Finding Herbal Alternatives to Bear Bile - WSPA

FindingHerbal Alternativesto bear bile

ContentsAbout us..............................................................04Traditional Medicine and bear bile..........................05Finding alternatives to bear bile.............................08Results:• Clearing Heat and Detoxifying................................11• Clearing Liver Fire..............................................33• Brightening Eyesight Through Nourishing the Liver.......38• Brightening Eyesight and Clearing Away Liver Fire........43Request for feedback...........................................59Contact us...........................................................66© WSPA 2005The illustrations and descriptions of the materia medica used in this article aredrawn from Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica (3rd Edition) and arecopyrighted.They are reprinted here by permission of the publisher,Eastland Press, Inc., P.O. Box 99749, Seattle, WA 98139, USA.World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile3

About UsThe World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) is aninternational animal welfare organisation with its headquartersin London UK, and with 13 other offices worldwide. Holdingconsultative status with the United Nations and observer statuswith the Council of Europe, WSPA forms the largest federationof animal welfare organisations in the world with more than120 different countries through its network of over 550member societies.WSPA works to alleviate animal suffering using a combined andcollaborative approach encompassing hands on work, educationalinitiatives, lobbying and awareness campaigns. Areas of work includestray animal control, humane education, disaster relief, farm animalsand commercial exploitation of wildlife.In particular, WSPA is well known for its ‘Libearty’ campaign whichaims to protect bears from cruelty and exploitation around the world.One of WSPA’s best known ‘Libearty’ campaigns is to bring an endto the practice of bear farming in Asia.World Society for the Protection of Animals —— About Us4

Traditional Medicine and bear bileAlthough the vast majority of Traditional Medicine practitionerstoday no longer use bear bile, it is still consumed in significantquantities. The use of bear bile in Traditional Medicine datesback over 3000 years. It is classified as ‘cold’ and ‘bitter’ and itsuses include the treatment of fever, swelling and pain in cases oftrauma, liver conditions and sore eyes. Bear bile is still consumedin many different countries around the world, often as a result ofillegal trade. Some of the largest consumer countries includeChina, Japan and Republic of Korea.Bear FarmingIn the early 1980s, in an attempt toreduce pressures on wild populations,China started to farm bears in orderto extract their bile on a commercialbasis. The practice of bear farminghas since spread to other countries inAsia, most notably Vietnam and theRepublic of Korea.“We definitely do not have to usebear bile as it can be replaced byherbs, which are cheaper too.”Dr Sun Ji XianThe Chinese Association of PreventativeMedicine, Beijing, ChinaMost bears kept in bear farms live in cages measuring around 1 metrewide, 1 metre high and 2 metres long. Many bears are wounded andscarred from rubbing or hitting themselves against the bars of their tinymetal cages, where they cannot stand up nor easily turn around. Manysurvive in these conditions for over 20 years.In China a surgical operation is carried out to create a tube leading intothe bear’s gall bladder to allow the bile to be extracted. Untrained workerswith no veterinary skills often carry out this operation. The animals endurethe most appalling levels of cruelty and neglect. During WSPAinvestigations, bears were seen with inflamed, infected and bleedingwounds, open incisions for bile extraction and swellings in the abdominalarea. In some farms sick bears lay recumbent without movement. InVietnam bile is extracted using ultrasound equipment and a hypodermicsyringe, bile is extracted approximately once a month. In Korea, bears donot have bile extracted from them when they are alive. Instead, the bearsare raised to a certain age and are then slaughtered for their body parts.World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile5

For animal welfare reasons alone, WSPA believes that the practice ofbear farming should be phased out completely. However, many traditionalmedicine practitioners have stated that the use of bear bile is alsounnecessary and that many alternative remedies exist. Below are a numberof statements, gathered by Animals Asia Foundation (AAF), from peoplewho believe that bear bile has no place in modern Traditional Medicine.“Herbal alternatives have the same effect - so why kill theanimals?”Dr Ho Ka CheongPresident Hong Kong Chinese Herbalist Association LtdWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Traditional Medicine and bear bile“There are many hundreds of ingredients in our Pharmacopoeia,and whatever beneficial effect may be achieved by usingendangered species, there are equally beneficial effects byusing other alternatives. Please understand that we are in thebusiness of healing people, not in the business of causingdanger to wild animal species.”Word-Fei CheungAssistant Manager of the Institute of Chinese Medicine, China.“One main reason why I have, all along, participated in thework of protecting endangered animals is to make the publicunderstand that the majority of Chinese medicine made fromendangered medicine is not indispensable. We can easilyreplace them with herbal medicines, which are cheaper andeasier to find. If the Chinese medicine community ceases touse endangered animals as medicine, it can not only join inhelping to save endangered species from extinction, but canalso raise the international reputation of Chinese medicine tothat of a sophisticated branch of medicine.”Dr. Lo Yan WoChinese Association of Medicine and Philosophy, Hong Kong.6

“On Behalf of the Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine(UK), the largest Traditional Chinese Medicine organization inBritain. I would like to take this opportunity to publicly statethat ATCM strictly condemn and prohibit the use of bear bileby TCM practitioners in treatment regardless of illness. This isbased on the grounds that we believe the process ofextracting bear bile to be inhumane and therefore unethical,especially it is against the general principle and Law ofTraditional Chinese Medicine i.e. emphasis on keeping thebalance between mankind and nature. There is no need forstretching to such an extreme measure to obtain a purelyexotic sounding substance from an already endangeredspecies, when there are countless other available alternatives.”Dr Jidong WuPresident of the Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine (UK), MiddlesexUniversityWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile7

Finding alternatives to bear bileIn its campaign to bring an end to bear farming, WSPArecognises that herbal alternatives to bear bile need to beidentified. With this in mind we are now in the process ofidentifying both individual herbs and herbal formulas that areknown to have the same properties or effects as bear bile. Aswe work to do this, WSPA strongly believes that collaborationwith the Traditional Medicine community is essential.To find herbal alternatives to bear bile, the first step is to find out whatmain actions and indications bear bile is purported to have. With the helpof Traditional Medicine practitioners in the United Kingdom, WSPA hasidentified four main actions and indications of bear bile. Though notnecessarily exhaustive, they are:World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding alternatives to bear bile• Clearing heat and detoxifying• Clearing liver fire• Brightening eyesight through nourishing the liver• Brightening eyesight and clearing away liver fireUsing the information above, we have identified herbs that have oneor more of the same actions or indications as bear bile:Clearing heat and detoxifyingChinese pin yinBan Bian LianBai Hua She She CaoBai Jiang CaoBai Tou WengBai Xian PiChuan Xin LianChui Pen CaoDa Qing YeHong TengPharmaceutical nameHerba Lobeliae ChinensisHerba Hedyotidis DiffusaeHerba PatriniaeRadix PulsatillaeCortex DictamniHerba AndrographitisHerba SediFolium IsatidisCaulis Sargentodoxae8

Jin Yin HuaLian QiaoMa BoMa Chi XianPu Gong YingQing DaiQin PiShan Dou GenShe GanYu Xing CaoZao Xiu or ChonglouZi Hua Di DingFlos LoniceraeFructus ForsythiaeLasiosphaera seu CalvatiaHerba PortulaceaeHerba TaraxaciIndigo NaturalisCortex FraxiniRadix Sophorae SubprostrataeRhizoma BelamcandaeHerba HouttuyniaeRhizoma ParidisHerba ViolaeClearing liver fireChinese pin yin Pharmaceutical nameLong Dan Cao Radix GentianaeLu HuiAloeZao Xiu or Chonglou Rhizoma ParidisZi Hua Di Ding Herba ViolaeBrightening eyesight through nourishing the liverChinese pin yin Pharmaceutical nameSha Yuan ZiSemen AstragaliGou Qi ZiFructus LyciiNu Zhen ZiFructus Ligustri LucidiShi HuHerba DenbrobiiWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile9

Brightening eyesight and clearing away liver fireChinese pin yinChe Qian ZiGou Qi ZiGu Jing CaoJue Ming ZiJu HuaMan Jing ZiMi Meng HuaMu ZeiNu Zhen ZiQin PiQing Xiang ZiSang YeXia Ku CaoPharmaceutical nameSemen PlantaginisFructus LyciiFlos EriocauliSemen CassiaeFlos ChrysanthemiFructus viticisFlos BuddlejaeHerba Equiseti HiemalisFructus Ligustri LucidiCortex FraxiniSemen SelosiaeFolium MoriSpica PrunellaeWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Plant PropertiesShi Jue MingZhen Zhu MuConcha HaliotidisConcha Margaritifera UstaThis list formed the basis of a survey we distributed to TM practitionersin Australia, Canada, USA and the UK. For each herb the respondent wasasked to indicate how often they use the herb for the given action orindication. They were given a choice of three responses:1. Never2. Sometimes3. OftenIn total 190 surveys have been returned to WSPA, on behalf ofindividual practitioners and larger TM associations, the results aresummarised in the following four sections of this report. Please also seethe Request for Feedback section where practitioners can provide muchneeded comment and information. This will form the basis of furtherimportant research into herbal alternatives to bear bile.10

Clearing Heatand Detoxifying11

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingBan Bian LianPharmaceutical name: Herba LobeliaeChinensis cum RadiceBotanical name: Lobelia chinensis Lour.Family: campanulaceaeWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 36%Sometimes 55%Often 8%No Answer 1%English name: Chinese Lobelia herbFound: ChinaProperties: Sweet neutralChannels entered: Heart, Lung, SmallIntestine12

Bai Hua She She CaoPharmaceutical name: HerbaHedyotidis DiffusaeBotanical name: Heydyotis diffusa (Willd.)Roxb. Also known as Oldenlandia diffusaFamily: rubiaceaeEnglish name: Spreading Hedyotis flowerFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, sweet, coldChannels entered: Liver, Stomach, LargeIntestineQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 15%Sometimes 48%Often 35%No Answer 2%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile13

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingBai Jiang CaoPharmaceutical name: Herba cumRadice PatriniaeBotanical name: Patrinia scabiosaefoliaFisch. or Patrinia villosaWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingFamily: valerianaceaeEnglish name: PatriniaFound: ChinaProperties: Acrid, bitter, slightly coldChannels entered: Large Intestine,Liver, StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 27%Sometimes 52%Often 18%No Answer 3%14

Bai Tou WengPharmaceutical name: Radix PulsatillaeChinensisBotanical name: Pulsatilla cninensis (Bge.)Regel.Family: ranunculaceaeEnglish name: Pulsatilla rootFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, coldChannels entered: Large Intestine, Liver,StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 32%Sometimes 54%Often 14%No Answer 0%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile15

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingBai Xian PiPharmaceutical name: Cortex Dictamni Dasycarpi RadicisBotanical name: Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.Family: rutaceaeEnglish name: Densefruit Pittany root-barkFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, coldChannels entered: Spleen,StomachWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 13%Sometimes 37%Often 48%No Answer 2%16

Chuan Xin LianPharmaceutical name: HerbaAndrographitis PaniculataeBotanical name: Andrographispaniculata (Burm. f) NeesFamily: acanthaceaeEnglish name: Green chirettaFound: China, Bangladesh, Sri LankaProperties: Bitter, coldChannels entered: Large Intestine,Lung, Small Intestine, StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 40%Sometimes 44%Often 12%No Answer 4%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile17

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingChui Pen CaoWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingPharmaceutical name: Herba SediBotanical name: Sedum sarmentosum BungeFamily: crassulaceaeEnglish name: Stringy stonecrop herbFound: China* and Vietnam**Properties: Sweet, neutral, slightly sourChannels entered: Liver, Gall Bladder, Small Intestine* Listed as ‘Rare’ in UNEP-WCMC 2005 Threatened species database** Listed as ‘Endangered’ in UNEP-WCMC 2005 Threatened speciesdatabaseQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 73%Sometimes 20%Often 2%No Answer 5%18

Da Qing YePharmaceutical name: Folium DaqingyeBotanical name: Isatis tinctoria L.,I indigota Fort., Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees) Bremek., Polygonum tinctoriumAit. Or Clerodendron cyrtophyllum Turcz.Family: cruciferae (isatis), acanthaceae(baphicacanthus), polygonaceae(polygonum), verbenaceae (clerodendron)English name: Isatis leafFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, very coldChannels entered: Heart, Lung, StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 17%Sometimes 46%Often 34%No Answer 3%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile19

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingHong TengPharmaceutical name: Caulis Sargentodoxae CuneataeBotanical name: Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd.Family: lardizabalaceaeEnglish name: SargentgloryvineFound: China and Vietnam*Properties: Bitter, neutralChannels entered: Large Intestine, LiverWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 42%Sometimes 46%Often 11%No Answer 1%* Listed as ‘Rare’ in UNEP-WCMC 2005 Threatened species database20

Jin Yin HuaPharmaceutical name: Flos Lonicerae JaponicaeBotanical name: Lonicera japonica Thunb.Family: caprifoliaceaeEnglish name: Honeysuckle flowerFound: China and Japan*Properties: Sweet, coldChannels entered: Large Intestine, Lung, Stomach* Listed as ‘Endangered’ in UNEP-WCMC 2005 Threatened species databaseQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 3%Sometimes 14%Often 76%No Answer 7%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile21

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingLian QiaoPharmaceutical name: FructusForsythiae SuspensaeBotanical name: Forsythia suspense(Thunb.) VahlFamily: oleaceaeEnglish name: Forsythia fruitWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingFound: ChinaQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Properties: Bitter, slightly acrid, coolChannels entered: Heart, Liver,GallbladderNever 4%Sometimes 14%Often 75%No Answer 7%22

Ma BoPharmaceutical name: FructificatioLasiosphaerae seu CalvatiaeBotanical name: Lasiosphaera fenslii Reich.,L. nipponica (Kawam.) Y. Kobayashi,Calvatia gigantean (Batsch ex Pers.),or C. lilacina (Mont. et Berk)Family: lycoperdaceaeEnglish name: Puff-ballFound: ChinaProperties: Acrid, neutralChannels entered: LungQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 57%Sometimes 35%Often 8%No Answer 0%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile23

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingMa Chi XianPharmaceutical name: Herba Portulacae OleraceaeBotanical name: Portulaca oleracea L.Family: portulaceaeEnglish name: PortulacaFound: Liechtenstein*, Egypt, China, Ecuador,Anguilla, Puerto Rico, BelizeProperties: Sour, coldChannels entered: Large Intestine, LiverWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and Detoxifying* Listed as ‘Rare’ in UNEP-WCMC 2005 Threatened species databaseQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 26%Sometimes 47%Often 25%No Answer 2%24

Pu Gong YingPharmaceutical name: Herba Taraxaci Mongolici cum RadiceBotanical name: Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-MazzFamily: compositaeEnglish name: Dandelion herbFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, sweet, coldChannels entered: Liver, StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 2%Sometimes 28%Often 63%No Answer 7%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile25

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingQing Dai(made from pulverising da qing ye)Pharmaceutical name: Indigo PulverataLevisBotanical name: Isatis tinctoria L.,I indigota Fort., Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees) Bremek., Polygonum tinctoriumAit. Or Clerodendron cyrtophyllum Turcz.Family: cruciferae (isatis), acanthaceae(baphicacanthus), polygonaceae(polygonum), verbenaceae (clerodendron)English name: Natural indigoFound: ChinaProperties: Salty, coldWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingChannels entered: Liver, Lung, StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 38%Sometimes 49%Often 12%No Answer 1%26

Qin PiPharmaceutical name: Cortex FraxiniBotanical name: Fraxinus rhynchophyllaHance., F. bungeana DC.,or F. chinensis Roxb.Family: oleaceaeEnglish name: Ash barkFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, coldChannels entered: Gallbladder, LargeIntestine, Liver, StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 32%Sometimes 53%Often 14%No Answer 1%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile27

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingShan Dou GenWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingPharmaceutical name: Radix SophoraeTonkinensisBotanical name: Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep.Family: leguminosaeEnglish name: Subprostrate Sophora rootFound: China and VietnamProperties: Bitter, coldChannels entered: Large Intestine, LungQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 43%Sometimes 46%Often 10%No Answer 1%28

She GanPharmaceutical name: Rhizoma BelamcandaeChinensisBotanical name: Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.Family: iridaceaeEnglish name: Belamcanda rhizomeFound: Russia, China, India, Vietnam and Japan.Properties: Bitter, coldChannels entered: LungQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 31%Sometimes 52%Often 16%No Answer 1%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile29

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingYu Xing CaoWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingPharmaceutical name: Herba cumRadice Houttuyniae CordataeBotanical name: Hottuynia cordataThunb.Family: saururaceaeEnglish name: HouttuyniaFound: China and Korea*Properties: Acrid, coolChannels entered: Large Intestine, Lung*Listed as ‘Rare’ in UNEP-WCMC 2005 Threatened species databaseQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 13%Sometimes 38%Often 45%No Answer 4%30

Zao Xiu/ChonglouPharmaceutical name: Rhizoma ParidisBotanical name: Paris polyphylla SmithFamily: LiliaceaeEnglish name: Chinese Paris rootFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, slightly coldChannels entered: LiverQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 53%Sometimes 34%Often 12%No Answer 1%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile31

Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingZi Hua Di DingPharmaceutical name: Herba cumRadice Violae YedoensitisBotanical name: Viola yedoensis Mak.Family: violaceaeEnglish name: Viola herbFound: ChinaProperties: Acrid, bitter, coldChannels entered: Heart, LiverWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Heat and DetoxifyingQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingheat and detoxifying?Never 12%Sometimes 41%Often 43%No Answer 4%32

ClearingLiver Fire33

Clearing Liver FireLong Dan CaoWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Liver FirePharmaceutical name: RadixGentianae LongdancaoBotanical name: Gentiana scabraBge, G. triflom Pall., G. manshuricaKitag., or G. regescens FranshFamily: gentianaceaeEnglish name: Chinese gentianFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, coldChannels entered: Gallbladder, Liver,StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingliver fire?Never 15%Sometimes 42%Often 39%No Answer 4%34

Lu HuiPharmaceutical name: Herba AloesBotanical name: Aloe vera L. var.chinensis (Haw.) Berger, A. vera L.,or A. ferox MillFamily: liliaceaeEnglish name: AloesFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter and coldChannels entered: Large Intestine,Liver, StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingliver fire?Never 58%Sometimes 37%Often 4%No Answer 1%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile35

Clearing Liver FireZao Xiu/ChonglouPharmaceutical name: Rhizoma ParidisBotanical name: Paris polyphylla SmithFamily: liliaceaeEnglish name: Chinese Paris rootFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, slightly coldChannels entered: LiverWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Clearing Liver FireQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingliver fire?Never 57%Sometimes 31%Often 11%No Answer 1%36

Zi Hua Di DingPharmaceutical name: Herba cumRadice Violae YedoensitisBotanical name: Viola yedoensis Mak.Family: violaceaeEnglish name: Viola herbFound: ChinaProperties: Acrid, bitter, coldChannels entered: Heart, LiverQHow often do you usethis herb for clearingliver fire?Never 17%Sometimes 34%Often 41%No Answer 8%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile37

BrighteningEyesight ThroughNourishing theLiver38

Brightening Eyesight ThroughNourishing the LiverSha Yuan ZiPharmaceutical name: SemenAstragali ComplanatiBotanical name: Astragaluscomplanatus R. Br.Family: leguminosaeEnglish name: Flatstem Milkvetch seedFound: ChinaProperties: Sweet, warmChannels entered: Kidney, LiverQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight throughnourishing the liver?Never 38%Sometimes 37%Often 21%No Answer 4%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile39

Brightening Eyesight ThroughNourishing the LiverGou Qi ZiWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight Through Nourishing the LiverPharmaceutical name: Fructus LyciiBotanical name: Lycium barbarum L.or L. chinense Mill.Family: solanaceaeEnglish name: Barbary Wolfberry fruitFound: ChinaProperties: Sweet, neutralChannels entered: Liver, Lung, KidneyQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight throughnourishing the liver?Never 3%Sometimes 14%Often 74%No Answer 9%40

Nu Zhen ZiQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight throughnourishing the liver?Never 7%Sometimes 25%Often 62%No Answer 6%Pharmaceutical name: Fructus Ligustri LucidiBotanical name: Ligustrum lucidum Ait.Family: oleaceaeEnglish name: Glossy Privet fruitFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, sweet, neutralChannels entered: Kidney, LiverWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile41

Brightening Eyesight ThroughNourishing the LiverShi HuWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight Through Nourishing the LiverPharmaceutical name:Botanical name:Family: orchidaceaeEnglish name: DendrobiumFound: ChinaHerba DendrobiiDendrobium nobileLindl.Properties: Sweet, slightly salty, bland, coldChannels entered:Kidney, StomachPlease note that this plant is included inAppendix 2 of CITES and Annex B of theEU Regulation implementing CITES in Europe.Plants not clearly qualifying for the exemption mustbe accompanied by appropriate CITES documents.For further information refer to the CITES databaseat www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.htmlQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight throughnourishing the liver?Never 24%Sometimes 41%Often 33%No Answer 2%42

BrighteningEyesight andClearing AwayLiver Fire43

Brightening Eyesight andClearing Away Liver FireChe Qian ZiWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight and Clearing Away Liver FireQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 12%Sometimes 36%Often 47%No Answer 5%Pharmaceutical name: Semen PlantaginisBotanical name: Plantago asiatica L. or P. depressa Wild.Family: plantaginaceaeEnglish name: Plantain seedFound: ChinaProperties: Sweet, coldChannels entered: Bladder, Kidney, Liver, Lung44

Gou Qi ZiPharmaceutical name: Fructus LyciiBotanical name: Lycium barbarum L.or L. chinense Mill.Family: solanaceaeEnglish name: Barbary Wolfberry fruitFound: ChinaProperties: Sweet, neutralChannels entered: Liver, Lung, KidneyQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 6%Sometimes 16%Often 68%No Answer 10%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile45

Brightening Eyesight andClearing Away Liver FireGu Jing CaoWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight and Clearing Away Liver FirePharmaceutical name: Scapus etInflorescentia Eriocaulonis BuergerianiBotanical name: Eriocaulonbuergerianum Koern.Family: eriocaulaceaeEnglish name: Pipewort flowerFound: ChinaProperties: Sweet, neutralChannels entered: Liver, StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 51%Sometimes 38%Often 9%No Answer 2%46

Jue Ming ZiPharmaceutical name: Semen CassiaeBotanical name: Cassia obtusifolia L. or C. tora L.Family: leguminosaeEnglish name: Cassia seedFound: China, Thailand and Puerto RicoProperties: Bitter, sweet, coolChannels entered: Liver, Kidney, Large IntestineQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 11%Sometimes 44%Often 41%No Answer 4%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile47

Brightening Eyesight andClearing Away Liver FireJu HuaPharmaceutical name: FlosChrysanthemi MorifoliiBotanical name: Chrysanthemummorifolium Ramat.Family: compositaeEnglish name: Chrysanthemum flowerFound: ChinaWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight and Clearing Away Liver FireProperties: Sweet, bitter, slightly coldChannels entered: Liver, LungQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 3%Sometimes 14%Often 75%No Answer 8%48

Man Jing ZiQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 13%Sometimes 47%Often 36%No Answer 4%Pharmaceutical name: FructusViticisBotanical name: Vitex rotundifolia L.or V. trifolia L.Family: verbenaceaeEnglish name: Shrub Chastetree fruitFound: China and SingaporeProperties: Bitter, acrid, coolChannels entered: Bladder, Liver,StomachWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile49

Brightening Eyesight andClearing Away Liver FireMi Meng HuaWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight and Clearing Away Liver FirePharmaceutical name: Flos Buddleiae OfficinalisImmaturisBotanical name: Buddleia officinalis Maxim.Family: loganiaceaeEnglish name: Pale Butterflybush flowerFound: ChinaProperties: Sweet, coolChannels entered: LiverQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 46%Sometimes 44%Often 8%No Answer 2%50

Mu Zei*Listed as ‘Rare’ in UNEP-WCMC 2005 Threatened species databasePharmaceutical name: Herba Equiseti HiemalisBotanical name: Equisetum hiemale L.Family: equisetaceaeEnglish name: Common scouring rush herbFound: China, Russia*, Hungary*, Liechtenstein*Properties: Sweet, bitter, neutralChannels entered: Liver, LungQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 51%Sometimes 37%Often 12%No Answer 0%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile51

Brightening Eyesight andClearing Away Liver FireNu Zhen ZiWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight and Clearing Away Liver FireQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 11%Sometimes 28%Often 54%No Answer 7%Pharmaceutical name: Fructus Ligustri LucidiBotanical name: Ligustrum lucidum Ait.Family: oleaceaeEnglish name: Glossy Privet fruitFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, sweet, neutralChannels entered: Kidney, Liver52

Qin PiPharmaceutical name: Cortex FraxiniBotanical name: Fraxinus rhynchophyllaHance., F. bungeana DC.,or F. chinensis Roxb.Family: oleaceaeEnglish name: Ash barkFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, coldChannels entered: Gallbladder, LargeIntestine, Liver, StomachQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 24%Sometimes 45%Often 28%No Answer 3%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile53

Brightening Eyesight andClearing Away Liver FireQing Xiang ZiWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight and Clearing Away Liver FirePharmaceutical name: Semen CelosiaeArgenteaeBotanical name: Celosia argentea L.Family: amaranthaceaeEnglish name: Feather Cockscomb seedFound: China, Malaysia and Puerto RicoProperties: Sweet, coldChannels entered: LiverQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 53%Sometimes 34%Often 13%No Answer 0%54

Sang YePharmaceutical name: Folium MoriZoological name: Morus alba L.Family: moraceaeEnglish name: Mulberry leafFound: China and Liechtenstein*Properties: Sweet, bitter, coldChannels entered: Liver, Lung* Listed as ‘Rare’ in UNEP-WCMC 2005 Threatened species databaseQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 22%Sometimes 42%Often 34%No Answer 2%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile55

Brightening Eyesight andClearing Away Liver FireXia Ku CaoWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight and Clearing Away Liver FirePharmaceutical name: Spica Prunellae VulgarisBotanical name: Prunella vulgaris L.Family: labiataeEnglish name: Common selfheal fruit-spikeFound: ChinaProperties: Bitter, acrid, coldChannels entered: Gallbladder, LiverQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 7%Sometimes 32%Often 55%No Answer 6%56

Shi Jue MingPharmaceutical name: Concha HaliotidisZoological name: Haliotis diversicolorReeve or H. gigantean discuss ReeveFamily: haliotidaeEnglish name: Sea-ear shellFound: Off coast of China and cultivatedProperties: Salty, coldChannels entered: Kidney, LiverQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 21%Sometimes 42%Often 27%No Answer 0%World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile57

Brightening Eyesight andClearing Away Liver FireZhen Zhu MuWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Brightening Eyesight and Clearing Away Liver FireQHow often do you usethis herb for brighteningeyesight and clearingaway liver fire?Never 32%Sometimes 48%Often 17%No Answer 3%Pharmaceutical name: Concha MargaritaferaeZoological name: Pteria margaritifera (L.)Family: pteriidae (pteria), unionidae (hydiposis, cristaria)English name: NacreFound: China and cultivatedProperties: Sweet, salty, coldChannels entered: Heart and Liver58

Request for feedbackWe need your help. The results of this survey are informative butwe need to do more to compile a definitive list of herbalalternatives to bear bile. Most importantly we need input andfeedback from the Traditional Medicine community.All of your comments are welcome but below are a number of specificquestions:Do you know of any other actions or indications for bear bile?Are there any other herbs you know of that could be added to one ofthe four lists in the survey?Do you feel any of the herbs listed should not be included? If so, why?Could you make a statement either personally or on behalf of yourorganisation in support of WSPA’s campaign?In the following pages there are ‘Feedback Forms’ where you can answerthe questions listed above and make any other comments. You can fillthem out, along with any other comments, and post it to the relevantWSPA office. Alternatively, you can request an electronic form from yourrelevant WSPA office to complete and return by email.For both postal and email addresses please see the ‘Contact Us’ section.Thank you so much for taking the time to read this report and for anyfeedback you can provide.World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile59

Contact DetailsNameOrganisationAddressTelephoneEmailWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Request for feedback60

Request for feedbackQDo you know of any other actionsor indications for bear bile?World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile61

QAre there any other herbs you know ofthat could be added to one of the fourlists in the survey?Clearing heat and detoxifyingChinese pin yinPharmaceutical nameWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Request for feedbackClearing liver fireChinese pin yinPharmaceutical name62

Request for feedbackBrightening eyesight through nourishing the liverChinese pin yinPharmaceutical nameBrightening eyesight and clearing away liver fireChinese pin yinPharmaceutical nameWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile63

QDo you feel any of the herbs listed shouldnot be included? If so, why?World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Request for feedback64

Request for feedbackQCould you make a statement eitherpersonally or on behalf of your organisationin support of WSPA’s campaign?World Society for the Protection of Animals —— Finding Alternatives to bear bile65

Contact usFor enquiries and feedback in in the the US US contact: contact:WSPA Susan Sherwin USA89 WSPA South USAStreet, Suite 201Boston, 34 Deloss MA Street 02111USA Framingham, MA 01702Phone: USA +1 617 896 9214Fax: Phone: +1 +1 617 508 737 879 4404 8350E-mail: Fax: +1 508 wspa@wspausa.org620 0786E-mail: ssherwin@wspausa.orgFor enquiries and feedback in in Canada Canada contact: contact:WSPA Patrick Tohill CANADA90 WSPA Eglinton CANADA Avenue EastSuite 90 Eglinton 960 Avenue EastToronto Suite 960Ontario Toronto M4P 2Y3Phone: Ontario +1 M4P 4162Y3369 0044Fax: Phone: +1 +1 416 416 369 369 0147 0044E-mail: Fax: +1 416 wspa@wspa.ca 369 0147E-mail: tohill@wspa.caWorld Society for the Protection of Animals —— Contact usFor enquiries and and feedback in in Australia contact: contact:WSPA Heather AUSTRALIAPotterSuite WSPA 1AUSTRALIA2 Suite Northcote 1 StreetSt 2 Northcote Leonards Street NSW 2065Phone: St Leonards +61 NSW 2 9902 2065 8000Fax: Phone: +61 +61 2 9906 2 990211668000E-mail: Fax: +61 wspa@wspa.org.au2 9906 1166Email: heatherpotter@wspa.org.auFor all other enquiries and and feedback contact: contact:WSPA Dave Eastham INTERNATIONAL89 WSPA Albert HEADQUARTERSEmbankmentLondon 89 Albert EmbankmentSE1 London 7TPUnited SE1 7TPKingdomPhone: United Kingdom +44 (0)20 7587 5000Fax: Phone: +44 +44 (0)20 (0)207793 758702085000E-mail: Fax: +44 wspa@wspa-international.org(0)20 7793 0208E-mail: DaveEastham@wspa.org.uk66

In its campaign to bring and end to bear farming, WSPArecognises that herbal alternatives to bear bile need to beidentified. With this in mind we are now in the process ofidentifying both individual herbs and herbal formulas that areknown to have the same properties or effects as bear bile. Aswe work to do this, WSPA strongly believes that collaborationwith the Traditional Medicine community is essential.