Elections and electoral laws. Switzerland in comparison (MA seminar)

Universität Zürich, Institut für PolitikwissenschaftAutumn term 2013Elections and electoral laws. Switzerland in comparison (MA seminar)Lecturer: Daniel BochslerThis version: 15 August 2013 (subject to changes)Which role do elections play in the Swiss political system? How do voters and parties behave? Andwhat is the role of the institutional rules?The Swiss system is awkward in many ways in comparison to other democracies: it combines allpartygoverning coalitions, excessive federalism, and frequent referendums. And it has one of themost complex electoral systems, with the opportunity of panachage, and with proportionalrepresentation (National Council) and majoritarian vote (Council of States), used by the samevoters on the very same day. How do voters behave in such a system? And do national electionsmatter to Swiss voters?Relying on comparative studies of elections, party competition and electoral systems, we studySwiss elections in comparison, mainly to Western Europe. This seminar offers not only an insightinto Swiss elections at different level, but also to the comparative literature, and is suited forstudents interested in Swiss politics and/or in elections.Course requirements- Regular lecture of required readings. Active participation in class.- Assignment 1: class presentation (~12 minutes)- Assignment 2: class participation and discussion of one of the presentations- Assignment 3: term paperSpecific files for assignments 1 and 3.GradingTerm paper (SA – 60% of the final mark)Presentation (RE – 30% of the final mark)Class participation (MA – 10% of the final mark)EnrolmentThe seminar is part of the following programsMA Political Science (track Swiss Politics)MA CISReadingsMandatory readings will be provided electronically on OLAT.Note on further literature: Most readings for student presentations should be available online or in the IPZlibrary. Some of the most important books are blocked on a special bookshelf (Handapparat) in the library.

Overview over the class schedule and readings (preliminary version)(D) = Student presentation for German-speaker.18 September: IntroductionClass readings: Lutz, Georg and Peter Selb (2007) 'The National Elections in Switzerland', inUlrich Klöti, Peter Knoepfel, Hanspeter Kriesi, Wolf Linder, Yannis Papadopoulos andPascal Sciarini (eds.) Handbook of Swiss Politics (pp. 405-434). Zurich: NZZ.Week 2 to 4: A theoretical introduction25 September: Theory I: social cleavages and the roots of political representation inSwitzerlandClass readings: Lipset, Seymour Martin and Stein Rokkan (1967) 'Cleavage Structures, PartySystems, and Voter Alignments. An Introduction', in Seymour Martin Lipset and SteinRokkan (eds.) Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives (pp. 1-64).New York: Free Press.Kerr, Henry H. (1987) 'The Swiss Party System: Steadfast and Changing', in Hans Daalder(ed.), Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium (pp.107-192). New York: St. Martin's Press.Further literature: (Gruner 1977; Bolliger 2007; Lucardie 2000; Ladner and Brändle 2001;Tavits 2006; Hauss and Rayside 1978; Harmel and Robertson 1985)2 October: Theory II: Institutions and cleavagesClass readings: Taagepera, Rein and Matthew S. Shugart (1989) Seats and Votes. The Effectsand Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, pp. 1-18,61-76.Vatter, Adrian (2003) 'Legislative Party Fragmentation in Swiss Cantons A Function ofCleavage Structures or Electoral Institutions?', Party Politics 9(4): 445-461.Further literature: (Lipset and Rokkan 1967; Bartolini and Mair 1990; Ordeshook and Shvetsova1994; Taagepera 1999; Clark and Golder 2006; Harmel and Robertson 1985; Bochsler 2010b)9 October: Theory III: Issue votingClass readings: Thomassen, Jacques and Hermann Schmitt (1997) 'Policy representation',European Journal of Political Research 32: 165-184.Kriesi, Hanspeter and Pascal Sciarini (2004) 'The Impact of Issue Preferences on VotingChoices in the Swiss Federal Elections, 1999', British Journal of Political Science 34: 725-747.Further literature: (Downs 1957; Aardal and van Wijnen 2005; Enelow and Hinich 1982)16 October: Paper workshop IPage 2

Weeks 6 to 8: the chain of representation23 October: Voters I: Issues and radicalisationClass readings: Kedar, Orit (2005) 'When Moderate Voters Prefer Extreme Parties: PolicyBalancing in Parliamentary Elections', American Political Science Review 99(2): 185-199.Lachat, Romain (2006) 'A Tale of Two Councils. Explaining the Weakness of the SVP in theUpper House of the Federal Parliament', Swiss Political Science Review 12(4): 77-99.Student presentations:1. Directional voting:Rabinowitz, George and Stuart Elaine Macdonald (1989) 'A Directional Theory of Issue Voting',American Political Science Review 83(1): 93-121.Christin, Thomas and Tobias Schulz (2006) 'Is Consensual Politicizing Being Punished inSwitzerland?', Swiss Political Science Review 12(4): 101-130.2. Who are the new right voters?McGann, Anthony J. and Herbert Kitschelt (2005) 'The Radical Right in the Alps. Evolution andSupport for the Swiss SVP and Austrian FPÖ', Party Politics 11(2): 147-171.Lachat, Romain and Peter Selb (2005) 'Schweiz', in Hanspeter et al. Kriesi (ed.), Der Aufstieg derSVP. Acht Kantone im Vergleich (pp. 41-58). Zürich: NZZ Verlag.Further literature: (Powell 2004; Przeworski et al. 1999; Weßels 2007; Lutz 2006; Lachat and Selb2010; Merrill and Grofman 1999; Aardal and van Wijnen 2005; Adams et al. 2005; Downs 1957;Hinich and Munger 1994; Knutsen and Kumlin 2005; Schofield and Sened 2005; Van der Eijk et al.2005; Lewis and King 1999; Meguid 2005, 2008; Ezrow 2007, 2010)Knowledge, campaigns and voting: (Marquis 2010; or Lachat 2000)30 October: Voters II: social change and inequalitiesClass readings: Lijphart, Arend (1979) 'Religious vs. Linguistic vs. Class Voting: The"Crucial Experiment" of Comparing Belgium, Canada, South Africa, and Switzerland',American Political Science Review 73(2): 442-458.Oesch, Daniel and Line Rennwald (2010) 'The Class Basis of Switzerland’s Cleavagebetween the New Left and the Populist Right', Swiss Political Science Review 16(3): 343-371.Student presentations:1. Families and voting:Fitzgerald, Jennifer (2011) 'Family Dynamics and Swiss Parties on the Rise: Exploring Party Supportin a Changing Electoral Context', Journal of Politics 73(3): 783-796.2. Social groups and turnout:Bernhagen, Patrick and Michael Marsh (2007) 'The partisan effect of low turnout: Analyzing voteabstention as a missing data problem', Electoral Studies 26: 548-560.Oesch, Daniel (2006) Redrawing the Class Map: Stratification and Institutions in Britain, Germany,Sweden and Switzerland. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 179-96.Further literature: (Hug and Trechsel 2002; Bartolini and Mair 1990; Bartolini 2000; Elff 2007;Knutsen and Scarbrough 1995; Oskarson 2005; Rokkan 2000, Kapitel 4; Wernli 1998; Bühlmann andFreitag 2006; Nicolet and Sciarini 2006; Nicolet and Tresch 2009; Bornschier 2010)Page 3

6 November: Voters III: how parties compete for the votersClass readings: Hug, Simon and Tobias Schulz (2007) 'Left-Right Positions of PoliticalParties in Switzerland', Party Politics 13(3): 305-330.Bochsler, Daniel and Pascal Sciarini (2010) 'So Close But So Far: Voting Propensity andParty Choice for Left-Wing Parties', Swiss Political Science Review 16(3): 373-402.Student presentations:1. Voting advice applications:Ladner, Andreas, Jan Fivaz and Joëlle Pianzola (2012) 'Voting advice applications and party choice:evidence from smartvote users in Switzerland', International Journal of Electronic Governance 5(3-4):367-387.Louwerse, Tom and Martin Rosema (2011) The Design Effects of Voting Advice Applications:Comparing Methods of Calculating Results, ECPR General Conference. Reykjavik.Walgrave, Stefaan, Michiel Nuytemans and Koen Pepermans (2009) 'Voting Aid Applications and theEffect of Statement Selection', West European Politics 32(6): 1161-1180.2. Voters, candidates and MPs:Leimgruber, Philipp, Dominik Hangartner and Lucas Leemann (2010) 'Comparing Candidates andCitizens in the Ideological Space', Swiss Political Science Review 16(3): 499-531.Portmann, Marco, David Stadelmann and Reiner Eichenberger (2012) 'District magnitude andrepresentation of the majority's preferences: Evidence from popular and parliamentary votes', PublicChoice 151: 585-610.Further literature: (Van der Eijk et al. 2005; Meguid 2005; McGann 2002)Weeks 9 to 13: The awkward Swiss institutional order13 November: One electorate or many?Class readings: Caramani, Daniele (2004) The Nationalization of Politics. The Formation ofNational Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, pp. 15-43, 116-7, 125.Bochsler, Daniel and Pascal Sciarini (2006, 11 October) Allmählicher Abschied vomKantönligeist. Tages-Anzeiger, p. 10.Stojanović, Nenad (2006) 'Do Multicultural Democracies Really Require PR?Counterevidence from Switzerland', Swiss Political Science Review 12(4): 131-157.Student presentations:1 (D). Swiss political landscapes and voting behaviour:Steenbergen, Marco (2010) 'Decomposing the Vote: Individual, Communal, and Cantonal Sources ofVoting Behavior in Switzerland', Swiss Political Science Review 16(3): 403-424.Giger, Nathalie, Jochen Müller and Marc Debus (2011) 'Die Bedeutung des regionalen Kontexts fürdie programmatische Positionierung von Schweizer Kantonalparteien', Swiss Political Science Review17(3): 259-285.2 (D). Parties in a multi-level setting:Deschouwer, Kris (2006) 'Political Parties as Multi-Level Organization', in Richard S. Katz andWilliam Crotty (eds.) Handbook of Party Politics (pp. 291-300). London: Sage.Ladner, Andreas (2004) 'Typologien und Wandel: Die kantonalen Demokratien im letzten Drittel des20. Jahrhundert', Swiss Political Science Review 10(4): 3-32.Page 4

Further literature: (Carrubba and Timpone 2005; Reif and Schmitt 1980; Armingeon 1998; Selb andPituctin 2010; Bochsler and Wasserfallen 2013)20 November: Federalism and consociationalismClass readings: Lachat, Romain and Hanspeter Kriesi (2012) Strategic voting in multimembermajoritarian systems: the case of Swiss regional government elections.Barcelona/Zurich: Universitat Pompeu Fabra/University of Zurich.Monroe, Burt L. and Amanda G. Rose (2002) 'Electoral Systems and UnimaginedConsequences: Partisan Effects of Districted Proportional Representation', American Journalof Political Science 46(1): 67-89.Student presentations:1. Cantonal inequalities:Selb, Peter (2006) 'Multi-Level Elections in Switzerland ', Swiss Political Science Review 12(4): 49-75.Samuels, David and Richard Snyder (2001) 'The Value of a Vote: Malapportionment in ComparativePerspective', British Journal of Political Science 31: 651-671.2 (D). Swiss government coalitions:Vatter, Adrian (2000) 'Consensus and direct democracy: Conceptual and empirical linkages',European Journal of Political Research 38: 171-192.NZZ-Serie 'Hat die Konkordanz Zukunft?', http://www.nzz.ch/dossiers/uebersicht/schweizkonkordanz-2.47150Further literature: (Caluori and Hug 2005; Vatter 2006; Bochsler and Sciarini 2006b; Bochsler andBousbah 2011)27 November: Paper workshop II4 December: Who sets the rules of the gameClass readings: Boix, Carles (1999) 'Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of ElectoralSystems in Advanced Democracies', The American Political Science Review 93(3): 609-624.Pukelsheim, Friedrich and Christian Schuhmacher (2004) 'Das neue ZürcherZuteilungsverfahren für Parlamentswahlen', Aktuelle Juristische Praxis 5: 505-522.or (in English): Pukelsheim (forthcoming) Representing Districts and Parties: DoubleProportionality. Augsburg: University of Augsburg.Student presentations:1. List apparentments:Leutgäb, Peter and Friedrich Pukelsheim (2009) 'List Apparentments in Local Elections - A Lottery',Homo Oeconomicus 26(3/4): 489-500.Bochsler, Daniel (2010) 'Who gains from apparentments under D’Hondt?', Electoral Studies 29(4):617-627.2 (D). Shall courts intervene in elections?BGE 129 I 185 Grüne vs. Stadt Zürich + NZZ, 19.12.2002;Katz, Richard S. (2011) 'Democracy as a Cause of Electoral Reform: Jurisprudence and ElectoralChange in Canada', West European Politics 34(3): 587-606.Further literature: (Gallagher and Mitchell 2005; Colomer 2004)Proportionality in Switzerland: (Lutz and Zila 2010)Page 5

List apparentments: (Pukelsheim and Schuhmacher 2011; Bochsler 2010a, 2010c)11 December: Direct democracy and party politicsClass readings: Trechsel, Alexander H. and Pascal Sciarini (1998) 'Direct democracy inSwitzerland: Do elites matter?', European Journal of Political Research 33: 99-124.Bowler, Shaun, Stephen P. Nicholson and Gary M. Segura (2006) 'Earthquakes andAftershocks: Race, Direct Democracy, and Partisan Change', American Journal of PoliticalScience 50(1): 146-159.Student presentations:1. Direct democracy as a party vehicle?Kriesi, Hanspeter (2006) 'Role of the Political Elites in Swiss Direct-Democratic Votes', Party Politics12(5): 599-622.Ladner, Andreas and Michael Brändle (1999) 'Does Direct Democracy Matter for Political Parties? AnEmpirical Test in the Swiss Cantons', Party Politics 5(3): 283-302.2. Direct democracy and opinion formationSciarini, Pascal and Anke Tresch (2011) 'Campaign Effects in Direct-Democratic Votes inSwitzerland', Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 21(3): 333-357.Further literature: (Selb et al. 2009; Trechsel 2007)18 December: Round‐up of the seminar29 December 2013: Deadline for term papersPage 6

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