Ethno medicinal plants used by gonds of Adilabad district, Andhra ...

Explorer Research Article [Murthy, 3(10): Oct., 2012]CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCESEthno medicinal plants used by gonds of Adilabad district,Andhra Pradesh, IndiaE.N. MurthyDepartment of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad,Hyderabad, (A.P.) - IndiaAbstractAdilabad district of Andhra Pradesh is known for gond tribe. The Gonds are divided into six sub-tribes, Raj Gond,Pardhan, Toti, Dadve, Gowari, Kolam, all are being endogamous. Gonds are very dominant in the district. Frequentfield trips were conducted in Gond rich areas to collect the Traditional Botanical Knowledge and Ethno-medicinalplants used by the Gonds. Because of modernization, all the ethno-botanical knowledge is declining day by day, sothere is an urgent need to document the knowledge of ethnic people. Here 96 plants of ethno- medicinal value wererecorded from Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh, India.Key-Words: Indigenous Traditional Knowledge, Ethnobotany, Gonds, Adilabad, Andhra PradeshIntroductionTribal people have traditional knowledge of plantspecies used for different purposes such as food,beverages, colours, resins, gums and medicine. Thisknowledge was even passed through generation togeneration and played an important role in theconservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Theyalso have knowledge about in situ conservation ofnumerous plant resources in the form of sacred groves.Plant-based traditional medical systems continue toprovide the primary health care to more than threequartersof the world’s populace. The World HealthOrganization has estimated that over 80% of the globalpopulations rely chiefly on traditional medicine(Akerele, 1992). Indigenous herbal treatment is a partof the culture and dominant mode of therapy in most ofthe developing countries. These traditional phytoremedieswith a considerable extent of effectivenessare socially and economically accepted. Still, one-thirdof the modern pharmaceutical preparations havebotanical origin. International trade on medicinal plantsis therefore increasing rapidly mainly as a result ofintensified adoption of crude extracts for selfmedicationby the general public in the developedcountries.It was officially recognized that 2500 plant specieshave medicinal value while over 6000 plants areestimated to be explored in traditional, folk and herbalmedicine (Huxley, 1984).* Corresponding AuthorE.mail: murthyen@yahoo.co.inThe need for the integration of local indigenousknowledge for a sustainable management andconservation of natural resources receives more andmore recognition (Posey, 1992). Moreover, anincreased emphasis is being placed on possibleeconomic benefits especially of the medicinal use oftropical forest products (non woody forest produce)instead of pure timber harvesting (Pimbert et al. 1995).In many developing countries a large part of thepopulation especially in rural and forest areas dependsmainly on traditional medicines for their primary healthcare. Traditional knowledge on medicine since the timeof Great sage ‘Charaka’ has led to the discovery ofmany important drugs of modern age (Uniyal et al.1995). Today about 65% of the Indian populationdepends on the traditional system of medicine(Timmermans 2003). Before the extinction of ethnomedicinefrom the tribal community, it is necessary todocument and understand the culture-specific medicalheritage. Keeping in view of this the present study isfocused on ethnomedicinal plants used by Gond tribesof Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh, India.Study AreaIndia has the largest concentration of tribal populationin the world. Andhra Pradesh is a tribal populated statewith 33 tribes. Adilabad district is one among the tribalrich districts of Andhra Pradesh. It is located betweenlongitudes 77 0 46' to 80 0 00' E and latitudes 18 0 40'to19 0 56' N. The district is bounded on the north byYeotmal and Chandrapur districts and on the west byNanded district of Maharastra on the south byInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 10: October: 2012, 2034-20432034

Explorer Research Article [Murthy, 3(10): Oct., 2012]CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126Karimnagar and Nizamabad districts of AndhraPradesh (Fig 1). The district has 52 mandals which aregrouped into five revenue divisions, viz. Adilabad,Utnur, Nirmal, Mancherial and Asifabad. The mostimportant river that drains in the district is Godavariwith its tributaries Penganga, Wardha, Pranahita,Kadem and Pedavagu. The district occupies fifthposition with the extent of an area, i.e. 16,203.8 sq kmwhich accounts for 5.9% of total geographic area ofAndhra Pradesh (Anoymous, 1975). It is the secondlargest district in Telangana region. Besides, it is theleast-populated district in the State. In forest coverAdilabad ranks second in the State. Forests occupy6,066 km 2 which is 37.61% of the total geographicalarea of the district (Anonymous, 2011). It is more than33% of the desirable minimum in the National ForestPolicy of 1952. Teak is the principal timber extractbesides other available non woody forest produce fromthese southern tropical dry deciduous forests(Champion & Seth, 1968).Gond TribeGonds are one of the numerically predominant tribalgroups in Andhra Pradesh (Fig 2). They callthemselves as Koitur in their own dialect. The Gondswere ruling class before the invasion of Moghals andemergence of Maratha rulers. The ruined fortsbelonging to Gond chiefs are found at Utnoor andSirpur of Adilabad district (Prasad, 2008). Gondsconstitute the great mass of aboriginals who occupycomparatively large tracts as a compact population. Butthe large scale immigration of people like Banjarasfrom outside the state into the district brought changesin the social and economic status among theaboriginals. Gonds live in hamlets. They settle usuallyat the foot of the highest ridges, cultivate the valleys,gentle slopes and plateau. The Gonds are divided intosix sub-tribes, viz. 1. Raj Gond, 2. Pardhan, 3. Toti, 4.Dadve, 5. Gowari, and 6. Kolam, all are beingendogamous. An Austrian Anthropologist Füer-Haimendorf (1979) explained the customs andtraditions of Gonds (Haimendorfe, 1979). They wereshifting cultivators in the past but they have becomealmost settled cultivators. Kolams are organized inexogamous clans corresponding to the Gond system.They speak Kolami language. Kolam settlements aresituated amidst flat fields on sites where two or threegroups gathered from the surrounding hills.Resembling the Kolams in many respects are theNaikpods. Most of the Telugu-speaking Naikpods arefound in villages of the plains. In their social customs,the ceremonies at birth, marriage and death, theNaikpods conform largely to the usage and ritual of theHindu castes. The Pardhans in Adilabad are thehereditary bards of the Gonds. They play a vital role inGond culture. The language spoken by Pardhans intheir homes is Marathi, but they are equally familiarwith Gondi. The important possession of a Pardhan isKingri (Three-stringed fiddle). The Pardhans followpractically the Gond pattern in every detail. Toti thebards are not very numerous. They play on Kingri andblow trumpets on ceremonial occasions. They observethe social customs of Gonds. Many Toti women areexperts in tattooing. Hemadri etal worked on tribalknowledgeby covering some parts of the district(Hemadri & Rao, 1989; Hemadri et al. 1987; Hemadri,1990; Hemadri, 1992). Ravishankar (1990) did hisPh.D on Ethnobotanical Studies in Adilabad andKarimnagar Districts. Murthy et al reported thepiscicidal plants used by Gonds of Adilabad district(Murthy et al. 2010). Available studies onethnomedicine of the gonds are very few (Ravishankar& Henry, 1992; Ramarao & Henry 1996; Reddy et al2003; Murthy et al 2011). The forests of Adilabaddistrict have great potentiality both from the tribal andbotanical points of view. There is an urgent need toinventorise and record the available ethno botanicalinformation known to the diverse ethnic communitiesbefore the traditional cultures are completely lost.Hence, an attempt was made to document the ethnobotanical knowledge of the Gond tribe inhabiting in theremote areas of the Adilabad district of AndhraPradesh, India.MethodologyEthnobotanical survey was conducted by repeatedinterviews and conversations with aged ethnic people,local herbal healers, shepherds, tribal headmen, ownersof cattle herds, etc. in different seasons for twoconsecutive years. Several field trips were conductedbetween the years 2008 to 2010 in the district to recordthe ethno botanical knowledge of the Gonds. The datawere collected through questionnaires, discussionsamong the tribal people. The information on usefulplant species, parts used, local names and mode ofutilization was collected. The data collected werefurther verified and cross-checked in different tribalGudems (Hamlets). Plants used in their daily needswere also collected. Plants used in their traditionalmedicinal uses were identified with the help of regionalfloras (Gamble & Fischer, 1935; Pullaiah et al. 1992).The plant voucher specimens were pressed anddeposited in the Herbarium of Botany Department(KUH), Kakatiya University, Warangal, AndhraPradesh, India. The sorted information on ethnobotanical knowledge of tribal inhabitants is tabulatedalphabetically by botanical names of plants, name ofthe family, vernacular names in Telugu, habit, partsInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 10: October: 2012, 2034-20432035

Explorer Research Article [Murthy, 3(10): Oct., 2012]CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126used and uses that includes medicinal or any otherpurpose (Table 1).Results and DiscussionA total number of 96 plants belonging to 53 familieswere recorded (Table 1). Fabaceae has the highestnumber of species (9 species) followed by Mimosaceae(8 species), Euphorbiaceae (6 species), Acanthaceae,Asclepiadeaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Combretaceae,Menispermaceae, Verbenaceae and Vitaceae (3specieseach) Aristolochiaceae, Asteraceae, Loganiaceae,Malvaceae, Moraceae, Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae,Sterculiaceae and Zingiberaceae (2 species each) andrest of the families contain one species each. Amongthe total plant species, trees are highest in number (41)followed by herbs (30), climbers (19) and shrubs (6).Use of the plant parts ranged from stem bark (21),leaves (17), whole plant (12), roots (9), seeds (8), andtubers (7), Fruits (7), Rhizome (4) and Gum (2). Withregard to the frequency of plant parts used inpreparations, stem bark was most often used followedby roots, leaves, whole plant, roots, seeds and tubersetc. The majority of the medicinal plants are usedsingly in the manufacture of preparations rather than inparticular combinations.Leaf paste of Bauhinia vahlii applied and tied withbandage for arthritis. Decoction of shoots of Buteasuperba used in piles. Seeds sedative and antihelmintic.Besides, medicinal their leaves are used for makingmeals plates. Entire plant of Hygrophylla auriculata isused to cure leucorrhoea. Bark of Litsea glutinosa isuseful in bone fractures. Entire plant Cissusquadringularisis crushed and bind to broken limbs.Gonds use root paste of Plumago zeylanica to removethe piles. It is interesting that the bark of Acaciaarabica is crushed and juice is applied on Russels’viper bite. Gonds also apply root paste of climberAristolochia indica on snake bite. It acts as antivenom.Root paste of Pergularia daemia is also applied onsnake bite. Leaf decoction of Adhatoda vasica isadministered to heal respiratory problems like asthma,bronchitis and even tuberculosis. Bark of Aeglemarmelos is powdered, taken with water to controldysentery. Whole plant of Andrographis paniculata ispowdered, administered in the form of tablets in allgeneral fevers. Whole plant powder of Cocculushirsutus is used in fevers and stems used to makemouth baskets for cattle. Bark powder of Strychnosnux-vomica is administered in the form of tablets tocontrol hypertension. Gonds use seeds of Strychnospotatorum to cure various ailments like kidneyproblems. Whole plant of Vernonia cinerea ispowdered and administered in tablet-form to curemenstrual problems of women. Root powder ofConvolvulus sepiaria is administered with water tocure infertility problems in women. Rhizome paste ofZingiber roseum is applied on skin diseases. Root ofAchyranthus aspera is tagged to the waist of a pregnantwoman for normal delivery. A whole plant ofAristolochia bracteolata is grinded and powder isadministered with honey menstrual pains. Root tubersof Curculigo orchioides and roots of Asparagusracemosus, entire plant powder of Hybanthusenneaspermus and bulbs of Crinum asiaticum are usedas aphrodisiacs. Seed paste of Abrus precatorius isapplied to reduce hair fall and improve hair growth;seed powder is used as natural contraceptive and fortemporary breakdown of menstrual cycle. Stem bark ofAnogeissus latifolia is chewed to control stomachache.Stem bark of Bombax ceiba is crushed and juiceadministered in dysentery. Toddy (sap) of Caryotaurens is used to cure urinary problems.Root juice of Asparagus racemosus is mixed withhoney used for dyspepsia. Root powder is taken withmilk as aphrodisiac, galactogogue and nervic tonic.Fruit pulp of Cassia fistula with pepper, garlic,tamarind and common salt are crushed and made it as ajuice and taken orally as a general tonic and thecrushed bark of Cassia fistula is applied on scorpionbite. Stem bark of Dalbergia paniculata paste withneem oil used as an external application on the head toimprove hair growth. Root and bark powder-paste ofDichrostachys cineraria is applied on joint pains.Roots of Hemidesmus indicus are boiled in water ormilt and administered as a general tonic. Steam barkpowderof Lagerstromia parviflora is administered inthe form of tablets to cure Leucorrhoea. Gum tabletsfrom Buchanania lanzan for the treatment of chestpain. Seed powder Nelumbo nucifera is taken withhoney for forty days in infertility. Entire plant powderof Phyllanthus amarus along with pepper powder isadministered for Jaundice. Leaf paste of Ziziphusxylopyrus with turmeric used as an external applicationfor skin eruptions. It is noted that the Gonds use mostof the medicinal plants to cure their day to day healthproblems like diarrhea, dyspepsia, general fevers, skindiseases, impotency, menstrual problems, joint pains,wounds, snake and scorpion bites etc.ConclusionDue to constant association with the forestenvironment, they have evolved knowledge by trial anderror and have developed their own way of diagnosisand treatment for different ailments. The ethnic drugformulations need clinical tests to prove their efficacyand also to develop new herbal drugs for the effectivetreatment. This data provides basic source for furtherstudies aimed at conservation, cultivation,Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 10: October: 2012, 2034-20432036

Explorer Research Article [Murthy, 3(10): Oct., 2012]CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126improvement of ethnic traditional medicine andeconomic welfare of rural and tribal population of theregion. The traditional botanical knowledge willprovide secure livelihood to the native tribes thatminimize the resource depletion, environmentaldegradation, cultural disruption and social instability.The medico-botanical survey of the area revealed thatthe people of the area possessing good knowledge ofherbal drugs but as the people are in progressiveexposure to modernization, their knowledge oftraditional uses of plants may be lost in due course. Soit is important to study and record the uses of plants bydifferent tribes and sub-tribes for futures study. Suchstudies may also provide some information tobiochemists and pharmacologists in screening ofindividual species and in rapid assessing of phytoconstituentsfor the treatment of various diseases.AcknowledgementWe thank the Gond tribal people who shared theirtraditional botanical knowledge with the authors. ENMurthy is thankful to Prof. MNV. Prasad for hisvaluable guidance and UGC, New Delhi for financialsupport in the form of Dr DS Kothari Post DoctoralFellowship.References1. Akerele O, WHO guideline for assessment ofherbal medicines. Fitoterapia 63(1992) 99-118.2. Huxley A, Green Inheritance: The WorldWildlife Fund Book of India, (Collins/Harvel,London) (1984).3. Posey, D, Traditional knowledge, conservationand “The Rain Forest Harvest”. In:Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of RainForest Products, (Plotkin, M. & L. Famolare,(Eds.), Island Press, Washington DC) (1992)46-50.4. Pimbert M & Parks PJ, People andProfessionals: Putting “Participation” intoProtected Area Management. UNRISDDiscussion Paper 57, Geneva, (1995).5. Uniyal SK, Avasthi A & Rawad GS,Tradtional and ethnobotanical uses of plants inBhagirathi valley, western Himalayas, IndianJ. Traditional Knowledge, 1(1) (2002) 7-19.6. Timmermans K, Intellelctual property rightsand traditional medicine: policy dilemma atthe interface, World Health Organization,Jakarta, 20037. Anonymous, Gazetteer of Adilabad District,Government of Andhra Pradesh, (GovernmentPress, Hyderabad) (1975).8. Anonymous, India State of Forest Report,(Forest Survey of India) (2011) 93-94.9. Champion HG & Seth SK, A revised survey ofthe forest types of India, (Government. of IndiaPress, Delhi) (1968).10. Prasad OSVD, Glimpses into the tribal lives ofAndhra Pradesh, (Emesco, Vijayawada)(2008) 31-37.11. Haimendorfe CVF, The Gonds of AndhraPradesh (Vikas, New Delhi) 1979.12. Hemadri K & Rao SS, Folk medicine ofBastar. Ethnobotany, 1(1-2 ) (1989) 61-66.13. Hemadri K, Sarma CR & Sasibusan RS,Medicinal plant wealth of Andhra Pradesh,PartI Anci. Sci. Life 6 (1987) 167-186.14. Hemadri K, Contribution to the medicinal floraof Karimnagar and Warangal districts, AndhraPradesh. Indian Med, 2 (1990)16-28.15. Hemadri K, Tribals of Andhra Pradesh-theirknowledge in nutritional & medicinal herbs.Indian Med, 4 (3) (1992) 1-6.16. Ravishankar T, Ethnobotanical studies inAdilabad and Karimnagar districts of AndhraPradesh, India, (Ph.D. thesis, BharathiarUniversity, Coimbatore), 1990.17. Murthy EN, Pattanaik C, Reddy CS & RajuVS, Piscicidal plants used by Gond tribes ofKawal Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh,India. Indian J. Nat. Products and Resources,1(1) (2010) 97-101.18. Ravishankar T & AN Henry, Ethnobotany ofAdilabad district, Andhra Pradesh, India,Ethnobotany, 4 (1992) 45-52.19. Ramarao N & AN Henry, The Ethnobotany ofEastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh, India,(Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata), 1996.20. Reddy CS, Nagesh K, Reddy KN, & Raju VS,Plants used in Ethnoveterinary practice byGonds of Karimnagar district, Andhra Pradesh.J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. (27) (2003) 631-634.21. Murthy EN, Pattanaik C, Reddy CS, & Raju VS,Traditional Knowledge of Ethnic tribes in Pranahitawildlife sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh. Biodiversity andSustainable Livelihood. (Vedams Publications),(2010) 35-44.22. Gamble JS & Fischer CEC, Flora of thePresidency of Madras, (London. rep. ed. 1957:BSI, Calcutta). (1935).23. Pullaiah T, Prasanna, PV & Obulesu G, Floraof Adilabad district, (C.B.S Publishers, NewDelhi) 1992.Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 10: October: 2012, 2034-20432037

Explorer Research Article [Murthy, 3(10): Oct., 2012]CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126Fig. 1: Location map of the study areaFig. 2: Typical Gond familyInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 10: October: 2012, 2034-20432038

Explorer Research Article [Murthy, 3(10): Oct., 2012]CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126Table 1: Ethno medicinal plants used by Gonds of Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaBotanical NameFamilyVernacularPartsHabitnameusedMode of AdministrationSeed paste is applied to reduce hair falland improve hair growth; seed powder isAbrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Gurivinda Climber Seeds used as natural contraceptive.Acacia arabica (Lam.)Willd. Mimosaceae Nalla thumma TreeStembarkBark is crushed and juice is applied onRussels’ viper bite. It acts as anecdoteLeaf paste used as an externalAcacia caesia (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Climber Leaves application to heal woundsAcacia concinna Willd. DC. Mimosaceae Shikka Climber Podsdecoction of pods purgative, relievesbiliousnessAcacia farnesiana (L.)Willd.MimosaceaeMurikithumma TreeStembarkStem bark crushed and applied on dogbiteAcacia pennata (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Climber Leaves Decoction of leaves used as a febrifugeAcalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Muri pinidi HerbWholeplantWhole plant is shade dried, powered andtaken in the form of tablets with honeyas a general tonicAchyranthus aspera L. Amaranthaceae Uttareni Herb RootsRoot is tagged to the waist of a pregnantwoman for normal deliveryLeaves are boiled; decoction is taken inAdhatoda vasica Nees. Acanthaceae Addasaramu Shrub LeavesStemAegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Rutaceae Maredu Tree barkAlangium salvifolium (L.f.)Wang. Alangiaceae Ooduga Tree SeedsAlbizia odoratissima (L.f.)Benth.MimosaceaeChindi eluguchettuInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 10: October: 2012, 2034-20432039TreeStembarkAloe vera Burm.f. Agavaceae Kitta nara Herb LeavesAmpelocissus latifolia(Roxb.)Planch. Vitaceae Adavi draksha Climber LeavesAndrographis paniculata(L.)Nees Acanthaceae Nelavemu HerbWholeplantAnogeissus latifolia(DC.)Bedd. Combretaceae Thirumani Tree LeavesAristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Thella usiri Climber RootsAristolochia bracteolataLam. Aristolochiaceae Gadida gadapa ClimberAsparagus racemosus Willd.AsparagaceaeWholeplantPillipeecharigaddalu Shrub TubersAtalantia monophylla Corr. Rutaceae Tree FruitsStemBauhinia racemosa Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Are Tree barktreatment for tuberculosisBark powder is used in dysentery anddiarrheaSeeds powder is used in removingpoison from the bodyBark powder is applied on insect bites,used in leprosy, skin disease, cough anddiabetesSucculent leaf paste is applied in skindiseasesLeaf juice used in dental troubles. Rootdecoction is administered to controldysentery.Whole plant is shade dried, powderedand taken with honey in all fevers likeMalaria, Typhoid and other viral feversStem bark is chewed to controlstomachacheRoot paste is applied on snake bite. Itworks as anecdote.Whole plants is grinded and powder isadministered with honey in Menstrualpains.Root juice is mixed with honey used fordyspepsia. Root powder is taken withmilk as aphrodisiac, galactogogue andnervic tonicBerries yield oil used externally inrheumatism.Stem bark used in dysentery, decoctionof leaves used in malaria, leaves crushed

Explorer Research Article [Murthy, 3(10): Oct., 2012]CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126bark twice or thrice in a day to cure stomachacheDioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae Govinda gadda Climber Tuberstuber paste is applied on wounds andpilesDiospyros chloroxylonRoxb. Ebenaceae Illinta ClimberStembark Bark powder is applied on woundsFicus religiosa L. Moraceae Ravi chett TreeStembarkBark powder is administered in the formof tablets or syrup for immunityFlemingia semialata Roxb.Root paste used as an externalex Aiton Fabaceae Herb Roots application.Roots,fruits anddecoction of root used in pulmonaryinfections, leaves used in asthma, fruitsstem are cooling, digestive, carminative,Garuga pinnata Roxb. Burseraceae Garugu Tree bark vermifuge and anthelminticGmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Gummadi teku Tree Bark2-3 teaspoons of stem bark extract takenwith pepper and garlic powder dailyonce to 3-4 days for feversHemidesmus indicus(L.)R.Br.AsclepiadeaceaeSughandhipala Herb RootsRoots are boiled in water or milt andadministered as a general tonicEntire plant is shade dried, powderedHybanthus enneaspermusEntire and administered with honey for(L.) F.V.Muell Violaceae Ratna purusha Herb plant Immunity.Hygrophila auriculata(Schum.) HeineAcanthaceae Neeti Gobbi HerbEntireplantWhole plant powder is administered inthe form of tablets along with milk forleucorrhoeaJatropha curcas L. EuphorbiaceaeAdaviamudamu Shrub LatexLatex mixed with the jaggory and pasteused as an external application.Lagerstromia parvifloraRoxb. Lythraceae Chennangi TreeStembarkSteam bark-powder is administered inthe form of tablets to cure LeucorrhoeaBark is grinded into powder and powderis taken in Calcium deficiency; barkpowder is mixed with goat milkLitsea glutinosa (Lour)Bark. Leaceae Nara mamidi TreeStembarkadministered in chest pain. Stem barkpaste applied and tied with bandage toheal woundsMacaranga peltata Roxb.Mueller Euphorbiaceae TreeStembarkStem bark paste used as an externalapplication.Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.)Sinclair Annonaceae Barre duddugu Tree LeavesLeaf paste rubbed over the head twice orthrice in a week.Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Attipatti HerbEntireplantEntire plant powder is administered tocure general feversMoringa concanensisNimmo ex Dalz. & Gibson Moringaceae Munaga Tree LeavesLeaves are boiled along with pulses andtaken as food in Anemia and Jaundice.Mucuna pruriens (L.)DC. Fabaceae Dula gondi Climber seedsSeeds are boiled and eaten duringdrought daysNelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nymphiaceae Thamara Herb seedsSeed powder is taken with honey forforty days in infertility.Ociumum sanctum L. Lamiaceae Nalla thulasi Herb LeavesLeaf juice is dropped in the eyes toavoid night blind ness.Pentanema indicum L. AsteraceaeAdavichamanthi Herb Root3-4 inches of root kept in vagina to 5-6hours for termination of ovum.Pergularia daemia Asclepiadeaceae Dushtapu Climber Root Root paste is applied on snake biteInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 10: October: 2012, 2034-20432041

Explorer Research Article [Murthy, 3(10): Oct., 2012]CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126(Forrsk.)Chiov.teegaPhyllanthus amarusSchum.& Thon. Euphorbiaceae Nela usiri HerbEntireplantEntire plant powder along with pepperpowder is administered for JaundiceRoots used for rheumatism, diarrhea andRoots, dysentery. Leaves decoction usedPhyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Usiri Treefruits andleavesstomachache and used externally forenlarged spleenPlumbago rosea L. PlumbaginaceaeErrachitramulamu HerbRootbark Root paste is applied on piles to remove.Pterocarpus marsupiumRoxb. Fabaceae Peddegi Tree Wood oilOil used in diarrhea and dysentery andextraction of wood used to cure diabetesPueraia tuberosa(Willd.)DC. Fabaceae Nela gummadi Climber TubersTubers are powdered and taken withmilk as nervic tonic and AphrodisiacPutranjiva roxburghii Wall. EuphorbiaceaePuthranjivichettu Tree SeedsSeed powder is administered in the formof tablets to cure impotencySchleichera oleosa(Lour.)Oken Sapindaceae Pusugu chettu Tree Seedsseed oil leg swelling, in perfumery andsoap makingboiled leaves in mustard oil they areapplied to testicular swellingsDecoction of leaves used forSida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Bala Herb Leaves hemorrhoids and impotenceSmilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae Climber TubersHalf cup of tuberous- root decoctiontaken orally as a general tonicWhole plant powder is administered inWhole the form of tablets to cure ironSolanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Kamanchi Herb plant deficiencyStem bark is soaked in water for tendays, remaining water is administeredStem with empty stomach to treatSterculia urens Roxb. Sterculiaceae Tapasi Tree bark Oligospermia (to increase sperm count)Sterculia villosa Roxb. Sterculiaceae Jangli badam Tree GumGum is administered in the form tabletsto cure body painsStreblus asper Lour. Moraceae Barrenka TreeTendershootsTender shoots and leaf powder is used tobrush the teethStrychnos nux-vomica L.Loganiaceae Vishamushti TreeStembarkBark powder is taken in the form oftablets daily in hypertensionStrychnos potatorum L.f. Loganiaceae Chilla ginjalu Tree seeds Seeds chewed for kidney problemsSyzigium cuimini (L.) Sk. Neredu chettu Neredu Tree BarkBark powder orally administered inurinary problemsTectona grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Teku Tree BarkDecoction of tender shoot tips juice usedas a lotion. Bark is crushed andadministered orally with water to reducebody heat.The fruit pulp with those of Terminaliachebula, Phyllanthus emblica areTerminalia bellirica(Gaertn.) Roxb. Combretaceae Tani Tree Fruitscrushed and powder (1 teaspoon) takendaily twice to 4-5 days as a nervic tonicTerminalia chebula L. Combretaceae Karakkaya Tree Fruits Fruit pulp chewed and sap swallowed.5-6 inches of stem crushed with a pinchof common salt and pepper powder andTinospora cordifoliaStem extract given daily once to 2-3(Willd.)Hook.f.&Thoms. Menispermaceae Tippa teega Climber bark days.Stems are boiled in water and takenInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 10: October: 2012, 2034-20432042

Explorer Research Article [Murthy, 3(10): Oct., 2012]CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126for immunityTriumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Tiliaceae Herb Roots Root paste applied on woundsTylophora indica(Burm.f.)Merr. AsclepiadeaceaeDushtaputeega Climber Leaves Leaves are heated and bind to woundsUrena lobata L. Malvaceae Herb LeavesLeaf paste applied and tied with bandageto heal woundsPowder of the whole plant isVernonia ceneria (L.)Less. Asteraceae Sahadevi HerbWholeplantadministered in the form of tablets forregular menstrual cycle in womenWrightea tinctoria (Roxb.)R.Br. Verbenaceae Kodisha pala TreeStembarkStembarkXylia xylocarpa Roxb. Mimosaceae Bojja TreeZingiber roseum(Roxb.)Rosc. Zingiberaceae Adavi allamu Herb RhizomeZiziphus oenoplia (L.)Mill. Rhamnaceae Pariki Shrub FruitsZiziphus xylopyrus(Retz.)Willd. Rhamnaceae Gotti Shrub LeavesA glass full of bark decoction isadministered to cure typhoid, bronchitisand gas troubleStem bark paste applied and tied withbandage for skin eruptionsRhizome paste is used as an externalapplication for tumoursRipened fruits crushed with commonsalt and swallowed for dyspepsiaLeaf paste with turmeric used as anexternal application for skin eruptionsInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 10: October: 2012, 2034-20432043