Robert Barry. Painting in FourParts. 1967.as spatial perimeter, as plane, as surface, and, functioning simultaneously, assupport. But, with <strong>the</strong> very success <strong>of</strong> this self-referential gesture, marking <strong>the</strong>form out as purely pic<strong>to</strong>rial, <strong>the</strong> square painting paradoxically but inevitablyassumes <strong>the</strong> character <strong>of</strong> a relief/object situated in actual space. It <strong>the</strong>reby invitesa viewing/reading <strong>of</strong> spatial contingency and architectural imbeddedness, insistingon <strong>the</strong> imminent and irreversible transition from painting <strong>to</strong> sculpture.This transition was performed in <strong>the</strong> pro<strong>to</strong>-<strong>Conceptual</strong> art <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> early- <strong>to</strong>mid-1960s in a fairly delimited number <strong>of</strong> specific pic<strong>to</strong>rial operations. It occurred,first <strong>of</strong> all, through <strong>the</strong> emphasis on painting's opacity. The object-status<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> painterly structure could be underscored by unifying and homogenizingits surface through monochromy, serialized texture, and gridded compositionalstructure; or it could be emphasized by literally sealing a painting's spatialtransparency, by simply altering its material support: shifting it from canvas <strong>to</strong>unstretched fabric or metal. This type <strong>of</strong> investigation was developed systematically,for example, in <strong>the</strong> pro<strong>to</strong>-<strong>Conceptual</strong> paintings <strong>of</strong> Robert Ryman, whoemployed all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se options separately or in varying combinations in <strong>the</strong> early<strong>to</strong>mid-1960s; or, after 1965, in <strong>the</strong> paintings <strong>of</strong> Robert Barry, Daniel Buren, andNiele Toroni.Secondly-and in a direct inversion and countermovement <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> firs<strong>to</strong>bject-statuscould be achieved by emphasizing, in a literalist manner, painting'stransparency. This entailed establishing a dialectic between pic<strong>to</strong>rial surface,frame, and architectural support by ei<strong>the</strong>r a literal opening up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> painterlysupport, as in Sol LeWitt's early Structures, or by <strong>the</strong> insertion <strong>of</strong> translucent ortransparent surfaces in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> conventional frame <strong>of</strong> viewing, as in Ryman'sfiberglass paintings, Buren's early nylon paintings, or Michael Asher's and Ger-
Robert Morris. Four Mirrored Cubes. 1965.hard Richter's glass panes in metal frames, both emerging between 1965 and1967. Or, as in <strong>the</strong> early work <strong>of</strong> Robert Barry (such as his Painting in Four Parts,1967, in <strong>the</strong> FER-Collection), where <strong>the</strong> square, monochrome, canvas objectsnow seemed <strong>to</strong> assume <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> mere architectural demarcation. Functioningas decentered painterly objects, <strong>the</strong>y delimit <strong>the</strong> external architectural space in amanner analogous <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> serial or central composition <strong>of</strong> earlier Minimal workthat still defined internal pic<strong>to</strong>rial or sculptural space. Or, as in Barry's squarecanvas (1967), which is <strong>to</strong> be placed at <strong>the</strong> exact center <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> architecturalsupport wall, a work is conceived as programmatically shifting <strong>the</strong> reading <strong>of</strong> itfrom a centered, unified, pic<strong>to</strong>rial object <strong>to</strong> an experience <strong>of</strong> architectural contingence,and as <strong>the</strong>reby incorporating <strong>the</strong> supplementary and overdeterminingstrategies <strong>of</strong> cura<strong>to</strong>rial placement and conventions <strong>of</strong> installation (traditionallydisavowed in painting and sculpture) in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> conception <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> work itself.And thirdly-and most <strong>of</strong>ten-this transition is performed in <strong>the</strong> "simple"rotation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> square, as originally evident in Naum Gabo's famous diagramfrom 1937 where a volumetric and a stereometric cube are juxtaposed inorder <strong>to</strong> clarify <strong>the</strong> inherent continuity between planar, stereometric, and volumetricforms. This rotation generated cubic structures as diverse as HansHaacke's Condensation Cube (1963-65), Robert Morris's Four Mirrored Cubes(1965), or Larry Bell's simultaneously produced Mineral Coated Glass Cubes, and
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