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ECO12: Non-carbon energy share in energy and electricityBrief DefinitionUnitsAlternative DefinitionsAgenda 21The share of non-carbon energy sources in primaryenergy supply (TPES) and in electricity generationand generating capacityPercentageNoneChapter 4: Changing consumption and productionpatternsPOLICY RELEVANCE(a) Purpose: This indicator measures the share of non-carbon energy sources inTPES and electricity generation and generating capacity.(b) Relevance to Sustainable Development: The promotion of energy and ofelectricity from non-carbon sources is a high priority for sustainable development forseveral reasons, ranging from environmental protection to the energy security anddiversification of energy supply. An increase in the share of non-carbon fuels reducesthe specific emissions — that is, emissions per unit of total energy and electricity used— of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other pollutants affecting local air quality andregional acidification. The introduction of carbon taxes targets, to a large extent, ashift towards a higher share of non-carbon energy sources in the primary energy mix.(c) International Conventions and Agreements: None.(d) International Targets/Recommended Standards: At the World Summit onSustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002, an agreement was reached toincrease the global share of renewable energy sources. In some countries, there is atarget for a certain percentage of energy supply from renewable sources. For example,in the European Union a directive sets quantitative targets for electricity fromrenewable energy to be 21% by the year 2010, as well as indicative targets for eachMember State.(e) Linkages to Other Indicators: This indicator is linked to fuel shares (energymix) and shares of renewables in energy and electricity. The indicator is also linked toindicators of energy use and electricity generation and to environmental indicatorssuch as GHGs, etc.METHODOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION(a) Underlying Definitions and Concepts: This indicator is an aggregation of noncarbonenergy sources with respect to TPES and electricity generation and generatingcapacity.Non-carbon energy sources include combustible and non-combustible renewables andnuclear electricity generation.(b) Measuring Methods: The share of non-carbon energy sources in TPES is theprimary supply of non-carbon energy divided by TPES. The share of non-carbon74
energy in electricity generation is the total electricity generated from non-carbonenergy sources divided by total electricity generation.Energy use is measured in terms of heat content based on specific net calorific values(NCVs).Electricity from hydropower and other non-combustible renewables (such as wind,tide, photovoltaics, etc.) is accounted for by using the factor 1 terawatt hour (TWh)equals 0.086 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe). Electricity from nuclear power isaccounted based on an average thermal efficiency of 33%; that is, 1 TWh equals0.261 Mtoe (see Annex 1).For electricity generating capacity, the indicator corresponds to the shares of noncarbonenergy in overall capacity.(c) Limitations of the Indicator: For a number of countries, data on non-carbonenergy sources might be a limitation.(d) Alternative Definitions/Indicators: None.ASSESSMENT OF DATA(a) Data Needed to Compile the Indicator: TPES and total electricity generationand generating capacity. Primary energy from non-carbon energy options, andelectricity generation and generating capacity from renewable and nuclear sources.(b) National and International Data Availability: Data on energy supply by fuel areavailable from national statistical offices and country publications, and variousinternational sources, such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), theInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Bank and Eurostat.REFERENCES• EEA, 2002. Energy and Environment in the European Union. Environmentalissue report no. 31. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency.• Eurostat, various editions. Energy Balance Sheets. Luxembourg: Eurostat.• Eurostat, various editions. Pocketbook on Energy, Transport and Environment.Luxembourg: Eurostat.• Eurostat, various editions. Pocketbook on Renewable Energy Statistics in theEU. Luxembourg: Eurostat.• IAEA, 2003. Country Nuclear Power Profiles, 2002 edition. Vienna, Austria:International Atomic Energy Agency.• IAEA, various editions. Nuclear Power Reactors of the World, Reference dataseries no. 2. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency.• IEA, 1990–2001. Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries. Paris, France:International Energy Agency.• IEA, 1990–2001. Energy Balances of OECD Countries. Paris, France:International Energy Agency.75
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Photos on the cover:D. Kinley, IAEA
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COPYRIGHT NOTICEAll IAEA scientific
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IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publica
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agency report. Their work also bene
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Environmental Dimension ...........
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progress towards sustainability. Fi
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2. BACKGROUNDSince the publication
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presented in this report. A short d
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In the 2004 edition of the World En
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3. ENERGY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABL
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EconomicTheme Sub-theme Energy Indi
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EnvironmentalTheme Sub-theme Energy
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income. Inadequate equipment and ve
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the cost of delivery are necessary
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Paradoxically, the economic and env
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Page 62 and 63: ECO6: Industrial energy intensities
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Page 127 and 128: indicator, radioactive waste and (s
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• Low- and intermediate-level rad
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ENV10: Ratio of solid radioactive w
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under development in some countries
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• IAEA, 1997. Joint Convention on
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EEA, 2002. Review of Selected Waste
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FAO, 1988. Energy Conservation in A
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IEA, 2000. The IEA Energy Indicator
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OECD, 2001. Key Environmental Indic
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UNEP/WHO, 1992. Urban Air Pollution
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RELATED INTERNET SITES• CONCAWE (
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• WEC (World Energy Council):http
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Particulates: Terms commonly associ
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TOCTPESTSPVOCtotal organic carbonto
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ANNEX 3: A DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR
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Total Final ConsumptionHouseholds T
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Thus through calculating the relati
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Annex 4: Units and Conversion Facto
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