issues and constraints related to the development of cashew nuts ...

16At another site, half-siblings of twenty five locally selected “mother trees” were being evaluated,with four seeds from one tree being planted per plot and replicated twice.There does not appear to have been much new planting material introduced in very recent years.However, in the past, there has been quite a lot, e.g. ‘Block NW-7’ and others at Ochaja substationand Brazilian “common” or “jumbo” seed imported and planted at Kosoni-Ola Farm (Oro,Kwara State). On Kosoni-Ola Farm, an area of 350 ha was planted entirely with Brazilian“common” seed imported from Brazil. Planting started in 1986 and was finished by 1988 andthen gapping (filling in of spaces) continued. Nut size was variable, but a high percentage oftrees were giving a very good nut size. It is from this farm that Ghana imports the Nigerian“jumbo” nuts. Yields were low, last year 250 ha produced only 50 tons, equal to only 200kg/ha.However this type of tree needs to be evaluated fully, e.g. for yield potential per ha, kernelweight, percentage kernel out-turn, etc. before recommending it to the farmer.Improved seed sold by CRIN comes from selected individual trees, but because of out-crossing, itis likely to be very variable. A polyclonal seed garden would improve seed production. Hereclones of a number of the best trees (perhaps 20) are grown together in a certain arrangement andallowed to cross pollinate. The resulting seed would be a mixture of the characters of the selectedclones and resulting trees should be better than the existing farmers’ treesOnly air-layering (marcotts) had been practised on a limited scale; this technique is rarely usedthese days, because it is time consuming and has a low success rate; tip or bud grafting arenormally used in East Africa, India and Brazil.Nigeria has a long history of cashew breeding research, as demonstrated by replicated germplasmtrials planted in 1977 and a number of papers published in regional journals.Conclusions on breedingThere is a tremendous amount of enthusiasm for cashew cultivation amongst both farmers and theauthorities in all the five countries, and the farmers are expanding their cashew, often with littleor no support. Only Nigeria has seed for sale that has been evaluated to a certain degree and eventhere, the CRIN seed could be substantially improved.The universal complaint in all the five countries was the lack of good planting material. Muchneeds to be done with regard to selection, introducing new material, establishing germplasm trialsfor the short, medium and long term, breeding and finally distribution of planting material tofarmers. Because of the long time frame for evaluating cashew material, the need to multiplygood material for distribution and the importance of providing farmers with the right material,funding for a future regional breeding programme should be given the highest priority.A related area that needs immediate attention is the introduction of tip or bud grafting techniquesto produce clones (genetic replicas of the original mother tree). Without this technique, thebreeder’s trials are severely constrained, since they have to use half-sibling seeds all the time,which introduces more variability into the trials. With cashew being such a variable cropanyway, this is undesirable.Research capacityWith the exception of Nigeria, generally speaking very little research has been undertaken on anycashew related topics in the five countries. This lack of research is not really surprising, as it