(fab.) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae - Ijsidonline.info

Evaluation of insecticide efficacy in bioassaysMahadev C Khetagoudar et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (1), 12-22Required concentrations of the extracts (viz.,1, 2, 3, 5, 7.5, 12.5, 15 and 17.5%) were prepared from stock solutionseparately. Two ml of the extracts were sprayed on the fourth instar larvae of S. litura with the help of a glass automiser.Untreated checked larvae were sprayed with 2 ml of distilled water alone. Twenty, fourth instar larvae were maintained pertreatment and each treatment was replicated three times. The sprayed larvae were transferred to transparent plasticcontainers of 4 x 2.5 cm size capped with perforated plastic lids and allowed to fed with sufficient quantity of castor leaves.Observations were recorded every day.Observations recordedMortality was recorded at 24 hours of intervals. Larval, pupal, adult mortality and deformities in the surviving treatedindividuals were carefully observed and recorded. Percent mortality observed in the control groups if any were corrected byusing Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925):Number of dead larvaePercentage of mortality = ———————————— x 100Number of larvae introducedn in T after treatmentCorrected percentage of mortality = {1 - ——————————} x 100n in C after treatmentWhere, n is the number of larvae, T is the treated group and C is the control group.Adult emergence inhibition (EI) effectThe method of the insecticidal activity was followed. Mortality of the larvae and pupae were recorded at 24 hrinterval. At the end of observation period, the impact is expressed as EI % based on the number of larvae that do not developsuccessfully into viable adults. The experiments stopped when all the larvae or pupae in the controls have died or emerged asadults. Emergence inhibition (EI) was calculated using the Finney’s formula (Finney 1971) :No. of pupae emerged into adults% inhibition of adult emergence = 100 – ----------------------------------------- × 100Total no. of pupaeData analysisThe interpretation of analytical data was performed by application of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using a factorialCompletely Randomized Design (CRD).ResultsThe table 1. provided the comparative account of the three crude aqueous extracts on the total percent mortality atvarious concentrations of C. inerme, E. triplinerve and V. negundo. It was very evident that the V. negundo comparatively wasmore effective than the C. inerme and E. triplinerve (Graph .4). The range of toxicity was in the order of V.negundo > E.triplinerve > C. inerme.Among the three extracts tested for, the crude extract of C. inerme at higher concentration (7.5 to 17.5) appear to be morepotent than that of V.negundo and E. triplinerve. It may be observed that C. inerme extract at high level produced the percentmortality in the range of 11 percent to 15 percent whereas V. negundo and E. triplinerve showed the percent mortality in therange of 3 to 11.66 percent and 6.66 percent respectively. Comparative account of the larvicidal effect of three plant extracts issummarized in table 2.It was further noted that the percent pupal mortality in respect of the treatment of three extracts it maybe suggested that there was no significant difference among the three extracts tested for. Comparative account of the pupalInternational Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 1, January-February 201215

Mahadev C Khetagoudar et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (1), 12-22mortality of three plant extracts tabulated in table. 3. The present experiments were also extended to determine the adultemergence inhibition (EI) of the larvae treated with crude aqueous extracts of C. inerme, E.triplinerve and V. negundo (table 4).Table-1.Percent total mortality of Spodoptera litura F. after spraying with aqueous extracts of Clerodendron inerme,Eupatorium triplinerve and Vitex negundo leaves following the treatment on fourth instar larvae.TreatmentPercentPercent total mortality mean±S.E.ConcentrationC. inerme E. triplinerve V. negundoT 1 1 43.33±8.81 48.33±10.13 56.66±1.66T 2 2 51.66±9.27 63.31±4.40 61.66±1.66T 3 3 60.00±5.00 73.32±1.66 68.33±15.89T 4 5 78.33±3.33 86.65±10.92 90.00±2.88T 5 7.5 80.00±2.88 88.32±9.27 94.97±3.33T 6 12.5 88.33±10.13 91.65±1.66 96.66±3.33T 7 15 87.48±8.81 92.32±9.27 95.98±15.89T 8 17.5 88.32±5.00 91.65±9.27 96.65±6.66T 9Distilled watercontrol13.33±1.66 11.65±1.66 18.33±4.40T 10 Absolute control 0 0 0Table-2. Percent total larval mortality of Spodoptera litura F. after spraying with aqueous extracts of Clerodendron inerme,Eupatorium triplinerve and Vitex negundo leaves following the treatment on fourth instar larvae.Treatment Percent ConcentrationPercent total larval mortalityC. inerme E. triplinerve V. negundoT 1 1 20 3.33 8.32T 2 2 5 40 21.66T 3 3 5 10 10T 4 5 1.66 0 6.66T 5 7.5 15 0 5T 6 12.5 11.66 6.66 11.66T 7 15 11.66 0 3.33T 8 17.5 11.66 6.66 5.0T 9 Distilled water control 5 1.66 8.33T 10 Absolute control 0 0 0Table-3. Percent total pupal mortality of Spodoptera litura F. after spraying with aqueous extracts of Clerodendron inerme,Eupatorium triplinerve and Vitex negundo leaves following the treatment on fourth instar larvae.Treatment Percent ConcentrationPercent total pupal mortalityC. inerme E. triplinerve V.negundoT 1 1 23 45 48T 2 2 46 11 40T 3 3 54 56 50T 4 5 65 75 56T 5 7.5 65 64 63T 6 12.5 71 75 78T 7 15 71 66 65T 8 17.5 66 72 73T 9 Distilled water control 8 10 10T 10 Absolute control 0 0 0# Results are corrected to round of figures.The results revealed that the EI 50 of V. negundo was more effective at lower concentration (2.09%) than that of theother two extracts, C. inerme and E.triplinerve, which exhibited 3.16 and 4.07% respectively. Interestingly the calculated EI 90values for V.negundo was 12.6% when compared to the other two extracts namely C. inerme 30.98 % and E. triplinerve 14.16%. However between the C. inerme and E. triplinerve, the E. triplinerve requires less concentration (14.10%) than that ofInternational Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 1, January-February 201216

Mahadev C Khetagoudar et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (1), 12-22C.inerme (30.98%). It was deduced from these results that the EI 90 of E.triplinerve required 14.10 % less than that of C. inerme30.98 %, which were not consistent with EI 50 values, wherein C. inerme requires less (3.16%) than that of E. triplinerve(4.07%).Table-4. Comparative account of emergence inhibition of Spodoptera litura following the treatment of crude aqueous extractsof Clerodendron inerme, Eupatorium triplinerve and Vitex negundoAdult Emergence inhibition C.inerme E. triplinerve V. negundoEI 50 3.164.072.09Discussion(2.30 to 3.97)(1.39 to 6.63)EI 90 30.9814.10(21.94 to 52.66)(8.34 to 81.16)The values in the parentheses indicate the confidential limits at 95%.(0.64 to 3.36)12.56(8.05 to 35.93)Prohibitive expense to meet the challenges of increasing resistance in insects, resurgence of pests and escalatingenvironmental pollution caused by synthetic pesticides call for the discovery of less-expensive, nonhazardous alternatives inthe management of insect-pests. Naturally occurring insecticides may play a more prominent role in pest control programs inthe future (Mordue and Blackwell 1993). Because plants produce a wide spectrum of allelochemicals, that specifically inhibitgrowth, morphogenesis, metamorphosis and reproduction (Ahmad, 2007). Growth disruptive activity of three plants extractsnamely C.inerme, E.triplinerve and V.negundo against fourth instar of S. litura was very evident from the present investigation.The comparative data of larval and pupal mortality revealed that the larvicidal effect of all the three extracts wassignificantly less than their toxic effect during the pupal stage. Similar results were reported in crude extract with specificmode of action against insects is a complex mixture of compounds (Tewary et al., 2005). Many researchers have reportedcrude extracts on S. litura (Raja et al., 2005; Kamaraj et al., 2008). On the basis of these results it may be argued that the lessereffect of the crude extract during larval stage may be due to the development of requisite biochemical strategies against thevarious biochemical components present in the crude extracts tested in this study.Our data obtained form the adult emergence inhibition calculation is in accordance with the findings of Oigiangbe etal. (2007) who obtained EI 50 value at 3.5% concentration with leaf extract of Alstonia boonei on Sesamai calamistis. Pavela(2004) observed EI 50 value of 3.74 % in Melissa officinalis on S. littoralis. The adult emergence inhibition activity of C.inerme isalso comparable to different species of plant extract in different families (Muthukrishnan et al.,1999).The toxic effect of the three crude extracts during the pupal stage was significantly higher. During this stage they donot feed and the body shrinks in size and they are in quiescent state. Insecticidal property of 10 % V. negundo extracts werereported earlier by Sahayaraj (1998). Experiments conducted by Singh et al. (2005) also reveled insecticidal properties ofmethanol extracts of ginger in which they got 78.9 % mortality when the larvae of Earias vittella were treated with 10 %concentration of methanol extract of ginger. Dayrit et al. (1995) had recorded that topical application of volatile oils of V.negundo caused 91 % mortality in third instar larvae of S. litura. Thin layer chromatography studies revealed that alkaloids,saponin and flavonoids were present in the leaf of V. negundo (Sahare et al., 2008).The extracts of V. negundo, C. inerme, L.camara, and E.odoratum caused high mortality against A. janata, P.xylostella and S. litura larvae in the laboratory assay(Kulkarni, 2002; Yankanchi, 2003).International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 1, January-February 201217

Mahadev C Khetagoudar et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (1), 12-22Fig-1 Histogram showing comparative account of bioefficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Clerodendron inerme, Eupatoriumtriplinerve and Vitex negundo on fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera litura F.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the study revealed that the leaf extracts of C. inerme, E. triplinerve and V. negundo possess remarkablelarvicidal and adult emergence inhibition activity against S. litura F. Further investigations are needed to elucidate this activityagainst a wide range of insect pests and also the active ingredient(s) and its biomolecule characterization for the better actionagainst the pest under field conditions. It is possible to extract these substances if they have good environmental stability andare environmentally safe, and to use these extracts as botanical insecticides in plant protection. For this reason, botanicalinsecticides can be recommended as suitable to provide the protection of crops against common phytophagous pests in allcrop growing systems.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAuthors are thankful to Dr. S.N.Holihosur, Professor, Dept of Zoology, Karnataka University, Dharwad, India forproviding necessary Laboratory facilities and valuable guidance throughout the entire study.REFERENCES1. Abbott WS (1925) A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide J Econ Ent 18:265-267.2. Abudulai M, Shepard BM, Mitchell PL (2001) Parasitism and predation on eggs of Leptoglossus phyllopus (L.)(Hemiptera:Coreidae) in cowpea: impact of endosulfan sprays. J Agric Urban Entomol 18:105–115International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 1, January-February 201218

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