Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineeri ng - Gesellschaft für ...

OMAE 2006
1r,
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GOMAE.l;:;
The 25th lnternational Conference on
OFF.SHORE MECHANICS <strong>and</strong> AROTIC ENCINEERING
The 25th International Conference on
<strong>Offshore</strong> <strong>Mechanics</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Arctic</strong> <strong>Engineeri</strong> ng
On behalf of the Cerman Association for shops, OMAE 2006 is expected to be one <strong>and</strong> co-ordinate research <strong>and</strong> dev
Marine Technology (CMT) <strong>and</strong> the OMAE of the best OMAE conferences ever. We projects. An expert in the specialfit
2006 Organizing Committee we would like would like to thank all who contributed to each working group.
to present this supplement for the 25th the technical program for your hard work CMT's main task at the interface
<strong>Offshore</strong> <strong>Mechanics</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Arctic</strong> <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng <strong>and</strong> dedication in producing what promises marine science <strong>and</strong> research on onr
Conference in the leading Cerman maritime to be an outst<strong>and</strong>ing OMAE2006. industrial application on the other i
branch magazine
"schiff&Hafen".Thecon-
The CMT, leading Cerman branch associa- ation, support<strong>and</strong> co-ordination c
ference is sponsored by the American Soci- tion for offshore <strong>and</strong> marine technologies, <strong>and</strong> international R&D projects. Ar
etyof Mechanical Engineers(ASME), Divisi- was founded 1983. Today it represents jectiveof CMTistohelpthemembr
on Ocean, <strong>Offshore</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Arctic</strong> <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng more than 70 companies <strong>and</strong> research in- nies in marketing <strong>and</strong> co-operatior
(OOAE) <strong>and</strong> the International Petroleum stitutions towards the public, political <strong>and</strong> purpose, in )anuary 2005 CMT ha
Technology lnstitute (lPTl) <strong>and</strong> is hosted by governmental bodies. According to CMT's padner in the Cerman maritimt
the CMT. This year we celebrate 25 years definition Marine Technology covers the platform DMKN (www.dmkn.de).
of OMAE conference s - 25 years of sharing following maritime topics: is organising meetings of their men
information, research <strong>and</strong> networking. - Aquaculture/Mariculture Technology
OMAE 2OO5 will showcase the exciting - Coastal Zone Management/
federal <strong>and</strong> provincial parliamentar
der to keep the politicians inform,
<strong>and</strong> challenging developments occurring in Hydraulic <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng
offshore <strong>and</strong> arctic engineering today. The - Cas Hydrate/Ocean Mining Technology
education program is very strong with more - Hydrography
than 400 technical paper organised in 12 - Marine <strong>and</strong> Ocean Research Technology
symposia. Program highlights include Off- - Maritime Safety <strong>and</strong> Security
shore Wind Energy, LNC, a special Douglas - Marine Environmental Protection
Faulkner Symposium on Reliability <strong>and</strong> Ulti- - <strong>Offshore</strong> Technology - OillCas
mate Strength of Marine Structures, <strong>and</strong> a - <strong>Offshore</strong>Technology-Wind Energy
very timely workshop on The Pendulous In- - <strong>Arctic</strong> <strong>and</strong> PolarTechnology
worldwide developments in Marin
logy <strong>and</strong> to justify financial help for
development of innovative tecl
Finally, CMT organises the partic
CMT members at national <strong>and</strong> int
fairs on CMT community st<strong>and</strong>s.
Furthermore we would like to 1
this supplement some successfu
projects in the field of Marine <strong>and</strong>
stallation Method for Deployment of Heavy The CMT has established working groups Technologies, the prospects for t
Subsea Hardware in Ultra Deepwater. in several of the above listed maritime tech- offshore industry as well as an o!
The conference organizing committees as
well as conference <strong>and</strong> technical program
nology fields, in order to effectively initiate the company members of the CM
chair have put together a hard working <strong>and</strong>
well-connected group of industry professio- Dr. Ingo Bretthauer
Dr. Walter I
nals to organise the conference. With more Chairman of the Board OMAE 2006 Confere
than 400 technical papers <strong>and</strong> special work- Cerman Association for Marine Technology (CMT)
WffiW
The Hamburg Ship Model Basin
Bramfelder Straße 164 - D-22305 Hamburg
Early design studies for owners ( Quick Check )
CFD calculations
Open water tests with large ship models
Ice model tests of ship <strong>and</strong> offshore structures
Cavitation investigations in one of the most advanced cavitation tunnels (HYKAT)
Full Scale Investisations
Phone: + 49 - 40 - 69 203 - 0
Fax: + 49 -40-69203345
E-mail: info@hsva.de
Internef http://www.hsva.de
Schiff & Hafen 6/2005 75

Current trends
<strong>Offshore</strong> ind ustry prospects
John Westwood
We forecast that daily offshore oil & gas doubled whilst Europe's has fallen. Oil is the
production, currently st<strong>and</strong>ing at around 43
million barrels of oil equivalent (boe), will
fuel of transportation <strong>and</strong> growth continues
- history shows that developing world oil de-
grow to 53 million boe in 2O1O <strong>and</strong> drive m<strong>and</strong> is quite resilient to oil price increases.
industry annualexpenditure from $193 billion
in 2006 to $248 billion by 2010. High oil
<strong>and</strong> gas prices over the period are expected
Drilling Booms
According to analysis for
to result in continued strong growth in business.
Over the next five years, we expect
annual capital expenditure to increase by
ten percent from just under $110 billion in
2006 to $120 billion in 2010.
Opex growth
However, we think the real star of the show
will be the less glamorous operational sector
with a forecast growth of 53 percent, from
$83 billion in 2006 to $127 billion in 2010.
Field operations is developing into a major
long-term growth business <strong>and</strong> is targeted
by major players such as Petrofac who's
stock price has climbed by a3 percent since
its IPO on the London market in October
2OO5. The major long-established company
in this sector is the 6,000 employee Production
Services Network, where Douglas-
Westwood provided due diligence services
for the Bank of Scotl<strong>and</strong>-financed management
buy-out from owner Halliburton.
<strong>Offshore</strong> expenditure is increasing rapidly,
but there are considerable differences
across the regions. Nevertheless, all markets
will see ever-higher levels of operating expenditure.
Overall, we expect West Africa
to show the greatest growth at nearly $'13
billion in combined Capex <strong>and</strong> Opex.
Key d rivers
The fundamental that is driving the oil industry
boom is the growth in energy dem<strong>and</strong> in
the developing world. In the past three years,
total electricity dem<strong>and</strong> alone has grown
at an average of 73CW per annum - the
equivalent of needing to build one new nuclear
power station per weekl In the past decade
China's oil consumption has more than
The author:
John Westwood heads international energy
analysts Douglas-Westwood Limited.
Its market analysis <strong>and</strong> strategy services
are used by clients in 33 countries with
over 390 assignments completed since
formation in 1990. ln the past two yearsDouglas-Westwood
has completed
market due diligence on energy industry
M&A <strong>and</strong> financing deals totalling $3.1
billion.
'The World <strong>Offshore</strong>
Drilling Spend Forecast 2006-2010',
approximately $193 billion was spent globally
over the last five years on offshore
drilling both E&A <strong>and</strong> development. From
2001 to 2003, amounts were flat but began
to pick up in 2004 as prices rose with activity
<strong>and</strong> the oil price. The forecast for 2006
to2010 is continued growth, to reach $263
billion over the five year period; a rise of 36
percent. In view of the mere four percent
rise in well numbers, almost all of this can
be ascribed to increased costs.
Shallow water development spending is generally
flat or only showing modest gains -
we expect 13 percent in total over the next
five years. Conversely, without exception
deep water development drilling spending is
increasing rapidly in all regions where deep
water fields have been discovered, especially
in West Africa. In total, we expect deepwater
drilling spend to grow by 93 percent
over the period to 2010.
Resource limitations
Over the next three years, most sectors of
the offshore industry will be equipment <strong>and</strong>
people resource-constrained. <strong>Offshore</strong> day
rates will remain high, especially for capital
assets that take some time to build, such as
high specification drilling rigs <strong>and</strong> specialised
installation vessels.
In the medium-term, we expect a continuing
growth in drilling industry revenues fuelled
by a combination of high oil prices <strong>and</strong> rig
shortages. However, new rigs have already
begun to enter the market <strong>and</strong> will eventually
serve to moderate day rate growth.
In the light of growing offshore expenditure,
another challenge that both the oil
companies <strong>and</strong> their contractors is facing is
that of accessing human resources. lt was
recently estimated that to man the new
rigs presently on order will require recruiting
<strong>and</strong> training over 7,000 staff - a virtually
impossibility in the three years before
delivery.
The 'skills shortage' may in time be
addressed as new people enter the industry
attracted by higher salaries. But the 'experi-
Over the next few years business opportunities
will abound for the service & supply
sector but the fundamentals indicate particularly
strong prospects in deepwater <strong>and</strong>
the associated areas of subsea <strong>and</strong> floating
production, but as the decade progresses
the real big story will be natural gas.
Deepwater - the decline of both production
<strong>and</strong> new prospects in shallow waterwillcontinue
to force the majors <strong>and</strong> an increasing
number of mid-size players into deep waters.
In
ence shortage' is far more challenging <strong>and</strong>
there exists a growing potential for both
technical <strong>and</strong> strategic mistakes to be made
'The World Deepwater Marl

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100
tr Asia -Pacific
tr Americas
I Europe & the FSU
I Africa & The Middle East
"complicated") local content requirements
are imposing a significant cost premium. In
the words of one oil company executive we
surveyed
"The challenges include how to
spend local content wisely <strong>and</strong> not waste it,
the slow pace at which it is possible to invest,
<strong>and</strong> the training time required to achieve critical
mass.
"
Without a doubt, operators <strong>and</strong> their suppliers
that get to grips with this issue effectively
will be the eventual winners.
Future oil prices
Production forecasts indicate that the lengthy
era of relatively low-cost oil <strong>and</strong> gas sources
2009 2010
has ended. Higher oil <strong>and</strong> gas prices are here
Global offshore expenditure forecast
(Source: The World <strong>Offshore</strong> Oil&Cas Production & Spend Forecast)
to stay
Subsea processing
new technology onto his field. New low-risk
ways of product introduction are needed for
In 2000, subsea processing was seen as both technology developers <strong>and</strong> oil compa-
a niche sector of the market, with a small nies to field-prove new technology.
number of experts <strong>and</strong> evangelists driving
the use of the technology forward. Howe- Waiting on weather
ver, the change in the last six years has been The devastation wrought by the 2005 hurri-
dramatic. The most recent survey for the cane season on the Gulf of Mexico offshore
forthcoming
'The
Subsea Processing Came- industry resulted in destruction or damage
changer Report' of over 30 leading subsea to 184 platforms <strong>and</strong> rigs, severe damage
experts from oil companies around the world to pipelines, a major loss of production <strong>and</strong>
shows subsea processing is being considered raised oil & gas prices. Today 20% of pro-
as an option by the majority of the larger oil duction is still out. Hurricane forecaster Dr.
companies on many of their new field deve- William Cray predicts there will be 17 tropical
lopment prospects <strong>and</strong> as an option to retrofit
to existing fields. Even some of the smaller
oil companies are now considering using it.
The reason for this change of view could be
that the last six years has also seen a change
in the subsea processing market drivers.
Whilst in the past, the drivers that have
encouraged interest in this area have been
evenly spread between certain technical,
production <strong>and</strong> financial factors; production
related drivers (increased production rate,
increased ultimate recovery, etc.) are now
seen as being much more important.
Technology - Catch 22
The market forces directing the industry
towards new cost-cutting technology <strong>and</strong>
other commercial innovations are strengthening.
Our surveys indicate a perception that
the industry needs to address the relatively
low levels of R&D spending in some areas.
In one, it was noted that Brazilian national
operator Petrobras spends 10 times the
amount of some US operators on R&D.
Overall, the greatest challenge faced by
technology developers remains problems
related to the conversion of new products
into proven hardware, (or as we term it
"crossing
the valley of death") in particular
the reticence by oil companies to introducing
unproven equipment into a high technology
project - no asset manager is prepared
to gamble his career on introducing
- an oil price collapse could only be
driven by a world-scale economic <strong>and</strong>lor political
crisis that interrupts dem<strong>and</strong> growth.
Therefore, we expect oil prices over the next
five years to be erratic but generally flat in
2006 as oil dem<strong>and</strong> growth is restrained by
high oil prices <strong>and</strong> as new non-OPEC production
enters the market from the deep waters
of West Africa. from the Gulf of Mexico
<strong>and</strong> from the Caspian Sea. Renewed oil price
escalation is forecast after 20O7, eventually
leading to more cost inflation in the service
sector. By 2O10, the world will have entered
a new, permanent energy capacity-constrained
environment waiting on real large-scale
alternatives to oil in the transport sector. ät
storms, nine hurricanes,
<strong>and</strong> five major
ones. The forecast
states that there is
a better than 60%
chance of one of
those major storms
striking Florida <strong>and</strong>
the east coast <strong>and</strong> a
47 percent chance
of at least one major
hurricane strike on
the Culf Coast of the
United States. The
average is ten tropical
storms <strong>and</strong> six
hurricanes. But 2005
topped the record
books, with27 tropical
storms <strong>and</strong> seven
major hurricanes.
Local content
Local content requirements
have a
very large impact
on the ease of doing
business. ln many instances
(particularly
West Africa where
industrial infrastructure
is limited <strong>and</strong>
Brazil is viewed as
Schiff & Hafen 6/2006 77

mar-ing
The network of Cerman universities for a ioint
NAOE master program
Robert Bronsart, Cünther Clauss
The Cerman research <strong>and</strong> development
project "Network of Naval Architecture
<strong>and</strong> Ocean <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng" (mar-ing) aims
at developing new multimedia-based, time
<strong>and</strong> location independent methods for teaching
students in a unique international
master program. The paper gives a brief
outline of the networks background, its
objectives as well as the learning strategy
<strong>and</strong> methods implemented.
The European as well as the Cerman maritime
industry, being a mfor part thereof,
have clearly identified the importance
of highly qualified engineers to meet the
challenges of the future. Current studies
reveal that the number of graduates
does not satisfy the needs of the industry.
Looking at the current age profile of engineers
working in the Cerman maritime
industry, a steadily increasing dem<strong>and</strong> of
highly qualified naval architects <strong>and</strong> ocean
engineers is anticipated. Being aware of
this challenging situation, the four Cerman
Universities offering a Naval Architecture
<strong>and</strong> Ocean <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng study program at
master level (Technical University Berlin,
University Duisburg-Essen, Technical University
Hamburg-Harburg <strong>and</strong> the University
of Rostock) have joint forces in a research
<strong>and</strong> development project
"Network
E-Learning infrastructure of the mar-ing network
ring form an excellent basis for the study
program. The wide ranged expertises of
of further education <strong>and</strong> made available
to the maritime industry in order to secure
the universities involved depend on their the continuous qualification of the naval
extensive research activities. Whereas the
Technical University of Berlin primarily focuses
on ocean engineering <strong>and</strong> transport
architects <strong>and</strong> ocean engineers.
Outline of the study program
of Naval Architecture <strong>and</strong> Ocean Enginee- systems/logistics, the University of Du- While establishing an international master
ring". A major goal is to raise awareness isburg-Essen has special experlise in sur- program joinily offered by the four Cer-
of the excellent career perspectives being veying propulsion, ship machinery systems, man universities the partners tread new
offered by this industry. The departments <strong>and</strong> inl<strong>and</strong> water vessels. The research ac- ground in many respects <strong>and</strong> thus meet a
involved will capitalize on their completivities at the Technical University of Ham- set of challenges. On the one h<strong>and</strong> it is nementary
educational <strong>and</strong> research capaciburg-Harburg mainly focus on ship design, cessary to restructure <strong>and</strong> to transform the
ties in order to attractively enhance their
programs <strong>and</strong> to establish a jointly offe-
hydromechanics, structural mechanics, <strong>and</strong>
ship automation systems. The University of
ongoing diploma degree programs into a
master program. Therefore it is essential to
red master degree program. The project is Rostock concentrates on information <strong>and</strong> reorganize the existing curriculum in order
funded by the Cerman Federal Ministry of
Education <strong>and</strong> Research (BMBF) <strong>and</strong> ad-
communication technologies in ship design
as well as on production engineering.
to adopt its structure to the new requirements.
ln doing so the project partners stay
vised by designated e-learning experts as
well as executives of the Cerman maritime
industry <strong>and</strong> maritime associations.
Objectives
In order to meet the dem<strong>and</strong> of the mari-
abreast of the Europe-wide changes of the
university l<strong>and</strong>scape which goes along with
the so called
The diverse competencies in general entime industry the overall objective of the
gineering <strong>and</strong> in particular in the fields of Network of Naval Architecture <strong>and</strong> Ocean
Naval Architecture <strong>and</strong> Ocean Enginee- <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng is to impart the required expert
knowledge <strong>and</strong> the methodological skills
The authors:
on the most excellent <strong>and</strong> well-founded
Robert Bronsart, University of Rostock, way possible to a sufficient number of stu-
Center for Marine Information Systems, dents. At the same time the project aims at
robert. bronsart@u n i - rostock.de
Cü nther Clauss, Tech nical U niversity Berlin,
Division of Naval Architecture <strong>and</strong> Ocean
<strong>Engineeri</strong>ng, clauss@naoe.tu - berlin.de
further enhancing the attractiveness of this
course of study <strong>and</strong> at decreasing the high
drop out quota in engineering education.
In addition, the developed e-learning modules
will be adjusted to the special needs
"Bologna
Process". The main
objective of this process is to implement
a three-level educational system of undergraduate,
graduate <strong>and</strong> postgraduate
study programs until 2010. In this manner
the new educational programs will be unitized
in order to increase the international
acceptance of credits <strong>and</strong> degrees <strong>and</strong> to
enhance student mobility across Europe.
E- Learn i ng infrastructu re
Attending <strong>and</strong> concluding the master
degree program will be possible from
78 schiff & Hafen 6/2006
&
I
E-Learning I nfrastructure
h { \
HJ tsl
wr kffi
Application Streaming
Sharing Media
m&

Conclusion <strong>and</strong> perspectives
different locations. ln addition, further interactive graphics, animations, <strong>and</strong> si-
education programs will be offered acmulations.cording to the needs formulated by the
industry. Therefore an information <strong>and</strong>
communication infrastructure is needed
Animations, interactive graphics,
simulations <strong>and</strong> maplets
to enable distance learning. This does not A major component in engineering edu-
only include time <strong>and</strong> location indepencation is the visualization of physical phedent
access to the learning content but nomena, principles, procedures, systems
also supports the communication <strong>and</strong> col- or product structures. Traditionally this is
laboration between faculty <strong>and</strong> enrolled done with the help of graphics, potentially
students. With regard to the fact that it large drawings, sketches, <strong>and</strong> sometimes
is not an objective of the project to deve- videos which do not interactively involve
lop a new learning management system the learner. Interactive graphics, anima-
it was found to be appropriate to impletions, <strong>and</strong> simulations can be utilized to
ment a central system architecture which make the learning more effective. Screens-
is shown in Figure 1.
hots serve to show examples of simulations
For this, the system tLIAS (http://www.ilias. developed.
de) was chosen. lt integrates functions for Another method for interactively repre-
supporting both blended learning scenarios senting complex mathematical relations,
as well as distance learning scenarios. its context <strong>and</strong> for enabling practicing
E-Learning methods
<strong>and</strong> modu-les
<strong>Engineeri</strong>ng study programs in general
mathematical calculations is conceivable
with help of a technology called
<strong>and</strong> the NavalArchitecture <strong>and</strong> Ocean <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng
study programs in particular are
characterized by special application specific
learning contents. To a large extent
this is based on complex mathematical
calculations, extensive formula derivation
<strong>and</strong> complex simulations in order to lay
ground for practical issues in ship design
<strong>and</strong> production methods. E-learning modules
are developed in close cooperation
<strong>and</strong> according to the specific expertise of
the partners. They are set up modularly,
enriched with multimedia-based elements
where reasonable. The following e-learning
methods are utilized in the development
of e-learning modules in the maring
project.
E-Lectures
Lectures are an indispensable part of higher
education at universities. Unlike reading a
book they are characterized by a high level
of liveliness, authenticity <strong>and</strong>, depending
on the number of students, interactivity.
Electronic Lectures (e-lectures, also called
mlobile]-lectures) are videos of traditional
lectures combined with the presentation of
slides, a directory, links to further information
e. g. on the internet as well as a comment
function. The advantages of an e-lecture are
linearity, completeness und the possibility to
distribute it time <strong>and</strong> location independent
on a CD/DVD or via the internet.
Web based trainings
Web-based Trainings (WBT) play a major
role in the context of self-directed e-learning
<strong>and</strong> are normally provided via the
Internet. They often lean against traditional
textbook-contents <strong>and</strong> are enriched
with multimedia-based elements such as
"Map-
The mar-ing Network of Naval Architecture
<strong>and</strong> Ocean <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng can be characterized
as a challenging research <strong>and</strong>
development program to produce innovative
<strong>and</strong> high quality, multilingual <strong>and</strong>
multimedia-based e-learning scenarios.
These are appropriate to meet the special
requirements of education in the diverse
fields of Naval Architecture <strong>and</strong> Ocean
<strong>Engineeri</strong>ng. Within the scope of the project,
a full set of e-learning modules will
be developed which in the next step are
integrated with complex software analysis
tools used in ship design.
Acknowledgement
The work presented in this paper is supported
by the Cerman Federal Ministry
lets" which are available through the software
package Maple (http://www.maple-
of Education <strong>and</strong> Research under grant
01PQ05001. The authors acknowledge
the valuable discussions with all partners
of the
soft.com).
Wirth Croup
"Network of Naval Architecture
<strong>and</strong> Ocean <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng". {,
Tailor-made equipment for
offshore projects
Hermann-Josef von Wirth, Willi T. Schmitz
The Wirth Group, based in Erkelenz, has
made a name for itself in its 110 years as a
developer <strong>and</strong> manufacturer of drilling <strong>and</strong>
tunnel boring machines. The product range
covers the entire spectrum of drilling products,
such as oil- <strong>and</strong> gas rotary equipment
for on- <strong>and</strong> offshore applications, slurry
pumps, subsea mining equipment, foundation
drilling equipment for on- <strong>and</strong> offshore
applications, directional drilling rigs as well
as tunnel <strong>and</strong> shaft boring machines.
Diamond extraction
from the seabed
For more than '15 playing a role in sagas <strong>and</strong> myths. Magic power
was attributed to diamonds. As the diamond
is won <strong>and</strong> utilized industrially it plays
an important role in the global economy <strong>and</strong>
has so maintained its special fascination.
Formerly, diamonds were found by pure
chance. Their large-scale industrial excavation
on l<strong>and</strong> only started in the middle
of the 19th century. At first, they were
recovered by open-cast mining <strong>and</strong>, later,
also by underground mining. Since the ear-
years, the Wirth Group
ly 20th century, diamonds have also been
found on the Atlantic coast. The diamonds
discovered under massive s<strong>and</strong> layers <strong>and</strong>
boulders along the Atlantic shore <strong>and</strong> in
has been supplying high-quality compon- the sea area close to the coast probably
ents for diamond mining at sea, a capacity originate from the kimberlitic pipes <strong>and</strong> di-
in which it is an exclusive partner of the kes of Lesotho, Botswana <strong>and</strong> the central
diamond producer De Beers.
regions of South Africa. When they were
The diamond holds a special position among exposed by severe <strong>and</strong> prolonged erosi-
the precious stones in many respects. lt is on activity several million years ago, they
the hardest mineral known <strong>and</strong> is therefore
indispensable today for industrial applications
worldwide. In its cut form, it develops
a sparkle no other jewel can equal. For this
reason, it has become both a sought-after
gemstone <strong>and</strong> a special capital investment.
Because of its unique characteristics, it has
been a magical stone for mankind since
its discovery more than 2,000 years ago,
The authors:
Dipl.-lng. Hermann-Josef von Wirth,
Design <strong>and</strong> Project Leader, Research &
Development, Willi T. Schmitz, Ceneral
Salesm anager Foundation & Mining,
Wirth Maschinen- und Bohrgeräte-Fabrik
CmbH. Erkelenz
Schiff & Hafen 6/2006 79

were washed down the rivers <strong>and</strong> streams
(Oranje, Vaal, Buffels, etc.) to the Atlantic
together with vast soil masses.
At first, the diamonds settled in the river
mouths, but they were then distributed in
the sea over wide areas by the Benguela
current flowing along the west coast of
southern Africa.
Originally, diamond mining was practiced
in the strips of l<strong>and</strong> near the coast. lt
was only in the sixties of the last century
that the Atlantic in proximity to the coast
was explored for diamonds <strong>and</strong> deposits
worth mining were discovered. The diamonds
were initially recovered by divers
in the shallows. But this method was not
an economic investment for a large-scale
enterprise.
ln 1990, Wirth was therefore awarded an
order to develop a large-diameter drilling
system to loosen
Wirth PBA
the diamond-containing
933 on hook being prepared for operation on the st<strong>and</strong> pipe
overburden on the seabed <strong>and</strong> to crush from the magazine to the borehole center bed above. The entire system is operated
<strong>and</strong> convey the soil up to the mining ves- for installation <strong>and</strong>, in the opposite direc- fully hydraulically, <strong>and</strong> controlled <strong>and</strong> mosel.
Right from the start, this system protion, for removal. The large-diameter rock nitored by a computer system. The mining
ved to be very efficient <strong>and</strong> economic. bit of approximately 7 m drilling diameter is vessel can operate up to a maximum water
In the meantime, the customer De Beers deposited on the main deck below the drill depth of 200 m.
has acquired a complete fleet of diamond
mining vessels from Wirth, which perma-
deck (see picture). A second large-diameter
rock bit is available as reserve on the mining Diamond sampling
nently are in operation.
vessel.
Before starting diamond mining, the sea-
Mining vessel
In front of the derrick front, a tower-type
receiving bin is installed to take the materibottom
is explored for its diamond contents.
Wirth has also developed a system
The mining vessels are configured with al transported to the surface, including the for this sampling. The samples are drilled by
a midship moon pool through which the flushing water. From this bin, the material is a machine operating completely under wa-
large-diameter rock bit can be lowered. transported to the separation plant mounted ter without a drill pipe <strong>and</strong> are transported
lnstalled just above the moon pool center on the bow, where the entire material is tre- to the ship through a hose line, using the
is the derrick fitted with the drilling equipated until, finally, only the diamonds are left. air-lift system.
ment. A heave compensator system ensu- The operation mode of mining vessels is as The machine is capable of drilling explores
that the drill bit remains on the borehole follows:
ralory holes up to about 2 m in diameter,
bottom, at almost constant thrust, even in Four anchor winches position the mining with a max. depth of 8 m, in the seabed.
case of high seas <strong>and</strong>, consequently, high vessel exactly above the desired drilling Just like the diamond mining equipment,
vertical ship movement. A twin-type cardan point. After the large-diameter rock bit this system can also operate up to a depth
joint system is provided against buckling of with the drill pipe has been installed, <strong>and</strong> of 2OO m. All movements <strong>and</strong> functions
the drill string in case of large roll <strong>and</strong> pitch the drill bit touches the seabed, the hea- are remote-controlled <strong>and</strong> monitored from
movements.
ve compensator system, the rotary swivel the deck of its escort ship. The complete
lnstalled at the rear of the derrick, is a verti- drive <strong>and</strong> the air-lift system are started up. hydraulic drive system <strong>and</strong> the electronic
cal magazine for the air-lift flange drill pipe. The large-diameter rock bit excavates the control system are installed underwater
A special loader transports the drill pipe material, which is conveyed up the drill on the drilling rig. Energy <strong>and</strong> the control
''t'F
i*
L
* .' t*-l.il
pipe into the towertype
receiving bin.
After the borehole
has been drilled
comm<strong>and</strong>s are supplied <strong>and</strong> given through
an umbilical. The drilling samples are conveyed
to the escort ship on the surface through
a discharge hose.
down to a previously Thanks to the wide range of applications
defined depth, the <strong>and</strong> the many years spent developing our
drill bit is lifted until products, Wirth is the worldwide leader in
!4l7
it hangs some meters this domain <strong>and</strong> is looking forward to ex-
above the seabed. p<strong>and</strong>ing this position in the future.
The position of the These dem<strong>and</strong>ing drilling projects to ob-
mining vessel is then tain excellent raw materials are an impor-
W@FWffiWffi
wffi 6&b #& ffiffi
WffiffiWHS changed by a certain
amount, using the
tant part of the Wirth Croup activities. The
company is also actively involved in new
anchor winches, the markets <strong>and</strong> technologies for obtaining
drill bit is again lo- energy supplies in the future. One such exwered
to the seabed, ample is the development of a facility for
The large-diameter rock bit of approximately 7 m drilling diameter
<strong>and</strong> the next borehole
is drilled as descri-
the foundation of an offshore wind park
off the coast of the UK. X,
80 Schiff & Hafen 6/2006

Subsea
Bornemann multi phase boosti ng systems
Cero von der Wense, Axel Jäschke
r
<strong>Offshore</strong> reserves - especially those discovered
in deep water - will be important in
meeting future global oil dem<strong>and</strong>. Advanced
technology <strong>and</strong> equipment that increase
flow rates <strong>and</strong> permit longer subsea
tiebacks will be needed to optimize production,
recovery <strong>and</strong> financial performance.
The subsea multiphase boosting systems of
Joh. Heinr. Bornemann CmbH in Obernkirchen,
the more than 150 years old Cerman
manufacturer of twin screw <strong>and</strong> multiphase
pumps & systems serving the oil <strong>and</strong> gas
industry, are designed for the special rigors
of deepwater development.
Like pumps in all other applications, subsea
multiphase boosting increase flow capacity
by overcoming back pressure <strong>and</strong> friction.
<strong>Offshore</strong>, the special challenge is to optimize
flow rates in pipelines <strong>and</strong> production
risers as water depths <strong>and</strong> tieback distances
grow ever greater.
Subsea wellheads connected to gathering
stations that are then tied back to a surface
platform can be an economical field
development option. But as water depths
increase, the energy needed to lift the well
stream from the ocean floor to the surface
platform also increases.
Minimizing the number of gathering stations
lowers development cost, but it also
increases the length of flow lines. And a
longer tieback to the surface platform is
often the only way to make smaller discoveries
viable.
Subsea multiphase boosting can be an
economical solution to the severe economic
<strong>and</strong> environmental challenges of deep
water. In these applications, pressures can
reach 300 bar <strong>and</strong> temperatures may be as
low as 4 'C. weather <strong>and</strong> sea conditions are too severe
for an offshore platform. For smaller or
economically marginal fields, subsea multiphase
boosting can minimize offshore
facilities, reducing capital <strong>and</strong> operating
expense.
Bornemann subsea multiphase boosting is
suitable for:
- Water depths from 20 to 3,000 m;
- High internal <strong>and</strong> external pressures;
- High flow rates <strong>and</strong> differential pressures.
The solution
The Bornemann pressure-compensated
cartridge design is rated for high pressure.
Only the inner pump insert is subjected to
a high differential pressure. A common oil
system lubricates <strong>and</strong> cools the motor as Subsea multiphase boosting
well as the bearings <strong>and</strong> mechanical seals.
Lubricating oil system pressure is kept above
operating pressure to allow for a long References
seal life.
Field experience includes, implemented in
Design advantages
- A single unit can boost liquid <strong>and</strong> gas;
- Parallel pumps can be easily installed;
- lt is well suited for installation of redun-
co-operation with Aker Kvaerner Subsea,
Norway, the following applications:
Canadian Natural Resources International
Lyell field - North Sea (1 x SMPC 335)
Performance data
dant boosting systems;
Capacity: 200 to 1,300 m3/hr
- Robust construction is fit for the severe Differential pressure: 0 to 20 bar
subsea environment;
Discharge pressure: To 25O bar
- One pump module weighs less than 50 t. Cas fraction (continuous): O Io 97%
Design features
- Cartridge design for pump <strong>and</strong> motor;
Power consumption: 100 to 1 ,000 kW
British Petroleum
King field - Gulf of Mexico (2 x SMPC 335C)
- Pressure-compensated lubricating oil Performance data
system for motor, bearings <strong>and</strong> seals;
- Pressure ratings to 500 bar;
- Design lifetime of five years for all com-
Capacity: 100 to 550 m3/hr
Differential pressure: 0 to 50 bar
Discharge pressure: To 350 bar
Also, chemicals, as well as hyponents;
- A pump module that is retrievable.
Cas fraction (continuous): O to 95%
Power consumption: 100 to 1,000 kW
draulic <strong>and</strong> electrical control signals, must
be delivered over long distances.
For equipment installed in water deeper
than 1,000 m, where intervention is difficult
<strong>and</strong> costly, the top priority is reliability.
Subsea equipment should operate for at
least five years without failure, a goal that
requires redundancy <strong>and</strong> a design that minimizes
the number of components.
&
Application challenges
Subsea multiphase boosting can provide
access to remote offshore fields where
The authors:
Cero von der Wense, Vice President, Axel
Jäschke, Product Manager, Joh. Heinr.
Bornemann CmbH, Obernkirchen
A broad range of existing subsea equipment is available for deepwater development
"*ffi
Schiff & Hafen 6/2006 81

Company <strong>and</strong> Institution Members of the
Cerman Association for Marine Technology (CMT)
Company
4H- Jena engineering CmbH
ATLAS Elektronik CmbH
Büro für Umwelt und Küste
CLEMENT Yacht Harbour Systems CmbH
DECKMA Hamburg CmbH
Deutsche Hydrographische Gesellschaft
DST Entwicklungszentrum für Schiffstechnik und Transportssysteme e.V.
ECOMARES CmbH & Co.KC
EvoLogics CmbH
Forsch u n gs- u nd Tech n ologie-Zentru m Westküste
CALL & SEITZ CmbH
GeneralAcoustics CmbH
Cermanischer Lloyd Oil <strong>and</strong> Cas GmbH
C ISMA Steckverbinder CmbH
CKSS Forschungszentrum Ceesthacht CmbH
Hamburgische Sch iffsbau Versuchsanstalt CmbH
HEILBRONN Maschinenbau CmbH & Co.KC
HYDROMOD CbR
IFM-CEOMAR
IMPAC <strong>Offshore</strong> <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng CmbH
IMS I ngenieurgesellschaft mbH
Institut für Seeverkehrswirtschaft und Logistik (lSL)
ISSUS Maritime Logistics
J. Bornhöft Industriegeräte GmbH
JADE-DIENST CmbH
James Walker Deutschl<strong>and</strong> CmbH
Joh. Heinr. Bornemann CmbH
JSC, J. Schwarz, Consultant
Lürssen Rendsburg (Kröger Werft)
KCW Schweriner Maschinenbau CmbH
L-3 Communications ELAC Nautik CmbH
Lindenau Schiffswerft & Maschinenfabrik CmbH
MBT CmbH
MC Marketing Consulting
MECON CmbH
MENCK CmbH
Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke AG
Nordseetaucher CmbH
OceanWaveS CmbH
OHB System AC
OSAE <strong>Offshore</strong> Survey <strong>and</strong> <strong>Engineeri</strong>ng CmbH
OTP <strong>Offshore</strong> Tech nologie Projektentwickl u n gsgesel lschaft m bH
Overdick CmbH & Co, KC
RWE Dea AC
Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt Potsdam G mbH
schiff gmbh
SiS Sensoren Instrumente Systeme CmbH
Stiftu n g Alf red -Wegener- | nstitut f ü r Polar- u nd Meeresforsch u n g
Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für L<strong>and</strong>- und Seeverkehr,
Bereich Schiffs- und Meerestechnik
Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Erdöl- und Gastechnik
TerraMaris CmbH
Bugsier-, Reederei- und Bergungs-Gesellschaft mbH & Co.KC
U n iversität Han nover, I nstitut f ü r Werkstoffku nde, U nterwassertech n i ku m
Universität Rostock, Institut für Umweltingenieurwesen
WAYSS & FREYTAC Ingenieurbau AG
WIRTH Maschinen- u. Bohrgeräte CmbH
82 schiff & Hafen 6/2006
Location
Jena
Bremen
Kiel
Rostock
Hamburg
Stade
Duisburg
Büsum
Berlin
Büsum
Hamburg
Ottendorf
Hamburg
Neumünster
Ceesthacht
Hamburg
Heilbronn
Wedel
Kiel
Hamburg
Hamburg
Bremen
Hamburg
Kiel
Wilhelmshaven
Hamburg
Obernkirchen
Crosshansdorf
Schacht-Audorf
Schwerin
Kiel
Kiel
Kiel
Kiel
Hamburg
Kaltenkirschen
Nordenham
Ammersbek
Lüneburg
Bremen
Bremen
Rostock
Hamburg
Hamburg
Potsdam
Kiel
Kiel
Bremerhaven
Berlin
Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Leer
Hamburg
Carbsen
Rostock
Hamburg
Erkelenz
lnternet
www.4h-jena.de
www.atlas.de
www.iczm.de
www. clement-systems.
de
www.deckma.com
www.dhyg.de
www.dst-org.de
www.ecomares.oe
www.evologics.de
www. u n i - ki el.de / ftzw estli ndex. shtml
www.gall-seitz.com
www. generalacoustics.com
www.glo-offshore.com
www. gisma-con nectors.de
www.gkss.de
www.hsva.de
www. h eil bro n n - pressen. de
www.hydromod.de
www.ifm-geomar.de
www.impac.de
www.ims-ing.de
www.isl.org
www. mariti me- logistics. de
www.bornhoeft.de
www.jade-dienst.del
www.jameswalker.de
www.oornemann.com
schwarz. gmt@t-on line.de
www. I uerssen - re ndsbu rg. de
www.kgw-schwerin.de
www.elac-nautik.com
www. I i n denau -sh i pyard.de
www.m-b-t.com
www.jarowi nsky- marketi n g.de
meconhh@t-online.de
www.mencK.com
www. nsw. delgerli ndex. htm
www. nordseetaucher. de
www.oceanwaves.de
www.ohb-system.de
www.osae.de
www.otpmv.de
www.overdick.com
www.rwe-dea.com
www.sva-potsdam.de
www.schiff-gmbh.de
www.sis-germany.com
www. awi - bremerhaven. de
www. naoe.tu -berlin.del
www. ite.tu -clausthal.de/
www.terramaris.info
www.bugsier.de
www. uwth. un i-han nov er.de / de/ index. html
www. auf . u n i - rostock. de / ULW / b7
www.wf - i n gbau.de / de / home /
www.wirth-europe.com
ln addition the CMT has about ten further oersonal members.