255 E.Green Street, Pasadena, California.S. P. Warren, '13, Consulting MetallurgicalEngineer, is being addressedtemporarily at his home in Golden, 914-19th Street, where his family will be forthe summer.Thomas L. Wells, '29, Consulting Engineerreceives mail at 3 Ridgewood Road,Toronto, Ont., Canada.Stanley A. Wickstrom, '38, is in theEngineering department of the StanolindOil and Gas Company in their Houstonoffice. His mailing address is Route 3,Box 85, Houston, Texas.• K & E TRANSITS, L E V E L S & A L I D A D E S • E X P E R T R E P A I R I N G •Mining Men—get your sample ofK&E ALBANENE p'f^o%'P r e p a r e d T r a c i n g P a p e rby asking us for it now. It is permanent, stable, reasonable—forexample a 20-yard roll of 36" mediumweight costs only $4.20 (add tax please), prepaid tothird zone.Send for Complete Engineering Supply Catalog16th at Stout iK E N D R I C K - B E L L A M Y C O . Denver, i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Colo.^ ^ ^ *SEND YOUR ASSAY WORKC H A R L E S O . P A R K E R & C O M P A N Y[901 Lawrence Street MAin 1852 Denver, ColoradoTOGOLD OR SILVER, 50c EACHComplete Price List on Request.Prompt Service—Accurate ResultsFor Distinctive MAin 2733MULTIGRAPHING OR MIMEOGRAPHING509 Railway Exchange Bldg. DENVER, COLORADOF R A N C O W Y O M I N G O I L C O M P A N YPETROLEUM PRODUCTION601 Edison Bldg., Los Angeies 17 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris, FranceWilliam D. Waltman, '99, Vice PresidentLester S. Grant, '99: Lamont E. Smith, '24; Albert P. Kleeman, '24; AssociatesT H E G O L D E N C Y C L E C O R P O R A T I O NBuyers o f G o l d a n d Silver OresFor Purchase Terms and Shipping Instructions, addressMill Department — P. O. Box 86 — Colorado Springs, ColoradoMERRILL E. SHOUP. Pres. MAX W. BOWEN, '24, Mill Mgr.F I R E B R I C KDRY PRESS — STIFF M U DF I R E C L A YDRY MILLED — TILEfor MINE — MILL — SMELTER O U R SPECIALTYGENERAL OFFICE AND PLANTGOLDEN, COLORADOT h e G o l d e n F i r e B r i c k C o m p a n y"Build witliGolden Brick"DENVER SAI.RS OFFICEINTERSTATE TRUST BUILDINGT h e N e w W i l e y E n g i n e e r i n g H a n d b o o k S e r i e sESHBACH'S Handbook of Engmeering Fundamentals—1081 pages; 576 illus.;5VBx8Ve; $5.00.KENT'S Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, Eleventh EditionPower Volume—1252 pages; illus.; 5%x8%; $5.00.Design—Shop Practice Volume—1378 pages; illus.; b%x8Vs; $5.00.PENDER'S Electrical Engineers' Handbook, Third EditionElectric Power Volume—1300 pages; 709 illus.; 5^8x8%; $6.00.Electric Communication and Electronics Volume—1022 pages; 981 illus.;55/8x8^/8; $5.00.For sale by THE MINES MAGAZINE, Denver. Colo.THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940 337

EDITOR AND PUBLiCATiON DIRECTORFRANK C. BOWMAN. '01BRUCE 6. LaFOLLETTE, '22Assistant EditorJOHN H. WINCHELL, '17AdvertisingEVANS FERRIS, '38Assistant AdvertisinginedW. K. SUMMERSProductionDENT LEROY LAY, '35CirculationVOLUME XXX JULY, 1940 NO. 7ASSOCIATE EDITORSotilen tentdTHE PROBLEM OF MINE VALUATION - - - - - 340By Howard N. LaryTHE "DOODLEBUG" vs. APPLIED GEOPHYSICS - - 343By Dari Wantland, M.Sc, '36A PILGRIMAGE TO EGYPT - - - - - - - - 345By George B. Somers, D.Sc, '30RECOVERY OF NICKEL, COPPER ANDPRECIOUS METALS FROM DOMESTIC ORES - - 352By J. Koster, R. G. Knickerbocker, O. C. Garst, T. E. Evans and W. E. CodyEDUCATIONAL TRAINING FOR TEACHERS INENGINEERING COLLEGES 358By C. O. Reiser, Elizabeth, N. J.NON-METALLIC MINERALS - - 359By Kenneth E. Hickok, '26JAMES DUDGEON, '13MiningCLAUDE L. BARKER, '3tCoal MiningDONALD DYRENFORTH, '12MetallurgyRUSSELL H. VOLK,'26PetroleumARTHUR V/. BUELL, '08PetroleumFRED C. CARSTARPHEN, 'OSMathematics and ScienceJ. HARLAN JOHNSON, '23GeologyW. A. WALDSCHMIDTGeologyROBERT F. BARNEY, '35Manuf a cturersELLA J. COLBURNNewsLETTERS 335PERSONAL NOTES - - - - - - - ^ 336WITH THE MANUFACTURERS - - - - - - - 360CATALOGS AND TRADE PUBLICATIONS - - - - 362ALUMNI BUSINESS - - - - - - - - - - 353PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE - - - - - - - - - 354LOCAL SECTIONS - - - - - - - - - - 355WEDDINGS, BIRTHS, MEMORIAM - - - - - - 369BOOK REVIEWS - - - - - - - - - - - 370GEOPHYSICAL NEWS AND REVIEW - - - - - 371REVIEW OF ARTICLES WORTH WHILE - - - . 373PATENT SERVICE - - - - - - - - - - 375overNew Gold Dredging operation, Fairplay, Colo., showing "Caterpillar"Diesel bulldozer in foreground pushing black dirt into rock pile to sealpond for dredge.—Courtesy of Caterpillar Tractor Company, Peoria, 01.SECTION EDITORSA, L. MUELLER, '35M. E. FRANK, '06R.J.SCHILTHUIS, '30BEN V/. GEDDES, 37A. M. KEENAN, '35WILLIAM DUGAN, Ex-'I2p, H. PEAKER, '32C. W. BERRY, '36RALPH KEELER, '31ft. J. MALOIT, '37H. M. STROCK, '22KUNODOERR. Jr..'27WILLIAM J. RUPNIK, '29HUBERT E. RISSER, '37JOHN T. PADDLEFORD. '33A. F, BECK, '2SPERCY JONES, JR., '08Coloracio FuelGeneral Office: Denver, Colorado2 ! ! ^ Iron CorporationSfeel Works: Pueblo, ColoradoINDEX TO ADVERTISERS SEE PAGE 378Official Organ of the Colorado School of Mines Alumni Association. Copyright 19-10. Entered as Second Class Matter at th e Postoffice at Denver, Colorado,V'M-^ A Congress of March 3, 1879. Subscription price $3.«) a year. Single copies 50 cents. No additional chargePublished every month'in the year by tfie Colorado School of Mines Alumni Association7''Add7esrari correTponden«"Tnc1udh^^ moneyorders to Frank J. Nagel, Secretary, 734 Cooper Bfdg., Denver, Colo. Address all correspondence reiating to Mines Magazine to Frank C Bowman Editor/J4 Cooper Buiiomg, Denver, t-oio. . - , .338 THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE JULY 1940339

neer may assure himself on basis of hisown work. Water supply based onseniority of original claims is an importantlegal phase of nearly everyvaluation, especially if there is to be aconcentrating mill in conjunction withthe mine. Water law is especially importantin our Western States and ifthe engineer is not conversant with it,and often he is not, the problem shouldbe placed in the hands of counsel foropinion.In addition to legal precautions regardingownership of property andrights, there are many laws that affectmining, some of which are of recentorigin. Stream pollution is now anofifense in most states, thus making itnecessary to impound tailings and clarifythe overflow water. The applicationof property taxes and incometaxes, both State and Federal, must beconsidered in any contemplation ofprofit. There are other taxes on salesand purchases, for social security, oldage pensions, unemployment, andworkmen's compensation. In recentnew or revised legislation may add toor subtract from tax burdens or alteremployee-employer relationships. Allof these problems that may affect theexploitation of the property at sometime in its existence must be examinedin the light of experience and contemporarytrends.Finally, the financial problem. Thegeological solution answered the questionof gross present value. Succeedingsolutions or partial solutions answerthe problem of capital investment,probable operating cost andprobable maintenance cost. The answerto this final problem is the answerto the question of feasibility. Thevaluator must decide whether or notthe mine, if under consideration forpurchase or substantial capital outlay,may be reasonably expected to repaythe capital investment plus interestthereon. Usually the anticipated rateof interest is in proportion to the apparentrisk. Because a mine is a wastingasset, because mining, once undertaken,is not susceptible to intermit­of return to attract capital, and insome cases (4) the number of yearsrequired to place the property on production.The formula, the solution ofwhich gives the present day value,gives an answer that is practical onlyinsofar as the solution of the manyproblems I have discussed have beenpractical.In view of the many unknown factors,what is the real value of such animposing program of investigation ?In the first place, the program I havegiven in such brief and unsatisfactoryoutline approaches a maximum. Thedetermination of what to include, exclude,stress or slight, must rest withthe examining engineer and his decisionswill be based upon (1) thepurpose of the valuation, (2) the presentand potential character of the property.(3) the ability of his employerto follow his recommendations, (4)the anticipated value of his report, and(5) experience. The engineer will attemptto competently ascertain {1)the gross value of reasonably assuredTheoooo^'GtOP uvs\cstest was not successful. It is pertinentin this connection that this gentlemanfailed to keep an appointment witbDr. Heiiand for an inspection of hisinstrument.Buzz came on the stage a little toosoon. As is well known, at thepresenttime, in the widely used reflectionmethod of seismic prospecting wavessent into the ground from the explosionof a very small charge of dynamite.^These are timed to an accuracyof 1/1000 of a second as theyare reflected back from horizons severalthousand feet below the surface.It is thus possible, since the speed oftravel of these waves is known, toquite accurately ( ± 0.5 of 1% ofthe depth) determine the depth to thereflectingbed.The story of the Buzzascope bringsout the point that almost anyone witha new instrument or a new explorationmethod can obtain a bearing andusually get backing and endorsementif he will submit to impartial tests byqualifiedparties.years new Federal and State laws havebeen passed which govern wages andhours, labor relations, unemploymentcompensation and old age payments,security laws regulating offerings oftent operation, because mining is acapital goods or heavy industry, andbecause mineral products, except bylaw or cartel agreement, are subjectto and responsive to the vagaries ofresei'ves, (2) the possibilities of futurediscoveries, (3) the overall cost ofrealization, and (4) the probablevalue of the product or products.Thus the valuation program is impos­ByD A R T W A N T L A N D , M.Sc, '36Assistant Professor ofGeophysicsAftcn a charge Q\ % o\ a stick or less of 60%dynamite is used.securities, fair trade practices, andsupply and demand, imposing prob­ing only in proportion to the characterColorado School ofMinesmany others, all of which must be con­lems face the engineer. In effect, heof the proposed program ofsubsequentsidered in any problem of valuation.The social problem, using social inits inclusive meaning, is becoming increasinglyimportant. It is under thistitle that I shall consider the cost oflabor and its importance in the problemof valuation. Labor, as I havesaid, enters into every step from thefirst step in exploitation until somefinished article reaches a final restingplace. The problem for the valuatordecreases, however, as the valuableproduct gets further and further awayfrom the mine.Of paramount importance underthis title is the subject of management.From his own experience the examiningengineer must estimate the capabilitiesof future management for efficiencyin operation, leadership (for amine is often isolated), and capabilitiesin the art of exploration. Fromhis own experience he must estimatethc productive capabilities of skilledand unskilled labor translated intotons per man shift, feet per shift, andthen into dollars. In times of flux,such as the present time, he must con­must arrive at some conclusion on thevalue of today's doliar tomorrow andtomorrow's dollar today. T o do thishe must consider the past and presenthistory of the dollar in the many functionsunder review. O n this basis, andseasoned with his own good judgment,he must express an opinion in regardto the future cost of exploration anddevelopment, of labor and materialcosts, of taxes and premiums designedto promote the individual security oflabor, and of property and incometaxation. He must also express anopinion in regard to the future valueof the product or products, the futuretrends in consumption, the possibilitiesof replacement by or displacementof other products, the product's competitiveposition, and of the effect ofthe secondary or scrap market. Thereare many other considerations. Theresult, whether itemized or includedin a final figure, should be an expressionof the degree of feasibility. Thestudy may he brief or exhaustive, hutits quality should bear some relationto the expected investment and the lifeof the property.action. In the second place, it doesplace a dollar value on tangible andintangible resources of value by meansof a method of valuation that has inpractice proved to be superior to others.Finally, although there are manyunknowns that cannot be reduced toprecise determinations, nevertheless therational extension of accurate informationand the reasonable interpretationof human activity are in the longrun our best criteria of the future.In closing, I should like to emphasizean opinion that the increasingavailability of tools for interpretationof ore possibilities will coincide withdemands for their practical application.In early days, outcrops, grassroot orebodies, and abundant speculativemoney that paid for the drivingof random holes into attractive hillsidesresulted in the discovery of mostif not all of our mining districts. Theproduction from these districts increasedrapidly and with few exceptionsconsumotion kept pace. Todaythose easih'^ discovered occurrenceshave been well worked over, like thePartThenBuzzascopeIn the early history of the Westthere wasn't much differencebetweenthe shootings of the quick fingeredDeputy Sheriff and the quickfingeredoutlaw as far as the victim was concerned,as the life of "Billy the K i d "shows. In like manner there is, attimes, a very thin line between whatis sound and legitimate in a prospectinginstrument and what is a doodlebugfor the uninformed investor.A borderline case along this linewas that of the Buzzascope^ whichblossomed in ahout 1927. M r . Buzzwith his Buzzascope undeniably hadgood proposition if it worked. In theoperation of this instrument beawouldshoot off a pistol in a can, set into theground, and attempt to record thetime of travel of the energy thus sentinto the earth as it was reflected fromrock strata below. In this procedureBuzz, no doubt, took his idea fromdeep sea echo sounding methods;widely used in oceanographic surveys.He was successful in obtaining a hear­-1 nf-sider the possibilities of increased de­better kernels in a dish of popcorn.ing and in interesting several of themands regarding wages, working hoursand conditions, and living conditions.Other social problems are nationalor international in character. Thecomparatively free flow of goods ininternational trade has been upset byrecent surges of nationalism. Now wehave wars, declared and undeclared,in many parts of the world. A t homeNo discussion of valuation is consideredcompetent without mention ofthe Hoskold annuity formula. Briefly,it is a formula that provides a mathematicalsolution to the valuation afterthe participating factors have been determined.These factors are (1) expectednet yearly profit; (2) expectedlife of the property; (3) required rateH a d the present development of thehuman race transpired ten thousandvears later, other outcrops now unknownwould have been exposed.These undiscovered orebodies whichare undoubtedly more abundant thanthose we now see, are the reserves ofthe future.(Continued on page 366)officials of oil companies who at thattime had oifices in the First NationalBank Building of Denver. A test ofhis machine was arranged for at theFt. Collins oil field. A number ofcompany geologists and some of theseofficials went out with M r . Buzz towitness the trial of his device. The^ This name fictitious for obvious reasons.M O D t K N b C l h N "WITH G E O P H Y S I C A L M E T H O l \ . J342 THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 1940343

Geophysicists have seen so muchdevelopment in their instruments andmethods and science has made suchrapid and phenomenal strides in relativelyfew years that no new propositioncan be safely "laffed off"withoutinvestigation. Xhe sad part of thesituation is that many people willoftenmore readily invest their money insomething with a certain amount of"bokus pokus" attached to it thantheywill in a scientifically legitimate,though less spectacular, geophysicalsurvey. I^he Lucky Strike ad of afew years ago apparently summed upthe situation with the slogan "It's funto be fooled." More than one wellhas been drilled on a doodlebug location.V Modern Scientific , , ,w .Prospecting withGeophysical ^ • . -Mefhods.. -ii. 'i-translated from the Latin some yearsago by Hon. Herbert Hoover andMrs. Hoover.There were skeptics as to doodlebugsand witch sticks even in Bauer'stime which was only some 60 yearsafter Columbus sailed the ocean blue.Bauer himself says in what is to ourears the quaint language of his daythat—"There are many great contentionsbetween miners concerning theforked twig, for some say that it isof the greatest use in discovering veins,and others deny it." There was alsoargument as to whether a fork from ahazel bush was the most efficacious orwhether it was better to use hazeltwigs for veins of silver; ash twigs forcopper; pitch pine for lead andman, should not make use of an enchantedtwig, because if he is prudentand skilled in the natural signs heunderstands that a forked stick is ofno use to him—." He adds "—for,as I have said before, there are thenatural indications of the veins whichhe can see for himself without theoftwigs."AncestralBackgroundhelpAccording to M r . Arthur J. Elliswhose work has been previously cited,the true ancestral background of witchsticks and like divining rods is lost inantiquity. It is certain, according tothis writer, that rods or wands ofsome kind were in use among ancientpeoples for forecasting events,searchingfor lost objects and occult prac­ing, developed to a point of commercialapplication onlj' withinrecentyears, are knocking at the door of justthis problem in relation to oil andgas.W e wonder then if it really isbeyond the realms of possibility thatinstruments and methods will someday be devised for directly locatingminerals and even, perhaps, for distinguishingbetween them. But suchdevices, indeed, would mark thearrival of the geophysical milleniumand to paraphrase Bauer, ought notbe given consideration by good andserious men. W e doubt, however, ifeven Bauer himself would have believedsuch a commonplace marvel astransatlantic telephone would ever bepossible.Shorfy Hamilfon's Treasure Finder *Description of actual doodlebugsare rather rare though the literature onthe subject in general is surprisinglyextensive. One publication,^ for example,contains a bibliography of 572items. A n account of a truly extraordinarydoodlebug was sent totheEditor^ of the Engineering and M i n ­ing Journal hy M r . W . P. Crawfordof Bisbee, Arizona, in 1933. Thestory is asfollows:" 'Shorty' Hamilton was in theoffice the other day asking for an ol^carbon electrode, and, on being questioned,said that he was helping builda radio ore finder. Further questioningbrought out this tale:" 'This is the second machine we'vebuilt. The first one was a dandy. Ithad about $140 worth of platinumfor points, but the lightning struck itand burned everything up. We'regoing to use the old arc-light carbonsin the new machine. It's not as good,but it's lightningproof." 'The first machine was awfulsensitive, especially to gold. W e triedit out on gold watches and gold teethand stuff like that and it worked fine.Jim wanted to go up in the BlackCanyon country, north of Phoenix;said there was a lot of placer groundand gold quartz veins and we'd finda mine. W e packed the machine inmy car, and it didn't do much untilwe reached Bumblebee, and then itwent crazy. The needle pointed northwestand the bell was ringing, andJim saj's, 'There's a mine round heresome place, pardner.' W e followedthe line as far as we could drive andthen packed the machine^—it wasn'tvery heavy—-for three or four miles.The further we walked the better shewas acting, and finally we come to anold prospector's cabin. He was home' Doodlebug Ftory referred To in Pari I of thisarticle. Mines Magazine, March 1940.^U. S. G. S, Water Supply P.iper No. 416, byA. J. Ellis, Ti;e Divining Rod—A History of WaterWitching." Permission has been obtained from the Editor ofthis publication for llic use ol this material.—an old fellow, all bearded up likea hilly goat—and asked us to comein. W e took the machine in the cabinand Jim took some readings. Therewas gold ahead of us all right andthere was something close to the cabinthat kept bothering with the quartzvein readings Jim was getting. Theold fellow told us about his claimsand it checked just what the machineshowed ; so we asked him if he wantedto sell. He was agreeable—wanted$5,000 for the four claims. W e wentdown to Nogales, raised the cash andtook it back. He signed the deeds,and after we counted out the moneyand everj'thing was settled, he said,'Gents, the place is yours.' He wentover to his bunk, fished around underit with his cane, and dragged out anold suitcase. He opened it up to puthis money away and we saw a big rollof gold certificates. Jim says, 'Shorty,there's what was a-boogering up ourmachine. It was them damn yellowbackbills.' "Legifimate Treasure Finders"Shorty" Hamilton is not the onlyperson interested in locating buriedtreasure. W e often receive lettersfrom persons who want to know ifthere are machines for that purpose.The answer is yes, though they cannottrace out "yellow back bills." Infact these instruments were notoriginally built for treasure findingbut for the unromantic job of locatingburied water pipes. Their applicabilityto the problem of locatingmetallic objects, such as treasure, if itlies within 10 to 15 feet or less of thesurface is, so to speak, a bj'-product.The School of Mines now owns oneof these instruments which is usefulalso in the teaching of geophysics asit neatly illustrates the basic principlesof the inductive methods of electricalprospecting. In these methodsalternating current carried in a largeloop of wire laid out on the groundexcites a secondary field in a conductivezone or ore body in the vicinity.The location of the conductor can bedetected by suitable measurementswith a search coil.The pipe locator combines the loopand the coil into a portable instrumentbuilt on a smaller scale. In it a squaresending coil, about 2' on a side, sendsout an alternating wave from an oscillatorbuilt into the coil. A similarcoil forms a receiving unit andthrough ear phones plugged in to thiscoil a note can be heard. Both coilsare connected by light side rods forcarrying. A n operator who walksbetween the coils walks with the instrumentacross an area where thepresence of a pipe or buried metal issuspected. As a secondary field iscreated, by the wave sent out, in anynearby pipe the presence of the pipecan be detected by an increase of thesound in the bead phones. This maysound slightly doodlebuggy for ineffect the sending coil on the rear endof the machine tickles the pipe, as itwere, and the squeal set up is detectedat the front end or coil of the pipelocator. W e know they are effective,however, as we have personally operatedtwo of them of different makestesting on a ivater pipe in the onecase and a small buried metal boundbox in the other.Such an instrument is applicable,incidentally, in examining the goldcontent of a placer deposit, a fact notgenerally known. Just what can bedone with them as to locating ore andoutcrops thereof is not a proven case,as far as we know, though certainclaims have been advanced along thisline.Back in the Good Old Days of 1556As noted in Part I of this articledoodlebugs are of ancient if not honorablelineage. A water witch withforked stick is shown in the wood cutfrom that famous book "De ReMetallica," by Louis Agricola Bauer.This very old treatise of 1556 wasespecially tin, and rods of iron andsteel for gold.One school of thought in regard tothe use of twigs in locating veins heldthat the movement of the twig, as itwas grasped in the proper manner inthe hands of the operator, was due tothe power of the veins. O n the otherhand, to quote Bauer "—those whosay that the twig is of no use to goodand serious men, also deny that themotion is due to the power of theveins as the twig will not move foreverybody, but only for those whoemploy incantations and craft." ^ Theanswer given to this by the twig operatorswas that "when one of theminers or some other person holds thetwig in his bands, and it is not turnedby the force of the veins this is dueto some peculiarity of the individual,which hinders and impedes tbe powerof the vein." They said further that"—the power of the vein in turningand twisting the twig may be notunlike tbat of a magnet attracting anddrawing iron toward itself, thishidden quality of a man weakens andbreaks the force, just the same as garlicweakens and overcomes the strengthof a magnet. For a magnetsmeared with garlic juice cannot attractiron—."Bauer took what would today becalled a scientific attitude when hesaid "since this matter remains in disputeand causes much dissensionamongst miners, I consider it oughtto be examined on its own merits."He pointed out that the form of thetwig or rod used by the ancients forlocating veins was of no importanceand if attracted by the veins the forcewould draw the twig straight to itrather than act to turn the twig inthe hands of the operator. Afterneatly disposing of a number of otherpoints in drawing attention to thefutility of forked twigs for locatingveins he concludes with the following:"Therefore a miner, since wethink he ought to be a good and serioustices in general. The rod is mentionedmany times in the Bible in connectionwith miraculous performances,especially in the books of Moses. Itis not certain whether there is anyactual connection between the rodsand wands of very ancient times andthe divining rod or witch sticks ofthetime of Bauer and down to the presentday. Furthermore, space does notpermit going into this rod and wandphase of the subject, nor to take upthe matter of to what extent certainreally smart men used rods to coverup and hide from the uninitiated theirreal methods of prospecting. This ideahas been developed by R. W . Raymond''in discussing the rulesfollowedhy Baron de Beausoleil, a leading miningauthority of his day (1576-1643).The doodlebugger must be creditedwith keeping abreast of the times.While some water witches still clingto the old forked stick, many doodlebugsare highly pseudo scientific;utilizing the latest in radio and radioactivity.They will, no doubt, soon heharnessing cosmic rays to their chariot.Just as nature aids the physician incuring human ills, since the majorityof people get well anyway, nature iskind to the water "dowser." Thereare relatively few places in thehabitable and inhabited parts of theworld where if a drill hole is sunkdeep enough water will not be found.O n the basis of this fact the chancesof success are much in favor of thewillow wandConclusionworker.In conclusion we borrow a thoughtexpressed by M r . Oscar Weiss in anaddress before the World PetroleumCongress in London in 1933.^ Inpointing the future, Weiss set theultimate aim of geophysical prospectingas the direct location of minerals.In this he was prophetic. The soiland gas analysis methods of prospect­'s. W. Raymond—Transactions A, I. M. E.. Vol.I !. p. 419—1883.' Proceedings World Petrolenm Congress. London,section B. 1934.In regard to this Buck Rogeresquepicture of the future, we can paraphrasethe words of the negro song"If that ain't stealin', I don't know"and say "if that ain't doodiehuggin'I don'tknow."M E C H A N I C A LENGINEERSS O U G H T BY W A R A N D N A V YDEPARTMENTSThe United States Civil Service Commissionhas announced an open competitiveexamination to fill mechanical engineerpositions, in the field of industrialproduction, in the War and Navy Departments.The examination is announced forthree grades, with salaries ranging from$2,600 to $3,800 a year, less a retirementdeduction of 3J^ per cent.Applications will be rated as receivedat the Commission's Washington ofEce untilJune 30, 19+1. Qualified persons areurged to file their applications promptly.Except for the substitution of additionalengineering experience, applicants musthave completed a 4-year college course inengineering. They must also have hadprofessional mechanical engineering experienceand specialized experience in industrialproduction. The specialized experiencemust have included the planningor lay-out of industrial plants, or themaking of surveys of plants for improvementsin processes or products; and musthave enabled the applicant to becomefamiliar with the machinery, methods, andmaterials of production manufacturewithin the field of mechanical engineering.Certain substitutions of graduate studyin engineering may be allowed for partof the experience.Full information regarding the examination,and the proper application forms,may be obtained from the Secretary ofthe Board of United States Civil ServiceExaminers at any first- or second-classpost office, or from the United StatesCivil Service Commission, Washington,D. C.344 THE MINES MAGAZINE JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 1940 345

hot ashes and pumice in 79 A . D.),with a card bearing my name so 1crops in the fields but we did notewidth. T w o other men from the of­the Hali of Justice, lots of stores andturned my baggage over to him andalfalfa, cabbage, sugar cane, cotton,fice were also going so all three ofshops, and the Temple of Apollo inmarched down the gangplank to berice, and something like corn. Thereus donned our Tuxes, ate supper to­which we found several interestingmet by a company representative.Withwere many water buffalo, some graz­gether, and at 9:15 were at thestatues. One with a hole in the backhim to steer me it was a matter ofing, some plowing, others walking intheater,—supper, by the way, is servedof its head had formerly had that holemoments to pass the customs and ina circle attached to a pole thatturnedin Egypt at 8:00 P. M . W e managedconnected by a pipe with an under­a few minutes more we were at thea water wheel to furnish irrigationto stay for the first act but then weground chamber so that a priestcouldSocony-Vacuum canning factory orfor the fields. There were manyskipped. As we went out the manact as the voice of the oracle andthusshipping department. Here 1 met theburros, as usual carrying enormousat the door who had tickets for re-impress the people. Another rathermanager and was sent on a tour oftheloads, and quite a few camels —admission asked "Are you comingstartling one was of an hermaphroditeplant.dromedaries I think is a better termback?" In unison we replied "Whatbut we were told there were severalsuch statues and paintings in the ruinsas the Pompeiians seemed to featuresuch unusual persons.The Forum or main public squarewas quite large, and here we turnednorth I believe. At any rate we wentthru a public bath house and saw thehot, tepid and cold water and steambaths, the dressing room with itsbrasier to supply heat, and poles forhanging up clothes, some more castsof people trapped here, possibly slaves,and numerous small statues.Our route led us by many housesand gardens where we could see prettyfountains and mosaics, tbe house BulwarLytton described in his "LastIDays of Pompeii," and finally one ofthe finest homes yet unearthed, that ofthe Brothers Vettii. Many houses bythe way, are known now by the designin the mosaic forming the floor bythe front door. There is tbe "Homeof the Dog," "Home of the W i l dBoar," etc.In tbe fine house tho we foundthat the artium because of lack ofwindows, had a square hole to admitlight in the roof, while under it inthe floor was a catch basin or poolto catch the rain water and carry itoff. By the front door was a paintingthat for respectability sake has beencovered up with a door and locked, butis shown to men visitors with specialpermit, and to women by themselveswho tip the guide,—never to mixedgroups.Inside the house is a patio withgarden, statues, original Roman leadpipes, etc. Formerly there was anotherstatue here but it is now hidden withsome very spicy pictures in a side roomand only shown by special permit. W ehad one. Oif of this patio are severalrooms with the original paintings,most of them of mythological subjects,still on the walls. T o a casual observerthey are not so bad but to thebetter initiated some are rare, particularlythe one of the wooden cowor origin of the Minotaur of Crete.There is also a vomitorium off thedining room, just a plain room with acatch basin in the floor. The Romancustom was to eat until full, retire tothis room for a few minutes, then returnand enjoy another meal.From here we wandered pastnumerous old houses and gardenswithmosaics and fountains to the middleclass red light district where our permitagain gained admission. Herethe small rooms, stone beds, rare andspicy wall paintings, and scratches onthe walls were veryinteresting.Unfortunately our time was runningshort and we couldn't take inthearena, tragic theater, etc., but we didget to see public drinking fountainsshowing stone walls worn by drinkers'hands, stepping stones across thestreets at intersections for pedestrians,and ruts worn by chariot wheels in thestone roads.W e went back by the main street orStreet of Abundance, got a kick outof the sign on one of the stones in thestreet pointing to house No. 4 or redlight of the rich. W e didn't enter asall of the paintings, etc., have beenput in the Museum in Naples, andonly the shell of the inside remains.Back past the voting chamber andthru the Forum we soon regainedour car and headed for Naples. W eran out of gas shortly after we enteredtown, fortunately near a service stationor rather pump, and herelearnedhow a car can be weaned for ourchauffeur bought a litre (roughly aquart)of gas which is the daily rationper car, except for business trips likeours. Gas, by the way, is five and ahalf lires a litre which figures out atover a dollar a gallon.W e didn't see much of Naples exceptthe University, an old fort, amonastery or something on a hill, andthat is about all. W e reached the shipwith a few minutes to spare andsailedat 4:00 P. M.—dead tired but gloriouslyhappy. W e passed betweenCapri and Sorrento and were soonheaded for the open sea to the south.At 11:30 P. M . just before tbemoon set we came within sight ofthe fiery crater of Stromboli. Itbrightened and showed activity ahoutevery ten minutes for the next hourand a half, and once flared high andmade a grand spectacle. By the timewe were abreast of the volcano tho, themoon was down and nothing couldbe seen of its general form.Tbe night was so dark I gave upall hope of seeing the Straits of Messina,between the toe of the boot andSicily, and went to bed. At four A . M .the ship slowed down to pass thru thestraits and the change in vibration ofthe engine woke me up. One look outthe port hole and I grabbed a bathrobeand dashed on deck—the only passengerthat got to see the sight. Thestrait was rather narrow, and linedwith houses, streets, etc., all lighted uplike a church on Sunday night. Tbetwo long lines of light against a pitchdark background made the scene looklike the "Great White Way," and asight not soon to be forgotten. Hopeto see the towns by daylight next time.While in Italy by the way we gota few Fascist salutes, chiefly fromofficials but sometimes by individuals.It was more like an official salute andfar less obnoxious than the Nazi salutewith its accompanying "Heil Hitler"so universal in Germany. Giving itwas easy and natural to a "Heil Hitler"expert like myself and I gave itperfectly to the first one who sprangit on me even if a fraction of a secondlate.There followed two days of perfectlycalm weather, a barely perceptablevibration from the engines beingthe only motion. W e thot we weregoing to see Crete but the ship took amore southerly course and neversighted land.Thursday morning, December 21st,just twenty-six days after sailing fromNew York, we were at Alexandria.A government boat met us outside theharbor and inspected the passengerlist, passports, manifest, etc., then permittedus to enter the harbor anddock. A custom's porter came aboardIt was an interesting trip for theymake it all here including the can.Old barrels and cans are reconditioned,different grades of oil areblended, and, if I understood correctly,even the machinery was made locally.While this was all very interestingthe high light was a small storeroomcut in rock and kept closed by alocked door. It seems that in buildingthe plant they cut into a hillside toobtain more space and ran into thisold crypt with Greek columns whichhad been cut by band from the rockover 2500 years ago. Originally itwas full of bones but they disintegratedas soon as touched. One roomhad been filled up to make space forthe factory but two more were openand used for storage space. Cut inone wall were a number of compartmentsfrom two of which led tunnels.M y guide, the plant engineer, toldme that one went sixty feet to anotherchamber full of bones and the secondled toward the heart of town. He hadfollowed it for a kilometer or two butthe air was bad and he came out withoutfinding where it led to.The manager's car then took us uptownwhere I got some money changedand bought a newspaper, "The EgyptianMail." The monetary unit hereis the Egyptian pound which has aslightly higher value than the Britishpound,—that is a little over four dollars.It is divided into one hundredpiasters, and that, or possibly tbe halfpiaster, is about the smallest unit theAmericans use. There is anothercalled the millieme, I think, ten ofwhich make a piaster. The sights inAlexandria were all strange but asthey were much the same as in CairoI'll describe some of them later as Igo along.At the depot 1 found myself slatedfor a first class compartment togetherwith a Standard of Caiifornia manand a Shell man I bad known on the"Exochorda." The train pulled outat 12:15 P. M . on the dot and at3:05 P. M . we arrived in Cairo, eatingenroute.There were many strange sightsalong the way so that the time passedall too quickly. The Nile delta, ofcourse, was flat as a pancake, and almostentirely under cultivation. BeingDecember there weren't manyas all we saw only had one hump.I saw one haystack ambling down theroad but as the train went by a camelshead was seen to stick out the frontend. There were also some regularcattle, geese, chickens, herons orcranes, and some other animals.The little farming villages werecollections of mud or adobe hutsusually more or less surrounded by awall. They reminded me very muchof Mexican settlements in parts ofNew Mexico but nowhere did redchili peppers hang from the roofswhich, by the waj', seemed to beof straw or brush.madeAlmost all the men in the countrywore a sort of white cap or turban,and a flowing grey nightshirt. O ntheir feet were sandals so that theyflop-flopped along as they walked.These villagers are also common inthe cities but generally the red fezpredominates there altho the nightshirtis still popular. I could see asort of vest at the top and front oftbe garment, and traces of an undershirtbut wondered what else wereunderneath. Finally tho at a railroadstation my curiosity was satisfied asone man raised his skirt to get somemoney, and underneath I found hewore a baggy pair of poorly fittingtrousers, or rather breeches, with sidepockets. W h y the nightshirt unlesshe was ashamed of the cut of hisbreeches I don't know as it wasn'tnecessary, hut it really looked almostimmodest to see him raise it and gofor a trouser pocket.In Cairo I was met hy the ChiefGeologist who took me to the CarltonHotel where a room awaited me, andafter washing up I went to the ofiiceto meet some of the gang.Believe it or not winter office hourshere are 8:30 to 1:00, and 4:00 to6:00 from Monday thru Friday, andfrom 8:30 to 1:00 on Saturday. Insummer I have been told they workfrom 8:00 to 2:30 and quit for tbeday, but that remains to be seen. Theoffice boj'S run around in jet-blacknightshirts and fezzes, and wear aSocony-Vacuum badge over theirhearts.M r . Fath gave me two tickets fora theatrical benefit for the British RedCross which he was unable to use,altho I only needed one in spite of mydo you think?" and out we went. Itwas ham performance and the acousticswere terrible.Cairo is said to be one of the mostcosmopolitan cities in the world, andthat isn't much of an exaggeration.Most of the women wandering aroundtho are foreigners as Egyptian womengenerally seem to obey the Koran andstay home,—or if they do go out areusually escorted, and many wear adiaphanous veil, tho not all. M e n apparentlyhold all the jobs, evenwaitresses and chambermaids beingmen wearing the customary nightshirt.Those in the hotel dining roomhowever, wear a white gown with abroad bright colored girdle as a cinch.By the way, you can laugh as muchas you like to but my figure here seemsto he the stjde—skinny birds don'tcount much, altho there are manyamong the porters and working class.There are traflSc cops at many cornersbut everywhere else you can gowhere and how you please. Pedestrianswalk in the streets and autos havea tough time of it unless they blowtheir horn hard and go fast—theneverybody jumps. There are lots ofcars but am not sure but what Americancars predominate.Arabic is undoubtedly the prevailingtongue while strange as it mayseem French seems to be second, andEnglish tbird. One also hears a lotof Italian and Greek but at the presenttime the German talkers are keepingremarkably quiet.O f course there are a lot of uniformson the streets, mostly Egyptian,but with a good sprinkling of Tommies,Kilties, Sikhs, etc. English naturallypredominates as far as Englishgoes, and I fear my perfectly goodAmerican tongue is apt to becomecontaminated.Arabic sounds alright to the ear butJ'OU ought to see it written. Thereare twenty-eight characters and eachhas at least four diiferent shapes orforms, depending on whether it standsalone, at the beginning, middle or endof a word. Complicated is no namefor it.This ends the story of the Pilgrimage;what happens later will be toldin another installment if and when Ihear from this one.350 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940 351

RECOVERY OF NICKEL, COPPER ANDPRECIOUS METALS FROM DOMESTIC ORESByJ. KOSTER2,R. G . K N I C K E R B O C K E R ^O. C . G A R S T ^ T. R. E V A N S ^and W . E. C O D Y «(Continued from May Issue)Electrolytic Production ofNickel and CopperREVIEW OF NICKEL-COPPERELECTROMETALLURGICALINDUSTRYThere are two industrial processesby which electrolytic copper andnickel are recovered from coppernickelsulfide ores, namely, the Stanleyand the Hybinette processes.B Y T H E C O M B I N E D E L E C T R O T H E R M A LA N D E L E C T R O L Y T I C M E T H O DBriefly,the Stanley^^ process consists ofsufidizing completely the convertermetal to Ni3S2 and CU2S, fusingwithsodium sulfide, and allowing the meltto solidify in pots. O n cooling, themelt separates into two layers, thetop rich in copper and the bottomrichin nickel. The tops are blown toblister in a series of converters, andthe copper is cast into anodes, whichare refined electrolytically. A portionof the precious-metal slimes is recoveredhere.^^ The bottoms are re-treatedwith sodium sulfide in the abovedescribedmanner. In the second treatmenttbe tops are not rich enough incopper to be converted directly, sothey are returned to thefirst-treatmentpots and combined with the raw convertermetal. The bottoms, however,are comparatively pure nickel sulfidecontaminated with only a small percentageof copper sulfide and somesodium sulfide. The small amountsof copper and the sodium sulfide areremoved by leaching with hot water,chlorinating with salt, releachingwithhot water, and finally calcining withsoda ash and releaching to obtain blacknickel oxide contaminated by only 0.1percent copper. The oxide is smeltedwith carbonaceous fuel and coal asreducing agent in an open-hearthfurnace,and the nickel oxide is reducedto metallic nickel. The metallic nickel" Peek, R, L., Refining Nickel-copper Matte atPort Colboriie: Eng. and Min. World, Nol'ernber1930, p. 632.2= Aldrich, C. H.. and Bryan, J. K., The BritishEmpire's Largest Oipper Refinery; Erig, and Min.World, November 1930, p. 639.is cast into anodes and refined electrolyticallyin a neutral boric acid-nickelsulfate electrolyte. A portion of theprecious-metal slimes is recoveredhere.In the Hybinette^'* process the converterwhite metal is first used to removetraces of copper from the nickelelectrolyteby replacement and precipitationof cement copper, after whichit is roasted to a very low sulfur content.The roasted white metal is thenleached with sulfuric acid to provideelectrolyte for the insoluble-anode,copper-electrowinning ceils. Thiselectrolyteis eiectrolyzed with leadanodes; electrolytic copper, sulfuricacid, and nickel sulfate being theproductsof the electroij'sis. The solutionis evaporated, the nickel sulfate crystallizedout, and the sulfuric acid returnedto the copper leach tanks. Theleach residue, which is much lowerin copper than the original convertermatte, is smelted with coke and suitablefluxes and soluble high nickellowcopper anodes cast from the resultantmetal. These anodes are refinedelectrolytically in a compartmentcell; the neutral sulfate-boric acidelectrolyte is kept free of copper dissolvedfrom the anodes by contactwithraw converter white metal or anodescrap in cementation tanks. Electrolyticnickel and precious-metal slimesare the end products of this electrolysis.R. G . Knickerbocker-^ has reportedthe use of coke, blast-furnace, matteanodes for copper electrolysis at theplant of the Missouri Cobalt Co. inFredericktown, Mo. These anodeswere far more complex than those usedin the present work but were used ina manner similar to that reported intbis paper. However, the MissouriCobalt Co. did not recover the nickelin the spent copper electrolyte by electrolysisbecause of the high cobalt content,but separated it from the cobaltand iron by a complex series of precipitationsand purifications. Nickel^' Goivlarid, W., and Bannister, C. O., TheMetalkirfe'y of Nonferrous Metals: Griffin & Co.,1930. p. 551.Lathe. F. E.: Jour. Soe. Chem. Ind., val, 44,pp. 433-443 T,Knickerbocker, R. G., Electrolytic Separation olCopper from a Copper-cobaIt-nickel Matte: Min.and Sci. Press, July 10, 1920, pp. 45-50.oxide was precipitated and either reducedin an oil-fired reverbatory furnaceor sold as an oxide. Cobalt oxidewas marketed as such.PRESENT WORK ON ELEC­TROLYSIS OF WHITE-METALANODES FROM BUNKERVILLEORESThe white-metal or convertednickel-copper matte described in thepreceding section of this paper wascast into anode molds with or withoutcopper lugs, depending onwhetherit was to be used for electrolysis or inleaching to make up theelectrolyte.A portion of the copper-nickel converteranode metal was groundthrough 28-mesh, mixed with suitableagglomerate, and sintered to oxides onthe laboratory sintering machine, andreground. The sinter was then leachedwith 10-percent sulfuric acid to provideelectrolyte for the copper-electrowinningceils. In plant practice,the leach residue would be chargedinto the electric converter. Thesenickel-copper sulfide anodes wereusedin the copper cells. The copper electrowinningcells were conventionalmultiple-system tanks as used by themajority of commercial copper refineries.Cathodes were the regularcopper starting sheets. The experimentalcopper-refining cells weremade of maple. All joints at cornerswere half-lapped and screwed inplace as tightly as possible. After assemblythe wooden cells were linedwith a thin coating of soft rubber.The electrolyte was fed by glass tubing,which passed through rubberstoppers cemented to the cell walls.Spent electrolyte was conducted fromthe cell by a similar set of pipes.main busbars and the anode crossThebarswere triangular sections of copper.Cathode cross bars were rectangularin cross section and were soldered tothe starting sheets.Figure 5 is a drawingof one of thecells.Electrolysis of the anodes formedcopper sulfate, nickel sulfate, elementalsulfur, and sulfuric acid duringthe course of electrolysis. Inasmuchas the rate of copperdissolutionfrom the anode was considerablyslower than the rate of copper deposi-T Figure 2—Copper refining cell.tion at the cathode, the solution wasconstantly being depleted of copperand at the same time was being builtup in nickel sulfate and sulfuric acid.When the solution had reached a copperconcentration so low that thecathode deposit would not adhere, aportion of the electrolyte was returnedto the copper leach tanks and againbuilt up in copper. By this methodof alternate leaching and electrolysis,the nickel concentration was built upto about 30 grams per liter and thecopper concentration reduced to below5 grams per liter. The low coppersolution was then eiectrolyzedwith lead anodes in a separate seriesof cells to free the solution of copper.The copper produced in the cells inwhich the soluble anodes were usedformed firm adherent cathodes, butthat formed in the ceils with leadanodes dropped to the bottom as "softcopper."After the lead anode electrolysis,the solution contained less than 0.05gram copper per liter. The solutionwas treated hot with anode scrap fromthe first series of copper refining cellsor with metallic nickel powder, whichcemented out the small amount ofcopper remaining in solution. The freesulfuric acid was neutralized withcalcium carbonate, and the precipitateof calcium sulfate was filtered off andwashed free of nickel sulfate. Thewashings were combined with thefiltrate; the solution was heated andheld about 90° C. while being agitatedand blown with air. At all times duringthis blowing process the solutionwas in contact with precipitated nickelcarbonate, which was added to thetanks. I)uring the course of thistreatment the ferrous iron was oxidizedto the ferric state and precipitatedas oxide or basic sulfate. Aportion of the nickel carbonate chemicallyequivalent to the iron precipitatedwent into solution. The iron precipitatewas filtered off, and the nickelwas precipitated from part of thefiltrate as basic nickel carbonates bytreatment with a saturated solutionof sodium carbonate.The nickel carbonatewas filtered off and washed freeof soluble salts with hot water. Tbewashings were combined with thefiltrate, and sodium sulfate wascrj'stallized therefrom. The precipitatednickel carbonate was of the compositiongiven in table 14.T A B L E 1+.—ANALYSIS OF NICKELCARiiONATEPRECIPITATEPercentNiCOs 73NiSOj 7.7HsO - - - 19.3That portion of the iron-free solutionthat was not treated with sodiumcarbonate was made up into purenickel catholyte by the addition ofboric acid and sodium fluoride andadjustment of the nickelconcentrationto 30 grams per liter. Nickel was recoveredfrom this solution as electrolyticnickel by electrolysis in a compartmentcell.The cathode was placed in a slotteddiaphragm frame covered with lightcanvas. The anodes of soft lead wereseparated from the cathode hy thesecanvas diaphragms. The purifiednickel electrolyte was introduced intothe top of the cathode compartmentthrough flow tubes drilled in theframe, passed down the face of thecathode, out through a like system offlow tubes drilled in the bottom ofthe frame, and into the anode compartment.The anolyte flowed pastthe face of the anodes and out intothe anolyte sump. The acid anolytewas then treated to neutrality withthe precipitated nickel carbonate,filtered, and returned to the purifiednickelcatholyte tank. Figure 3 is adiagrammatic flow sheet showing thesequence of theprocesses.DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ONELECTROLYSIS OF NICKEL-COPPER ANODESCopper ElectrolysiswereThree different anode compositionsused in the copper-refining cells.These compositions were as shown intable 15.T A B L E IS.—CONVERTER ANODECOMPOSITIONS, PERCENTAnodeNo. Cu Ni Fe S Cu/Ni1 -44.01 28.42 2.95 21.75 1.552 44.40 28.08 .34 25.82 1.583 --44.42 39.46 .30 13.21 1.12The precious-metals content of theanodeswas:Ounces per tonof 2.000 lb.Ag 3.93Au _ _ 1.12Pt 65Pd 1.32Anode composition 2 is more thancompletely saturated witb sulfur andwould not be made in normal converterpractice unless the pyritic sulfurcontent of the ore increased. T o preparethis anode, metal of anode compositionNo. 1 was crushed and fusedwith niter to remove the iron, theslagbeing discarded. This sulfide was fusedwith a large excess of sulfur andcast into anodes. This anode metalwas prepared for strictly theoreticalreasons, as it was desired to study theeffect of variation in sulfur contentupon anode electrolytic'w Figure 3—Diagrammatic Flow Sheet.characteristics.Voltage across the copper-refining cellvaried with anode composition asshown in table 16. Copper concentrationof electrolyte was 30 grams per352 THE MINES MAGAZINE * JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940353

liter, and temperature of electrolytewas 55° to 60" C.For the purpose of this discussion,the percentage of sulfur saturationwas calculated on the assumption thatall of the sulfides present were in solidsolution as Ni;iS2, CU2S, and FeS.Complete saturation of the anodemetal with sulfur caused excessiveanode polarization and high powercosts per pound of copper plated. Thevoltage across the cell was so highwhen anode No. 2 was used that thecopper plated did not form firm adherentcathodes, such as were producedwhen the other anode compositionswere used.Reduction of sulfurcontent gave an anode that approachedthe voltage drop of conductivitycopper anodes.The anodes being composed of amixture of copper and nickel sulfides,the ratio between copper and nickelin the anode greatly affects the anodereactions. The effect of variation ofthe copper-nickel ratio on anode dissolutioncharacteristics is summarizedin table 17.The effect of anode composition onover-all copper-refining-cellcharacteristicsis presented graphically infigures 4 and 5.Table 18 presents typical operatingdata for the copper cells.According to the results tabulatedunder anode composition No. 3, 94.3percent of the copper produced willbe in the form of adherent cathodesand 5.7 percent in the form of softcopper. It is interesting to note thatall of the nickel in the soft copper isas nickel sulfate, which can bewaterleachedand returned to tbe electrolyte.A t the beginning of the electrolysistabulated above under anode compositionNo. 3, the temperature oftheelectrolyte was varied over a widerange, and suitable voltage measurementswere made. Since these measurementswere made at the beginningof the electrolysis, when the copperconcentration of the electrolyte wasat its highest and before enough slimehad collected on the face of the anodeto affect the voltage, these measurementsdo not reflect the average operatingcondition of the electrolysis butare 0.05 to 0.1 volt lower than themean voltage for the entire 10-dayrun. These measurements are givenin table 19.T A B L E 19.—RELATION OF ELECTROLYTE354TEMPERATURE TO TOTAL CELL VOLTAGETemperature olVoltageelcctrolyle, "C.across cells24.5 0.7136 .6846 .6453 .5659 .4962 .4864 .47T A B L E16. — RELATION OF CELL VOLTAGES TO THE SULFUR CONTENT OF THE ANODESE dropA nodecompositionSaturacio ii.percentTotal voltagetlirough cellE dropat anodeK dropat caihodethroughsolutionConductivityCopper —- 0 0.45 0.13 0.10 0.20No. 3 51.4 .45 .15 .10 .20No. 1 93.4 .50 ,20 .10 .20No. 2 - 120.0 1.65 1.20 .25 .20T A B L E 17.— RELATION OF ANODE Ci!-Ni RATIO TO ANODE DISSOLUTION CHARACTERISTICSAnode Anode eflLciency. 1 percentCU/N;composition Cu/Nl Cu Ni FC Total fram anodeConductivityCopper -, 00 100 —— 100 00No. 1 1.55 52.7 13.2 3.4 69.3 4.01No. 3 1.12 42.9 48.5 1.5 92.9 .8888 eS, ;110 140 SO JOOACIO COCOPpSuitable starting sheets were producedusing the copper-nickel sulfideanodes over a comparatively widerange of operating conditions. Acidconcentration at the beginning of electrolysiswas 35 to 45 grams sulfuric38rHOUflS AT e AMP,.-.i-m-Qw-t;:.:,-——HOURS AT B AUP• Figure 5.acid per liter. Current densities of6 to 10 amperes per square foot wereutilized. Copper concentration of 40to 50 grams per liter at the beginningof the electrolysis produced firmerstarting sheets than those produced--ESSE.THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940atlower copper concentration. Startingsheets of 48 hours' deposition timecould be stripped easily from theblanks. The starting-sheet blanks wereconductivity copper plates J4 'iichthick, the surfaces being polished sothat no scratches were visible.Before use, the blanks werepaintedwith a coat of graphite, compoundedespecially for this service. The paintwas composed of 1 pound of fine flakegraphite per gallon of3.5-hour-bodiedlinseed oil. The paint was appliedat a temperature of 50° C. and,afterheing painted, the blank was stored ina warm place for a few minutes sothat the paint would flow out welland show no brush marks. The surfaceof the painted blank was thendusted with flake graphite so that nooil was apparent on it. The blankswere used immediately after beingdusted with graphite. Electrolyte circulationat the beginning of electrolysiswas quite slow so as not to washthe paint from the surface of theblank. After running for approximately2 hours, the point wascoveredwith a film of copper, and at thattime the circulation of electrolytewasincreased to normal value. Typicaloperating data for the starting-sheetcells are as shown in table 20.Nickel ElectrolysisTbe electro winning of nickel fromnickel sulfate solutions by means ofinsoluble anodes depends mainly onchemical control of the p H of thecatholyte. If the catholyte becomesbasic enough, a precipitate of nickelhydroxide or basic nickel sulfates willform in the catholyte at p H 7 to 8.O n the other hand, if the catholytebecomes acid enough, hydrogen isevolved at the cathode in preferenceto nickel. The evolution of hydrogenbecomes a major difficulty at p H 4under. Thompson'^*' has correlated thep H of nickel electroplating baths usingsoluble nickel anodes with thestructure and physical characteristicof the deposited nickel and has foundthat there are definite ranges in whichspecific common flaws occur in nickelplate. He summarized the results ofcarefully standardized plating tests inwhich the bath p H was varied, asfollows:or1. The cathode efficiency may beincreased either by raising thedensitycurrentor the p H , or by raising both.2. In the range of p H 6, or above,the current density has little or noeffect on cathode efficiency.3. Below p H 3 and up to 4, gaspits and streaks, which are usuallyattributed to hydrogen evolution, arevery pronounced. Cracking and peelingof the deposits are generally en-Thompson, M. R., Tlie Acidity of Nickel DepositingSolution: Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc,vol. 41, p, 333.T A B L E18.—TYPICAL OPERATING DATA FOR COPPER-REFINING CELLSAnodeNo. 1 No. 3Current density - 10 amp./sq.ft. 10 amp./sq.ft.Ampere efficiency __ _ _._ 95%+ 95%-)-Solution assay (gni./iiter) :Cu - - 33 to 19 45 to 4.5Ni _ 16 to 20 0 to 30Fe 5 to 6 0 to 0.5I-I2SO4 32 to 58 20 to 25Voltage across cell _ _ 0.50 0.51Cu per kw.-hr., lb _ __ 5.247 5.115Kw.-hr. per lb. Cu 190 .196Cathode assay (percent) :Cu _ _ 99.77Ni .0008Fe - _._ .0014Ag __ ,00076, or 0.22 oz./T"Soft" copper assay (percent unwashed basis) :Water insoluble 92.65Water soluble 7.35Water-insoluble portion:Cu ______ _ 99.10Ni - - - _._ _ .0032Fe .0043Total _._ 99.1075Water-soiuble portion:CuS04-5H20 42 0NiSO,-6H20 __ 27\Fes(S04).-91-120g'gUSO, 2 5H2O 8.8Total 100.0T A B L E20.—ELECTROLYSIS DATA FOR STARTING SHEETSCurrent density Amp. per sq. foot, 9Electrolyte temperature °C. 57°Electrolyte assay:Cu gm.A 47Ni gm.A 1.2H2SO4 gm.A...... 41.57Voltage across cell .27Current efficiency, percent 100countered in this range. The nickeldepositedis usually rather bright.4. between p H 5.5 and 6.5, gaspits and streaks are found only rarely.Above p H 6.3, blistering, cracking,and curling are again likely tooccur, also "burning" of the depositnear sharp edges, especially withhighcurrentdensities. This is characterizedby dark or black hands orpatches.The nickel appears grayer in color,verging toward bluish near the upperlimit of p H . Above p H 6.3, it seemsdifficult to get deposits in still solutions.In agitated electrotyping solutionsgood deposits may be obtainedup to nearly p H 7.0.The presence of borates in thenickel electrolyte improved the characteristicsof the nickel deposit and tosome extent limited the ionization offree sulfuric acid presentformed in the electrolyte.originally orSeveral methods were tried in anattempt to control the p H of thecatholyte during the course of electrolysis.Some of these were (1)rapid circulation of electrolyte, thecatholyte feed to the cell heing at alltimes saturated with and carrying insuspension nickel carbonate; (2) theintroduction of alkali ion in the formof sodium sulfate, together with asomewhat slower circulation; and (3)the introduction of ammonium ion asammonium sulfate. Keeping thecatholytefeed saturated with nickel carbonategave satisfactory nickel deposits,but this scheme was notsatisfactory,deemedas the use of such a methodwould force the precipitation ofall the nickel as nickel carbonate beforeelectrolj'sis. The addition of sodiumion to the electrolyte when atall effective caused too high a p H tobe maintained in the catholyte compartment.Addition of ammonium ion,while at first showing indications ofdesirable effects, was found to be ineffectivefor extended electrolyseswithin the solubility r a n g e ofNi{NH4)2(SO4)2.6H20.The characteristics of nickel sulfatefluohoratebaths with soluble nickelanodes have been studied by the Bureauof Standards^'^ and reported tohe the only nickel baths that werebufferedeffectively. Electrolyte compositionsin line with these baths weretried; it wasfound that these sulfatefluoborateelectrolytes gave deposits ofsatisfactory phj^sical characteristics andwere effective in the limitation ofhydrogen evolution over a wide p Hrange, and that cell conditions would"Blum, Wm.. The Uses of Fluorides in Solutionsfor Nickel Deposition: Trans. Am. Electrochem.Soc. vol. 39, p. 4S; Brass World, vol. 17, p,121.THE MiNES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940 355

stay in equilibrium for indefiniteperiods,thus making possible tbe depositionof tbe thick cathode deposits desiredin electrorefining orelectrowinningof metals. The nickel depositsformed from nickel sulfate-fluoborateelectrolytes had less tendencypeel, pit, and threethan did those depositsformed in otherAs it is necessaryto split,electrolytes.to control the p Hof the solution from which the nickelwasdeposited, a compartment cell wasused for all experimentalwork. Theconstruction of the cathode frameutilized in these experiments has beendescribed by S. M . Shelton and coworkers.^^The purified electrolyte was introducedinto the top of tbe cathodecompartment, flowed down tbe face ofthe cathode, and out of the cathodecompartment into the anolytecompartment.The cathode frame was constructedof a single piece of phenolformaldehydeplastic hoard, such as isused for switchboard service. Thenickel-winning cell, like the copperwinningcell, was made up of hardwoodlined with a thin coating of softrubber. The outlet boot and anodeswere made of softlead.Inasmuch as the speed of circulationof the electrolyte was found to be avery important variable in relation tothe cathodecurrent density and to thenickel concentration of the catholytefeed, a method expressing rate of flow,taking into account these other variables,was evolved.By definition, the"flow number" is equal to the ratiobetween the nickel in solutionactuallyintroduced into the cell in thecatholyte feed in a unit time and theamount of nickel that couldtheoreticallybe plated from the solution bythe current through the cell in thesame unit time.This may be expressedmathematically by the equation:Fiow number-Using nickel sulfate-nickel fluoborateelectrolyte of the followingcomposition:Grams/literNi - 30NaF +.2HaBO. - - 20pH catholyte feed 5.8at a temperature of 30'^ C , a studywas made of the effect of variationsin current density. Representativedata are reported in table 21.TABLE 21.—EFFECT OF CURRENT DENSITYONCELL VOLTAGE AND ENERGYREQUIREMENTSKw.-hr./Current Flow Volts across pounddensity number cell nickel20.6 6 4.40 1.8318.5 6 4.20 1.749.25 _. 5 3.2 1.34^8 Shelton, S. M.. Royer, M. B., and Towne, A.v.. Electrolytic Manganese: Bureau of MinesRept. ol Investieations 3406, 1938, 28 pp.Cathode ampere efficiency for thesetests was 100 percent, as at flow ratesas high as flow No. 6 the catholytep H was maintained at such a pointas to prevent the evolutionof hydrogen.The deposits formed at highercurrent densities were finer-grainedthan those formed at low cathodecurrentdensities.Inasmuchas it was desired to pre-Grams of nickel introduced per hourAmperage through cell X electrochemical equivalent of nickelcipitate the smallest possible proportionof the nickel as carbonate, anextendedstudy was made of the effectof variation of the flow number onthe various characteristics of the nickelelectrowinning cells. The catholytefeed for these experiments was thenickel sulfate fluoborate electrolyte,which had given the best results ofany electrolyte used in the course ofthe experimental work. The electrolytecomposition was:Grams/literNi 30NaF 4.2HaBO,, - 20pH -- 5.85Eiectroiyte temperature - 35°C.Carefully standardized, floating siphonswere used to feed the pure• Figure 6.nickel catholyte into the cathode compartmentat a constant rate. As considerabletime was needed for the cellto reach equilibrium operating conditions,all tests were conducted sothat plating conditions weremaintainedfor at least 6 hours. In some instancesplating conditions were maintainedfor 24 hours or longer, sothatany discrepancies between long- andshort-time cell operation would be disclosed.The results of these studiesare summarized and presentedgraphicallyin the curves of figure 6. Itcan be seen readily that at fairly highvalues of flow number, a catholytep H of 6.3 is maintained; in consequence,the ampere efficiency was 100percent, with a corresponding minimumvalue for the energy requirementsper pound of nickel of 1.74 kw.-hr. per pound of nickelplated.As the flow through the cell was reduced,the p H of the catholyte solutionwas lowered. The results of thiswere reduced ampere efficiency due tohydrogen evolution, reduction ofvoltage across the cell owing to loweredresistance of the catholyte, andhigher energyof nickel deposited.requirements per poundHowever, in spiteof the seeming technical disadvantagesof operating at a low flow number,3S6 THE MINES MAGAZINE * JULY 1940there are economic advantages in sodoing. A t high flow numbers only asmall percentage of the nickel iiitroducedinto the cell in thecatholytefeed is deposited on the cathode, butat low flow numbers virtually all ofthe nickel introduced is plated. Whenoperated at a low fiow number of approximately0.75. the anolyte dischargefrom the nickelelectrowinningcell would contain 5 grams nickel perliter out, of the 30 grams per litercontainedin the pure nickel catholyte fedto the cell; the 25 grams per liter extractedelectrolytically from the catholyteand deposited on the cathodewould have been replaced with achemical equivalent of sulfuric acid,making the acid concentration of thecell discharge 4.2 percent sulfuric acid.This dilute sulfuric acid solution thencould be returned to the copperleachtanks after having been made up tothe 100 grams per liter sulfuric acidrequired in the leaching operation.The grain size of the nickel producedin the more acid solutions is finer thanthat of the nickel deposited from themore nearly neutral solutions.Inasmuch as the purpose of this partof the work was to develop an insoluble-anode,process, it was necessarythat the depositionconditions be suchelectrowinning-nickelthat the cellwould stay in equilibrium for extendedperiods. This was necessary as industrydemands electrolytic nickelcathodeof certain definite minimum thickness.It is also quite expensive to removeand strip the cathodes moreoftenthan is absolutely necessary. Consequently,plating conditions were maintainedfor 120 hours. At the end of a120-hour deposition period, two platesof nickel were stripped from thecathode, one from each side. Tbeplates were more than % inch thick,which is acceptable to industry.Therewas no technical reason why the timeof deposition could not have been extended.Table 22 gives typical operatingdata on electrolytic nickelcells.Table 23 compares industrial copperand nickel electrolysis operatingProcessTABLE 23.-Copper-matte anode electrolysis—U.S.B.M.Nickel—Stanley refining process"Nickel—Hybinette refining process^Nickel—Electrowinning—U.S.B.M -Nickel—Electrowinning—U.S.B.MT A B L E 22.—TYPICAL OPERATING DATA ON NICKEL CELLSCurrent density - - -Amps./sq. ft IS.5Voltage across cell - - - - - Volts 4.2Ampere efficiency .._ percent _ 100Nickel deposited _ _ _..Kw.-hr. per Ib 1.74Nickel deposited - - - --lb. per kw.-hr .573Flow number _._ 6Catholyte feed assay:Ni — - -- grams/liter _ 30NaF - - - grams/liter .._ _. 4.2HaBOs - - grams/liter 20Temperature of electrolyte - "C 27 to 35pHcharacteristics:Catholyte feed - 5.2 to 6.9Catholyte — _ 5.5 to 6.1Anolyte - - 1.4 to 1.6ANALYSIS OF ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL, PERCENTFrom Btinkervilie oreNi - — - - --- 98.69 /Co - - - .59 i^^-^^Zn - —. .27Mil - - - -- .18Cu - 038Si — - - 03Fe — — 015Al - — - - Spectrographic traceTi _ Spectrographic tracedata with the Boulder Citydata.laboratoryThe comparison does not take intoaccount the fact that the electrolyticwork at the Federal Bureau of Mineslaboratories was done on such a smallscale that the normal tank-housecurrentlosses due to poor contacts,solutionleakage, etc., did not occur. Theefficiency figures tabulated at 95-jpercentwould undoubtedly be lowerin the course of normal tank-housepractice. In studying this comparison,the low thermal-energyrequirementsin the preparation of the converteranode must be taken into consideration,as well as the energy requirementfor electrolysis. The thermalenergyrequirement for preparation ofa 95-|- percent nickel metal anodefrom a nickel-copper white metal isfar greater than the electrolyticenergyrequirement for electrolysis ofthis nickelConclusionsanode.1. A process has been developedfor the production of electrolyticnickel and copper from copper-nickelCurrentdensityAmpereefficiency,percent1 Brookman, C. S., Electrochemistry: D. Van Nostrand & Co ,1931. p. 119. , ,,'Perry. S. H., Chemical Engineer's Hand Book: McGraw Hiil, 1934; sec. 2S, by C. L. Manteil, p. 235S.= Perry, S. H., Work cited in footnote 29, p. 2354. , ,»Gowland, W. A„ and Bannister, C. O., The Metallurgy of Nonferrous Metals: p. 551.THE MIKES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940From purified NiSO*Folution99.66.0599.71Spectrographic trace.002.0016converter white metal. While theenergy required for the two electrolysesis somewhat higher than the normalenergy requirements for the presentcommercial processes, this is morethan offset hj^ a saving in thermalenergy.2. Copper of satisfactory chemicalcomposition and physical charactersiticshas been deposited electrolyticallyfrom a solution containing as littleas 5 grams of copper per liter and asmuch as 30 grams of nickel per liter,3. Nickel of satisfactory phj'sicaland chemical characteristics has beendeposited from nickel sulfate electrolytesby means of insoluble anodes.The time of deposition has been maintainedlong enough to allow depositsof a thickness comparable with theusual commercial cathodes.4. The precious metals values fromthe ore are entirely recovered in thecoppercell.5. Indications are at present thatthe precipitation of nickel carbonatebefore the nickel electrolysis may beeliminated.Further work in this directionisVoltageacross cellanticipated.ICw.-hr.per \h, metalFloivnu mber10 to 20 95 0.23 to 0.45 0.1610 to 12 65 — 90 1.8 to 2.5 1.0 to 1.510 100 .5 .1911 to 12 93 to 94 2.4 to 2.5 1.110 85 3 to 4 1.718.5 100 4.2 1.74 418.5 77.5 3.8 2.3 0.75357

EDUCATIONAL TRAINING FOR TEACHERSIN ENGINEERING COLLEGESByC . O. REISERENzabefh, N. J.In order to provide instructors whoare intensely interested and superblyequipped in the subjects which theyoffer, engineering colleges often makespecial efforts to obtain a facultycomposedof men who are recognized asexperts in their field. Certainly this isa logical method of selection butotherfactors also warrant consideration.Should not the one who is to make aprofession of teaching have trainingwhich would fit him for this specialphase of his work?The graduate seeking a chemicaljob needs a knowledge of chemistry.Likewise, the teaching applicantshould be selected on the basis of hisknowledge of pedagogical methods aswell as his understanding of the subjecthe is to teach.In view of the fact that collegesand universities make every effort tokeep abreast of the time and informedof recent developments, it seems rathersurprising that they have allowedthemselves to lag so far behindelementaryand secondary schools in theirrequirements for educational trainingof their staffs. Opponents of thisproposition may argue that the collegestudent is nearing the time whenhe must shift for himself and will nothave things presented to him on asilver platter; however, this reasoninginstantly appears fallacious whenthe bases of educational psychologyareexamined. If proper presentation andorganization of the subject will savethe student a large per cent of thetimehe spends on it now, is it not betterthat this time should be saved andspent on subjects now sadly lackingin the curriculum which would helphim to analyze complexities of lifeoutside of his engineering work? Ifthe application of educationalpsychologywill help one to learn thingswhich might not be absorbed otherwise,its value is apparent.The cardinal principle of animalpsychology embodies the maxim thatthe positive attitude is more conduciveto learning than tbe negative. Inother words, pat a dog on the headafter he does a trick for you andhe'llwant to do it again; but whip him ifhe doesn't do the trick right and thenext time you try to get him to performhe'll slink towards you withbelly-turned tail. Similarly, humanbeings are so made up that they respondto praise and encouragementmuch better than to humiliation anddegradation. Hence, no quiz shouldbe given which every student willflunk with the idea that such an examinationwill stimulate the studentand make him realize tbat he'll haveto work harder. The proper type ofan examination fails only those whoare absolutelyincapable of doing satisfactorj'work. The use of a curve ingrading is for the purpose of ascertainingthe correct number whoshouldreceive superior, average, and inferiormarks, providing the law of averagescanhe assumed to hold for small numbers,and it should never be used toraise a class average from a low percentageup to a passing percentage.If the class average of an examinationis much below the passing mark, thenit is time for the instructor to askhimself if he is as capable as aas his students are as learners.teacherIn addition to making a subjectmore learnable by properpresentation,the interest which is aroused hy sodoingwill better help the student todecide what field he is best suited.M e n do not choose as a professionsubjects which are uninteresting tothem.Although students entering collegesare expected to know what theyzuant to choose as a profession, thisis not often the case because of theyoung men's immaturity and lack ofcontact with tbe fields for which theymay be best suited. Suppose that ayoung man mentally and physicallyequipped for a chemical engineeringP r i z e O f f e rCheck the errors found inMines Magazine as you readit.The reader reporting the mosterrors receives F R E E one year'ssubscription to the magazine.The winner will be announcedin the magazine the secondmonth after publication. Sendlist of errors to Mines Magazine,734 Cooper Building,Denver,Colorado.vocation finds his introductory coursesin this field dull and uninteresting becauseof improper dispensation but isfascinated by geological studies on accountof their expert presentation. Isnot the latter subject likely to bechosen to the detriment of tbestudent?The valuable knowledge which hasbeen acquired by engineering facultymembers can be more efficiently organizedand dispensed If they arefamiliar with educational fundamentals.Without the proper presentationmethods, a recognized industrialleader might conceivably be a failurein the transmission of his knowledge.The use of proven educational principleswill result In better organizationand selection of material, quickerand greater learning, and more studentinterest. As a result of this improvedpedagogical efficiency, the studentwill find more time for extracurricularactivities and socialstudies.The need for social broadeningshould not be neglected in the engineer'sschedule.Engineering trainingplaces much stress upon the term efficiency.Shouldn't the engineer's sociallearning be made more efficientalso ? The fact that engineers areclassed generally as introverts doesnotspeak well of their present training.It is true that they are able to bettermankind by building safe bridges andsuper highways and add Innumerableblessings to civilization in general.However, in the ranks of politics andleadership their numbers are oftenlacking. Certainly more diversion oftheir efforts to the study of socialstructures and greater participation Inoutside interests should help tocorrectthis weakness. Since the engineer mustwork with men as well as materials,courses in human psychology could bemade to pay large dividends.In summarizing, it may be saidthatthe educational training of engineeringfaculty would provide more efficientlearning, subject selection andorganization. Tbe resulting minimizationof Inequalties in Instructorship,by presenting subjects on anequal basis would aid the undecidedstudent in making a choice of theworkfor which he is best fitted. Finally,the time saved by more efficientteaching,could be used to advantage forthe student's social broadening bymeans of extra-curricular activitiesand added social studies.NON-METALLIC MINERALSByK E N N E T H E. H I C K O K , '26Instructor, Department of MetallurgyColorado School ofMinesPart IV—Dimension and CrushedStoneDimension Stone is a convenientterm applied to stone sold in blocks,slabs or shapes of specified sizes. Dimensionstone includes cut stone,rough building stone, paving blocks,curbing andflagstones.Building stone must be not onlyhard and durable but in additionmustbe pleasing in appearance. For thesereasons granite, limestone, sandstoneand marble make up the bulk of buildingstone and cut stone, most ofis used In the building trades.whichO f minor or local importance soapstone,greenstone, basalt and othersmay be used.In general the stone Is quarried inslabs, roughed cut, and sawed or cutto dimension and shape. After cutting,the stone may or may not bepolished, sandblasted, or otherwisetreated for finish, depending on specifications.Some building stone, such as thatquarried in Boulder County, Colorado,is broken along bedding planesand roughed into rectangular slabs.The rough sandstone slabs are used inbuildings (particularly for UniversityBuildings) and the rough stone has avery pleasing appearance. This pinkcolored sandstone is locally used toquite an extent both cut and roughed.The principal uses of dimensionstone are building construction, monumentalstone, paving blocks, laundrytubs, electric switchboards, table topsand similar uses.Thegeographical distribution of dimensionstone is world wide and* Mincr.-ils YearbookMines.while1939—U. S. Bureau ofNEW WILFLEY 5" MODEL "CB"SAND PUMPsome Stone crosses Internationalboundaries it is a local condition anddoes not enter into internationalto any extent.tradeEvery country has stonesuitable for dimension work and competitionwith other types of buildingmaterial prohibits long hauls withconsequent freight charges.theBecause of the widespread occurrenceof dimension stone deposits, nocountry exercises political controloverthe industry. The only dimensionstone politically controlled is marblefrom Terraza and Carrera, Italy.This marble is of slight Importancecompared to the industry as a whole.Crushed Stone Is stone that basbeencrushed and sized. It may be Igneous,metamorphic or sedimentary and maybe of any geologic age.Size, texture, color, hardness andtoughness are of major Importanceforsome uses while chemical compositionis the deciding factor for other uses.Theprincipal uses of crushed stone,without regard to chemical composition,are: concrete aggregate, riprap,highway surfacing, railroad ballast,sewage disposal, and municipal waterfilteringplants.The principal uses of crushed limestoneand marble are: smelting flux,manufacture of cement, as the sourceof quick and slacked lime, in themanufacture of beet sugar, rockwool,fertilizer, chemical industry, glassworks, rock dusting coal mines, andas the inert filler In many products.From the list of uses we see thatcrushed stone, particularly limestone,plays a very important part in mostofthe major industries, directly or indirectly.It would be hard to nameany major industry tbat is not dependenton crushed stone as a part ofthe manufacturing process or as indirectlyused in the form ofMAXIMUMchemicals,ballast, cement or highway surfacing.Crushed stone is a very low pricedproduct and so mining and sizingmethods must necessarily be low cost.Quarrying is the most common miningpractice but a few limestone operationsare carried on underground.Sizing of the crushed stone is generallydone as near the mine as ispossible to avoid transportation costson the crude material. The crushingand screening plants are as simple aspossible and yetproduct.turn out a marketableMarketing crushed stone is nota local problem but is seasonalonlyas well.The winter months are not good constructionmonths and the industry suffersthis seasonal depression except Inthe southern and southwestern states.Crushed stone is also a strong competitorof sand and gravel for use Inconcrete aggregate where conditionspermit the two to be produced. Thegeographical distribution of stonesuitablefor crushed stone is world wide.Economic conditions play the all importantpart whereas political controlis of noimportance.In spite of the fact that there is nochance to "Hit'er Rich thc nextround," the crushed and dimensionstone industries afford employment tomany men. The employment is notoniy direct but equipment manufacturers,makers of explosives andmanyothers Indirectly benefit from theseindustries.During the year 1938 which was anotably poor year for the stone Industry,the value of the dimensioncrushed stone produced in theandUnitedStates was almost equal to the valueof gold produced during the samevear. Total tonnage was approximatelv158,000,000' tons and had avalue of 142,000,000 dollars.*EFFICIENCYA complete new standard of sandpump efficiency is created by thisnew addition to the Wilfley line.A . R . W I L F L E Y A N D S O N S . Inc.DENVER, COLO.NEW YORK OFFICE^1775 BROADWAY358 THE MINES MAGAZINE * JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE * JULY 1940359

WITH THEChicago Pneumatic DieselAfter two years of operation in thefield, the reliability and economical operationof Type 8 and Type 9 C. P. Dieselshas been proven beyond question. Theseunits are available tn sizes from 60 to 400horsepower.They are four-cycle, direct-injectiontype units. The mixing of the fuel andair results in a clean exhaust at all loadsand a fuel economy approaching that oflarge, low speed Diesel engines.Not a single wearing part is exposedto dust and dirt. Lubrication is 100%positive and automatic. No part requireshand oiling or greasing—pressure lubricationused throughout. Ample strengthin all parts make for low maintenancecost. Alloy heat treated steels are selectedto give the maximum service that combinesto make for increased efficiency.Quick easy starting is a feature not tobe overlooked. Complete details of thisDiesel may be obtained from ChicagoPneumatic Tool Company, 6 East 44thStreet, New York.New I to 11/4 Yard ShovelA new, powerful I to 1% yard convertibleshovel-dragline-crane, Model LS-100, is announced by Link-Belt SpeederCorp., 301 West Pershing Road, Chicago,111. Claimed for this new modei are severaladvancements, including a combinationof outstanding features of other Link-Belt and Speeder models.•r New Link-Beh Speeder LS-lOOConvertible Shovel.The machine is controlled by easy-throwlevers and equipped with a new type ofclutch, said to produce results never beforeattained by friction clutches — abooster system that actually does give the"feel" of the load at all times.Further features are: fully enclosedE Q U I P M E N T N E W Stravel brakes controlled from cab; fullyenclosed traction gears running in oii; a72" diam., machine-finished, roller-pathturn table with patented, self-aligningrollers; anti-friction bearings throughout;free floating center-pin bearings; andwelded steel design for strength and resistanceto shock loads and to providepositive alignment of machinery parts.The manufacturer particularly stressessturdy construction in this new 1-1)4 3"^machine.The engine is a heavy-dutyindustrial type gasoline or Diesel, of asize usually only found in larger units.Track shoes are 24" standard (30" optional); crawlers are smooth, self-cleaningand perfect guiding.The machine may be quickly convertedfrom one excavating or handling attachmentto another, without mechanicalalteration.Complete details of the new LS-lOO maybe obtained by addressing Link-BeltSpeeder Corp. direct or by contacting anyLink-Belt Speeder distributor.Type " G "Motorblov/erA new "Motorblower" featuring reliability,quiet operation and low cost,has just been announced by the Ingersoll-Rand Company, 11 Broadway, New YorkCity.v An Ingersoll-Rand Three-StageType "G" Motorblower.In addition to reliability and quietness,the manufacturer claims numerous featureswhich make the Type "G" Motorblowerideally suited to furnishing airfor general industrial uses. The unit canbe installed on any floor, since it requiresno special foundation. A built-in blastgate is located in the biower dischargeand flexible pipe connections are providedfor connecting either intake or dischargeto shop piping.The maintenance of constant pressureover the entire volume range is stressedas being particularly advantageous infurnishing combustion air to oil- andgas-fired furnaces. The blower characteristicsare such that power consumptionvaries approximately in proportion to thevolume of air delivered. Type "G" Motorblowersare built in 72 sizes; pressuresfrom Yz to 2)4 lbs. and volumes from 100to 4500 cfm are available. The dischargeopening on ali sizes can be located in anyone of eight positions in steps of 45°.Additional information is contained inForm 2671. Copies are available fromIngersoll-Rand Co., 11 Broadway, NewYork City, or any of their branch oifices.New ClassifierMorse-"Trueline" Rake Classifiers introducean entirely new, efficient, andcompact mechanism for rake type classifiers.The mechanism actuating the rakesconsists of heavy welded channel irondrive arms, cast iron rocker arms, andheavy plate members attached rig.dly tothe classifier rakes. The drive arms receivetheir movement from the main geardrive shaft. The extreme ends of the drivearms move in a downward and upwardplane in unison at the starting and completionof each stroke of the rakes, thuscompleting a uniform straight line strokeof the rakes during the forward movement,length of which is governed by theI 'Iposition and length of the rocker arras.The action is positive in a straight "Trueline"parallel to the tank bottom; and themechanism is very simple, having fewbearings requiring grease. The main gearand pinion are machine cut and causethe classifier mechanism to functionsmoothly and with the minimum power.A rake elevating device and wrenchare furnished for each set of rakes.Tanks provide large pool areas and, whendesired, can be furnished for bolted constructionat destination. This is a newdevelopment of the Morse Bros. MachineryCompany, Denver, Colorado.Announce General Electric D-C ArcWelder for Mine ServiceGeneral Electric has announced a newresistor-type, d-c arc welder designed particularlyfor mine service. Portability andsturdy construction are among the chieffeatures of this new welder.ir~\V Mine Type Resistor Arc Welder,It is only 17 inches high, 20 inches wide,and 30 inches long, and weighs but 78pounds. To withstand rough handlingsuccessfully, the resisitor units are woundin continuous coils without joints and aresupported by spool-type porcelain insula-,tors. Enclosing screens protect the interiorfrom falling material.Welding current can be adjusted overthe welding range, in 10 steps of approximately17 amperes each, by meansof five heavy knife switches. It is nominallyrated at 250 volts, and will operateon a power line of 225 to 275 volts.Colorado Diaphragm PumpIn designing this diaphragm pump forhandling thick pulps, acid or alkaiine solutionsor water witii gritty solids, the ColoradoIron Works Company, Denver, havehad in mind the production of a pump,simple and rugged in construction, lightin weight and with renewable wearingparts easily replaceable.It is made in various sizes and types,standard sizes being 2" simplex and duplex,4" simplex, duplex, triplex andquadrupiex, and 5" simplex and duplex.All these sizes are made with belt orgear motor drives. Gear motor sizes varyfrom ]/2 to 1 horsepower.Valves are of the flat type with renewablerubber rings which, when seated,rest on renewable seats, made for economyand efficient operation. Ball valves can beused in any of the pumps where desired.Operation is very simple. Speeds mayrun up to 60 strokes per minute with amaximum stroke of from IJ^" to 2)^"depending on the size of the pump. Theeccentrics are easily and quickly adjustablefrom Y" stroke to the maximum.The regular sizes made cover practicallyali the requirements as to capacities. Writefor bulletin giving dimension tables andfull details of capacities under varyingconditions.New Smail CompressorA new small Stationary Compressorof precision design is being offered bySullivan Machinery Company, suitable forsmall industries and for standby service.It is compact, light weight and smoothrunning, requiring little floor space andminimum power.—r-^This WL-70 is a two cylinder, singlestage compressor with complete air cooling—built-inaftercooler—force feed lubrication—heavyduty ball main bearingslowlift, long life valves—air filtersilencers on each cylinder—automatic regulation—easyaccessibility for inspection.There are five sizes: 96 to 233 C.F.M.displacement, 15 to 30 H. P., air pressures30 to 125 lbs. The smallest size is only2 ft. 5 in. long—2 ft. 9 in. wide—2 ft. 4in. high. These WL-70 Unitairs are suppliedas complete motor driven units onrigid steei sub-base, direct connected orV-belt driven; also less sub-base with V-belt sheave or flat belt pulley.Ask for Bulletin A-3A—Sullivan MachineryCompany, Woodland Avenue,Michigan City, Indiana.New Sta-Kleen ScreenAllis-Chalmers Mfg. Company, Milwaukee,Wisconsin, in connection with Itsline of vibrating screens, has added a newtype of lowhead screen especially designedfor helping keep the fine mesh clothclean. Referred to as their Sta-KleenScreen, it is claimed to be unusually welladapted to the screening of moist materialssuch as fine crushed stone, ore, and particularlycoal, that usually cause "blinding."Several inches below the screen cloththis ingenious new design Incorporates asub-deck made of perforated metal withrelatively large holes. The space betweenthis additiona] deck and the screen clothis divided into compartments each containinga special rubber ball. When thescreen is in motion the rapid bouncing ofthese balls within their respective spacessets up a secondary vibration in the screencloth. Blinding is thus reduced to aminimum and without appreciable wearon the cloth. Its operation is said to bevery effective. Additional informationwill be furnished by the Company on request.General Electric Announces NewSpeed-Variator EquipmentThe General Electric Company has recentlyannounced as a standard "unit" acomplete speed-variator equipment operatingfrom an alternating-current sourceof supply to provide wide ranges of adjustablespeed by means of the well-knowngenerator-voltage-contro] scheme. Eachequipment consists of an adjustable-speed,direct-current motor, an adjustable voltagemotor-generator set with control, and aseparately mounted generator-field rheostat.Standard speed ranges are availableup to 16:1 ratio.The adjustable-speed, direct-currentmotor can be mounted directly on thedriven machine, with speed-changing controlmounted near-by. The units are de-Motor Generator Set Used as Partof Speed Varlator Equipment.signed to operate from 3-phase, 60-cycle,220-, 440- and 550-volt alternating-currentpower. The potentiometer-type generatorfieldrheostat provides speed changes insmall increments over wide ranges.The speed varlator is suitable for manyindustrial applications where adjustablespeed has a direct bearing on control ofquality and eificient output of the drivenmachine. This flexible power medium isapplicable to material handling operationsthroughout the whole industrial field.Textile, paper, and other processing applicationscan use this drive to advantage.Machine tools, pumps, fans andprinting machines are other natural applications.Heavy starting duty and slowthreading speed, quick stopping and fastacceleration, coupled with flexible control,are some of the major features of thisequipment.New Lightning ArrestersA new line of Type "LV" unit designlightning arresters covering the rangefrom 20-kv to 73-kv, and designed primarilyfor the small substation where reliableprotection at low cost is the watchword,is announced by the WestinghouseElectric & Manufacturing Co. Completearrester units 20, 25, 30, and 37 kv consistof three Inch diameter porous blockelements, and a multiple series gap ofresistance type spacers, and metal electrodes.Entire assembly is encased in wetprocess porcelain, hermetically sealed.Following unit design practice, units(Continued on page 369)360 THE MINES MAGAZINE * JULY 1940THE MIKES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940361

CATALOGS ANDTRADE PUBLICATIONS(9B7) HEAVY DUTY COMPRESSORS. Form 3262by Ingersoll-Rand Co., Denver, Colorado, office1637 Blake St. 30 page catalog describingduplex heavy duty compressors, 75 to 250horsepower, direct connected and motor drivenwith illustrations and consiruction details.Illustrations of various inslallations.(988) CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. CentrifugalPumps types BSC by Gardner-Denver Co.,Quincy, 111. and Denver, Colorado. 13 pagebooklet describing side suction centrifugalpumps belt connected and direct connectedwith tables of capacities and friction losses.(989) CUTTING MACHINES. Mounted BottomCutting Machine M-292 by Goodman Mfg. Co48th and Halsted St., Chicago, 111. IS pagebooklet describing mounted machines givingconstruction details and sketches showingplans of operation.(990) NICKEL STEEL. Nickel Steel Topics June1940, by International Nickel Co., Inc 67 WallSt., New York, N. Y. Ariicles about a giantstamless steel plaque, ball joints on dredgepump lines and a hand operated combine.(991) OIL FIELD PRODUCTION ENGINES. BulletinNo. 271 by The National Supply CoPittsburgh, Pa. Descriptions of various sizesof Superior gas and oil engines used forpumping and driving generators with specificationtables.(992) MINE HAULAGE LOCOMOTIVES. BulleH''7^°;.^f^^^?' G°°dman Mfg. Co., 48th andHalsted St., Chicago, 111. 27 page catalog describingand illustrating various sizes andtypes of trolley locomotives with tables ofdimensions.(993) CONVEYOR EQUIPMENT. Link-Belt News,June, 1940, by Link-Belt Co,, 307 North MichiganAve., Chicago, III. Algoma Cenlral &Hudson Bay Ry. Installs Unique ConveyorSystem to Load Iron Ore Into Lake Ships andother interesting articles.(994) DRAW WORKS. Bulletin No. 274 by TheNational Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Description,illustrafion and drawing of the Ideal Type75 Consolidated Rig. Table of specifications(995) PORTABLE ELECTRIC HOISTS. BulleHnNo 344-B by Shaw-Box Crane 5 Hofst CoMuskegon, Michigan. Pamphlet iilustralingand describing Shaw-Box portable electrico nlln^;!. , Lining capacities of 250 to2,000 lbs., priced at $119 to $179.(998) GAS & DIESEL COMPRESSORS BUHPtin WB-101 Fifth Edition by Gardner-Denver"Co., Quincy, IIL and Denver, Colo. Illustrationsand descriptions of medium size compressorsdriven by gas and diesel engineswith tables of capacities and dimensions.(997) CAPACITOR MOTORS. Bulletin GEAby General Eiecfric Co., Schenecf^dy,i^,^ 1/ illustration of the typeJ^C (/B to J/4 horse-power capacitor-motorexplaining applications, construction eharacferislics,modifications, ratings and advantages.(998) TRUCK TRANSPORTATION. AutomobileFacts, ApriL 1940, by Automobile ManufacturersAssociation, New Center Building, DetroitMichigan. Articles on truck transportationmotor orders creating jobs in steel plants andLatm American road now being built,(993) ROCK DRILL ACCESSORIES. Form 2410by Ingersoll-Rand Co., 11 Broadway, NewYork N. Y. 12 page pamphlet describing andillustrating new and standard rock drill accessoriessuch as hose conneclions, air filtersmanifolds, oilers and Jack bits.'VACUUM FILTERS. Bulletin No.tti-ts by Denver Equipment Company, 1400 17fhSt., Denver, Colorado. Pamphlet describingvarious sizes of vacuum filters wiih illustrationsand drawings, accessories and tablescapacities and dimensions.(1001) STEAM AND POWER PUMPS. BulletinP-35-Eighth Edition bv Gardner-Denver CoQuincy, Illinois and Denver, Colorado. A 27page catalog with descriptions and illustrationsof various sizes of steam and powerpumps and accessories with capacity dimensionand friction loss tables. A catalog foryour file.(1002) INSULATION MATERIAL. Insulator May1940, by Armstrong Cork Co., Lancaster, Pa!Articles about installations using cork forpacking houses, florist shops and condensationequiument. Sales renresentalives, Stearns-Roger Mfg. Co., 1720 Calif. St., Denver, Colo.(1003) ROPE DRIVES. Industrial News, June,1940, by Gates Rubber Co., Denver, Colorado.Description of rope drives on a dies el-electricF O R Y O U R C O N V E N i E N C ESend your publications to Mines Magaiina,734 Cooper Building, Denver, for review Inthese columns. Readers will please mentionMines Magaiine when requestingpublicationsfrom the manufacturer. Readers may orderpublications from this office by givingnumber.Indexlocomotive, 20-ton die press and crushingplant.(1004) MANUFACTURING MINING MACHIN­ERY. Bulletin G 365 by Goodman ManufacturingCo., Halsted at 48th, Chicago. IIL 15 pagebooklet describing and illustrating the company'splant and manufacturing equipment.(1005) MUCKING MACHINES. Bulletin No 103by Eimco-Finlay Corp., Salt Lake City, IJtah.33 page book telling the story of the Eimco-Finlay loader with illustrations, constructiondetails and many installation examples plushow to order and pay for a loader.(1006) WIRE ROPE HAND BOOK. Riggers' HandBook by Broderick & Bascom Rope Co 4203North Union Boulevard, SL Louis, Missouri 96page hand book with sketches and illustrationson how fo make wire rope sHngs, applyrope clips, attach sockets and how to selectguy lines. This is for your library.(1007) DRY VACUUM PUMPS. Form 3063-1 byIngersoll-Rand Co., 11 Broadway, New YorkN. Y. Description and construction details ofsingle and two-stage heavy-duty dry vacuumpumps with table of specifications.(1008) CAST CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEELThe Moly Matrix, May, 1940, by Climax MolybdenumCo., 500 Fifth Avenue, New YorkN. Y. Articles on cast chromium-molybdenumsteel parts used in haulage equipment suchas logging trailer running gear and industrialhaulage trucks.(1003) LABORATORY MACHINERY. BulletinA-9 by Morse Bros. Machinery Co., Denver,Colorado. Leaflet illuslrating laboratory andmill equipment.(1010) ELECTRIC TRAVELING CRANES. CatalogNo. 211 by Shaw-Box Crane & Hoist Co.,Muskegon, Michigan. Description and illustrationsof the type "C" electric traveling cranewith construction details and capacity table.(1011) SAW MILL MACHINERY. Catalog B-40by R. R. Howell Company, Minneapolis, Minncontains 64 pages of equipment and tools forthe saw mill together with price hst. Theyoffer complete service for the saw mill operator.If you have a saw mill or need oneyou should have this new book. Sales Representativesare Mine & Smelter Supply CoDenver.(1012) DIAPHRAGM PUMPS. Bulletin 34-a byColorado Iron Works Co., Denver, Colo illustratesa simple type of diaphragm pumpsimplex, duplex or triplex either belt or directmotor driven. Dimension drawings and tablesare qiven and also capacity and power tablesfor different size pumps and densities.(1013) BLOWERS. Bulletin Form 2671 by Ingersoll-Rand,11 Broadway, New York, shows anew motor-blower with pressure ranges fromVt to 21/4 lbs. and volumes from 100 to 4500cfm. Constant pressure and high efficiency isclaimed throughout a wide range, easy toinstall and maintain. Dimension tables, capacities,horsepower, weights, etc., are given,(1014) GUN PERFORATION & ACIDATION INOPEN FORMATION, its development and applicationis nicely illustrated and told in"Tomorrow's Tools Today," May-June, publishedby Lane-Wells Company. A story inthis issue of fhe 25,000th well they have gunperforated in the United Stales in 7 years,three months and three weeks.(1015) HI-PRIME CENTRIFUGAL PUMP. BulletinW-324-81 of Worthington Pump and MachineryCorp., Harrison, N. J., shows this newmotor driven pump for small capacities athigh heads. Primes up to 28 feel at sealevel. 2 to 9 gai.-per-min. up lo 225 fl. head.Rating and dimension tables given,(1016) ANACONDA MINE CABLES. Pub. NoC-45 ol Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., 25 Broadway,N. v., is a 60-page book showing dependablecopper conduclors lo transmit thecurrent from Ihe source of supply to Ihe placeof operalion. In Ihis book you have a widerange of applications and 12 pages of technicaldata. Sales Representatives, Mine & SmelterSupply Co., Denver, Colo.(1017) OIL WELL DRILLING EQUIPMENT. TheNational Supply Co., Toledo, Ohio has publishedthe following Bulletins: 236-A, spuddingattachmenl for Type 40 Draw Works; 259,Single-shaft 360 ton Crown Blocks, roller bearings,specifications; 266, Rotary Connector TypeD-6, illustrations and specifications; 270 SuperiorDiesel Oil Field Drilling Engines 6 &8 cyL, 15 lo 375 H. P„ fable of speed andH. P.; 273, Swivels 7-types, shows constructionand specifications.(1018) SUMP 6. DRAIN PUMPS for wet pitoperations, vertical type. Bulletin W-317-B6of Worthington Pump & Mchy. Corp., Harrison,N. J., give iilustralions and capacities, speed,heads, etc, 3 lo 10" discharge, 540 to 7500g,p.m.(1019) INDOOR BUS BAR SUPPORTS. Databook 36-200, by Westinghouse Electric & MfgCo,, East Pittsburgh, Pa., contains 28 pagesillustrating and describing a complete line ofindoor bus supports for voltages 600 to 23,000volts. Full of dimension tables and data on 93distinct bus bar supports, various methods ofholding, brackets, clamps and useful mountings.(1020) CRUSHING ROLLS. Bulletin C16-B, DenverEquipment Co., Denver, Colo., illustratesIhe construction and application of Ihis highgrade crushing rolls. Tables of dimensions,capacities, H. P, and weighls are given witha roll product chart which fells at a glanceIhe proper crusher and roll setting.(lOZl) DIESEL ENGINES. D-057 form 6085 ofCaterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, 111., containsillustrations of 16 Caterpillar Diesel Powerunits including diesel electric sets, with H Pand KW ratings. From this you can pick theplant for your purpose.(1022) INDUSTRIAL AIR FILTERS, are illustratedand described in a 20 page book of Air-MazeCorporation, 520 Harvard Ave., ClevelandOhio. For use with your Diesel, Gas, Gasolineengine. Compressors. 99,83% of Ihe dustIS removed before Ihe air enters your equipment.Sales Representatives, Mine & SmellerSupply Co., Denver, Colo,(1023) MAKING MONEY WITH DENVER ME­CHANICAL GOLD PAN. Bulletin PIB^U Den^ver Equipment, Denver, Colo., shows youhow this is done.(1024) SEMI-PORTABLE COMPRESSOR. BulletinH-620-B23, Worthington Pump 5 MachineryCorp., Harrison, W. J., illustrates this 6-cylair-cooled unit powered by Genera! Motors^S'^y^^^ Diese! Engine. 5 sizes, 142 to 445C,F,M, displacement, 63 to 125 H, P, specifications,descriptions and illustrations.(1025) DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER. BulletinB-6096, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., MilwaukeeWis,, contains 16 pages illuslrating and describingthe construction and application oftheir latest distribution transformer for ratingsfrom IV2 lo 25 k,v.a. and voltage from2400 fo 7620 volts. Construction pictures showslUst how they are buili,(1026) ADJUSTABLE DIAMETER V-BELT PULn?X®j9°t!-. '^°;,AD39, by American Pulley Co,,Philadelphia, Pa., contains 7 pages of tables,dimensions and drawings showing pitch.^"'^ prices. Sales Representative,Mine & Smelter Supply Co., Denver, Colo.(1027) EFFECT OF WATER ON PUMP MA­TERIALS. Leaflet 6108 by Allis-Chalmers Mfg.Co., and Milwaukee, Wis,, points out the importanceof investigating the type of waterlo be pumped and presents a number offactors in water that affect performance andservice, and the effect of these various factorson different pump materials. Graphicalillustrations are given.(102B) MTLLS-FLOTATION. In the supolementto TREFOIL, for July, Denver Equipment Co.,Denver, you will find 4 pages for you'- enqineeringnote book covering milhng at GranbyConsolidated, Copper Ml., B. C. Includingscreen analysis of producls. Flow Sheet, flotationequiomenf, analysis of va'-ious Productsmill costs and other data. "TREFOIL" r.lsocontains. Lab. Notes, story of Gilpin Co.. Coloand other interesting items,(1029) FINE REDUCTION CRUSHERS. The Tray-'/'l?]^- ^' ^' Traylor Engineeringi Mfg. Co., AUentown, Penn., shows a newMulli-Sfage Fine Reduction Crusher. Less powerand more caoacily is claimed. Bulieiin 113gives full details of this new product,(1030) RAKE CLASSIFIER. Bulletin No. 407 byMorse Bros, Machinery Co., Denver, Colorado,describes and illustrates Ihe new "Trueline"Rake Classifiers, made in simplex and duplexmodels incorporating new ideas which makefor simplicity, efficiency and ease of operatingcontrol. Tables of dimensions and capacitiesare given showing machines lo fit your requirements.OFFICERS OF ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONEDWARD J. BROOK, '23PresidentFRANK C. BOWMAN, '01Vice-PresidentFRANK J. NAGEL, '03Secreta ryGEORGE W.THOMAS, '26TreasurerFRED C. CARSTARPHEN,'05Denver, Colo,M. EDWARD CHAPMAN, '27Tulsa, Okla,CHARLES O. PARKER, '23Denver, Colo,•COMMITTEE CHAIRMENBRUCE B. LaFOLLETTE, '22PublicationsJAMES W. DUDGEON, '13AthleticALLAN E. CRAIG, '14Capabiiity E/ciianqeKEPPEL BRIERLY, '34instructionRUSSELL H. VOLK, '26MembershipT. C. DOOLITTLE, HON. '27Budget and FmanceC. LORIMER COLBIJRN, '07Aiunini FoundationA. GEORGE SETTER, '32LegislationDONALD DYRENFORTH, '12Public RelationsHUGH M. CONNORS, '22Research and InvestigationsKENNETH E. HICKOK, '26NominationW. A. WALDSCHMIDT^ FacultyJunior Membership•PUBLICATION COMMITTEEBRUCE B. LaFOLLEnE, '22ChairmanJ. HARLAN JOHNSON, '23Vice-ChairmanCHARLES W. HENDERSON, HON. '30MEETINGSFRED C, CARSTARPHEN, '05JOHN H, WINCHELL, '17CLAUDE, L. BARKER, '31RUSSELL H. VOLK, '26ARTHUR W. BUELL, '08W. A. WALDSCHMIDT, FacultyExecutive Committee Meetings3rd Monday of each month, Alumni Office,7:00 P.M.Alumni Council Meetings4-th Thursday of each month, ArgonautHotel, 6:30 P.M.Publication Committee Meetings2nd Tuesday of each month, AlumniOffice, 7:00 P.M.Magazine Staff Meetings, Alumni Officeon call.N E WM E M B E R SM A Y , 1940A S S O C I A T I O NAlumniCHARLES A. BANKS, Hon. D. Engr., '40San Francisco, Calif.JOHN CHRISTOPHER, '25Caracas, VenezuelaHOWARD J. HILTON, '10Seattle, WashingtonMAX SCHOTT, Hon. D. Engr., '40New York. N. Y.AssociateAuKiAN L. BURSON, Ex-'37 - Denver, Colo.CHARLES S, KNOX, EX-'27 - Denver, Colo.JAMES A. O'KEEFE, '36Benton Harbor, Mich,ERNEST F. RIEFLER, '34 - Lynbrook, N. Y.FRANK E. SIEGFREID, EX-'38Summitville, Colo.JAMES H. WATERHOUSE, EX-'41Austin, TexasS. T, WELLER, EX-'12 Denver, Colo.JOHN H. WENZEL,'37 - Chinook. MontanaREPORTSExecutive CommitteeMeetingMeeting of the Executive Committeeof the Colorado Schooi of MinesAlumni Association held on Monday,June 17, 1940 at 7:30 P. M .Present were CommitteeMembers,Frank C. Bowman, George W .Thomas, Frank J. Nagel; CommitteeChairmen, C. Lorimer Colburn,Bruce B. LaFollette, Donald Dyrenforth,Kennethread.Hickok.Minutes of preceding meetingTreasurer'sReportwereTreasurer Thomas presented hisfinancial report of the month of May,showing the Alumni Association to bein good financial condition at this time.Alumni Loan FundIn the absence of Athletic ChairmanJames W . Dudgeon, his reportwas read by the Chairman. Loansfrom the Athletic Loan Fund and therepayment of same were discussed.Standard procedure is developing inthis and much aid has been renderedworthy students. Since this is a revolvingfund this aid willcontinue.Cash on hand in this fund was$175.27 which will not be sufficient tofinish the fall term and another subscriptiondrive will be put on this summer.The procedure to be used in determiningand granting of AlumniScholarships wasYorkdiscussed.M r . Colburn advised that the NewLocal Chapter had raised a fundof $1300.00 as a loan fund forworthy New York students whowished to study at the ColoradoSchool of Mines. The dovetailing ofthis into funds already existing wasdiscussed. Also other independentfunds for assistance of ambitiousyoungmen with insuiScient funds were discussed.The Athletic Committee report wasunanimouslyMembershipaccepted.CommitteeIn the absence of Chairman Volk ofthe Membership Committee, FrankBowmanannounced that during M a yfive Alumni had joined the AlumniAssociation and seven Ex-Mines menhad applied for associate membership.The miners who became membersof the association were Michael Ivanoff,'25, Norman, Oklahoma; F. F.Seeburger IV, '35, Langley Field,Virginia; Don Peaker, '32, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Glenn R. Stephens, '27,Golden, Colorado; and NormanWhitmore, '26, Los Angeles, California.Ex-Mines men accepted forAssociate Membership were CharlesS. Knox, Ex-'27, Denver, Colorado;James A . O'Keefe, Ex-'36, BentonHarbor, Michigan; Frank E . Seigfried,Ex-'38,Summitville, Colorado;Ernest F. Riefler, Ex-'34, Lynbrook,New York; John H . Wentzel, Ex-'37, Chinook, Montana; Adrian L .Burson, Ex-'37, Denver, Colorado;and James H . Waterhouse, Ex-'37,Austin,Texas.The committee welcomes these menand hopes they will be happy in theirmembership.Various ways and means of inducingother graduates and Ex-Miners tobecome members of the associationwereCapabilitydiscussed.Exchange'I^he Capability Exchangeeight calls in May of which threereportedfilled with the remainder pending.Public Relations CommitteewereChairman Donald Dyrenforth ofthe Public Relations Committee reportedthat the football films werebeing well received at the local sectionmeetings where they were shown.A helpful suggestion that these filmsembody views showing changes in thecampus was favorably received.The report of the Annual Banquetshowed that the committee had stayedwell within the allottedappropriation,notwithstanding the interesting entertainmentand useful prizes.The committee's suggestions forfuture banquets were helpful.GeneralA short discussion relative to propersubjects for discussion at AlumniCouncil meetingsfollowed.Alumni are invited to write thiscommittee their suggestions.(Continued on page 366)362THE MINES MAGAZINE JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE * JULY 1940 363

FROM THEJ!oca{SectionsThe sands of 1940 have half runthru the hour glass. I believe at thistime it is well to pause, review theaccomplishments of the first half of theyear, and, in the light of the experiencesgained during that time, chartour course for the coming months.This administration embarked upona program which has been reiteratedseveral times, so that furtherelucidation is unnecessary. Our executivecommittee agreed that this programshould aim at (1) strengtheningof our internal organization andmembership and (2) an endeavor towipe out a former deficit in the treasuryso that by 1941 the organizationcould be operating on a balancedbudget.Strengthening the internal structureof our association consists logicallyof three phases {1) establishing anadministrative unit capable of copingwith the intensified program so necessaryfor progress (2) reorganization oflocal sections to support the programby collective, organized effort in thevarious geographical districts in whichthey function and (3) an endeavor toimpress the individual member withthe necessity of his cooperative in assumingthe responsibilities of membership.The first phase so far as administrativefunctions are concerned has beenpractically accomplished by a reorganizationof our committee set-up tomore completely cover the activitiesin which the association is engagedwith a minimum of overlapping andduplication of efforts. It may be saidthat a certain lack of coordination and"follow up" exists in the administrativebranch. That situation is inherentin an organization which is dependentupon volunteer workers, who, necessarily,must subordinate their workfor the group to the task of earning alivelihood. Our committee membersare subject to no criticism for theirzeal and efforts to accomplish thework assigned to them. A better coordinatedprogram can be attainedonly thru the employment of a regular,full time, association manager.This is an impossibility at the presenttime, but should be a goal for thefuture.The situation regarding an awakeningof interest in local sections, whilecertainly not sensational or spontaneous,is nevertheless gratifying. New,live local sections have been installedin Seattle, Washington and Phoenix,E. J. BROOKArizona, under capable leadership.Miners in Shreveport, Louisiana willreceive their charter within the nextfew weeks. Other sections are plannedfor various localities where enoughalumni reside to warrant such action.The localities in which your executivecommittee believe additional local sectionsshould be formed are FortWorth-Dallas, Texas; Carlsbad, NewMexico; Pueblo, Colorado; Baltimore,M d . ; Washington, D. C . ; andWilmington, Dela,-New Jersey areas.The need in these localities is forsome Mines M e n to assume the responsibilityand leadership of organizingthese groups.W e are also encouraged that severallocal sections are reorganizing tocarrj' on more actively and intensivelytheir program of cooperation with thenational officers. The Colorado, Utah,and Manila sections are at presentundergoing such changes as their officersdeem necessary to achieve thisresult. The presidents of several othersections have promised action alongthis front in the immediate future.In order to stimulate interest inlocal sections a plan of a "Local SectionActivity Contest" will be announcedwithin a few weeks. Thiswill not only promote competitionamong these groups but will discloseto. local section officers the weaknessin their organizations which requirebolstering.The third phase of securing the activecooperation of ail our membersis the most difficult to obtain. It canbe achieved only by showing actualresults in our program. Members areinterested in belonging to a "live"concern; it is up to us to keep oursin this classification. The way to makeit "live," is for each individual memberto make a definite contribution tothe group.Elsewhere in the magazine is afinancial statement of the status ofour budget for the first half of thej^ear. A n analysis of this will disclosestatistical data showing actual resultsare being obtained not only towardfinancial stability but in an increasedactivity of the various functions of theassociation.Our organization moves into increasedresistance to maintain the paceset thus far in our membership campaignfor the ensuing six months.Those old stumbling blocks procrastination,passive resistance, and "LetGeorge do it" will become tougher"nuts to crack." The local sectionsand the individually active membermust offset those negative forces forus. That membership campaign is ofparamount importance.I hope this report, supplemented byour financial statement will give ourmembership a view of the year's ivorkso far, and that the disclosure of certainphases in the future will meetwith approval and support. In myinaugural address it was our hope that"Our members could visualize newhorizons for a new year."There is something about a horizonwhich intrigues us. Literally andfiguratively there is a desire to increaseour horizons, which apparentlyis inherent within each of us. Thedeeper we are in the valleys, the lesswe see of the horizon. The higherwe climb, the wider it becomes andthe more true its perspective. In spiteof the countless depressions and valleysacross which our paths traverse,we continue to climb, though often wewonder why. No matter how dimand distant the horizon seems to be inthose moments of discouragement and"lows" there is ample compensationonce the summit is attained and thepanorama of an infinite expense of theunexplored is unfolded before us.B A G U I OL. W. Lennox, '05, President; Frank Delahunty,'25, Vice-President; T. J. Lawson, '36,Secretary-Treasurer, Box 252, Baguio, P. I.Monthly dinner meeting third Wednesdayeach month.B I R M I N G H A MTenney C. DeSollar, '04, President; W. C.Chase, Ex-'05, Vice-President; Hubert E. Risser,'37, Secretary, Flat Creek Alabama.Meetings upon call of secretary.B A Y C I T I E SFrank Hayward, '32. President; Will lam J.Rupnik, '29, Secretary-Treasurer, 714 HillgirtCircle, Oakland, Caiif. Four meetings peryear, 2nd Monday, March, June, Septemberand December.B U T T EE. S. McGlone, President; H. M. Strock, '22,Secretary, 1309 Platinum St., Butte, Mont.Meetings upon call of Secretary.C H I C A G OA. L. Lynne, '06, President; M. E. Frank, '06,Secretary, 4537 Drexel Blvd., Chicago. Meetingsupon call of secretary.C L E V E L A N DK. D. True, '35, President; R. J. Maloit, "37,Secretary-Treasurer, 970! Lamont Ave.,Cleveiand, Ohio. Four meetings during year,4th Friday, March, June, September andDecember.D E N V E RDent L. Lay, "35, President; R. J. McGlone,'27, Vice-President; A. L. Mueller, '35, Secretary,430 E. I Ith Ave., Denver, Colo. Fournight meetings per year. July, October,January, April.ImportantAnnouncementColorado section has changed its meetingdate. Four night meetings per year.Meetings for balance of this year will beon July 19th and October iSth.We promise you an interesting meeting.Join in the fun and enjoy a goodnight out. Remember the date July i9th,6:30 P.M., Oxford Hotel.HOUSTOr^Clark W. Moore, '32, President; R. J. Schilthuis,'30, Secretary, 1410 Gustav, Houston,Texas. Dinner meeting, second Friday ofmonth. 6:00 P. M., Lamar Hotel, Houston,Texas.The Houston Chapter held its regularmonthly meeting on Friday,June14 at 6:00' p. m. in the Cafeteria ofthe Lamar Hotel. Due principally tovacations, we had the poorest attendancein some time. The only regularmembers present were C. W . M c ­Guire, '36 and Ralph J. Schilthuis,'30. Messrs. Lester Neuhaus andNicholas Neff of the class of '40,wdioare here looking for jobs, also attended.Our president, M r . Clark W .Moore, '32, has been promoted tosuperintendent of the Mills-BennettProduction Company's operation inthe Lopez field, and we regret to advisethat he has moved from Houstonto Bruni, Texas, Box 1001.serve to notify him through theThis willmagazinethat he is being retained aspresident of the Chapter for the remainderof the term, operating byremotecontrol.L O S A N G E L E SR. S, Brummett, 26, President; William Dugan,Ex-'12, Secretary, 315 West 9th St.,Los Angeles, Calif. Four meetings duringthe year, 2nd Monday of month, January,April, July and October.A. F. Duggleby, '15, President; Ralph Keeler,'31, Secretary, Box 297, Manila. Dinner meeting,first Friday each month.C. L. French, '13, President; Ben W. Geddes,'37. Secretary, 1112 University Terrace,Linden, N. J. Meetings upon call of secretary.The last meeting of the New Yorksection, until next fall, was postponedfrom M a y 14th to June 4th becausethe essence of the program, namely,the moving pictures of the Mines-C. C. football game, did not arrivein time. However, they finally didcome and were thoroughly enjoyed.The "union" operators, Clare Frenchand Jack Bonardi, spent some timetrjdng to solve the intricacies of theprojector and they were probably assurprised as the rest of us when thepictures came out right side up. Itlooked good to us to see Mines ontop-heavy side of the scoreboard.theTed Carter also brought along areel of moving pictures onprospecting which was veryandAinstructive.geophysicalinterestinglot of new men, particularly someof the class of 1940, will probablybe coming into the New York areathis summer and they should be sureto let the section secretary know theiraddresses.Those in attendance at this meetingwere:H. J. Wolf, '03; T. Pilger, Ex-'IO; C.L. French, '13; J. G. Bevan, '21; JackBonardi, '21; Frank McKinless, '23; BillBerry, '24; S. Dei Rio, '28; Scott Turner,Hon. '30; Ted Carter, '31; Brad Bailey,'37; Ben Geddes, '37; and C. O. Reiser,'3H.S A L T L A K E C I T YOtto Herres, 'li, President; Kuno Doerr, Jr.,'27, Secretary, 700 McCormick Bldg., SaltLake City, Utah. Meetings upon call of secretary.Axel E. Anderson, '04, Seattle, Wash., President;Louie C. Rhodes, '20, Spokane, Wash.,Vice-Pres.; R. Kenneth Burgess, '28, Portland,Ore., Vice-Pres.; Daniel L. Beck, '12, Secretary-Treasurer,1020-21 Lloyd Bldg., Seattle,Wash. Meetings: 2nd Monday, September,December, March, June. Visiting Mines Menplease notify secretary and called meetingswill be arranged.A meeting was called by Axel E .Anderson, '04, at 6:30 P. M . , M a y27th, 1940, at the New WashingtonHotel, Seattle, Washington, for thepurpose of organizing the Northwestsection of the Colorado School ofMines AlumniAssociation.At this meeting, the following werepresent:Axel E. Anderson, '04; Daniel L. Beck,'12; Edwin E. Bussey, '97; Charles W.Harkison, '06; Henry J. Hersey, '24;Howard J. Hilton, '10; Eric M. Smith,'OS.H . G . Washburn, '04, Wallace,Idaho, was in town on May 27th, enrouteto the Azurite Mine, but becauseof previous appointments wasunable to remain over for theeveningmeeting. Notes were received from364 THE MINES MAGAZINE -f JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940365

W . D. Spencer, '04, of Portland,Oregon, J. D . Vincent, '33, ofHolden,Washington, and Leo A . Scherrer,'24 of Seattle, expressing theirregrets that they were unable to attendthe meeting.The following officers were elected :President—Axel E- Anderson, '04, Seattle,Wash.Vice-Pres.—Louie C. Rhodes, '20, Spokane,Wash.Vice-Pres.—R. Kenneth Burgess, '28,Portland, Ore.Secy.-Treas.—Daniel L. Beck, '12, Seattle,Wash.It was decided to assess members$1.00 per annum to defray expensesof mailing nature and chapterstationery, etc.guests,Regular meetings are to be heldquarterly, beginning on the secondMonday evening in September. Specialluncheon meetings will be calledby the president on occasion, and particularlyupon the occasion of visits toSeattle by outsidemembers.Members of this section are requestedto phone M r . Anderson's office,Elliot 3276, or M r . Beck'soffice,Seneca 2755, whenever they haveitems of interest which may be placedin the Personal Column of the AlumniMagazine.It was suggested that on occasionas the Vice-Presidents in Spokane andPortland should deem it wise, meetingsof this section be held at thesepoints for the benefit of members whocannot attend meetings in Seattle.President Anderson stated that itwas his ambition to visit personally,every member residing within the areaof North Idaho, Oregon and Washington.A n Entertainment Committee wasappointed, consisting of Messrs. C. W .Harkison, Edwin E . Bussey, and EricM . Smith. A . Publication Committeewas appointed, to be composed ofMessrs. D. L . Beck, L . C. Rhodes,and R. KennethBurgess.The general feeling expressed at themeeting was that the forming of theNorthwest section should prove ofbenefit to members and visitors, dueto the large number of travelersthatpass through Seattle enroute to Alaskaand points in the Orient. It is hopedthat visitors will make themselvesknown by calling eitherpersonally orphoning the offices of M r . Andersonor M r . Beck.in|uneVice-President R. K . Burgess wasSeattle on business the middle ofand was the inspiration for agroup to gather for luncheon at Don'sSeafood restaurant. Those presentwere E . E . Bussey, '97 H . J. Hilton,'10; A. E . Anderson, '04; R. K . Burgess,'28.M r . Burgess will organize thePortland group and also work withthe368boys at Spokane.P H O E N I XTwo meetings In year, second Saturday inApril and October. T. E. Giggey, "34,President; A. F. Hallett. '09; Percy Jones,Jr., '08, Vice-Presidents; E. M. J. Alenius,'23, Secretary-Treasurer, Box 2751, Phoenix,Ariz.P I T T S B U R G HS. L. Goodale, '04, President; A. M. Keenan,'35, Secretary, Box 146, Pittsburgh, Pa. Meetingsupon call of secretary.T U L S A(Continued on page 274)John R. Evans, '23, President; D. H. Peaker,'32, Secy.-Treas., c/o The Carter Oil Co.,Tulsa, Okla. Meetings upon call of secretary.W I C H I T AThomas H. Allan, '18, President; John T.Paddleford, '33, Secretary-Treasurer, 429 FirstNational Bank Building, Wichita, Kansas.Meetings upon call of secretary.u a itili o n —(Continued from page 342)The past inquiries of the scientistregarding structural control, magmaticdifferentiation, metasomatic alteration,weathering, electrical conductivity,mineral associations, paragenesisand others are now developingpracticalaspects and in the hands ofcompetent men possibilities,althoughnot measurable, are becoming probabilities.In my opinion the day ofmeasurablequantities of ore in placewith a "For Sale" sign on top areexpiring. The valuation of the futurewill be basedmore and more on orepossibilities and to a lesser extent onmeasurablequantities of ore and thesuccess of the valuator wdll dependupon his ability to read the geologicalsigns that research has shown do exist.Publication(Continued from page 363)ChairmanCommitteeBruce B. LaFollette reportedthat while the actual earningsof the publications are in advance ofthe budget requirements at this period,there was a deficiency in subscriptionsand advertising for the month of May.More advertising is needed to keepthis item in line with the budgetestimate.Book sales are advancing nicely andmany are discovering that we arerendering a valuable service.It is desiredto promote the serviceidea inconnection wdth this activity and makeour members conscious of the factthatthis department is able and willingto act as a clearing house for theirbookrequirements.The situation in regard for materialso, far this year has beengood but wecan use a larger variety of material toadvantage.Goodprogress is being made on theSpecial Petroleum Number for Augustbut some articles promised are veryslowcoming in. M r . Buell, who isworking up material, reportsthat wewill have an outstanding number thisyear;however, the actual size of theissue will be governed to a large extent,as usual, by the amount of advertisingobtained.Every Mines M a nwants to see this number an outstandingsuccess—so give us a hand in supplyingP R I Z E W I N N E Radvertising and material.Ted Goudvis of the class of '40 Is starling in first class manner as a Minesgraduate—one of the first things he does Is to read a copy of MINES MAGAZINEfrom cover to cover and in doing so [unfortunately for the editorial staff) he notes18 errors in the May Issue. The editors cannot agree with him on ail of the 18,however there are enough left to entitle him to the prize for that month, so tohim goes a free subscription to the Magaiine for one year.OXfORD HOT€Lo n D e n v e r ' s M a i n S t r e e tOne Block from Union StationSingle: $1.50 to $3.00Double: $2.00 to $5.00TILED TUB AND SHOWERSPood FamousCafe, Coffee Shop and Cocktail JCoungeJ. L. BROOKS Management W. A, VALLEEH You Enjoy Food at its Best You Will, Enjoy the OxfordH e a d q u a r t e r s f o r M i n e s M e nTHE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 1940TREASURER'S REPORTCOLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES ALUMNIBUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1940RECEIPTSASSOCIATIONJune 30, 1940BudgetCoil.Estimatelo1940 DateFrom Accounts Receivable - - -- -•$ 2,423.32 $ 2,147.73Alumni Council - -- -- 200.00Capability Exchange - - - - 50.00 9.71pu'e^ I _ 2,892.16 1,744.00Entertainment Committee .-. - - 300.00 264.12Interest - - - - -- - 80-00 35 85Miscellaneous - - - 100-00 49.74Publications -.- - -- - 1^,100.00 6,056.79For Accounts PayAlumni CounBank ChargeInsuranceBalance beginning of budget periodIncome to date, budget period...-.Expenditures to date, budget periodCash on hand — --$20,145.48 $10,307.94DISBURSEMENTSPercentCoilecled19.60.44.849.742.950%CreditB.ilance; 275.59200.0040.291,148.1635.8844.1550.268,043.2151.0 $9,837.54Budget Disbiirseme nt Percent CreditApprop. to dace Expended Balance.$ 4,055.93 $ 3,954.19 97. $ 101.74200.00 87.15 43.5 112.8550.00 25.00 SO. 25.00150.00 24.35 16. 125.65400.00 317.17 79. 82.839.55 9.55400.00 161.12 40. 238.88100.00 97.77 97.7 2.23550.00 228.24 41. 321.76100.00 12.25 12. 87.75. 10,694.00 3,727.05 34.8 6,966.95480.00 240.00 50. 240.002,500.00 1,207.75 48. 1,292.25150.00 108.57 72. 41.43150.00 79.64 53. 70.36150.00 113.99 75.9 36.01$20,139.48 $10,384.24 51. $9,755.24RECEIPTSDISBURSEMENTSRECAPITULATIONAccounts Receivable, June 30, 1940 - - -$1,426,85Cash on hand, June 30, 1940 — - ^46.97$1,773.82Accounts Payable, June 30, 1940 - 1,289.42Net credit, June 30, 1940 — - -$ 4-84.40Net deficit, January 1, 1940 — - 1,209.34Net gain, first six months 1940 ....$1,693.74Respectfully submitted,GEORGE W. THOMAS,Treasurer.t 423.2710,307.94 $10,731.21T R A V E L T R A I L W A Y S T O A L L A M E R I C A . . . . TRfltLWflVSiSeeYourLOCAL TRAILWAYS AGENTorWrite, Wire or PhoneTRAILWAYSPassenger Troflic DepartmentDENVER UNION BUS DEPOT KE. 2291 501 17TH STREET, DENVER, COLO.THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 194010,384.24% 346.97367

C A R D SA. E. Anderson, '04E, I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.I I 10 Hoge BuildingSeattle, WashingtonJack P. Bonardi, '21New York RepresentativeThe Mine & Smelter Supply Co.1775 Broadway New York CityGeorge R. Brown, '22Brown & Root, Inc.Engineering ConstructionHouston Austin Corpus ChristiG. Montague Bufler, '02Mining and Geological EngineerDean College of Mines and Engineering,University of Arizona, Tucson. Examinationsand problems Involving persistence,change in character, and loss of ore.Diamonds and other gems secured for Minersor their friends at reduced rates.Walter E, Burlingame, '01Assayer—Engineer—Chemist2040 Broadway Phone: TA. 36i5DenverFred C. Carstarphen, '05Specializing in Design and ErectionAerial TramwaysConsulting Engineer721 Marion St. Denver, Colo.C. Lorimer Colburn, '07Cooper Bldg.DenverHedleyMining EngineerDenver, Colo.Allan E. Craig, '14Marcy Mill DivisionThe Mine & Smelter Supply Co.W. C. Douglass, 'IIMining EngineerColoradoBritish ColumbiaThomas S. Harrison, '08Consulting Oil GeologistPrescottI 104 First National Bank Bldg.Denver, ColoradoHar!ow D. Phelps, '10Mining EngineerU. S. Mineral SurveyorAlfred E. Perkins, '10Western Division ManagerCrucible Steel Co. of AmericaArizona2635 Walnut Street Denver, Colo.W E D D I N G SSnyder-McCoolRaymond Snyder, '37, was married inSt. Louis, Missouri, on Tuesday, May 14,1940, to Miss Emma McCool of MountHarris, Colorado. Prior to his presentposition with the Kingwood Oil Company,Mr. Snyder was employed by the Victor-American Fuel Company at Mount Harris,The couple are now at home at 525No. Shelby Street, Salem, Illinois.Yarroll-MorganBefore going to Lucerne Valley, Californiato take over the duties of MillForeman of the cyanide plant for Mines,Inc., Warren H. Yarroll, '34, was marriedto Miss Helen Morgan of LosAngeles. The address of Mr. and Mrs.Yarroll is Box 113, Lucerne Valley.Hunt-WilsonFollowing close on his graduation fromMines this year was the marriage of MalcolmM. Hunt to Miss Marjorie M. Wilsonof Golden which took place Sundayafternoon. May 26. The ceremony wasperformed in the garden of the home ofthe bride's mother, Mrs. May Wilson, theRev. J. F. Starr officiating.Mr. Hunt's home is in Prince Rupert,British Columbia but the couple are nowlocated in Sudbury, Ontario, where he accepteda position with the InternationalNickel Corporation.BIRTHSSince April 18, 1940, Ann Allene Cocklehas been a welcome addition to the householdof Mr. and Mrs. Robert Cockle. Sheseems to be very happy in her new surroundingsand is the pride and joy of herbig sister, Janice, who is three years old.Specifications of Ann at birth:Weight, 6 pounds—3 ounces.Fully equippedFree Squealing—Automatic FeedingSeldom Requires Oil—Sparkling BlueLampsBody Color—Delightful pinkTravels nicely—wet or dry.F.O.B.—Money couldn't buy her.Editor's Note; Her father is mine engineer forthe Standard Silver-Lead Mining Company at Wilborn,iX'Iontana.R. E. Westling, '37, reported recentlythat his household was Increased to threeon May 11 by the arrival of a baby boy."All three doing nicely." Name of thebaby was not given, however, "Court"Doolittle is saving a place for him in theclass of '62.The proud father is production engineerfor the Gulf Oil Corporation atTulsa, Oklahoma.Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Dalton announcethe arrival of a nine-pound, fourteenouncedaughter on May 29. Mr. Dalton,of the class of '32, is metallurgist for theClimax Molybdenum Company.B L U EPRINTZNLARGOGRAPH PHOTOCOPY. ANDVOTHER REPRODUCTION SERVICE' THE COLORADO BLUE PRINT PAPER AND SUPPLY Co.'MAiN 5106 1340 GLENARM PL.ESTABLISHED IN DENVER SINCE 1903C A R D SRoot & Simpson, Inc.Metallurgical Chemists, AssayersDenver, Colo.W. G. Swart, Hon. '17Mining Engineer916 Union StreetAlameda, CaliforniaCecil R. Walbridge, '29Sales EngineerWorthington Pump and Machinery Corp.1640 Blake St. Denver, ColoradoWm. D. Waltman, '99Franco-Wyoming Oil Company601 Edison Bldg., Los AngelesElmer R. Wilfley, '14Wiifiey Centrifugal PumpsDenver, Colo.Fascinating Oil BusinessBy Max W. Ball, '06444 pages, 38 illustrations10 mapsPRICE $3.00Order your copy fromMiNES MAGAZINE734 Cooper Bldg. DenveryourWatck\ largo variety of makesind styles fo select from.American and Foreign.Jive me an Idea of what•OU want. Let me adviseOU personally. Surprisnglylow prices. Satis-—'•'on guaranteed.THIS ENGINEER'SSPECIALA 15 jewel Bls'm,waterproof, luminousd i at andfiands, Veritas case(waterproof), nonmagneticwristwalch.Price S25'O0FINE WATCHREPAIRING\\\ makes. Chronographs,achometers and Telemeters.Dial Gauges. Aeal job and promptervice. Special attentiono by-mail work.A JEWELRY SERVICEA visit to niy display room will convince youthat we can supply your needs in iewelry.whether a diamond ring tor the young lady,a sport watch for the young man, a necklacefor the wife or a fine watch for yourself.Special service and prices to "Mines Men",in person or by maii.W I L L I A M C R O W335 University Building Denver, Colo.Endorsed by Mines Magazine(Continued from page 361)above 37-kv consist of combinations of twosingle units, for instance, a 40-kv arresterwould consist of two 20-kv units, etc. Thetwo units combine to form one integralarrester.Features include absolute moistureproofing, brought about by the solderhermetical seal at each end casting. Greatestimprovement is in protective abilityagainst lightning, every arrester beingguaranteed to discharge at least 65,000surge amperes on a 5-10 micro-secondwave. This is possible because of thethree inch diameter resistance blocks,formerly used only on arresters rated 50-kv and above. Gap breakdown is uniformand stabilized by the resistance typespacers and metal electrodes. To insuretheir handling "long-tail wave" lightning,and freedom from radio interference eacharrester is tested in the laboratoiy underrated power voltage.Self-supporting, they may be mounteddirectly on transformers, or other equipment.Where small clearances prohibitthis, mounting brackets may be used andare obtainable.Further information may be obtained bywriting Dept. 7-N-20, West. Elec. & Mfg.Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa.^lant^ewsAllis-Chalmers IncreasesEl Paso Office PersonnelJ. E. Despins, Mining Division, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Company, Milwaukee,Wisconsin, has recently been transferredto the company's El Paso district office.He will act in the capacity of office engineerunder Mr. O. F. Metz, district officemanager.Mr. Despins is a graduate of the MichiganCollege of Mining and Technologyand completed the company's graduatestudent course prior to his service withthe Mining Division. He is a junior memberof the American Institute of MiningEngineers.Mechanical Supplies, Incorporated,Manila, P. I.Invites Correspondence from ManufacturersAnnouncement comes from Manila thatMechanical Supplies, Incorporated havepurchased the business and stock of theBerry Engineering Co,Mr, Donald B. MacAfee is Presidentand General Manager of the new corporationand is a machinery executive of manyyears experience in the Philippine Islands.As sales manager, Mr. MacAfee hasvisited most plants and has a comprehensiveknowledge of the Far East minesand industrials.The new corporation Intends to increaseits lines. Particular attention will be givento marine engines, rice mill equipment,mining machinery, logging and lumbermill equipment, machine shop tools, roadand construction machinery as weli ashydraulic pumping machinery and specializedequipment.A complete stock of mill and mechanicalsupplies will be on hand in the corporation'swarehouse at Manila.Mr, MacAfee states that his corporationwill willingly consider any new developmentsin mechanical equipment. Manufacturersare requested to write the corporationat its mail address in Manila,P. O. Box 1177 regarding lines of equipmentavailable for export.Mechanical Supplies, Incorporated inits location at 320 13th Street Port Area,Manila has large display quarters and awell equipped warehouse. The corporationhas been organized by various Manilabusiness men and its capitalization issufficient to permit continual expansion.Diesel-Electrics toHaul Iron Ore fromLargest Open-Pit Iron-Ore MineIn theWorldThe first diesel-electric locomotives forthe Mesabi Iron Range of the Lake Superiordistrict will go into service in Junein the Minnesota properties of the OliverIron Mining Company, a subsidiary ofthe United States Steel Corporation. Ofthe ten diesel-electric locomotives goinginto service, seven are equipped withGeneral Electric apparatus installed inlocomotives built by the American LocomotiveCompany.These locomotives, rated 1000 hp andweighing 125 tons each, will be used from16 to 24 hours per day to haul trains ofloaded ore cars from open pit mines, 200to 400 feet deep on a two to eight milehaul to the top of the pit. The locomotiveswill push or pull the trains overthe switchbacks and up heavy grades withS per cent maximum against the load.High tractive eifort, less smoke, andability to negotiate sharp curves wereamong the reasons for the selection ofdiesel-electric locomotives.The Oliver Iron Mining Company'sHull-Rust property at Hibbing is a hugeexcavation, 350 feet deep, ZYz miles longand a mile wide. Including the glacialoverburden that covered the ore, morematerial has been taken from this pit thanwas removed in building the PanamaCanal.The 60 miles of standard gage railroadtrack used in the Hull-Rust open pit mineat Hibbing is shifted to new locations asmining progresses. This track shifting isaccomplished by means of locomotivecranes which left the track in 30 footsections.The Hibbing property is part of theenormous Mesabi Iron Range of Minnesota,which in its 47 years of mininghistory has produced more than a billiontons of ore. The Mesabi has even beencalled the nation's storehouse of steel andhas played a very major part in makingthe United States the leading steel producingnation of the world,SOILLESSG r o w t h o f P l a n t sby Carleton Ellis and Miller W. SwaneyThe first complete ti'eutisc in book form on thisImmensely important guliject wlilcli diseussea tlioruughtyall tbrfic nietliwls of SniUesa Growtli-—Watei^Culture, Sand Culture and Suli-iiTigation.Interesting, timely, and Instinctive both to scientist'!anil laymen is this new eomprebensive book on the artof growing plants witbout. soil. Trobalily no feclinicaldevelopment of the past decade has made a moi'etrimnpbant entrance into the realm of lay science thanhas the soilless growth of plants. So important hi thisnew development in plant erowtli, that the NationalBesoiirces Committee selected it as one of tbe fewrecent technical advanceiiienls likely to help fashiontbo future of tbis countiy. Bo fasciiialins is thismethod of growing dowel's, vegetables aud fniits, tbattbe desire to tiy out this "new Wiy" is spreadingwith pliciiomenal speed.Tahle of Conteiiis: Chemistry of Plant Life; firowiuEin Mineral .Aggregates; Sand-Culture Method; SubiiTigationMethod; (Jrowiiig in Walcr; Walter-cultureSystem; Nutrient Solutions; llmisebold Piant Culture;Growing Flowers for the Familj'; Growing Vegetablesfor the Family; Commercial Aspects; Special Chemicals;Plaut Horcnones; Doubling Cbroiiiosomes inPlants; Effects of ivriscellaneoiis Clicmieals nn Plants;Common DetiTUients; Nutrient B'ormulas; Index.160 Pases -60 lllustratloiis—5 in ColorPRICE $2.75Order your copy tramMINES MAGAZINE734 Cooper Building Denver, Colo.Operation of the world's longest beltconveyor,maniifactured by the GoodyearTire & Rubber Company for the ColumbiaConstruction Company, Inc., to carry aggregatefrom its Redding, Californiagravel pits to the Shasta dam at Coram(distance 9.6 miles) began in April,Twice as long as the largest belt systemever huilt previously, it will operate at aspeed of 550 feet per minute crossing theSacramento river at two piiints; over fivecounty roads and one main state highwav;across four creeks and main line ofthe Southern Pacific Railroad.if-Capacity load of (he system is UOOtons an hour, 'i'he belt (36 inches wide)weighs approximately one and a halfmillion pounds, will carry 10,000,000 ton^of aggregate for (he {lam in four years.368 THE MINES MAGAZINE * JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 1940369

Soilles Grouutli of Plants. By CarletonE. Ellis and Miller W. Swaney—160Pages, 60 Illustrations Reinhold PublishingCorporation, $2.7S.This new hobby, the soilless growingof plants, is an unlimited source of entertainment.It is of great educational valuefor children. The chemicals required arecheap and perfectly harmless. Suitableequipment can easily be built in the homeworkshop or may be purchased cheaplyfrom dealers. Complete directions forcarrying on plant culture, both in smalland large-scale operation, is contained in"Soilless Growth of Plants." Here isinformation on how to build containersand grow flowers and vegetables for thefamily at small expense. In addition,full directions are given for making up"tested" nutrient solutions from the rawmaterials needed for growing plants. Forthose not hitherto participating in raisingflowers, vegetables, and fruits it willafford a splendid opportunity for developinga new and extremely fascinatinghobby.Contents: Chemistry of Plant Life;Growing in Mineral Aggregates; SandcultureMethod; Sub-irrigation Method;Growing in Water; Water-culture System;Nutrient Solutions; Household PlantCulture; Growing Flowers for theFamily; Growing Vegetables, for theFamily; Commercial Aspects; SpecialChemicals; Plant Hormones; DoublingChromosomes in Plants; Effects of MiscellaneousChemicals on Plants; CommonDetriments; Nutrient formulas—Index."A tremendously valuable auxiliarymethod of producing food and beauty,carefully and intelligently explained."Berschel Erickell tn New York Post."The National Resources Committeeplaces the culture of plants by the soillessmethod among the 10 most importanttechnical trends of the day." MemphisPress-Scimitar."Whether you are interested in plantsor only interested in what's going on inthe world, you will find this book to beone of the best investments of the year."C. C. Furnas in Saturday Review of Literature,Neiv York."It is to be recommended to all thosewho are interested in experimenting, eitherindoors as a hobby, or out-of-doors as acommercial venture." Scientific American,New York.Between Pacific Tides. E. F. Rickettsand J. Calvin. Stanford University Press,1939, 320 pp.. 46 pi., 112 figs., $6.00.An authoritative and above all an interestingaccount of some five hundred ofthe common and obvious marine invertebratesof the Pacific littoral from Mexicoto Alaska, their life history and physiology,and their relations individually andin communities to such environmentalfactors as wave shock, type of bottom,and tidal level.The classification is ecological by habitat,tidal zone, and station. A systematicindex is provided, combined with an annotatedbibliography of some four hundredtitles, which brings together most ofthe scattered important references to PacificCoast invertebrates.The work has been prepared for theintelligent general reader and the touristas well as for the ciass in zoology or thescientific observer along the shore. Thereis little description In a morphological orei/iewStaxonomic sense; the many in situs photographsplus statements of the characteristichabitats are thought to provide moreidentifications than anything short of completeanalytical keys and detailed descriptionsby and for the specialist.Man Makes Himself. By V. GordonChilde. Oxford University Press, $1.75.This readable book is a brief but fairlycomprehensive outline of human culturehistory as viewed by an anthropologist.It is a thoughtful and thought-provokingaccount, intended primarily for the layreader but well worth the specialist's attentionas an interpretative exposition.The author's chief aim is to examine theknown facts of prehistory and ancienthistory in order to determine the majorevents which mark the course of humanprogress. He begins by suggesting thatPrehistory is a continuation of NaturalHistory and that there is a notable analogybetween organic evolution and culturalprogress. More specifically, he suggeststhat during the early stages of humanexistence advancement consisted mainlyin physical or bodily adaptation to environmentand that since modern mancame on the scene advancement has beenmarked instead by modification or adaptation,i.e., conquest of the environment.This conquest process, ordinarily calledculture history, is described in a successionof chapters bringing the story up practicallyto the present day. First, duringthe Old Stone Age, appeared the simplefood-gatherers; next, during the NewStone Age, came the agriculturists andstock raisers, with marked increase inpopulation; last of all, during the BonzeAge and later, urban civilization arosewith its division of labor and consequentinterchange of products, resulting in navigationand search for raw materials farand wide, giving rise to trading posts,colonization and ultimate conquests. Asan essential to successful merchandising,writing and arithmetic were developedand with this achievement historic timesmay be said to have begun, about 3000B. C. These major steps were so markedlydifferent in character that the author callsthem Revolutions and regards them asequally important with the Industrial Revolutionof 18th Century, which has givenrise to our present method of mass production.But this is only half of the story.Economic advancements had all along profoundsocial consequences, and our presentdifficulties are regarded as arisingmainly from the fact that social improvementshave not yet caught up with our industrialachievements. To many students.Professor Gordon thinks, our progress isdoubtful, is nothing but a revival inscientific terms of the ancient doctrine ofthe Fall of Man, through tasting of theTree of Knowledge. And so this essayis intended primarily as an antidote forpresent pessimism regarding the humanfuture by showing that in the past theworld has steadily advanced In spite of,if not because of, a succession of moreor less violent Revolutions, of which thepresent turmoil is only another example.—N. C. N. in N. H.West Texas—New Mexico Symposium—Part I. Edited by R. K. DeFord andE. Russell Lloyd. Amer. Assn. PetroleumGeologists Bulletin Jan. 1940. 189 pp.illustrated.Contains papers on the Pre-Permianstratigraphy and structure of the region.Besides presenting much unpublished informationon an interesting and importantarea, will deal mainly with the Permianrocks of the West Texas-New MexicoPermian Basin. Considerable is given oncorrelation and attempts are made toclarify and improve the nomenclature.Several maps and numerous charts add tothe value of the papers. The followingpapers are included in Part I.Editorial Introduction. By Ronald K.DeFord and E. Russell Lloyd.South-North Cross Section from PecosCounty through Ector County, Texas,to Roosevelt County, New Mexico. ByWilliam C. Fritz and James Fitz-Gerald, Jr.South-North Cross Section from PecosCounty through Winkler County,Texas, to Roosevelt County, NewMexico. By E. Hazen Woods.Geologic Section from Fisher Countythrough Andrews County, Texas, toEddy County, New Mexico. ByRobert I. Dickey.Stratigraphy, Eastern Midland Basin,Texas. By Lincoln R. Page and JohnEmery Adams.Geology of North-Central Texas. ByM. G. Cheney.Sand Hills Area, Crane County, Texas.By Elliot H. Powers.Structural Development, Yates Area,Texas. By John Emery Adams.Older Rocks of Van Horn Region,Texas. By Philip B. King.Paleozoic Stratigraphy of FranklinMountains, West Texas. By L. A.Nelson.Correlation of Pennsylvanian Rocks ofNew Mexico. By C. E. Needham.Upper Paleozoic Section of ChinatiMountains, Presidio County, Texas.By John W. Skinner.Altogether the Symposium is both interestingand valuable to the petroleumgeologist, stratigrapher and student ofgeological history. —J. H. J.Science Today and Tomorrow. ByWaldemar Kaempffert. Viking Press,$2.50.Waldemar Kaempffert's pen is not onlyinspired by imagination but Is controlledby accuracy—two most important characteristicsof a scientific writer. Othersmay set forth their material as clearly,but few can approach his skill in fascinatingand persuasive presentation. He hasan unusually comprehensive background.For eighteen years he was editor of theScientific American, and for five yearshe was editor of Popular Science. He wasthe first director of the Museum ofScience and Industry in Chicago {foundedby Julius Rosenwald). At present he isScience and Engineering Editor of theNew York Times.In this volume the author gives us eighteenmost readable chapters on astronomical,physical, chemical, and biologicaltopics—every one a gem of popular scientificwriting. The reader is given dramaticword-pictures of a nova ("A Star Explodes"),new aspects of the sun, and lifeon other worlds. There is a chapter onrocketing through space, and one on explorersof the atmosphere. The chapterentitled "The Mystery of the Atom" is athrilling story. Another is titled "AfterCoal—What?", another, "Evolution SinceDarwin", and another on "Carrel".The thread that binds the book in aunified whole is the author's deep and continuedinterest in the social aspects ofscientific development. To him it is anew and improving way of life. There isnot a dull paragraph in the little volume.—C. F. in N. H.GEOPHYSICAL^^ ewd unMagnetic Measurements:HiGASiNAKA, H. Magnetic Force Dueto a Conical Body. Jul. Shanghai ScienceInstitute 1 (Section 1), 199-204, Feb., 1939.The writer develops the mathematicsof the magnetic field arising from aconical body. Such a body might representa conical volcano or hidden dome,making it a useful case. In practice it isat times necessary to calculate the effectof such a shaped body at a point on thesurface.It is assumed that the body is uniformlymagnetized. The formulae connectingmagnetic potential, gravitational potentialintensity and direction of magnetizationand density of the body is used. Thenecessary equations resulting are developedwith the aid of zonal harmonics andpolar coordinates, and give the X, Y, andZ components of magnetic force.—D. W.JOHNSON, E. A. A Primary Standardfor Measuring the Earth's Magnetic Vector.Terr. Mag. At. El. 44(1), 29-42;Mar., 1939.A New electromagnetic magnetometerto establish primary standards of highaccuracy in measuring any component ofthe earth's magnetic field as described.The instrument consists of a Helmholz-Gaugain coil which sets up a measurablestandard field, opposed to the componentof the Earth's field being measured; whilea rotating coll within the main Helmholzcoil is used as a null indicator. Thevoltage generated by the rotating coil isdetected by an A. C. amplifier.The dimensions of the instrument aredescribed and the mathematics of calculatingthe coil constant for the Helmholzcoil are given. Errors in orientation ofthe instrument and its limiting sensitivityare discussed.—D. W.JOHNSON, E. A. Note on the Design ofEfficient Magnets. Terr. Mag. & At.El. 44(1), 81-83; Mar., 1939.The writer presents design data oncylindrical magnets showing demagnitization-curvesfor Allnco, cobalt steel andtungsten steei magnets and the energydensitycurves for same. Another set ofcurves gives the remanence of cylindricalmagnets as a function of their dimensionratio for the 3 materials noted above.Alinco magnets appear to have highstability.—D. W.STEARN, N. H. Geomagnetic Explorationin 1938; Geophysics 4(2), 118-122;Mar., 1939.Experience bringing into "sharperfocus" the functions of different geophysicalmethods brings out that magneticprospecting Is taking over the function ofscouting, being characterized as the KitCarson of Geophysics. Over 8 geophysicistsreport its use as preliminary tosurveys with other methods in both miningand petroleum exploration in differentparts of the United States and Canada,which include magnetic surveys as directionalto extensive seismic work in California.This scouting function is further evidencedby regional magnetic surveys bythe Missouri Geological Survey in theN W portion of that state. The 6,100square miles surveyed in 1938 bring thetotal coverage in that state to 25,000 sq.Compiled by fhe Geophysics Department, Colorado School of Minesmiles. The U. S. Geological Survey isreported using the method in the HighwoodMountain Area of Montana todetect possible laccolith feeders.An area of perhaps the most active useof geomagnetics is reported as S. Texaswhere the method is credited with assistingin the location of S pools. In thearea that on magnetic surveys is dividedinto 3 groups, viz.; 1. Those who "believe"in the method and credit it for apart in several discoveries; 2. Those who"disbelieve" and consider data supportingits applicability is purely empirical andno reasonable theoretical background forinterpretation in the region has been developed,and results pointing its successstatistically could be purely fortuitous;3. Those who consider both sides of thequestion and are withholding judgment inthe matter.The author suggests an exchange of experiencesamong men active in the applicationof magnetic methods to speedup advancement, develop adequate articulationof sound scientific theory behindinterpreting anomalies. An abstractcannot cover all the interesting pointsdiscussed.—D. W.JOHNSON, C. H. New Mathematicaland "Sterographic Net" Solutions to Problemof Two Tilts—with Applications toCore Orientation. A.A.P.G. Bull. 23(5),663-685, May, 1939.In obtaining the true dip of beds fromoriented cores, it is necessary to correctthe observed magnetic orientation of thecore for errors due the deviation of thebore hole, from which the core is taken,from the vertical and apply an orientationcorrection and a strike-and-dip correction.The above ties in to the two-tilt problemand the author develops 4 fundamentalequations for use in solving the problemand for the construction of graphic netsfor the same purpose. The discussionand development and its application tothe problem of core orientation is complete.—D.W.Pendulum and Gravimeter Measurements;Report of Houston Geological StudyGroup in Interpretation of Geophysics;Geophysics 4(2), 138-140; Mar., 1939.The paper here reviewed was read byA. B. Miller at a meeting of the HoustonGeological Society; it evolved from aseries of lectures, lead by Paul Weaver,of the above study group. The two typesof geophysical pictures discussed coverstrong anomalies and weak anomalies. Inthe first type the anomaly is of suchstrength and measured on physical propertiesthat permit the material causing itas well as the shape of the anomalousmass to be determined. In the secondtype the anomaly is small and caused byrocks whose physical properties differ soslightly from the surroundings that thetype of material and shape of theanomalous mass are difficult or impossibleto deduce.Under each type examples of magnetic,gravity and seismic anomalies are' presentedand discussed. The geophysics ofthe soils is briefly covered and 11references are attached. The paper givesan excellent and concise treatment offundamentals of geophysical interpretation.—D.W.euiewHEILAND, C. A. Gravimeters; TheirRelation lo Seismometers, Astatizafionand Calibration; A.I.M.E. Tech. Pub. No.1049, (Class L. No. 62), 1-26; Apr., 1939.Comprehensive engineering Informationon gravimeters covering the entirefield is presented. The working principlesof a number of these instruments areillustrated in relation to correspondingseismometers; the mathematical discussionof the theory being confined to fundamentals.Gravimeters are classified as 1. Pneumatoraetric(gas pressure) and 2. Mechanical{elastic force) types; on a basisof the comparison force against whichgravity is measured in the instruments.The mechanical gravimeters are subdividedinto unastatized and astaticvarieties. The Barometric gravitymethods (Hecker-Mohn) and the volumetricgravity method {Haalck) aretaken up first. This is followed by adescription and discussion, under class 2,of 6 different unastatized instruments,namely, those of Threlfall and Pollock,Wright, Lindbland-Malmquist, Hartley,Graf-Askania and Gulf; each beingillustrated hy diagrams.A section is devoted to the astatizationof Gravimeters and Horizontal Seismogravimeters(Ising gravimeter) andVertical Seismo-gravlmeters are treated.Under the latter 5 types are considered,namely: Blfilar gravimeters, Trifilargravimeter, Truman gravimeter, Mott-Smith gravimeter and the Thyssen gravimeter.A final section deals with the calibrationof gravimeters and the various factorsthat affect instrument readings andcorrections necessary together with methodsof determining and applying same.^ Alist of 26 references (16 from foreignsources) is given.The paper assembles a large amount ofspecific and valuable data on gravimeterswhich instruments, as is pointed out, havecome into increasing commercial use inthis country in the last 5 years.—D. W.KAUENHOWEN, W. A Review of GeophysicalSurvey of the Reich as a Backgroundfor Prospecting for Mineral Depositsby O. Barsch, and The Subsurfaceof Schleswig-Holstein in Light of SeismicRefraction Surveys by H. Reich. A.A.P.G.Bull. 22(4), 494-500, April, 1938.The first named article is from Oel undKohle (Berlin SW 68) vol. 12 {45), 1035-1039, Dec. 1936; the second from Pumpenund Brunnenbau Bohrtechnik (Berlin SW68) 33(24), 763-69, Nov., 1937.The publications here reviewed are ofinterest as they release for the first timeresults of investigations during recentyears in determining the subsurface structureof the N. German plains. Results oftorsion balance and gravity meter measurementsin the province of Schleswig-Holstein (1934-1936) are present in twomaps. To the end of 1936 some 35 newsalt plugs had been discovered. The mapof seismic results published by the secondauthor give contours of equal times ofarrival of seismic waves at 4 klm. distancefrom the shot point as determinedby travel time profiles. The map repre-370 THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE JULY 1940371

sents essentiaiiy a contour map of thePre-Tertiary surface in the area,A comparison of the two maps suggeststhat the gravitational eifects originatefrom much greater depths than the seismiceffects. Pre-existing ideas of the subsurfacetrends were entirely revised on abasis of the seismic results.The review covers two examples ofregional geophysical surveys and theirusefulness.—D. W.Soil Analysis:HOFFMAN, M . G. An Advance in Explorationby Soil Analysis Methods. Oil& Gas JI. 37(44), 23-24, IIS; Mar. 16,1939.The writer discusses the soil surveymethod of exploration showing type curvesof the hydrocarbon values from analyzed'samples, against the geologic structure involvedin several type cases. The differenceis noted in this technique, which attemptsto locate the body of oil directlyregardless of structure, and other geophysicalmethods that determine structureonly.The matter of the upward migrationand diffusion of gases and their concentrationin the crust of the earth, the imperviousnessof strata to migration, oxidationand polymerization at the surfaceconverting light hydrocarbons to heavyones are all discussed. The Russian procedureof analysing gases collected fromspecially drilled holes and the Americanmethod of analysing collected samples oftbe soil for hydrocarbons are described.Type curves showing a halo patternover closed anticlines, high anomaly curveover stratigraphic traps and peak valuesover faults and their interpretation is discussed.It is held that more than a sampleanalysis of samples should be shown forexample; 1. The relative amount of organicmatter in the soil; 2, The characterof the soil; 3. Topography; 4, Soil covering;5. Surface geology for beds just belowthe surface ; 6. Climate of the region ;7. Possible contamination.The writer holds the method is an importantexploration advance yet In its experimentalstages. He suggests its use tocheck undrilled seismograph structures.—D. W.TUCKER, M . Soil Analysts Evaluatedby Test Holes. Oil & Gas Jl. 38(5), 36-37; June 15, 1939.The writer notes that the present programof drilling now under way on locationsestablished by soil analysis surveyswill provide the checks needed to establishthe worth of the method. Such drillingtests will determine: 1. the proper layoutof surveys on different types of prospects;2. the magnitude of hydrocarbon soilshowings required under varying conditionsto indicate commercial production;3. the selectivity of the procedure in outliningproductive limits within shortdistances; 4. improvements in final interpretationof geochemical data; and S.application of the method as a reconnaissanceand as a detailing explorationtool. The above 5 items are discussed indetail by the author. Six profiles of soilanalysis surveys from W. Centra! Texas,Michigan, W. Kansas, and 3 from localitiesin Oklahoma illustrate the pointstreated. Under interpretation it isbrought out that soil analysis findings arevery sensitive to faulting or fracturingwhich cause important exceptions to the"halo" arrangement of hydrocarbonmaxima around petroliferous anticlines.As an exploration tool the method appearsjustified after 15 wells drilled onareas showing normal conditions by soilanalysis showed no oil though structurepresent was confirmed. This experienceindicates that where no soil analysisanomalies were found an area would appearto be definitely unfavorable. Amethod of averaging station values to cutout irregularities due to soil variationsis given.The article is a timely and coolly criticaltreatment of numerous phases of this newprocedure.—D. W.Seismic Methods:MOTT-SMITH, M . On Seismic Paths andVelocity-Time Relations; Geophysics4(1), 8-23 ; Jan., 1939.It is brought out that in seismic depthcomputations straight wave paths aregenerally assumed and the variation ofwave velocity with depth is allowed foras determined by observations. Howeverthe curvature of the path caused by variationof velocity with depth is usually notconsidered largely because of the mathematicaldifficulties and complications oftaking it into account. For deep reflectionsfrom nearly horizontal beds no correctionfor ray curvature is necessary but wherereflecting horizons are shallow or theirdip steep and velocity varies rapidly,curvature errors should be considered.The difficulties of determining theseerrors lie in the necessity of substitutingfor wave velocities, empirically determined,a mathematical curve correspondingto some equation. The writershows that only a few quite simple velocitydepth laws lead to wave path equationsthat can be integrated easily and that themathematical curve chosen must fit thewave velocities closely or errors of misfitmay exceed those of path curvature whichare being corrected for. It is also desirablethat least squares can be appliedin the fitting process.The author investigates three types ofassumed velocity-depth laws, namely: 1.The parabolic type without initialvelocity; 2. The parabolic type with initialvelocity; and 3. The exponental type.Graphs of the above curves are shown togetherwith that of an empirical velocityactually found in the field. The degreeof fit obtained and other factors arediscussed.Three types of velocity-time laws obtainedfrom the curves previously notedare considered and it Is shown that theserelations conform closely to empiricalvelocities and can be easily fitted thereto.Velocity time equations of the typeV = V . + Af" are easily handled mathematicallyand fit well at the shallow endof the curve which is important.The seismic paths and wave frontsdetermined by the methods developed inthe article may be applied by determiningdips and depths directly or in the formof corrections to dips and depths calculatedon straight ray path assumptions.It is noted that only the theoretical aspectsof the subject are treated In the article.—D. W.Dix, C. H. Interpretation of Well-Shot Data; Geophysics 4(1), 24-32; Jan.,1939.In connection with the determination ofthe distribution of reflection seismic wavevelocity with depth from well shooting,the author considers that the real probleminvolved is: given the well-shot data, findthe relation between velocity and depth.The method outlined in the paper givesa direct process for finding this relationwhich fits the data within the range ofprobable error and is easy of application.The mathematics of the method is developedand its application to an exampleis given. A graph with time and depthas respective axes shows the data fromwell shots and the curve corresponding tocalculated velocity distribution by theprocedure set forth. It is further broughtout that reflections calculated where thismethod is used to obtain the velocitydepth relations are in good agreementwith facts and that often sudden changesin velocity with depth render the averagevelocity method inaccurate. It is concludedthat in view of the expense involvedin obtaining well-shot data velocitylogs should be worked up so as to fit alldata as closely as possible. An exampleis cited where such treatment of datagave evidence to support the view thattwo questionable deep reflections were infact multiple reflections and not true deepreflections.—D. W.MCKINNEY, E. G. Seismographing forOH; Oil Weekly 92(7), 93 ; Jan. 23, 1939.An advertisement of a laook under theabove title, price $1.00, P. 0. Drawer2811, Houston, Texas, The Gulf PublishingCo. It is stated that the book is basedon practical experience and presents aclear non-technical explanation of theseismograph and its use in oil prospecting.—D. W.HEILAND, C. A. Geophysical InvestigationsConcerning the Seismic Resistance ofEarth Dams. A.I.M.E. T.P. 1054, pp.1-28, February, 1939.The paper treats of the use of geophysicalmethods in the field of structural engineeringin relation to the dynamic designof structures that may be subject to groundvibrations, either artificially produced (asby traffic) or by earthquakes. The dynamicbehavior of surface and subsurface formationsupon which structures are builtfall within the scope of the geophysicalinvestigations.Methods available for the determinationof the dynamic characteristics ofground and of structures are divided intotwo groups; viz.: (1) Measurements offree vibrations produced by individual(controllable or non-controlled) Impulses;and (2) measurements of forced vibrationsproduced by sustained periodic vibrationsof variable though controlledfrequency. These methods require theuse of vibration detectors and seismic recordinginstruments and procedures.Forced vibrations are usually produced byunbalanced flywheel machines and therecords obtained give the natural frequencyand damping of the structure orformations investigated, which data is ofgreat value in the proper design of proposedstructures to make them earthquakeproof.The application of these methodsto rigid structures and to earth dams aswell as the determination of the frequencycharacteristics of earth dams by theoreticalcalculations, are treated. Anotherphase of the investigations covers the constructionand use of scale models of damsand dam sites and the determination ofthe natural frequency and damping bytests thereon. Field measurements to obtaingeological and physical data formodel construction are described.An analysis of prevailing frequencies ofearthquakes was undertaken using earthquakerecords and quarry blasting data inorder to determine the range of wavefrequencies most prevalent in an areastudied in detaii so that a proposed damcould be protected against the frequenciesmost likely to occur. The basis of safedynamic design is to plan structures thatdo not have a natura! vibration period inresonance with prevailing frequencies ofvibrations to which they will be subjected.The paper clearly shows the usefulnessof geophysical procedures in design problemsof structures and dams and presentsseveral unique procedures developed insolving problems presented in the extensiveinvestigations undertaken.-—D.W.372 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 1940REVIEW Of_J^tlcLWor-tLliiieCompiled by Departmenis of Mining, Metallurgy, and Pe+roleum, Colorado School of MinesCondensate Wells—Completion and RecyclingOperations, by E. V. Foran andP. C. Dixon. Reference: Oi! and Gas J.,Vol. 37, No. 45, March 23, 1939.In Nov. 1932, Dr. Lacey before a A.P.I,convention discussed the retrograde phenomena;that property of liquids in whichthey display high vapor pressures at highpressures (3000-4000 psi). To producecertain fields where the retrograde phenomenais present, it has been necessary touse recycling which preserves the pressurewhile producing the liqulfiable reservoircontents. Of the various names appliedto these wells, "distillate well" is the best.Retrograde pressure condensation is aprocess wherein a condensate is procuredby pressure reduction at constant temperature;retrograde pressure vaporization isthe reverse of this process. Retrogradetemperature condensation Is a processwherein a condensate is procured by temperatureincrease at constant pressure;retrograde temperature vaporization isthe reverse of this process. Normal condensation,even though it occurs in theretrograde range (above 700 to 800 psi)is not retrograde condensation. The firstwork done In Texas was at Big Lake, dueto the success of high-pressure operationsthere, the first recycling plant in Texaswas built at Auqua Dulce in 1936. Today,there are several distillate recycling plantsin operation. Operating pressures inthese plants are as high as 2,800 psi andinput well as high as 3,600 psi. TheTexas Railroad Commission has donemuch to stimulate recycling activities by arecent order which shuts in those wellswhich have been producing gas into theair. A distillate well is a gas well. Itis advantageous to deliver the raw welleffluent to the separator at a pressureequal to the shut-in well pressure; sothat the pressure drop due to the processingmay supply a portion of the necessaryprocess cooling. To minimize the flowingpressure loss it Is necessary to set largecasing on top of, the producing sand andto complete the well with a liner andscreen thru the horizon, if the horizon Isunconsolidated or with an open hole if thehorizon Is consolid ated. Tubing is installedin output or recycling input wellsfor two reasons: First, to provide asyphon string to produce liquid condensate,and second, to provide the normaland necessary means of access and controlof the well. Flow lines may be largeto prevent pressure loss, and cooled forthe same reason. In recycling ali thewells should be located to conform tocarefully planned pattern. A knowledgeof the geology is Important to preventisolation and loss from circulation of portionsof the reservoir gas. The recycledresidue gases do not mix, but move anddisplace the original reservoir material Inthe direction where pressure gradientsexist. Commercial recovery by condensationutilizes hoth the retrograde condensationrange and the normal condensationdue to temperature drop. A generalizedprocess would collect the gas from thewell, cool it, pass it thru a separator, thenthru a liquidenser, and then the resultingliquids to storage. The problem of fractionationand color control has beensolved by controlled stage separation andcontrolled rate of flow. Other problemsar'': hydrate formation and proper com­THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 1940pression ratio. Tomorrow's productioncosts will be higher due to deeper wellswhich win be necessary.—H. T."Petroleum Supply of Axis PonversShort of Wartime Needs" from "Miningand Metallurgy", November 1939 Issue,written by V. R. Garfias and J. W.Ristori.Germany and Italy will be seriouslysbort of petroleum and its products Iflarge scale hostilities should develop. IfItaly's outside supply of oil should bestopped by England or France with ablockade of the Mediterranean, she wouldhave to try and get It from Rumaniawho is already taxed to provide oil forthe Balkans. The alliance betweenRussia and Germany should open toGermany a chance to import a greatamount of Russian oii. The fact remainsthat 1939 Russia has not exported anyappreciable quantity of oil, and it doesnot have very much more than it needsto supply its own military and domesticpeace-time needs. Ofliclal Russian figuresare too hig and are not a true picture ofconditions.Germany has a production of 25 millionbarrels in 1940 and her estimated wartimerequirements are 90 million barrels. In1938-39 she imported 80% from Northand South America and this source mightbe cut off in a real war. 10% came fromRumania and 2% from Russia in thatyear.Italy got 60 to 70% of her oil fromNorth and South America in 1938-39.If these were cut off she must rely onRumania. If Russia were able to exportquantities of oil to Germany, transportationwould be extremely poor and slow.Rumania could not furnish more thanthirty-five million barrels, and Germanyand Italy's combined deficit is estimatedin war-time to be 104,000,000. Transportationhere too would also offer manydifficulties.France and Italy are fairly wellequipped with refineries to refine the crudethey may be able to get, but England andGermany are more dependent on productsalready refined. For this reason Germanymight suffer a serious gasoline shortageeven If she could get all of the crude oilshe wanted. England and France, it isassumed would be able to get petroleumand gasoline from the United States.The amount of petroleum and petroleumproducts held in storage particularly byGermany and Italy will affect the situation,but these supplies could not last formore "than a few months of active warfare".Facts to be drawn if war continuesthroughout 1940 are as follows:(1) A blockade of pet, against Germanywill be one of France's and Germany'smost effective weapons.(2) Russia cannot be of much assistancebecause of insufficient exportable surplusof petroleum and lack of transportationfacilities.(3) Rumanian fields would fall 30,000,-000 barrels short of providing Germany'swartime needs in 1940; transportation isdifficult If not impossible,(4) Italy's entrance into war asGerman ally would be a drawback not ahindrance from pet's, scarcity point ofview.(5) Germany can help herself by (a)making peace before exhaustion, (b)Control Mediterranean shipping and theIran-Mediterranean pipe line (c) neutralItaly (d) avoid break with Balkans.It will be difficult for Germany to takepossession of Rumanian oil fields. Breakoff of relations with Russia would bedisastrous. Rumanian oil is absolutelyvital to Germany's wartime needs.—J. A.B.Producing OH with Gas-Lift, S. F.Shaw. Sci. of Petroleum, vol. 1, pp. 583-589, Oxford Press, London, '38.The use of the gas-lift for elevatingliquids was discovered in 1797, was usedfor the extraction of oil in the Baku fieldin 1900 and for the last fifteen years hasbeen widely accepted In the oil industry.The gas-lift operates by means ofenergy made available through the expansionof gas under pressure whenascending from the lower end of a pipeto the upper end, the gas In Its upwardmovement carries liquid entrained with it.The work done by Isothermaliy expanding:W=P.V.\og.W is work done in ft.-lbs.Pi is the higher pressure in lbs. per sq. ft.,abs.Pa is the lower pressure in lbs. per sq. ft.,abs.is the volume at PzMaking the following assumptions theequation becomes:fi^~14+ X 14.7 X 1 X 2.302S85 logto^==4874log.-^-fVThe lower pressure. Pa, is atmospheric,14.7,Vs Is 1 cu. ft. at 14.7.Pressures are in lbs. per sq, in., abs.Logs are to the base 10.From weight-distance relations:W^ — 3 50/-3S0 —the approximate lbs. per bbl. of 42gal., sp. gr. of 1.Z, —the no. of feet of lift.The quantity of gas for 1 bbl. is350 X L L0^ 4874 log,,13.926 logio Pi14.714.7if 100% efficiency is assumed.For other efficienciesLP.E X 13.926 log,,14.7Assuming isothermal expansion, E Isequal to the percentage submergence (approximately)in the range of 10-30% andspecific gravity of 0,75-0,85.Example:L — ^Sm ft., the length of the eductor/>^300 psi gage or 314.7 psi, abs.P^ — UJ psiSp. gr. = 0.80Under the assumed conditions the submergenceis:300 X 2.304— 691 ft. of water69l/.8 = 864 ft. of oil100 X ^^^ — ^9% submergenceL, the lift is 4500 — 864— 3,636 ft.p — 0.80 X 3636/,19 X 13.926 logic314.7/14.7 — 818 cu. ft.373

The factor, E, will vary and it isafFected by pipe length and diameter, entranceand discharge pressures, rate offlow, density, temperature, and viscosityof the liquid, gas density, temperature,rate of Sow and perhaps viscosity.Efficiency generally increases as submergencedeclines below 10% and decreasesas submergence rises above 65%.Snflicient data is not available for exactdetermination of the relationship.It has been observed that liftingefliciency increases as the pipe diameterincreases, assuming other factors constant.There is a diameter for a givenrate of flow that is better than any other.The three general forms of gas floware the continuous, periodic and intermittentflows. The choice of form isdetermined by the conditions and requirementsfor the individual cases.Compressor installation and costs andother factors in the selection of equipmentare discussed.Present practice in the various regionsof the world is given consideration inthe article. The dynamic state of thisphase of the industry warrants furtherstudy for those intimately concerned.—L. H. C.Geomorphofogy of the Ruby-East HumboldtRange, Nevada. By Robert P. Sharp.Bull, of the Geol. Soc. of Amer., vol. 51,no. 3, March 1, 1940, p. 338.A middle or late Pliocene open-valleystage in the Ruby-East Humboldt Rangeis recognized and described. The anomalousposition of the drainage divide Inplaces seat of the range crest is explainedin terms of the geomorphic evolution ofthe range. Pediments and terraces on therange flanks and in the adjoining basinsare described, and those on the west sideformed under a regime of through-flowingdrainage are compared with those on theeast side formed on the borders of hydrographicallyclosed basins.Seven surfaces, the two highest beingpediments and the others partial pedimentsand terraces, are recognized on thewest flank of the range. The dissectionof these surfaces is shown to be relatedto successive rejuvenations of the HumboldtRiver drainage. The exposure anddissection of surfaces on the east flank ofthe range are attributed chiefly to relativeuplift of the range between the middlePleistocene and Recent.The origin of pediments under contrastingconditions is considered, and the conclusionis reached that different geologic,climatic, and topographic conditions imposea difference in the efficacy of processesof pedimentation. In this region lateralplanation is dominant in areas ofpermanent streams and soft rocks ; and rillwash, rain wash, and weathering are dominantin areas of hard rocks, ephemeralstreams, and low mountain masses.Lateral erosion by streams accounts forapproximately 40 per cent of the retreatof the mountain front, and approximately60 per cent is due to weathering andvarious types of wash."Petroleum for Germany at War," Dr.Benjamin T. Brooks, Industrial and EngineeringChemistry, Nov. 1939.Predictions of an early end to thepresent war on account of a petroleumshortage in Germany are not justified bythe facts. Many careless statements havebeen made regarding Germany's vulnerabilityon account of lack of adequatepetroleum products such as Diesel oil,motor fuel and lubricants."The whole matter may be roughlysummarized by stating that if Germanygets all the Polish production, about 3J^million barrels, maintains her owndomestic production of 4^ million barrels,manufactures 9 million barrels fromcoal, continues to get only 25% ofRumania's production, and gets none fromRussia, then her total available oii of allkinds, including motor fuel, will amountonly to 28 million barrels or about onethirdof her present wartime requirement."However, the picture is vastly changedif Germany gets all Rumania's surplusfor export, about 33 million barrels, andan equal amount from Russia; then hertotal available oil will be about 84 miiiionbarrels, sufficient for her to maintain thewar indefinitely so far as petroleum,motor fuel, Diesel oil and aviation gasolineare concerned."It is evident that the vital factors inthis situation are altogether uncertain. Itis just as unwarranted to assume thatGermany will not get all Rumania's availablesurplus and will not get any oil whateverfrom Russia as it is to assume thatshe will be able to import all she needsor desires."Germany starts this war much betteroff with respect to petroieum and motorfuel than she was in 1914."Since the World war, Germany hasbuilt up a certain production of syntheticmotor fuel by synthesis from coal bythe Fischer and Berglus processes, andduring the last five years has importedsurplus petroleum which has been accumulatedas a war reserve. Also a largebut uncertain proportion of Rumania'soils which were closed to her in 1914 isnow available."Imports from Russia are also possibleand no one can say how much petroleumwill be imported into Germany fromRussia."—F.J. B.Can Soviet OH Supply German WarNeeds? World Petroleum, October, 1939,p. 31.News of a trad,e agreement between theSoviet Union and Germany, followed bya treaty of unknown terms, has producedmuch speculation as to the results on thewar. The most widely adopted conclusionis that Germany can get foodstuffs, rawmaterials, and petroleum products.Russia has oil undoubtedly. She is secondin production and has large resourcesundeveloped. But supplying it toGermany is another matter.Russia produces 32,050,000 tons of oilper year, 90% of which is produced inthe Caucasus, To ship oil from theCaucasus to Germany entails a iong railand water trip for which facilities arelacking, unless the oil can be shipped byway of the Black Sea and the Danube.But if Russia enters the war, she willneed all her supplies herself.About 27,000,000 tons of petroleumproducts are refined each year, of whichin 1932, the peak year, 6,040,000 tonswere exported. But in 1938 the exporthad fallen to 930,050 tons.Soviet products for export are mainlyfuel oil and kerosene. Germany needsgasoline and gas oil. Fuel oil could beconverted, but neither Germany norRussia have refining facilities sufficientenough.In the past, Germany has imported littleof Russia's production. It is a questionwhether Stalin will leave his well establishedmarkets to supply a relativelytemporary desire of Germany, andwhether Germany can pay in cash.Recent reports from Russia show thatthe refining operations have declined inefficiency very strikingly. In Baku over200 breakdowns were reported in the firsthalf of the year.In September, it was reported thatGerman technicians were going to Russia.It remains to be seen if they can be moresuccessful than others have been in thatcountry.—}. B. W.Flow Tank V apors Saved by EconomicalSystem: The Oil Weekly, December11, 1939, p. 19.Operators in the Long Beach area havebecome flow tank vapor conscious. Sincethe practice of installing elevated trapsis not general in that area, sufficientpressure must be maintained on the trapsto force the oil thru the piping into theflow tank battery. This pressure is highenough to cause an appreciable quantityof gas to dissolve In the oil, which, if notsaved, would be vented to the atmosphereand lost.The systems consist mainly of providingeach tank with a self-closing, spark-proofgauge and thief hole cover, and manifoldingthe vapor space of all the flowtanks in the battery into a common vaporbalance line,Various features are embodied in thisequipment to Insure close control, suchas vacuum and pressure regulators, sensitiveautomatic valves, and internal flamesnuffers.The amount of vapors removed from abattery will vary according to conditions.One battery of four 250 barrel flow tankshandling the production from two 350bbl/day wells passed an average of60,000 cubic feet of one and one halfgallons gas per day. On this basis thesystem paid for itself In nine months.—E. B. W."Temperatures dffectiiig Crude OilProductio/i". By Michel T. Halbouty,Consulting Engineer, Oil Weekly, December25, 1939, page 15.The author describes temperaturesaffecting crude oil production and discussesthe Geothermal Gradient presentin the Gulf Coast oil fields.Two classes of chemical compoundsmay be used for the removal of paraffinand the prevention of its deposition:Namely, those that generate heat, thusraising the temperature of the oil andmelting the paraffin; also, those that actas a solvent to change the character ofthe wax so that it will not crystallizewhen the temperature is decreased belowits original melting point.A very efficient and practical method ofeliminating paraffin deposits is found inequipping wells with steam coils; and atintervals, a small portable boiler, capableof supplying super-heated steam at atemperature above 500°F. and pressureof 1000 pounds can be set up at the welland operated until the accumulation hasbeen dissolved and passed into the tanks.This method is especially applicable tolarge wells that produce through tubingand are readily plugged with paraffin.Several other methods for the removalof paraffin are also discussed.The use of bottom hole chokes in gaswells with high bottom hole temperatureshas presented a new application, sincetheir installation practically disposes offreezing difficulties by utilizing moreefficiently the high subsurface temperatures.A discussion of high pressure condensateand distillate wells is given. Apressure-—temperature chart illustratesthe procedure to be followed in designinga high pressure surface valve fordistillate wells.A short discussion of heat treatingcrude oil emulsions is given.Charts and a table are given along witha discussion of the Geothermal Gradientpresent in the Gulf Coast oil fields.—E. Y. P.(Continued from page 335)treated to some pretty scenery "including native huts. Along thecoast we saw many ships of all nations.We arrived In Durban along with a heavy rain and weresurprised with the beauty and size of the city which seemed tu bea bit smaller than Denver. The flamboyant trees were In bloomand their red flowers added much to rhe visual aspect of the city.The port of Durban is pretentious and complete in all respectsand could be easily compared with any of the large ports of theworld. In tonnage handled it is but 16th down the line, so it is abusy place. We were in Durban six days, after which we left forthe port of Lourenco Marques in Portugese East Africa, which isthe main terminus for much of South Africa's imports and exports.The American Consul in Lourenco Marques was very cordialand showed the captain and myself the town and the sights. Herewe saw cashew nuts growing much the same as English walnutsand not as ground nuts as we had imagined. The next port wasBeira, also in Portugese East Africa but under different government.In Beira the Mozambique Charter Company has control ofpractically everything, including the land, mineral rights, postoffice, police, and even the currency. The day before gettinginto Beira we saw the hulk of the "Africa Shell" which had beenshelled and put down by the "Graf Spee." It had been run ashorebefore it sank and was clearly visible in the surf.The fina! port of my journey was Dar-Es-Salaam where I disembarkedafter I had been on board for 55 days. From here Iwas to continue my trip inland to the mine but as the trains do notrun every day it was necessary for me to spend Christmas dayhere. Dar-Es-Salaam has a wonderful harbor with a very narrowentrance in which the German sank a big steel dry dock just atthe entrance during the last war and narrowly missed blockingit. The trip from Dar-Es-Salaara to Itiga, a distance of 300 mileswas rather monotonous. The last 250 miles to the mine was madeover bumpy roads by car, and so after nearly 13,000 miles and 64days of travel I finally arriveil at my destination in SouthernTanganyika, roughly between Lake Nyassa and Lake Tanganyika.It is very nice at themine but it was a biti "^'^ of a shock to have ai^mS man eating lion shoton the outskirts of thecamp within a weekafter I arrived. It tooka native boy the firstnight and returned andtook a dog off a trucknear one of the staffhouses. I visualizedlions, elephants and almosteverything elsecoming into camp everyweek but it is not as. . - , c- • L bad as that. We areMan Eater Meets H.s Finish. ^^^^ ^jj^^ ^^enearest town, two hundred and fifty miles from the railroad andninety miles from an airport.New Sa%a Mine, Chunya, Tanganyika Territory,British East Africa.NEW EQUIPMENT PAGE PROVES VALUABLEFrom WARD T. GRAHAM, EX-'26I noted on the "New Equipment" page of the March "MinesMagazine," the article about the Minnesota Mining and ManufacturingCompany's offering in this line. We are enclosing a TenDollar money order, for which we would like to receive the"Scotch Edger" and as much tape supply as possible with thisamount of money . . . please bill us for the additional amount requiredor send a C.O.D. for the balance . . . we will appreciatevery much your securing this for us or passing on our request tothe manufacturer.Note: We are glad to render this service. Ed.Gejieral Superintendent, Baguio Gold Mining Company,Baguio, Philippine Islands.ENJOYS THE MAGAZINEFrom MERLE L. GILBREATH, '33I enjoy the Mines Magazine and believe that each issue isbetter than the last, with the April issue the best. ... I likedthe questions and answers given in the "Man of Minerals," wishmore of them could have been given in the magazine.P. O. Box 17, Angleton, Texas,FOOTBALL PICTURES BRING MUCH PLEASUREFrom HARRY J. WOLF, '03 _ _Needless to say, they were viewed with great satisfaction. Itwas obvious that Mines had a good team. The photography forthe most part was excellent. The whole performance was thoroughlyenjoyed . . . obviously these pictures would be of greatestinterest to men who actually saw the games. This same interestcould be inspired if one had not seen the games, if he could beconstantly informed as to what was going on. In other words, the(Continued on page 377)for PROFITABLE DredgingGOLDPLATINUM TINOver 30 years experience designing andbuilding placer dredges and meeting varyinghard conditions found in all fourquarters of t^ie world is at your service.Dependable operation—Long LifeFewer shutdowns—Efficient recoveryHigh salvage valuevuBn nmnufiicTumni: lo.351 California St., San Francisco, CaliforniaCardTrackwork...leads straight fo "LowestCost Per Ton Mile Haul."FrogsSwitchesSwitch StandsCross-oversCrossingsTurntablesI h c C S . C aDenvOT, Colorado374 THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE -t- JULY 1940 375

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND METHODFOR LOCATING MINERALS. Patent No.2,201,256, issued May 21, 1940, to WilliamM. Barret, Shreveport, La., assignor ioEngineering Research Corporation, Shreveport,La.APPARATUS FOR ALLAYING DUST FROMROCK DRILLS. Patent No. 2,201,270, issuedMay 21, 1940, to John Taylor Mclntyre,Johannesburg, Transvaal, Union of SouthAfrica.EQUALIZING VALVE ARRANGEMENT FORPACKERS. Patent No. 2,201,281, issued May21, 1940, to Harry B. Ziegler, Odessa, Tex.,assignor to Halliburton Oil Well CementingCo., Duncan, Okla.METHOD AND MEANS FOR PERFORATINGWELL CASINGS. Patent No. 2,201,290, issuedMay 21, 1940, to Haskell M. Greene,Whittier, Calif.APPARATUS FOR INDICATING THE POSI­TION OF DEVICES IN PIPES. Patent No.2,201,311, issued May 21, 1940, lo Erie P.Halliburton, Los Angeles, Calif., assignor toHalliburton Oil Well Cementing Co., Duncan,Okla.DRILL BIT. Patent No. 2,201,379, issuedMay 21, 1940, to John F. Shaw, Los Angeles,Calif., assignor to Reed Roller Bit Co.,Houston, Tex., a corporation of Texas.FLUID TAKING TOOL FOR OIL WELLS ORTHE LIKE. Patent No. 2,201,447, issued May21, 1940, to Samuel A. Mullins, Beaumont,Texas.WELL SWAB. Patent No. 2,201,451, issuedMay 21, 1940, to Benjamin E. Parrish, Dallas,Tex.METALLIC REDUCTION PROCESS. PatentNo. 2,201,460, issued May 21, 1940, to RusselH. Varian, Stanford University, Calif.COMPACT ROLLER DRILLING BIT. PatentNo. 2,201,569, issued May 21, 1940, to JohnA. Zublin, Los Angeles, Calif.ROTARY EARTH BORING BIT. Patent No.2,201,570, issued May 21, 1940, to John A.Zublin, Los Angeles, Calif.ROTARY DRILLING MACHINE. Patent No.2,201,673, issued May 21, 1940, to Tracy S.Park, Houston, Tex., assignor to Arthur J.Penick and Kirby T. Penick, Harris County,TexDEVICE FOR LAYING PIPE AT AN OILRIGGING. Patent No. 2,201,813, issued May21, 1940, to Charles A. Doud, Alta Loma,WELL HEATER. Patent No. 2,202,034, issuedMay 28, 1940, to William K. Thomas,La Porte, Tex.WELL CEMENTING DEVICE. Patent No.2,202,173, issued May 28, 1940, to Alvin L.Straub, Houston, Tex.CASING-HEAD STRUCTURE. Patent No.2,202,192, issued May 28, 1940, to HughF, Cypher, Borger, Tex., assignor of onehalfto Kenneth M. Axelrod, Borger, Tex.METHOD AND MEANS FOR REGULATINGTEMPERATURE IN ORE ROASTING FUR­NACES. Patent No. 2,202,245, Issued May28, 1940, to David Leo Cramp, KirklandLake, Ontario, Canada, assignor to LakeShore Mines, Limited, Kirkland Lake, Ontario,Canada.APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING HORIZONPRODUCTIVITY OF WELLS. Patent No. 2,-202,404, issued May 28, 1940, to Will S.Sease, Tulsa, Okla., assignor to StanolindOil and Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla., a corporationof Delaware.FLOTATION APPARATUS. Patent No. 2,-202,484, issued May 28, 1940, to AugustusBachelder Emery, Messina, Transvaal,Union of South Africa, assignor to MessinaDevelopment Co., Limited, a corporation ofGreat Britain.epviceRecenf Patents Relating to the Mineral Industries, edited by JanrtesAtkins, re9tstered patent attorney, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C.Inquiries with reference to this subject or to any patents appearing Inthis department should be addressed to Mr. Atkins.DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE TRANS­MISSION OF POWER TO PUMPS. PatentNo. 2,202,504, issued May 28, 1940, to JohnC. Myers, Sperry, Okla., assignor of onehalfto J. W. Scott Drilling Co., Tulsa, Okla.,a corporation of Texas.THERMOCOUPLE WELL ASSEMBLY. PatentNo. 2,202,533, issued May 28, 1940, to MorrisMason, Wood River, 111., assignor toStandard Oil Co., Chicago, 111., a corporationof Indiana.MINING APPARATUS. Patent No. 2,202,-584, issued May 28, 1940, to Morris P.Holmes, Claremont, N. H., assignor to SullivanMachinery Co., a corporation of Massachusetts.FLOTATION REAGENT. Patent No. 2,202,-601, issued May 28, 1940, to Robert C.Ried, West Conshohocken, Pa., assignor toSeparation Process Co., a corporation ofDelaware.WELL-LOGGING ELECTRODE. Patent No.2,202,656, issued May 28, 1940, to Cecil J,Haynes, Houston, Tex., assignor to StandardOil Development Co., a corporation ofDelaware.APPARATUS FOR GEOPHYSICAL EX­PLORATION. Patent No. 2,202,885, issuedJune 4, 1940, to Theodor Zuschlag, WestEnglewood, N. J., assignor to Hans T. F.Lundberg, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.WELL CASING PERFORATOR. Patent No.2,202,887, issued June 4, 1940, to MillioF. Aloi, Maywood, Calif.OIL WELL PUMP. Patent No. 2,202,970,issued June 4, 1940, to Francis E. Steele,Shreveport, La., assignor to Phillips PetroleumCo., a corporation of Delaware.UNDERREAMER. Patent No. 2,203,246, issuedJune 4, 1940, to Emil H. Zum-Berge,Dallas, Tex., assignor, by mesne assignments,to Estate of Emil H. Zum-Berge andGeorge Klein, both of Dallas, Tex.PERFORATING GUN FOR OIL WELLS.Patent No. 2,203,265, issued June 4, 1940, toFrank C. Kniss, Eldorado, Ark.APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING SEISMICVELOCITIES. Patent No. 2,203,272, issuedJune 4, 1940, to Neii R. Sparks, Tulsa, Okla.,assignor to Stanolind Oil and Gas Co.,Tulsa, Okla., a corporation of Del.MEANS FOR MEASURING AND CONTROL­LING FLUID PRESSURES. Patent No. 2,-203,577, issued June 4, 1940, to Frank E.O'Neill, Glendale, and Rowland G. Whealton,Altadena, Calif., assignors to MordicaO. Johnston, Glendale, Calif.DEVICE FOR USE IN WELLS. Patent No.2,203,595, issued June 4, 1940, to Elwin B.Hall, Los Angeles, and Arthur L. Armenirout,Santa Maria, Calif., assignors, by directand mesne assignments, to SecurityEngineering Co. Inc., a corporation of California.APPARATUS FOR DETECTING WATER IN­TRUSION IN BOREHOLES. Patent No. 2,-203,720, issued June 11, 1940, to ClarenceR. Dale, Los Angeles, Calif., assignor, bydirect and mesne assignments, to DaleService Corporation, Los Angeles, Calif., acorporation of California.METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR USE INDETERMINING THE GEOLOGIC NATUREAND CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORMA­TION TRAVERSED BY A BOREHOLE.Patent No. 2,203,729, issued June 11, 1940,to John Jay Jakosky and Patrick B. Lyons,Los Angeles, Calif., assignors, by direct andmesne assignments, to Schlumberger WellSurveying Corp., Houston, Tex., a corporationof Del.METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETER­MINING THE STRIKE AND DIP OF SUB­SURFACE STRATA. Patent No. 2,203,730,issued June 11, 1940, to Curtis H. Johnson,Santa Monica, Calif.FLOTATION REAGENT. Patent No. 2,203,-739, issued June 11, 1940, to Emil Ott,Elsmere, Del., assignor to Hercules PowderCo., Wilmington, DeL, a corporation ofDelaware.METHOD FOR THE FLOTATION OF ORES.Patent No. 2,203,740, issued June 11, 1940,to Emil Ott, New Castle, Del., assignor toHercules Powder Co., Wilmington, DeL, acorporation of Delaware.LAMINATED DISK DRILL BIT. Patent No.2,203,747, issued June 11, 1940, to HarveyD. Sandstone, Los Angeles, Calif.PUMP VALVE WITH GAS CHAMBER INCAGE. Patent No. 2,203,759, issued June 11,1940, to Elmer G. Ware, Bakersfield, CaliLMETHOD AND MEANS OF PERFORATINGWELL CASING AND THE LIKE. Patent No.2,203,796, issued June 11, 1940, to FrankE. O'Neill, Glendale, Calif., assignor toEdith L. O'Neill, Glendale, CaliLDRILL. Patent No. 2,203,846, issued June11, 1940, to Thomas H. Stancliff, Houston,Tex., assignor to Reed Roller Bit Co.,Houston, Tex., a corporation of Texas.FEEDING MECHANISM FOR ROCK DRILLS.Patent No. 2,203,953, issued June 11, 1940,to Albert Feucht, Garfield Heights, Ohio,assignor to The Cleveland Rock Drill Co.,Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio.ROCK DRILL. Potent No. 2,203,954, issuedJune 11, 1940, to Albert Feucht, GarfieldHeights, Ohio, assignor to The ClevelandRock Drill Co., Cleveland, Ohio, a corporationof Ohio.SCRAPING DEVICE. Patent No. 2,203,966,issued June 11, 1940, to Herbert C. Otis,Dallas, Texas.EXPANSION BIT AND REAMER. PatentNo. 2,203,998, issued June 11, 1940, toDaniel J. O'Grady, Los Angeles, Calif.,assignor to H. John Eastman, Long Beach,Calif.APPARATUS FOR RECOVERING PRECIOUSMETALS. Patent No. 2,204,018, issued June11, 1940, to Errol F. Kingsley, Portland,Oregon.INSIDE PIPE CUTTER. Patent No. 2,204,091.issued June 11, 1940, to George A. Lowrey,Houston, Tex.HOD COUPLING. Patent No. 2,204,103, issuedJune 11, 1940, to Elbert H. Lampkin,Tulsa, Okla., assignor of one-fourth toGeorge H. Dickinson, one-fourth to WilfredDickinson, and one-fourth to James T.Forster, all of Tulsa, Okla.METHOD OF TREATING OIL AND GASWELLS. Patent No. 2,204,223, issued June11, 1940, to Howard C. Lawton and AlbertG. Loomis, Berkeley, Calif., assignors toShell Development Co., San Francisco,Calif., a corporation of Delaware.PROCESS FOR TREATING OIL WELLS.Patent No. 2,204,224, issued June 11, 1940,to Donald A. Limerick and Howard C,Lawton, Berkeley, Calif., assignors to ShellDevelopment Co., San Francisco, Calif., acorporation of DeLRELEASABLE FLOATING VALVE. PatentNo. 2,204,340, issued June 11, 1940, to JohnR. Bradshaw, Duncan, Okla., assignor toHalliburton Oil Wel! Cementing Co., Duncan,Okla.OPEN HOLE PACKER. Patent No. 2,204,378,issued June 11, 1940, to Roland E. O'Donnell.Midland, Tex., assignor to HalliburtonOil Well Cementing Co., Duncan, Okla.JARRING TOOL. Patent No. 2,204,458, issuedJune 11, 1940, to Harry P. Wickersham,Huntington Park, Calif., assignor ofone-half to Erwin Burns, Los Angeles, Calif,{Continued from page 375)pictures could be dramatized. This brings up fhe Idea tt^^* '"^would be good publicity for the School to prepare a genera! filmabout the school, the buildings, typical classes of Instruction, equipment,personages, etc. . , .475 Fifth Avenue, Neia York.MORE ABOUT MINES MAGAZINE AND NEWS CLIPPINGSFrom WILLIAM J. RUPNIK, '29Enclosed is an article appearing in the Long Beach PressTelegram quoting from Max Ball's ('06} book,^ Fascinating Oil.. . . The last two Mines Magazines were exceptionally good. . . .I certainly did think the plan of getting up a collection for CoachMason was Super excellent ... the convenience that the cardboard slot offered . . . seems that It would be an excellent plan toraise an athletic loan fund for Mines. ...Note: We are always especially glad to get clippings tellingof Mines men. Ed.2011 Pine Ave., Long Beach, Calif.Strategic Mineral SuppliesForByG. A. ROUSH,Editor, The Mineral Industry473 Pages, 6x9, $5.00This book piuseiits a general siLrveynf the more importaDt strategic miuerii]toramodities—those of wliiflh the doiiiesticoutput is iiiailequate to meet the dcmacd,forcing extensive (iependence onimports frum tore^n suiii'ees. Strategicminerals aie most taltted about in connectionivilb the possible cniei^eney siijiplj'in thc event of a fiitni'e war, anil IbisiLas tonrtcii to foster BD irapi-ession thatit Is only in connection with possibleniiiitary uses tbat tbe eommodilies inquestion are of paramount Importance,An understanding of the commercialstatus of these producls is of impoitancofrom the purely industiial viewpoint,entirely aside from their value in apossible militaiy program.sale by THE MINES MAGAZINE, Denver, Colo.THIS PORTABLE VIBRATING SCREENAccurately separates 3 sizes of 100 tons of materialper day using only the power of a 2 H. P. gasengine or a 1 H. P. electric motor. Self containedand easily moved. Weighs only 300 lbs. TheRobins Portable Screen is ideal for use when asmall quantity of mixed sizes is to he accuratelyseparated. Made by the malters of thefamous Gyrex, Vibrex and Eliptex largecapacity screens.Send for new bulletin No. 110. // mayfH^^ihelp you solve wliat migkt ollierwisebe a troublesome screening problem.ROBINS CONVEYING BELT COMPANYPASSAIC,NEW JERSEYOffices in principal cities.Metal Production Calls for JULY 1940377

ADVERTISERSAINSWORTH & SONS, INC., WM.Denver, Colo,, 2151 Lawrence St.AJAX FLEXIBLE COUPLING COMPANYWestfield, N. Y., 135 Englisli St.Denver, Colo., 150^ Wynfcoop St.APACHE EXPLORATION COMPANYHouston, Texas, P. O. Box 1711APACHE POWDER COMPANYBenson, Arizona.Los Angeles, Calif., 411 W. Sth St.BUELL & CO., T. HDenver, 14lh & Stout Sla.CAPABILITY EXCHANGEDenver, Colo., 734 Cooper Buiiding.CARD IRON WORKS COMPANY, C. S. 375Denver, Colo., 2501 West 16th Ave.CABNIE-GOODWIN-PENDLETONCOMPANYFresno, Calif., 2126 Inyo SI.Sdctomento, Calil., 515 L St.CHIKSAN OIL TOOL COMPANY, LTD.Fullerton, Caltlornia.Houston, Texas, Shell Buildinq.CLIMAX MOLYBDENUM COMPANYNew York, N. Y., 500 Fifth Ave.CLINTON & HELD COMPANYDenver, Coio., 1637 Wazee Street.COCKS-CLARK ENGRAVING CO. 336Denver, Colo., 2200 Arapahoe StCOLORADO B. P. 4 SUPPLY CO. 369Denver, Colo., 1340 Glenarm Place.COLORADO CENTRAL POWER COMPANYGolden, Colo.COLORADO FUEL 4 IRONCORPORATION 338AmariUo, Texas, 711 Oliver Eakle BldgButle, Mont., 508 Metal Bank Bldg,Chicago, IU„ 309 Railway Exch. BldgDenver, Colo., Continenlal Oil BldgEl Paso, Texas, 801 Basset Tower BldqFt. Worth, Tex., 1503 Ft. Wth. Nat'l BkBldg.Kansas City, Mo., 415 R. A. Long BldqLincoln, Nebr,, 330 N. 8th St.Los Angeles, Calif., 739 E. 60th StOkla, City, Okla., 906 Colcord BldgPortland, Oregon, 902 Porter BldgSalt Lake City, Utah, 604 Walker BkBldq.San Francisco, Calif., 1245 Howard StSpokane, Wash., 727 Old Nat'l Bk.Bld^.Wichita, Kans., 420 S. Commerce StCOLORADO IRON WORKS COMPANY 380Denver, Colo., 1624 Seventeenth St.Kingston, Ontario, Can., CanadianLoco. Wks. Co.Vancouver, B. C, Can., VancouverIron Wks., Ltd.Manila, P. I., Marsman Trading Corp.Johannesburg, So. Africa, Head,Wrightson & Co.Stockton on Tees, Eng., Head,Wrightson & Co.Granville, N. S. W., The Clyde Eng.Co., Ltd.COLORADO NATIONAL BANKDenver, Colo,, 17lh St. at Champa.COLORADO SOCIETY OF ENGINEERSDenver, 525 Cooper Bldg.COLORADO TRANSCRIPTGolden, Colo.COORS PORCELAIN COMPANYGolden, Colo.CROW, WILLIAM 369DEISTER CONCENTRATOR COIMPANYFort Wayne, Ind,, 911 Glasgow AvoNew York, N. Y., 104 Pearl St.Nesquehoning, Pa., 231 E. CatawissaEt.Hibbing, Minnesota, P. O. Box 777.Birminghani, Alabama, 930 2nd AveNorth.DENVER EQUIPMENT COMPANY 336Denver, Colo., 1400-1418 17lh StreetNew York City, 50 Church St.Salt Lake City, Ul., 725 Mclntyre BldgMexico, D. F., Mexico, Boker Building.Toronlo, Ont., 45 Richmond St. WestLondon, Eng., 840 Salisbury HouseE. C. 2.Johannesburg, So. Africo, 18 BonAccord House.DENVER FIRE CLAY COMPANY 379Denver, Colo.Salt Lake City, Utah, P. O. Box 836El Paso, Texas, 209 Mills Bldg.DOLPH COMPANY, INC., THENewark, N. J., 168 Emmef St.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.DORR COMPANY, Inc., EngineersNew York, 570 Lexington Ave.London, England, Dorr-Oliver Co., Ltd.Melbourne, Australia, Crossle & DuffPly., Ltd.Buenos Aires, Argentina, Luis Fiore.Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Oscar Taves &Co.Chicago, 111., 221 N. LaSalle St.Los Angeles, Calif., 811 W. Seventh St.Denver, Colo., Cooper Building.LISTINGSDUNLAP AND BRUMMETTSan Gabriel, Calif., 592 No. SanMarino Ave.DUPONT de NEMOURS & COMPANY, E. I.Denver, Colo., 444 Seventeenth St.Wilmington, Delaware.San Francisco, Calif., Ill Sutfer StDUVALL-DAVISON LUMBER COMPANYGolden, Colorado.EATON METAL PRODUCTS COMPANY 336Denver, Colo., 4800 York St.EIMCO CORPORATION, THEChicago, 111., 333 No. Michigan Ave.El Paso, Texas, Mills Bidg.New York, N. Y., 330 W. 42nd Si.Sacramento, Calif., 1217 7lh St.Salt Lake City, Utah.FLEXIBLE STEEL LACING CO. 335Chicago, 111., 4628 Lexington St.FOSS DRUG COMPANYGolden, Colorado.FRANCO-WYOMING OIL COMPANY 337Los Angeles, Calif., 601 Edison Bldg.Paris, France, 17 BoulevardMalesherbes.FROBES COMPANY, DANIEL C.Sail Lake City, Utah, Dooly Bidg.GARDNER-DENVER COMPANYQuincy, Illinois.Denver, Colorado.Butte, Mont., 215 E. Park St.EI Paso, Texas, 301 San Francisco St.Salt Lake Cily, Utah, 130 West 2ndSouth.Los Angeles, Calif., 845 E. 61si St.San Francisco, Calif., 811 Folsom StSeattle, Wash,, 514 First South.GATES RUBBGER COMPANYChicago, III., 1524 South Western Ave.Denver, Colo., 899 South Broadway.Hoboken, N. J., Terminal Building.Dallas, Texas, 2213 Griffin St.Birmingham, Ala., 1631 1st Ave. S.Portland, Ore., 1231 N. W. Hoyt St.Los Angeles, Calif., 741 Warehouse St.San Francisco, Calif., 2700 16th St.GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANYSchenectady, New York.GOLDEN CYCLE CORPORATION 337Colorado Springs, Colo., P. O. Box 86.GOLDEN FIRE BRICK COMPANY 337Golden, Colorado.Denver, Colo., Interstate Trust Bldg.GOODMAN MANUFACTURING COMPANYBirmingham, Ala., 1600 2nd Ave. S.Chicago, 111., Halsted St. at 481h.Denver, Colo., 704 Denver Natl, Bldg.Huntington, West Va., 831 2nd Ave.Pittsburgh, Pa., 1714 Liverpool St.St, Louis, Mo., 322 Clark Ave.Salt Lake Cily, Utah, 314 Dooly Bldg.Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 35 New Bennett St.GREAT WESTERN DIVISION, THE DOWCHEMICAL COMPANYSan Francisco, Calif., 9 Main St.Pittsburg, Calif., Plant.New York, 1775 Broadway.El Paso, Texas, H. I. Barron Co.GRIMES PIPE & SUPPLY COMPANYDenver, Colo., 1300 Larimer St.GULF OIL CORPORATIONPittsburgh, Pa., Gulf Bldg.HANWUM DRILLING COMPANY .Wichita, Kansas, Ellis Singleton Bldg.HARDESTY MANUFACTURING COMPANY,THE RDenver, Colo., 3063 Blake Si.HEILAND RESEARCH CORPORATIONDenver, Colo., 700 Club Building.HENDRIE & BOLTHOFF MFG. 4 SUPPLYCOMPANY _Denver, Colo.HERTEL CLOTHING CO. .. .Golden, Colo.HuAHT COMPANY. THEPeoria, 111., 206 Parkside DriveINGERSOLL-RANDBirmingham, Ala., 1700 Third Ave. So.Bulfe, Mont., 845 S. Montana St.Chicago, 111., 400 W. Madison SI.Denver, Colo., 1B37 Blake St.El Paso, Texas, 1015 Texas St.Kansas City, Mo., 1006 Grand Ave.Los Angeles, Calif., 1460 E. 4fh St.Manila, P, I., Earnshaws Docks &Honolulu Irjn Works.New York, N. Y., 11 BroadwayPittsburgh, Pa., 706 Chamber ofCommerce Bldg.Salt Lake City, Utah, 144 S. WTemple St.San Francisco, Calif., 350 Brannan StSeattle, Wash., 526 First Ave. So.Tulsa, Okla., 319 E. 5lh SI.JEFFERSON COUNTY REPUBLICAN, THEGolden, Colorado.KENDRICK-BELLAMY COMPANY 337Denver, Colo., 301 Sixteenth SI.KIDDE & COMPANY, WALTERNew York, N. Y., 140 Cedar St.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop Et.KISTLER STATIONERY COMPANY 379Denver, Colo.LETTER SHOP, INC 337Denver, Colo., 509 Railway'Exch' Bldq'LINK-BELT COMPANY ^ 335Chicago, 111., 300 W. Pershing Rd".Atlanta, Ga., 1116 Murphy Ave S WIndianapolis, Ind., 220 S. Belmont Ave'San Francisco, Calif., 400 Paul AvePhiladelphia, Pa., 2045 W. HuntingtonPark Ave.Denver, Colo., 521 Boston Bldg.Toronto, Can., Eastern Ave. & Leslie St.LUFKIN RULE COMPANYSaginaw, Michigan.New York, 106 Lafayette St.Windsor, Ontario, Canada.MARSMAN AND COMPANY, INCManila, P. 1., Marsman Bldg.McFARLANE-EGGERS MCHY. CO.Denver, Colo., 2763 Blake SI.MECO ASSAYERSLos Angeles, Calif., 417 So. HiU St.MERRICK SCALE MANUFACTURINGCOMPANYPassaic, New Jersey,MINE & SMELTER SUPPLY COMPANY 377Denver, Colo.Sail Lake City, Utah, 121 W. 2nd South.El Paso, Texas, 410 San Francisco SI.San Francisco, Calif., 369 Pine St.Seattle, Wash., 419 Ry. Exch. Bldg.New York City, 1775 Broadway.Montreal, Canada, Vickers, Ltd.Manila, Philippines, Edw. J. Nell Co.Santiago, Chile, W. R. Judson.MINES REGISTER _ . 334MORSE BROS. MACHINERY COMPANY 334Denver, Colo., 2900 Broadway. P. 6Box 1708.New York City, 1775 Broadway.MOUNTAIN STATES TELEPHONE &TELEGRAPH CODenver, Colo., Mth & Curtis Sts.NATIONAL FUSE & POWDER COMPANY.... 336Denver, Colo.NATIONAL TRAILWAYS SYSTEM 367Denver, Colo., 501 17th Street.OIL CENTER TOOL COMPANYHouston, Texas,New York, Val R. Wittich, Jr., 30Rockefeller Plaza.OXFORD HOTEL _ __ 366Denver, Colo.PARAMOUNT EQUIPMENT COMPANYTulsa, Okla., 911 East First St.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.PARKER & COMPANY, CHARLES O. 337Denver. Colo., 1901 Lawrence St.PHILIPPINE MINING YEAR BOOKManila, P. I., P. Q. Box 297.PICK PHOTOGRAPH 4 BLUE PRINTCOMPANYDenver, Colo., 1015 Seventeenth St.PORTABLE LAMP 4 EQUIPMENTCOMPANY_Pittsburgh, Penna., 72 First Ave.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.PRICE COMPANY, H. CBartiesville, Okla.Loa Angeles, Calif.Son Francisco, Calif.PROFESSIONAL CARDS . 369PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OFCOLORADODenver, Colo., Gas & Electric Bldq.ROBINS CONVEYING BELT COMPANY 377Hew York, N. Y., 15 Park Row.ROBINSON'S BOOK STOREGolden, Colo.ROEBLING'S SONS COMPANY, JOHN A.Trenton, N. J.RUTH COMPANY _ 336Denver, Colo., Continental Oil Bidg.SALT LAKE STAMP COMPANYSail Lake City, Utah, 65 W. Broadway.SECURITY ENGINEERING COMPANYWhittier, California.Houston, Texas, 5525 Clinton Dr.New Iberia, La., P. O. Box 121.New York Cily, 420 Lexington Ave.SOUTHERN COLORADO POWER CO.Pueblo, Colo.STEARNS-ROGEH MFG. COMPANYDenver, Colo,, 1720 California St.SWEENEY CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,EDWARD LDenver, Colo., United Stales Nail. aidq.TEXAS CO., THENew York City, 135 E. 42nd St.Denver, Colorado, University Bldg.2229 Warehouses in principal cities.UNITED GEOPHYSICAL COMPANYPasadena, Calif., 159 North HiU St.URQUHART SERVICEDenver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.VULCAN IRON WORKS „.Denver, Colorado, 1223 Slout Street.WESTERN MACHINERY COMPANYDenver, Colorado, 1655 Blake StreetWILFLEY 4 SONS, A. R _ 368Denver, Colo., Denham Bldg.New York City, 1775 Broadway.WORTHINGTON PUMP 5 MACHINERYCORPHarrison, N. J.Denver, Colo., 1725 California St.YARNALL-WARIWG COMPANYPhiladelphia, Penna.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.YUBA MANUFACTURING COMPANY .. 375San Francisco, Calif., 351 California St.Jmpi-oveJB r u n t o n Patent>^ Pocket TransitThis instrument is the most convenient, compact and accuratepocket instrument made for preliminary surveying on thesurface or underground, nearly 30,000 of which are used bycivil and mining engineers, mine managers and geologistseverywhere.Instrument is hereshown with universalsoclcet head adaptedfor use on a light tubularcamera tripod.Improved type instrumentonly. Universalsocket head. Tubularmetal tripod. Plainleather case for instrument.Leather casewith belt loop. Leathercase with sling strap.Leather case for instrument,tripod head andtripod.Send for copy of special booklet giving completedescription of tfie instrument and its uses.Complete stock ofEngineering and DraughtsmanEquipment and SuppliesKISTLER BUILDINGDENVER, COLO.friend indeed. . .W H E N Y O U ' R E"ON THE ROCKS"CRUSHERAre you spending too much timeon the rocks..»working ore down to size forpulverizing? A host of Assayers have foundthis was the case ... until they installed aDFC LABORATORY CRUSHER.INVESTIGATE THE TIME, LABOR,AND REPAIR SAVING FEATURESOF THIS MACHINE1. Rugged one piece frame... no bolts to workloose,2. Motor pivoted lo frame... for correct belttension and minimum bench space.3. Easy to clean...no chance for salting.4. Reversible jaw plates...double service.5. Easy, positive adjustment for fineness.6. Shielded, dust-proof working parts.In Hand or Powera .Driven Typos , rl ^"'J^^^and for Flator V-BeltDrives378THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE > JULY 1940 379

ADVERTISERSAINSWORTH & SONS, INC., WMDenver, Colo., 2151 Lawrence St.AJAX FLEXIBLE COUPLING COMPANYWestfield, N. Y., 135 English St.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.APACHE EXPLORATION COMPANY . . .Houston, Texas, P. O. Box 1711APACHE POWDER COMPANYBenson, Arizona.Los Angeles, Calif., 411 W. Sth Si.BUELL & CO., T. HDenver, 141h & Stout Sts.CAPABILITY EXCHANGEDenver, Colo., 734 Cooper Buiiding.CARD IRON WORKS COMPANY, C. S. 375Denver, Colo., 2501 West 16lh Ave.CARNIE-GOODWIN-PENDLETONCOMPANYFresno, Calif., 2126 Inyo St.Sacramento, Calif., 515 L St.CHIKSAN OIL TOOL COMPANY, LTD.Fullerton, California.Houston, Texas, Shell Building.CLIMAX MOLYBDENUM COMPANYNew York, N. Y., 500 Fifth Ave.CLINTON & HELD COMPANYDenver, Colo., 1637 Wazee StreetCOCKS CLARK ENGRAVING CO.33SDenver, Colo., 2200 Arapahoe si.COLORADO B. P. & SUPPLY CO. 369Denver, Colo., 1340 Glenarm Place.COLORADO CENTRAL POWER COMPANYGolden, Colo.COLORADO FUEL & IRONCORPORATION 338Amarillo, Texas, 711 Oliver Eakle BldgButte, Mont., 508 Metal Bank BldgChicago, 111., 309 Railway Exch. Bldg.Denver, Colo., Continental Oil BldgEi Paso, Texas, 801 Basset Tower BldgFl. Worth, Tex., 1503 FL Wth. Nat'l BkBldg.Kansas City, Mo., 415 R. A. Long BldgLincoln, Nebr., 330 N. 8th St.Los Angelea, Calif., 739 E. 60th SI.Okla. City, Okla., 906 Colcord Bldg.Portland, Oregon, 902 Porter BldgSalt Lak» City, Utah, 604 Walker BkBldg.San Francisco, Calif., 1245 Howard SISpokane, Wash., 727 Old Nal'l BkBldg.Wichita, Kans., 420 S. Commerce St.COLORADO IRON WORKS COMPANY 380Denver, Colo., 1624 Seventeenth StKingston, Ontario, Can., CanadianLoco. Wks. Co.Vancouver, B, C, Can., VancouverIron Wks., Ltd.Manila, P. I., Marsman Trading Corp.Johannesburg, So. Africa, HeadWrightson S Co.Stockton on Tees, Eng., Head,Wrightson S Co.Granville, N. S. W., The Clyde Eng.Co,, Ltd.^COLORADO NATIONAL BANKDenver, Colo., 17fh St. at Champa.COLORADO SOCIETY OF ENGINEERSDenver, 525 Cooper Bldg.COLORADO TRANSCRIPT ._Golden, Colo.COORS PORCELAIN COMPANYGolden, Colo.CROW, WILLIAM _ 369DEISTER CONCENTRATOR COMPANYFort Wayne, Ind., 911 Glasgow AveNew York, N. Y., 104 Pearl St.Nesquehoning, Pa., 231 E. CatawissaSt.Hibbing, Minnesota, P. O. Box 777Birmingham, Alabama, 930 2nd AveWorth.DENVER EQUIPMENT COMPANY 336Denver, Colo., 1400-1418 17fh SireeiNew York City, 50 Church St.Sail Lake City, Ut., 725 Mclntyre BldgMexico, D. F., Mexico, Boker BuildingToronto, Ont., 45 Richmond SI. WestLondon, Eng., 840 Salisbury HouseE. C. 2.Johannesburg, So. Africa, 18 BonAccord House.DENVER FIRE CLAY COMPANY 379Denver, Colo.Sail Lake Cily, Utah, P. O. Box 836El Paso, Texas, 209 Mills Bldg.DOLPH COMPANY, INC., THENewark, N. J., 168 Emmet SI.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.DORR COMPANY, Inc., EngineersNew York, 570 Lexington Ave.London, England, Dorr-Oliver Co., Ltd.Melbourne, Australia, Crossle & DuffPty., Ltd.Buenos Aires, Argentina, Luis Fiore.Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Oscar Taves' &Co.Chicago, IIL, 221 N. LaSalle SI.Los Angeles, Calif., 811 W. Seventh Si.Denver, Colo., Cooper Building.LISTINGSDUNLAP AND BRUMMETTSan Gabriel, Calif., 592 No. SanMarino Ave.DUPONT de NEMOURS & COMPANY, E. I.Denver, Colo., 444 Seventeenth SI.Wilmiington, Delaware.San Francisco, Calif., Ill Sutler StDUVALL-DAVISON LUMBER COMPANYGolden, Colorado,EATON METAL PRODUCTS COMPANY 336Denver, Colo., 4800 York St.EIMCO CORPORATION, THEChicago, 111., 333 Wo. Michigan Ave.El Paso, Texas, Mills Bldg.New York, N. Y., 330 W. 42nd St.Sacramento, Calif., 1217 71h St.Salt Lake City, Utah.FLEXIBLE STEEL LACING CO. 335Chicago, 111., 4628 Lexington SI.FOSS DRUG COMPANY_Golden, Colorado.FRANCO-WYOMING OIL COMPANY 337Los Angeles, Calif., 601 Edison Bldg.Paris, France, 17 BoulevardMalesherbes.FROBES COMPANY, DANIEL C.Sail Lake City, Utah, Dooly Bldg.GARDNER-DENVER COMPANYQuincy, Illinois.Denver, Colorado.Butte, Mont., 215 E. Park St.El Paso, Texas, 301 San Francisco St.Sail Lake City, Utah, 130 West 2ndSouth.Los Angeles, Calif., 845 E. 61st St.San Francisco, Calif., 81i Folsom St.Seattle, Wash., 514 First South.GATK RUBBGER COMPANYChicago, 111,, 1524 South Western Ave.Denver, Colo., 999 South Broadway.Hoboken, N. J., Terminal Building.Dallas, Texas, 2213 Griffin St.Birmingham, Ala., 1631 1st Ave. S.Porfland, Ore., 1231 N. W. Hoyt St.Los Angeles, Calif,, 741 Warehouse St.San Francisco, CaliL, 2700 16th StGENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANYSchenectady, New York,GOLDEN CYCLE CORPORATION 337Colorado Springs, Colo., P. O. Box 86.GOLDEN FIRE BRICK COMPANY 337Golden, Colorado.Denver, Colo., Interstate Trust Bldg.GOODMAN MANUFACTURING COMPANYBirmingham, Ala., 1600 2nd Ave. S.Chicago, 111., Halsted St. at 48th.Denver, Colo., 704 Denver Nail. Bldg.Huntington, West Va„ 831 2nd AvePittsburgh, Pa., 1714 Liverpool St.St. Louis, Mo., 322 Clark Ave.Sail Lake City, Utah, 314 Dooly Bldg.Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 35 New Bennett St.GREAT WESTERN DIVISION, THE DOWCHEMICAL COMPANYSan Francisco, Calif., 9 Main St.Pittsburg, Calif., Plant.New York, 1775 Broadway.EI Paso, Texas, H. J. Barron Co.GRIMES PIPE 4 SUPPLY COMPANYDenver, Colo., 1300 Larimer St.GULF OIL CORPORATION ....Pittsburgh, Pa., Gulf Bldg.HANNUM DRILLING COMPANYWichita, Kansas, Ellis Singlelon Bldg.HARDESTY MANUFACTURING COMPANY,THE RDenver, Colo., 3063 Blake SI.HEILAND RESEARCH CORPORATIONDenver, Colo., 700 Club Building,HENDRIE £ BOLTHOFF MFG. & SUPPLYCOMPANYDenver, Colo.HERTEL CLOTHING COGolden, Colo.HuART COMPANY, THEPeoria, III., 206 Parkside Drive,INGERSOLL-RANDBirmingham, Ala., 1700 Third Ave. So.Bulle, Mont,, 845 S, Montana Sf.Chicago, 111., 400 W. Madison St.Denver, Colo., 1637 Blake St.EI Paso, Texas, 1015 Texas St.Kansas Cily, Mo., 1006 Grand Ave.Los Angeles, Calif., 1460 E, 4lh St.Manila, P. I., Earnshaws Docks iSHonolulu Iron Works,New York, N. Y., 11 Broadway.Pittsburgh, Pa., 706 Chamber ofCommerce Bldg.Sail Lake City, Utah, 144 S, W.Temple St.San Francisco, Calif., 350 Brannan SfSeattle, Wash,, 526 First Ave. SoTulsa, Okla., 319 E. ,5th St,JEFFERSON COUNTY REPUBLICAN, THEGolden, Colorado.KENDRICK-BELLAMY COMPANY 337Denver, Colo., 801 Sixteenth St.KIDDE & COMPANY, WALTERNew York, N, Y., 140 Cedar St.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.KISTLER STATIONERY COMPANY 379Denver, Colo.LETTER SHOP, INC 337Denver, Colo., 509 Railway 'Exci;"'Bl"dg!LINK-BELT COMPANY . ' ^ 335Chicago, III., 300 W. Persliing Rd,"Atlanta, Ga., 1116 Murphy Ave,, S. WIndianapolis, Ind., 220 S. Belmont Ave.San Francisco, Calif., 400 Paul AvePhiladelphia, Pa., 2045 W. HuntingtonPark Ave.Denver, Colo., 521 Boston Bldg.Toronto, Can., Eastern Ave, & Leslie St.LUFKIN RULE COMPANYSaginaw, Michigan,New York, 106 Lafayette SLWindsor, Ontario, Canada.MARSMAN AND COMPANY, INCManila, P. I., Marsman Bldg.McFARLANE-EGGERS MCHY, CO.Denver, Colo., 2763 Blake St.MECO ASSAYERSLos Angeles, Calif., 417 So, fj'iii "si.MERRICK SCALE MANUFACTURINGCOMPANYPassaic, New Jersey,MINE & SMELTER SUPPLY COMPANY 377Denver, Colo.Sail Lake City, Ulah, 121 W. 2nd South.El Paso, Texas, 410 San Francisco St.San Francisco, Calif,, 369 Pine StSeattle, Wash., 419 Ry. Exch. Bldg.New York Cily, 1775 Broadway.Montreal, Canada, Vickers, Ltd.Morula, Philippines, Edw, J. Nell Co.Santiago, Chile, W. R. Judson.MINES REGISTER 334MORSE BROS. MACHINERY COMPANY 334Denver, Colo., 2900 Broadway, P. 6.Box 170y.New York City, 1775 Broadway.MOUNTAIN STATES TELEPHONE &TELEGRAPH CODenver, Colo., 14th & Curtis Sts.NATIONAL FUSE & POWDER COMPANY-. 336Denver, Colo.NATIONAL TRAILWAYS SYSTEM 367Denver, Colo., 501 17ih Street.OIL CENTER TOOL COMPANYHouston, Texas.New York, Val R. Wittich, Jr., 30Rockefeller Plaza.OXFORD HOTEL __ 366Denver, Colo,PARAMOUNT EQUIPMENT COMPANYTulsa, Okla., 911 East First St.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.PARKER 4 COMPANY, CHARLES O. 337Denver, Colo., 1901 Lawrence St.PHILIPPINE MINING YEAR BOOKManila, P. 1., P. O. Box 297.PICK PHOTOGRAPH 4 BLUE PRINTCOMPANYDenver, Colo,, 1015 Seventeenth St.PORTABLE LAMP 4 EQUIPMENTCOMPANY „Pittsburgh, Penna,, 72 First Ave.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.PRICE COMPANY, H. C „.Bartiesville, Okla.Los Angeles, Calii.San Francisco, Calif.PROFESSIONAL CARDS 369PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OFCOLORADODenver, Colo., Gas & Eiecfric Bldg.ROBINS CONVEYING BELT COMPANY 377New York, N. Y., 15 Park Row.ROBINSON'S BOOK STOREGolden, Colo.ROEBLING'S SONS COMPANY, JOHN A.Trenton, H. J.RUTH COMPANY _ 336Denver, Colo,, Continenlal Oil Bldg.SALT LAKE STAMP COMPANYSalt Lake City, Utah, 65 W. BroadwaySECURITY ENGINEERING COMPANYWhittier, California.Houston, Texas, 5525 Clinton Dr.New Iberia, La., P. O. Box 121.New York City, 420 Lexington Ave.SOUTHERN COLORADO POWER CO.Pueblo, Colo.STEARNS-ROGER MFG. COMPANYDenver, Colo., 1720 California St,SWEENEY CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,EDWARD L,_Denver, Colo., United States Nafl. Blda,TEXAS CO., THENew York City, 135 E. 42nd St.Denver, Colorado, University Bldg,2229 Warehouses in principal cities.UNITED GEOPHYSICAL COMPANYPasadena, Calif,, 169 Worth HiD S'l.URQUHART SERVICEDenver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.VULCAN IRON WORKSDenver, Colorado, 1223 Stout Street.WESTERN MACHINERY COMPANY ,Denver, Colorado, 1655 Blake StreetWILFLEY & SONS, A. R 368Denver, Colo., Denham Bldg.New York City, 1775 Broadway.WORTHINGTON PUMP & MACHINERYCORPHarrison, N. J.Denver, Colo., 1725 California St.YARNALL-WARING COMPANYPhiladelphia, Penna.Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.YUBA MANUFACTURING COMPANY 375San Francisco, Calif., 351 California St.^Brunton PatentPocket TransitThis instrument is the most convenient, compact and accuratepocket instrument made for preliminary surveying on thesurface or underground, nearly 30,000 of which are used bycivil and mining engineers, mine managers and geologistseverywhere.Instrument is hereshown with universalsocket head adaptedfor use on a light tubularcamera tripod.Improved type instrumentonly. Universalsoclcet head. Tubularmetal tripod. Plainleather case for instrument.Leather casewith belt loop. Leathercase with sling strap.Leather case for instrument,tripod head andtripod.Send for copy of special booklet giving completedescription of the instrument and its uses.Complete stock ofEngineering and DraughtsmanEquipment and SuppliesKISTLER BUILDINGDENVER, COLO.fi.^friend Indeed. . .WHEN YOU'REON THE ROCKS"CRUSHERAre you spending too much timeon the roclcs...working ore down to size forpulverizing? A host of Assayers have foundthis was the case.,. until they installed aDFC LABORATORY CRUSHER.INVESTIGATE THE TIME, LABOR,AND REPAIR SAVING FEATURESOF THIS MACHINE1. Rugged one piece frame...no bolts to workloose.2. Motor pivoted lo frame...for correct belttension and minimum bench space.3. Easy to clean...no chance for salting.4. Reversible jaw plates...double service.5. Easy, positive adjustment for fineness.6. Shielded, dust-proof working parts.In Hand or PowDriven Typand for Flator V-BeltDrives378THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ JULY 1940THE MINES MAGAZINE + JULY 1940 379

YOU GET STARTED QUICKERAFTER SHUTDOWNSCan you start again immedlafely, when youwant to start? You can if you are using AKINSClassifiers—because the AKINS will always startwithout unloading. It is never necessary fo grindout the circuit before a shutdown. Furthermore,normal circulating sandload and normal densityoverflow are established immediately. With demandfor all metals rapidly increasing, this big gainin operating time means money to you.Other Advantages —Greateroverflow capacityper foot width, with a big saving In floorspace; operate at slope of 4" to foot, without backslipor surge; ability to produce extremely fine overflow;efficiency at high density; more tonnage andimproved metallurgy at lower power cost.AKINSWe also manufacture:Lowden Dryers; Ball, Rod & Tube MiUa;Diaphragm Pumps; Smelting Equipment;Crushers; Rolls.A Few Users of AKINS Classifiers:Butler Brothers, MinnesotaClimax Molybdenum Co., ColoradoCombined Metals Reduction Co., UtahConsolidated Mining & Smelting Co., B. C, Can.Copper Range Co., MichiganCuban Mining Co., CubaEmpire Zinc Co., N. Mex. and ColoradoThe Fresnillo Co., Zac, Mex.Golden Cycle Corp., Colo.HoUinger Cons. Gold Mines, Ltd., OntarioLake George Mines, Ltd., N.S.W.Aus.Little Long Lac Gold Mines, OntarioMarievale Consol. Mines, Ltd., So. AfricaNevada Consol. Copper Corp., (China) N. M.Potash Co. of America, New MexicoSan Mauricio Mining Co., Philippine IslandsSunshine Mining Company, IdahoU. S. Smelting, ReL & Mining Co., UtahVan Dyk Consol. Mines, Ltd., So. AfricaSend forBulletin 24-HRepresentatives Outside the U. S. A.Canadian Locomotive Co., Ltd., Kingston, Ontario, Can.Vancouver Iron Works, Ltd., Vancouver, B. C , Can.Marsman Trading Corp., Manila, P. I.Head, Wrightson & Co., (So. Africa) Ltd. JohannesburgHead, Wrightson & Co-, Ltd., Stockton on Tees, Eng.The Clyde Engineering Co., Ltd., Granville. N. S.W.COLORADO IRON WORKS CO., DENVER,COLO., U.S.A